Unit-2

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Userinteraction

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Us ers expect to interactwith apps

● Tapping or clicking, typing, using gestures, and talking

● Buttons perform actions
● Other UI elements enable data input and navigation

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Us erinteraction design
Important to be obvious ,eas y,and cons is tent:
● Think about how us ers will us e your app
● Minimize s teps
● Use UI elements that are easy to access, understand, use
● Follow Android best practices
● Meet us er's expectations
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Buttons

Android Developer Fundamentals V2 4

Button
● View that responds to tapping (clicking) or pressing
● Us ually text or vis uals indicate what will happen when
tapped
● State: normal,focus ed, dis abled, press ed, on/off

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Button image assets

1. Right-click app/res/drawable
2. Choos e New > Image As set
3. Choos e Action Barand Tab Items
from drop down menu
4. Click the Clipart:image Experiment:
(the Android logo) 2. Choos e New > VectorAsset

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Responding to button taps
● In your code: Us e OnClickListener event lis tener.
● In XML: us e android:onClick attribute in the XML layout:
<Button
android:id="@+id/button_send"
android:onClick
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/button_send"
android:onClick="sendMessage" />

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Setting listenerwith onClick callback

Button button = findViewById(R.id.button);

button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) {
// Do something in response to button click
}
});

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Clickable
images

Android Developer Fundamentals V2 9

ImageView
● ImageView with android:onClick attribute
● Image for ImageView in app>src>main>res>drawable
folder in project

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Responding to ImageView taps
● In your code: Us e OnClickListener event lis tener.
● In XML: us e android:onClick attribute in the XML layout:

<ImageView
android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:onClick
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:src="@drawable/donut_circle"
android:onClick="orderDonut"/>

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Floating action
button

Android Developer Fundamentals V2 12

Floating Action Buttons (FAB)

● Raised, circular, floats above layout

● Primary or "promoted" action for a screen
● One per s creen

For example:
Add Contactbutton in Contacts app

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Using FABs
● Start with Bas ic Activity template
● Layout:
<android.support.design.widget.FloatingActionButton
android:id="@+id/fab"
android:layout_gravity="bottom|end"
android:layout_margin="@dimen/fab_margin"
android:src="@drawable/ic_fab_chat_button_white"
.../>

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FAB s ize

● 56 x 56 dp by default
● Set mini size (30 x 40 dp) with app:fabSize attribute:
○ app:fabSize="mini"

● Set to 56 x 56 dp (default):
○ app:fabSize="normal"

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Common
Gestures

Android Developer Fundamentals V2 16

Touch Gestures
Touch gestures include:
● long touch
● double-tap Don’t depend on touch
● fling gestures for app's basic
● drag behavior!
● scroll
● pinch

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Detect gestures
Clas s es and methods are available to help you handle
gestures.
● GestureDetectorCompat class for common gestures
● MotionEvent class for motion events

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Detecting all types of gestures
1. Gather data about touch events.
2. Interpret the data to see if it meets the criteria for any
of the gestures your app supports.
Read more about how to handle gestures in the
Android developer documentation

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 Overview of
input Controls

Android Developer Fundamentals V2 22

Accepting us erinput

● Freeform text and numbers: EditText (using keyboard)

● Providing choices: CheckBox,RadioButton,Spinner
● Switching on/off: Toggle,Switch
● Choos ing value in range of values: SeekBar

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Examples of input controls

1. EditText
2. SeekBar
3. CheckBox
4. RadioButton
5. Switch
6. Spinner

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How inputcontrols work
1. Use EditText for entering text using keyboard
2. Use SeekBar for sliding left or right to a setting
3. Combine CheckBox elements for choos ing more than
one option
4. Combine RadioButton elements into RadioGroup —
us er makes only one choice
5. Us e Switch for tapping on or off
6. Use Spinner for choosing a single item from a list
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View is base class forinputcontrols
● The View clas s is the bas ic building block for all UI
components ,including input controls
● View is the base class for classes that provide interactive UI
components
● View provides basic interaction through android:onClick

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View focus

Android Developer Fundamentals V2 27

Focus
● The View that receives us er input has "Focus "
● Only one View can have focus
● Focus makes it unambiguous which View gets the input
● Focus is as s igned by
○ User tapping a View
○ App guiding the user from one text input control to the next using
the Return,Tab,or arrow keys
○ Calling requestFocus() on any View that is focusable

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Clickable versus focusable

Clickable—View can respond to being clicked or tapped

Focusable—View can gain focus to accept input
Input controls s uch as keyboards s end input to the view that
has focus

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Which View gets focus next?

● Topmos t view under the touch

● After us er s ubmits input,focus moves to nearest
neighbor—priority is left to right,top to bottom
● Focus can change when user interacts with a directional
control

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Guiding us ers

● Visually indicate which view has focus so users knows

where their input goes
● Vis ually indicate which views can have focus helps us ers
navigate through flow
● Predictable and logical—no surprises!

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Guiding focus
● Arrange input controls in a layout from left to right and top
to bottom in the order you want focus as s igned
● Place input controls inside a view group in your layout
● Specify ordering in XML
android:id="@+id/top"
android:focusable="true"
android:nextFocusDown="@+id/bottom"
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Set focus explicitly

Us e methods of the View clas s to s et focus

● setFocusable() sets whether a view can have focus
● requestFocus () gives focus to a s pecific view
● setOnFocusChangeListener() sets listener for when view
gains or loses focus
● onFocus Changed() called when focus on a view changes
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Find the view with focus

● Activity.getCurrentFocus()
● ViewGroup.getFocusedChild()

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Freeform text
and numbers

Android Developer Fundamentals V2 35

EditTextformultiple lines of text

● EditText default
● Alphanumeric keyboard
● Suggestions appear
● Tapping Return (Enter) key s tarts
new line

Return key
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Customize with inputType

● Set in Attributes pane of layout editor

● XML code for EditText:

<EditText
android:id="@+id/name_field"
android:inputType =
"textPersonName"
...

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EditTextformessage
● android:inputType
="textShortMessage"
● Single line of text
● Tapping Emoticons key changes
keyboard to emoticons

Emoticons
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EditTextfors ingle line
● Both work:
○ android:inputType
="textLongMessage"
○ android:inputType
="textPersonName"
● Single line of text
● Tapping Donekey advances focus
to next View Done key
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EditTextforphone numberentry

● android:inputType ="phone"
● Numeric keypad (numbers only)
● Tapping Donekey advances focus
to next View

Done key
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Getting text

● Get the EditText object for the EditText view

EditText simpleEditText =
findViewById(R.id.edit_simple);

● Retrieve the CharSequence and convert it to a s tring

String strValue =
simpleEditText.getText().toString();
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Common input types
● textCapCharacters: Set to all capital letters
● textCapSentences: Start each sentence with a capital letter
● textPassword: Conceal an entered password
● number: Restrict text entry to numbers
● textEmailAddress: Show keyboard with @ conveniently located
● phone: Show a numeric phone keypad
● datetime: Show a numeric keypad with a slash and colon for entering
the date and time
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Providing
choices

Android Developer Fundamentals V2 43

UI elements for providing choices
● CheckBox and RadioButton

● ToggleButton and Switch

● Spinner

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CheckBox

● Us er can s elect any number of choices

● Checking one box does not uncheck another
● Users expect checkboxes in a vertical list
● Commonly us ed with a S ubmitbutton
● Every CheckBox is a View and can have
an onClick handler

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RadioButton
● Put RadioButton elements in a RadioGroup in a
vertical list (horizontally if labels are short)
● Us er can s elect only one of the choices
● Checking one unchecks all others in group
● Each RadioButton can have onClick
handler
● Commonly us ed with a S ubmitbutton
for the RadioGroup
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Toggle buttons and s witches
● Us er can s witch between on and off
● Use android:onClick for click handler

Toggle buttons

Switches

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4.3 M enus and pickers

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Types of Menus
1. App bar with options
menu
2. Context menu
3. Contextual action bar
4. Popup menu

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Dialogs and pickers

1. Alert dialog
2. Date picker
3. Time picker

1 2 3

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App Bar with
Options Menu

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What is the App Bar?
Bar at top of each screen—same for all devices (usually)
1. Nav icon to open navigation drawer
2. Title of current Activity
3. Icons for options menu items
4. Action overflow button for
the rest of the options menu

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What is the options menu?
● Action icons in the app bar
for important items (1)
● Tap the three dots ,the
"action overflow button" to
s ee the options menu (2)
● Appears in the right corner of the app bar (3)
● For navigating to other activities and editing app settings
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Adding Options
Menu

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Steps to implement options menu
1. XML menu resource (menu_main.xml)
2. onCreateOptionsMenu() to inflate the menu
3. onClick attribute or onOptionsItemSelected()
4. Method to handle item click

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Create menu resource
1. Create menu resource directory
2. Create XML menu resource (menu_main.xml)
3. Add entry for each menu item (S ettings and Favorites):

<item android:id="@+id/option_settings"
android:title="Settings" />

<item android:id="@+id/option_favorites"
android:title="Favorites" />

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Inflate options menu
Override onCreateOptionsMenu() in Activity

@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.menu_main, menu);
return true;
}

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Add icons for menu items
1. Right-click drawable
2. Choos e New > Image Asset
3. Choos e Action Barand Tab Items
4. Edit the icon name
5. Click clipart image, and click icon
6. Click Next,then Finish
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Add menu item attributes

<item
android:id="@+id/action_favorites"
android:icon="@drawable/ic_favorite"
android:orderInCategory="30"
android:title="@string/action_favorites"
app:showAsAction="ifRoom" />

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Override onOptionsItemSelected()
@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
switch (item.getItemId()) {
case R.id.action_settings:
showSettings();
return true;
case R.id.action_favorites:
showFavorites();
return true;
default:
return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
}
}
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Contextual
Menus

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What are contextual menus?

● Allows users to perform action on selected View

● Can be deployed on any View
● Most often used for items in RecyclerView, GridView, or
other View collection

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Types of contextual menus
● Floating context menu—long-press on a View
○ User can modify View or use it in some fashion
○ User performs action on one View at a time
● Contextual action mode—temporary action bar in
place of or underneath app bar
○ Action items affect the selected View element(s)
○ User can perform action on multiple View elements at once

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Floating Context
Menu

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 Steps

1. Create XML menu resource file and assign appearance and position attributes
2. Register View using registerForContextMenu()
3. Implement onCreateContextMenu() in Activity to inflate menu
4. Implement onContextItemSelected() to handle menu item clicks
5. Create method to perform action for each context menu item

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Create menu resource
1. Create XML menu resource (menu_context.xml)
<item
android:id="@+id/context_edit"
android:title="Edit"
android:orderInCategory="10"/>

<item
android:id="@+id/context_share"
android:title="Share"
android:orderInCategory="20"/>
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 Register a view to a context menu

In onCreate() of the Activity:

2. Regis ter View.OnCreateContextMenuLis tener to View:

TextView article_text = findViewById(R.id.article);

registerForContextMenu(article_text);

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 Implement onCreateContextMenu()

3. Specify which context menu

@Override
public void onCreateContextMenu(ContextMenu menu, View v,
ContextMenu.ContextMenuInfo menuInfo) {
super.onCreateContextMenu(menu, v, menuInfo);
MenuInflater inflater = getMenuInflater();
inflater.inflate(R.menu.menu_context, menu);
}

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Implement onContextItemSelected()
@Override
public boolean onContextItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
switch (item.getItemId()) {
case R.id.context_edit:
editNote();
return true;
case R.id.context_share:
shareNote();
return true;
default:
return super.onContextItemSelected(item);
}
}
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Contextual
Action Bar

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What is Action Mode?
● UI mode that lets you replace parts of normal UI
interactions temporarily
● For example: Selecting a s ection of text or long-press ing
an item could trigger action mode

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 Action mode has a lifecycle
● Start it with startActionMode(), for example, in the listener
● ActionMode.Callback interface provides lifecycle methods you override:
○ onCreateActionMode(ActionMode, Menu) once on initial creation
○ onPrepareActionMode(ActionMode, Menu) after creation and any time
ActionMode is invalidated
○ onActionItemClicked(ActionMode, MenuItem) any time contextual action
button is clicked

○ onDestroyActionMode(ActionMode) when action mode is closed

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What is a contextual action bar?
Long-press on View shows contextual action bar
1. Contextual action bar with actions
○ Edit,S hare,and Delete
○ Done (left arrow icon) on left side
○ Action bar is available until user taps Done
2. View on which long press triggers
contextual action bar
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 Steps for contextual action bar
1. Create XML menu resource file and
assign icons for items
2. setOnLongClickListener() on View
that triggers contextual action
bar and call startActionMode() to
handle click
3. Implement ActionMode.Callback interface to handle ActionMode lifecycle;
include action for menu item click in onActionItemClicked() callback
4. Create method to perform action for each context menu item

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 Use setOnLongClickListener
private ActionMode mActionMode;

In onCreate():
View view = findViewById(article);
view.setOnLongClickListener(new View.OnLongClickListener()
{
public boolean onLongClick(View view) {
if (mActionMode != null) return false;
mActionMode =
MainActivity.this.startActionMode(mActionModeCallback);
view.setSelected(true);
return true;
}
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Implement mActionModeCallback

public ActionMode.Callback mActionModeCallback =

new ActionMode.Callback() {
// Implement action mode callbacks here.
};

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Implement onCreateActionMode

@Override
public boolean onCreateActionMode(ActionMode mode, Menu menu) {
MenuInflater inflater = mode.getMenuInflater();
inflater.inflate(R.menu.menu_context, menu);
return true;
}

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 Implement onPrepareActionMode
● Called each time action mode is shown
● Always called after onCreateActionMode, but may be called multiple times if
action mode is invalidated

@Override
public boolean onPrepareActionMode(ActionMode mode, Menu menu) {
return false; // Return false if nothing is done.
}

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 Implement onActionItemClicked
● Called when users selects an action
● Handle clicks in this method
@Override
public boolean onActionItemClicked(ActionMode mode, MenuItem item) {
switch (item.getItemId()) {
case R.id.action_share:
// Perform action for the Share menu item.
mode.finish(); // Action picked, so close the action bar.
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
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Implement onDestroyActionMode

● Called when user exits the action mode

@Override
public void onDestroyActionMode(ActionMode mode) {
mActionMode = null;
}

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Popup Menu

Android Developer Fundamentals V2 80

What is a popup menu?
● Vertical list of items anchored to a view
● Typically anchored to a visible icon
● Actions should not directly affect view content
○ Options menu overflow icon that opens options menu
○ In email app, Reply All and Forward relate to email message but
don’t affect or act on message

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V2
Steps

1. Create XML menu resource file and assign appearance and position attributes
2. Add ImageButton for the popup menu icon in the XML activity layout file
3. Assign onClickListener to ImageButton
4. Override onClick() to inflate the popup and register it with
onMenuItemClickListener()
5. Implement onMenuItemClick()
6. Create a method to perform an action for each popup menu item
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V2
Add ImageButton

<ImageButton
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/button_popup"
android:src="@drawable/@drawable/ic_action_popup"/>

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V2
Assign onClickListener to button
private ImageButton mButton =
(ImageButton) findViewById(R.id.button_popup);

In onCreate():

mButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
// define onClick
});

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Implement onClick
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
PopupMenu popup = new PopupMenu(MainActivity.this, mButton);
popup.getMenuInflater().inflate(
R.menu.menu_popup, popup.getMenu());
popup.setOnMenuItemClickListener(
new PopupMenu.OnMenuItemClickListener() {
// implement click listener.
});
popup.show();
}
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V2
Implement onMenuItemClick
public boolean onMenuItemClick(MenuItem item) {
switch (item.getItemId()) {
case R.id.option_forward:
// Implement code for Forward button.
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}

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V2
Dialogs

Android Developer Fundamentals V2 87

Dialogs
● Dialog appears on top,
interrupting flow of Activity
● Requires user action to dismiss

TimePickerDialog DatePickerDialog AlertDialog

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AlertDialog
AlertDialog can show:
1. Title (optional)
2. Content area
3. Action buttons

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Build the AlertDialog
Use AlertDialog.Builder to build alert dialog and set
attributes:

public void onClickShowAlert(View view) {

AlertDialog.Builder alertDialog = new
AlertDialog.Builder(MainActivity.this);
alertDialog.setTitle("Connect to Provider");
alertDialog.setMessage(R.string.alert_message);
// ... Code to set buttons goes here.

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Set the button actions
● alertDialog.setPositiveButton()
● alertDialog.setNeutralButton()
● alertDialog.setNegativeButton()

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alertDialog code example
alertDialog.setPositiveButton(
"OK", newDialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
// User clicked OK button.
}
});

Same pattern for setNegativeButton() and setNeutralButton()

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Pickers

Android Developer Fundamentals V2 93

Pickers
● DatePickerDialog
● TimePickerDialog

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Pickers use fragments
● Use DialogFragment to show a picker
● DialogFragment is a window that floats
on top of Activity window

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Introduction to fragments
● A Fragment is like a mini-Activity within an Activity
○ Manages its own own lifecycle
○ Receives its own input events

● Can be added or removed while parent Activity is running

● Multiple fragments can be combined in a single Activity
● Can be reused in more than one Activity

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Creating a date picker dialog
1. Add a blank Fragment that extends DialogFragment and
implements DatePickerDialog.OnDateSetListener
2. In onCreateDialog() initialize the date and return the
dialog
3. In onDateSet() handle the date
4. In Activity show the picker and add method to use date

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Creating a time picker dialog
1. Add a blank Fragment that extends DialogFragment and
implements TimePickerDialog.OnTimeSetListener
2. In onCreateDialog() initialize the time and return the dialog
3. In onTimeSet() handle the time
4. In Activity, show the picker and add method to use time

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4.4 User navigation

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Contents
● Back navigation
● Hierarchical navigation
○ Up navigation
○ Descendant navigation
● Navigation drawer for descendant navigation
○ Lists and carousels for descendant navigation
○ Ancestral navigation
○ Lateral navigation

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Two forms of navigation
Back (temporal) navigation
● Provided by the device's Back button
● Controlled by the Android system back stack

Ancestral (Up) navigation

● Up button provided in app bar
● Controlled by defining parent Activity for child
Activity in the AndroidManifest.xml
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 Back
Navigation

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Navigation through history of screens
1. Historys starts from Launcher

2. User clicks the Back button

to navigate to previous screens
in reverse order

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Changing Back button behavior
● Android system manages the back stack and Back button
● If in doubt, don't change
● Only override, if necessary to satisfy user expectation

For example: In an embedded browser, trigger browser's

default back behavior when user presses device Back button

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Overriding onBackPressed()

@Override
public void onBackPressed() {
// Add the Back key handler here.
return;
}

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Hierarchical
Navigation

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Hierarchical navigation patterns
● Parent screen—Screen that enables navigation down to
child screens, such as home screen and main Activity
● Collection sibling—Screen enabling navigation to a
collection of child screens, such as a list of headlines
● Section sibling—Screen with content, such as a story

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Example of a screen hierarchy
1. Parent 1 News App

2. Children: collection siblings

2 Top Stories Tech News Cooking
3. Children: section siblings Headline Headline Headline
Headline Headline Headline
Headline Headline Headline
● Use Activity for parent screen Headline Headline Headline
● Use Activity or Fragment for
children screens
3 Story Story Story

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Types of hierarchical navigation
● Descendant navigation
○ Down from a parent screen to one of its children
○ From a list of headlines—to a story summary—to a story
● Ancestral navigation
○ Up from a child or sibling screen to its parent
○ From a story summary back to the headlines
● Lateral navigation
○ From one sibling to another sibling
○ Swiping between tabbed views
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Descendant
Navigation

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 Descendant navigation
Descendant navigation News App

● Down from a parent screen Top Stories Tech News Cooking

Headline Headline Headline
to one of its children Headline Headline Headline
Headline Headline Headline
● From the main screen to a Headline Headline Headline

list of headlines to a story

Story Story Story

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Master/detail flow
● Side-by side on tablets ● Multiple screens on phone

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Controls for descendant navigation
● Navigation drawer
● Buttons, image buttons on main screen
● Other clickable views with text and icons arranged in
horizontal or vertical rows, or as a grid
● List items on collection screens

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Navigation
Drawer

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Navigation drawer

Descendant navigation
1. Icon in app bar
2. Header
3. Menu items

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Layouts for for navigation drawer
Create layouts:
● A navigation drawer as the Activity layout root ViewGroup
● A navigation View for the drawer itself
● An app bar layout that includes room for a navigation icon button
● A content layout for the Activity that displays the navigation drawer
● A layout for the navigation drawer header

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Navigation drawer Activity layout
1. DrawerLayout is root view
2. CoordinatorLayout contains
app bar layout with a Toolbar
3. App content screen layout
3

4. NavigationView with layouts for

header and selectable items
4

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Steps to implement navigation drawer

1. Populate navigation drawer menu with item titles and icons

2. Set up navigation drawer and item listeners in the Activity
code
3. Handle the navigation menu item selections

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Other descendant navigation patterns

● Vertical list, such as RecyclerView

● Vertical grid, such as GridView
● Lateral navigation with a carousel
● Multi-level menus, such as the options menu
● Master/detail navigation flow

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Ancestral
Navigation

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Ancestral navigation (Up button)
● Enable user to go up from a section
or child screen to the parent

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Declare parent of child Activity—AndroidManifest

<activity android:name=".OrderActivity"
android:label="@string/title_activity_order"
android:parentActivityName="com.example.android.
optionsmenuorderactivity.MainActivity">
<meta-data
android:name="android.support.PARENT_ACTIVITY"
android:value=".MainActivity"/>
</activity>

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 Lateral
Navigation

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 Tabs and swipes
Lateral navigation News App

● Between siblings Top Stories Tech News Cooking

Headline Headline Headline
● From a list of stories to a Headline Headline Headline
Headline Headline Headline
list in a different tab Headline Headline Headline

● From story to story under

the same tab Story Story Story

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Benefits of using tabs and swipes
● A single, initially-selected tab—users
have access to content without further
navigation
● Navigate between related screens
without visiting parent

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Best practices with tabs

● Lay out horizontally

● Run along top of screen
● Persistent across related screens
● Switching should not be treated as history

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Steps for implementing tabs
1. Define the tab layout using TabLayout
2. Implement a Fragment and its layout for each tab
3. Implement a PagerAdapter from FragmentPagerAdapter or
FragmentStatePagerAdapter
4. Create an instance of the tab layout
5. Use PagerAdapter to manage screens (each screen is a Fragment)
6. Set a listener to determine which tab is tapped

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 Add tab layout below Toolbar
<android.support.design.widget.TabLayout
android:id="@+id/tab_layout"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@id/toolbar"
android:background="?attr/colorPrimary"
android:minHeight="?attr/actionBarSize"
android:theme="@style/ThemeOverlay.AppCompat.Dark.ActionBar"/>

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 Add view pager below TabLayout

<android.support.v4.view.ViewPager
android:id="@+id/pager"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:layout_below="@id/tab_layout" />

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 Create a tab layout in onCreate()

TabLayout tabLayout = findViewById(R.id.tab_layout);

tabLayout.addTab(tabLayout.newTab().setText("Tab 1"));
tabLayout.addTab(tabLayout.newTab().setText("Tab 2"));
tabLayout.addTab(tabLayout.newTab().setText("Tab 3"));
tabLayout.setTabGravity(TabLayout.GRAVITY_FILL);

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 Add the view pager in onCreate()

final ViewPager viewPager = findViewById(R.id.pager);

final PagerAdapter adapter = new PagerAdapter (
getSupportFragmentManager(), tabLayout.getTabCount());
viewPager.setAdapter(adapter);

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 Add the listener in onCreate()
viewPager.addOnPageChangeListener(
new TabLayout.TabLayoutOnPageChangeListener(tabLayout));
tabLayout.addOnTabSelectedListener(
new TabLayout.OnTabSelectedListener() {
@Override
public void onTabSelected(TabLayout.Tab tab) {
viewPager.setCurrentItem(tab.getPosition());}
@Override
public void onTabUnselected(TabLayout.Tab tab) {}
@Override
public void onTabReselected(TabLayout.Tab tab) {} });
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4.4 RecyclerView

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What is a RecyclerView?
● RecyclerView is scrollable container
for large data sets
● Efficient
○ Uses and reuses limited number of
View elements
○ Updates changing data fast

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RecyclerView
Components

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 Components
Overview
● Data
● RecyclerView scrolling list for list items—RecyclerView
● Layout for one item of data—XML file
● Layout manager handles the organization of UI components in a View—
Recyclerview.LayoutManager
● Adapter connects data to the RecyclerView—RecyclerView.Adapter
● ViewHolder has view information for displaying one item—
RecyclerView.ViewHolder

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How components fit together
Components
overview

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Layout
What isManager
a layout manager?
● Each ViewGroup has a layout manager
● Use to position View items inside a RecyclerView
● Reuses View items that are no longer visible to the user
● Built-in layout managers
○ LinearLayoutManager
○ GridLayoutManager
○ StaggeredGridLayoutManager
● Extend RecyclerView.LayoutManager
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 Adapter
What is an adapter?
● Helps incompatible interfaces work together
○ Example: Takes data from database Cursor and prepares strings
to put into a View
● Intermediary between data and View
● Manages creating, updating, adding, deleting View items
as underlying data changes
● RecyclerView.Adapter

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Adapter
What is a ViewHolder?
● Used by the adapter to prepare one View with data for
one list item
● Layout specified in an XML resource file
● Can have clickable elements
● Is placed by the layout manager
● RecyclerView.ViewHolder

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Implementing
RecyclerView

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Implementation
Steps Summary
1. Add RecyclerView dependency to build.gradle if needed
2. Add RecyclerView to layout
3. Create XML layout for item
4. Extend RecyclerView.Adapter
5. Extend RecyclerView.ViewHolder
6. In Activity onCreate(), create RecyclerView with
adapter and layout manager
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 app/build.gradle
Add dependency to app/build.gradle
Add RecyclerView dependency to build.gradle if needed:

dependencies {
...
compile 'com.android.support:recyclerview-v7:26.1.0'
...
}

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Activity
Add RecyclerView
layout to XML Layout

<android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView
android:id="@+id/recyclerview"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
</android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView>

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Item layout
Create layout for 1 list item
<LinearLayout …>
<TextView
android:id="@+id/word"
style="@style/word_title" />
</LinearLayout>

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Adapter: Create
Implement the adapter
public class WordListAdapter
extends RecyclerView.Adapter<WordListAdapter.WordViewHolder> {

public WordListAdapter(Context context,

LinkedList<String> wordList) {
mInflater = LayoutInflater.from(context);
this.mWordList = wordList;
}
}
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Adapter:has
Adapter onCreateViewHolder()
3 required methods

● onCreateViewHolder()
● inBindViewHolder()
● getItemCount()

Let's take a look!

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 Adapter: onCreateViewHolder()
onCreateViewHolder()
@Override
public WordViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(
ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
// Create view from layout
View mItemView = mInflater.inflate(
R.layout.wordlist_item, parent, false);
return new WordViewHolder(mItemView, this);
}
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Adapter: onBindViewHolder()
onBindViewHolder()
@Override
public void onBindViewHolder(
WordViewHolder holder, int position) {
// Retrieve the data for that position
String mCurrent = mWordList.get(position);
// Add the data to the view
holder.wordItemView.setText(mCurrent);
}

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Adapter: getItemCount()
getItemCount()

@Override
public int getItemCount() {
// Return the number of data items to display
return mWordList.size();
}

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Create theViewHolder
Adapter: view holder
Class
in adapter
class
class WordViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder { //.. }

If you want to handle mouse clicks:

class WordViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder

implements View.OnClickListener { //.. }

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ViewHolder:
View holder constructor
Constructor
public WordViewHolder(View itemView, WordListAdapter adapter) {
super(itemView);
// Get the layout
wordItemView = itemView.findViewById(R.id.word);
// Associate with this adapter
this.mAdapter = adapter;
// Add click listener, if desired
itemView.setOnClickListener(this);
}
// Implement onClick() if desired
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Create
Createthe RecyclerView in Activity onCreate()
RecyclerView

mRecyclerView = findViewById(R.id.recyclerview);
mAdapter = new WordListAdapter(this, mWordList);
mRecyclerView.setAdapter(mAdapter);
mRecyclerView.setLayoutManager(new
LinearLayoutManager(this));

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5.1 Drawables, styles,
and themes

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Contents

● Drawables
● Creating image assets
● Styles
● Themes

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Drawables

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Drawables

● Drawable—generic Android class used to represent any

kind of graphic
● All drawables are stored in the res/drawable project
folder

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Drawable classes

Bitmap File Transition Drawable

Nine-Patch File Vector Drawable
Layer List Drawable … and more
Shape Drawable Custom Drawables
State List Drawable
Level List Drawable

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Bitmaps

● PNG (.png), JPG (.jpg), or GIF (.gif) format

● Uncompressed BMP (.bmp)
● WebP (4.0 and higher)
● Creates a BitmapDrawable data type
● Placed directly in res/drawables

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Referencing Drawables
● XML: @[package:]drawable/filename
<ImageView
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:src="@drawable/myimage" />

● Java code: R.drawable.filename

Resources res = getResources();
Drawable drawable = res.getDrawable(R.drawable.myimage);

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Nine-Patch Files

● Nine-patch files (.9.png) are PNG with stretchable regions

● Only stretches bigger, not smaller, so start with small image
● Often used for backgrounds of UI elements
● Example: button background changes size with label length
● Good intro

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Creating Nine-Patch Files

1. Put a small PNG file into res/drawable

2. Right-click and choose Create 9-Patch file
3. Double-click 9-Patch file to open editor
4. Specify the stretchable regions (next slide)

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 Editing Nine-Patch Files
1. Border to mark stretchable regions for 1
width 7
2
2. Stretchable regions marked for height
3
Pink == both directions
3. Click to turn pixels black. Shift-click 4

(ctrl-click on Mac) to unmark 5

4. Stretchable area
5. Not stretchable
6. Check Show patches
6
7. Preview of stretched image

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 Layer List
● You can create layered images, just like with drawing tools,
such as Gimp
● In Android, each layer is represented by a drawable
● Layers are organized and managed in XML
● List and the items can have properties
● Layers are drawn on top of each other in the order defined in
the XML file
● LayerDrawable
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Creating Layer List
<layer-list>
<item>
<bitmap android:src="@drawable/android_red"
android:gravity="center" />
</item>
<item android:top="10dp" android:left="10dp">
<bitmap android:src="@drawable/android_green"
android:gravity="center" />
</item>
<item android:top="20dp" android:left="20dp">
<bitmap android:src="@drawable/android_blue"
android:gravity="center" />
</item>
</layer-list>
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Shape Drawables & GradientDrawable
● Define a shape and its properties in XML
○ Rectangle, oval, ring, line

● Styled with attributes such as <corners>, <gradient>,

<padding>, <size>, <solid> and <stroke>
See Shape Drawables for more attributes

● Can be inflated for a GradientDrawable

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Creating a GradientDrawable
<shape … android:shape="rectangle">
<gradient
android:startColor="@color/white"
android:endColor="@color/blue"
android:angle="45"/>
<corners android:radius="8dp" />
</shape>

Resources res = getResources();

Drawable shape = res.getDrawable(R.drawable.gradient_box);
TextView tv = (TextView)findViewByID(R.id.textview);
tv.setBackground(shape);

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Transition Drawables

● Drawable that can cross-fade between two other drawables

● Each graphic represented by <item> inside <selector>
● Represented by TransitionDrawable in Java code
● Transition forward by calling startTransition()
● Transition backward with reverseTransition()

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 Creating Transition Drawables
<transition ...>
<selector> <item android:drawable="@drawable/on" />
<item android:drawable="@drawable/off" />
</selector>
</transition> <ImageButton
android:id="@+id/button"
android:src="@drawable/transition" />

ImageButton button = findViewById(R.id.button);

TransitionDrawable drawable =
(TransitionDrawable) button.getDrawable();
drawable.startTransition(500);

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Vector drawables

● Scale smoothly for all screen sizes

● Android API Level 21 and up
● Use Vector Asset Studio to create (slides below)
● VectorDrawable

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Creating Vector drawables
<vector ...
android:height="256dp" android:width="256dp"
android:viewportWidth="32" android:viewportHeight="32">
<path android:fillColor="@color/red"
android:pathData="M20.5,9.5
c-1.955,0,-3.83,1.268,-4.5,3
c-0.67,-1.732,-2.547,-3,-4.5,-3 ... />
</vector>
pathData for heart shape
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Image Asset
Studio

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What is Image Asset Studio?
● Create icons from material icons, images, and text
● Launcher, action bar, tab, notification icons
● Generates a set of icons for generalized screen density
● Stored in /res folder

● To start Image Asset Studio

1. Right-click the res folder of your project
2. Choose New > Image Asset

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and themes
V2 License.
Using Image Asset Studio
1. Chose icon type
1
and change name 2
2. Choose Image, Clipart, or 3

Text
3. Click icon to chose clipart
4. Inspect assets for 4

multiple screen sizes

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and themes
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Vector Asset
Studio

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and themes
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What is Vector Asset Studio?
● Create icons from material icons or supply your own
vector drawings for API 21 and later
● Launcher, action bar, tab, notification icons
● Generates a scalable vector drawable
● Stored in res folder
● To start Image Asset Studio
1. Right-click res folder of your project
2. Choose New > Vector Asset

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and themes
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Using Image Asset Studio
1. Choose from Material Icon
library, or supply your own 1

SVG or PSD vector drawing 2

2. Opens Material Icon library

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and themes
V2 License.
Images, memory, and performance
● Use smallest resolution picture necessary
● Resize, crop, compress
● Vector drawings for simple images
● Use Libraries: Glide or Picasso
● Choose appropriate image formats for image type and size
● Use lossy image formats and adjust quality where possible
● Learn about data compression for developers from
Understanding Compression
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and themes
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Styles

Drawables, styles This work is licensed under a Creative

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and themes
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What is a Style?
● Collection of attributes that define the visual appearance
of a View
● Reduce duplication
● Make code more compact
● Manage visual appearance of many components with one
style

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 Styles reduce clutter
<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textColor="#00FF00"
android:typeface="monospace"
android:text="@string/hello" />
<TextView
style="@style/CodeFont"
android:text="@string/hello"
/>

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Define styles in styles.xml
styles.xml is in res/values

<resources>
<style name="CodeFont">
<item name="android:textColor">#00FF00</item>
<item name="android:typeface">monospace</item>
</style>
</resources>

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Inheritance: Parent
Define a parent style...
<resources>
<style name="CodeFont">
<item name="android:layout_width">match_parent</item>
<item name="android:layout_height">wrap_content</item>
<item name="android:textColor">#00FF00</item>
<item name="android:typeface">monospace</item>
</style>
</resources>

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Inheritance: Define child
Define child with Codefont as parent

<resources>
<style name="RedCode" parent="@style/Codefont>
<item name="android:textColor">#FF0000</item>
</style>
</resources>

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and themes
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Themes

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and themes
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Themes
● A Theme is a style applied to an entire activity or even the
entire application
● Themes are applied in AndroidManifest.xml
<application android:theme="@style/AppTheme">

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Customize AppTheme of Your Project
<!-- Base application theme. -->
<style name="AppTheme"
parent="Theme.AppCompat.Light.DarkActionBar">
<!-- Try: Theme.AppCompat.Light.NoActionBar -->
<!-- Customize your theme here. -->
<item name="colorPrimary">@color/colorPrimary</item>
<item name="colorPrimaryDark">@color/colorPrimaryDark</item>
<item name="colorAccent">@color/colorAccent</item>
</style>
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Styles and Themes Resources
Android platform has collection of built in styles and themes

● Android Styles
● Android Themes
● Styles and Themes Guide
● DayNight Theme Guide

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 7.1 AsyncTask
and
AsyncTaskLoader

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AsyncTaskLoader
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Contents

● Threads
● AsyncTask
● Loaders
● AsyncTaskLoader

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AsyncTaskLoader
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Threads

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AsyncTaskLoader
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The main thread

● Independent path of execution in a running program

● Code is executed line by line
● App runs on Java thread called "main" or "UI thread"
● Draws UI on the screen
● Responds to user actions by handling UI events

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The Main thread must be fast
● Hardware updates screen every 16 milliseconds
● UI thread has 16 ms to do all its work
● If it takes too long, app stutters or hangs
WAI
T

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Users uninstall unresponsive apps
● If the UI waits too long for an
operation to finish, it becomes
unresponsive
● The framework shows an
Application Not Responding
(ANR) dialog

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What is a long running task?
● Network operations
● Long calculations
● Downloading/uploading files
● Processing images
● Loading data

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AsyncTaskLoader
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Background threads
Execute long running tasks on a background thread
Main Thread (UI Thread)
Update UI

● AsyncTask
● The Loader Framework
● Services
Worker Thread Do some work
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Two rules for Android threads

● Do not block the UI thread

○ Complete all work in less than 16 ms for each screen
○ Run slow non-UI work on a non-UI thread

● Do not access the Android UI toolkit from outside

the UI thread
○ Do UI work only on the UI thread

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AsyncTask

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What is AsyncTask?
Use AsyncTask to implement basic background tasks

Main Thread (UI Thread)

onPostExecute()

Worker Thread
doInBackground()

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Override two methods

● doInBackground()—runs on a background thread

○ All the work to happen in the background

● onPostExecute()—runs on main thread when work done

○ Process results
○ Publish results to the UI

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AsyncTask helper methods
● onPreExecute()
○ Runs on the main thread
○ Sets up the task

● onProgressUpdate()
○ Runs on the main thread
○ receives calls from publishProgress() from background thread

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AsyncTask helper methods

Main Thread (UI Thread)

onPreExecute() onProgressUpdate() onPostExecute()

Worker Thread publishProgress()

doInBackground()

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Creating an AsyncTask
1. Subclass AsyncTask
2. Provide data type sent to doInBackground()
3. Provide data type of progress units for onProgressUpdate()
4. Provide data type of result for onPostExecute()

private class MyAsyncTask

extends AsyncTask<URL, Integer, Bitmap> {...}
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 MyAsyncTask class definition
private class MyAsyncTask
extends AsyncTask<String, Integer, Bitmap> {...}

doInBackground()
doInBackground()
onProgressUpdate()
doInBackground(
onPostExecute()
● String—could be query, URI for filename
● Integer—percentage completed, steps done
● Bitmap—an image to be displayed
● Use Void if no data passed
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 onPreExecute()

protected void onPreExecute() {

// display a progress bar
// show a toast
}

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 doInBackground()

protected Bitmap doInBackground(String... query) {

// Get the bitmap
return bitmap;
}

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 onProgressUpdate()

protected void onProgressUpdate(Integer... progress) {

setProgressPercent(progress[0]);
}

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 onPostExecute()

protected void onPostExecute(Bitmap result) {

// Do something with the bitmap
}

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 Start background work

public void loadImage (View view) {

String query = mEditText.getText().toString();
new MyAsyncTask(query).execute();
}

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Limitations of AsyncTask
● When device configuration changes, Activity is destroyed
● AsyncTask cannot connect to Activity anymore
● New AsyncTask created for every config change
● Old AsyncTasks stay around
● App may run out of memory or crash

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When to use AsyncTask
● Short or interruptible tasks
● Tasks that do not need to report back to UI or user
● Lower priority tasks that can be left unfinished
● Use AsyncTaskLoader otherwise

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Loaders

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What is a Loader?
● Provides asynchronous loading of data
● Reconnects to Activity after configuration change
● Can monitor changes in data source and deliver new data
● Callbacks implemented in Activity
● Many types of loaders available
○ AsyncTaskLoader, CursorLoader

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Why use loaders?

● Execute tasks OFF the UI thread

● LoaderManager handles configuration changes for you
● Efficiently implemented by the framework
● Users don't have to wait for data to load

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Anatomy
What is a of
LoaderManager?
a Loader

● Manages loader functions via callbacks

● Can manage multiple loaders

○ loader for database data, for AsyncTask data, for internet data…

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Get a loader with initLoader()
● Creates and starts a loader, or reuses an existing one,
including its data
● Use restartLoader() to clear data in existing loader

getLoaderManager().initLoader(Id, args, callback);

getLoaderManager().initLoader(0, null, this);

getSupportLoaderManager().initLoader(0, null, this);

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 Implementing
AsyncTaskLoad
er

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AsyncTaskLoader Overview
AsyncTaskLoader AsyncTask WorkToDo

LoaderManager

Request Receive
Work Result

Activity
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AsyncTask AsyncTaskLoader

doInBackground() loadInBackground()
onPostExecute() onLoadFinished()

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Steps for AsyncTaskLoader subclass

1. Subclass AsyncTaskLoader
2. Implement constructor
3. loadInBackground()
4. onStartLoading()

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Subclass AsyncTaskLoader

public static class StringListLoader

extends AsyncTaskLoader<List<String>> {

public StringListLoader(Context context, String queryString) {

super(context);
mQueryString = queryString;
}
}

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loadInBackground()

public List<String> loadInBackground() {

List<String> data = new ArrayList<String>;
//TODO: Load the data from the network or from a database
return data;
}

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onStartLoading()
When restartLoader() or initLoader() is called, the
LoaderManager invokes the onStartLoading() callback
● Check for cached data
● Start observing the data source (if needed)
● Call forceLoad() to load the data if there are changes or
no cached data
protected void onStartLoading() { forceLoad(); }
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Implement loader callbacks in Activity
● onCreateLoader() — Create and return a new Loader
for the given ID
● onLoadFinished() — Called when a previously created
loader has finished its load
● onLoaderReset() — Called when a previously created
loader is being reset making its data unavailable

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onCreateLoader()

@Override
public Loader<List<String>> onCreateLoader(int id, Bundle args) {
return new StringListLoader(this,args.getString("queryString"));
}

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onLoadFinished()

Results of loadInBackground() are passed to

onLoadFinished() where you can display them

public void onLoadFinished(Loader<List<String>> loader,

List<String> data) {
mAdapter.setData(data);
}

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 onLoaderReset()
● Only called when loader is destroyed
● Leave blank most of the time

@Override
public void onLoaderReset(final LoaderList<String>> loader) { }

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Get a loader with initLoader()
● In Activity
● Use support library to be compatible with more devices

getSupportLoaderManager().initLoader(0, null, this);

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7.3 Broadcasts

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Contents

● Broadcasts
● Send a custom broadcasts
● Broadcast receivers
● Implementing broadcast receivers
● Restricting the broadcasts
● Best practices

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Broadcasts

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Broadcast vs. Implicit Intents
Broadcasts
Broadcasts are messages sent by Android system and other
Android apps, when an event of interest occurs.

Broadcasts are wrapped in an Intent object. This Intent

object’s contains the event details such as,
android.intent.action.HEADSET_PLUG, sent when a
wired headset is plugged or unplugged.

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Broadcast
Types of broadcasts
vs. Implicit Intents

Types of broadcast:
● System broadcast.
● Custom broadcast.

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 Broadcast
System broadcasts
vs. Implicit Intents
System broadcast are the messages sent by the Android system, when a
system event occurs, that might affect your app.

Few examples:
● An Intent with action, ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED is broadcasted
when the device boots.
● An Intent with action, ACTION_POWER_CONNECTED is broadcasted
when the device is connected to the external power.

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Broadcast
Custom broadcasts
vs. Implicit Intents

Custom broadcasts are broadcasts that your app sends out, similar to the
Android system.
For example, when you want to let other app(s) know that some data has
been downloaded by your app, and its available for their use.

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Send a custom
broadcasts

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Send a custom broadcast

Android provides three ways for sending a broadcast:

● Ordered broadcast.
● Normal broadcast.
● Local broadcast.

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Ordered Broadcast
● Ordered broadcast is delivered to one receiver at a time.
● To send a ordered broadcast, use the sendOrderedBroadcast()
method.
● Receivers can propagate result to the next receiver or even abort the
broadcast.
● Control the broadcast order with android:priority attribute in the
manifest file.
● Receivers with same priority run in arbitrary order.
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 Normal Broadcast
● Delivered to all the registered receivers at the same time, in
an undefined order.
● Most efficient way to send a broadcast.
● Receivers can’t propagate the results among themselves,
and they can’t abort the broadcast.
● The sendBroadcast() method is used to send a normal
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 Local Broadcast
● Sends broadcasts to receivers within your app.
● No security issues since no interprocess communication.
● To send a local broadcast:
○ To get an instance of LocalBroadcastManager.
○ Call sendBroadcast() on the instance.

LocalBroadcastManager.getInstance(this)
.sendBroadcast(customBroadcastIntent);
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Broadcast
Receivers

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What is a broadcast receiver?
● Broadcast receivers are app components.
● They register for various system broadcast and or custom
broadcast.
● They are notified (via an Intent):
○ By the system, when an system event occurs that your
app is registered for.
○ By another app, including your own if your app is
registered for that custom event.
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Register your broadcast receiver
Broadcast receivers can be registered in two ways:
● Static receivers
○ Registered in your AndroidManifest.xml, also called as
Manifest-declared receivers.
● Dynamic receivers
○ Registered using app or activities' context in your Java files,
also called as Context-registered receivers.

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 Receiving a system broadcast
● Starting from Android 8.0 (API level 26), static receivers can't
receive most of the system broadcasts.
● Use a dynamic receiver to register for these broadcasts.
● If you register for the system broadcasts in the manifest, the
Android system won't deliver them to your app.
● A few broadcasts, are excepted from this restriction. See the
complete list of implicit broadcast exceptions.
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Implementing
Broadcast
Receivers

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To create a broadcast receiver
● Subclass the BroadcastReceiver class and override
its onReceive() method.

● Register the broadcast receiver and specify the intent-

filters:
○ Statically, in the Manifest.
○ Dynamically, with registerReceiver().

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What are Intent-filters
Intent-filters specify the types of intents a broadcast receiver
can receive. They filter the incoming intents based on the
Intent values like action.

To add an intent-filter:
● To your AndroidManifest.xml file, use <intent-
filter> tag.
● To your Java file use the IntentFilter object.
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 Subclass a broadcast receiver

In Android studio, File > New > Other > BroadcastReceiver

public class CustomReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {

@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
// This method is called when the BroadcastReceiver
// is receiving an Intent broadcast.
throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not yet implemented");
}
}
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 Implement onReceive()
Example implementation of onReceive() method which handles power
connected and disconnected.
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
String intentAction = intent.getAction();
switch (intentAction){
case Intent.ACTION_POWER_CONNECTED:
break;
case Intent.ACTION_POWER_DISCONNECTED:
break;
}
} This work is licensed under a Creative
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Register statically in Android manifest
● <receiver> element inside <application> tag.
● <intent-filter> registers receiver for specific intents.
<receiver
android:name=".CustomReceiver"
android:enabled="true"
android:exported="true">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED"/>
</intent-filter>
</receiver>
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Register dynamically

● Register your receiver in onCreate() or onResume().

// Register the receiver using the activity context.
this.registerReceiver(mReceiver, filter);

● Unregister in onDestroy() or onPause().

// Unregister the receiver
this.unregisterReceiver(mReceiver);

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Register a Local broadcast receiver

Register local receivers dynamically, because

static registration in the manifest is not possible
for a local broadcasts.

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Register a Local broadcast receiver
To register a receiver for local broadcasts:
● Get an instance of LocalBroadcastManager.
● Call registerReceiver().

LocalBroadcastManager.getInstance(this).registerReceiver
(mReceiver,
new IntentFilter(CustomReceiver.ACTION_CUSTOM_BROADCAST));

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Unregister a Local broadcast receiver
To unregister a local broadcast receiver:
● Get an instance of the LocalBroadcastManager.
● Call LocalBroadcastManager.unregisterReceiver().

LocalBroadcastManager.getInstance(this)
.unregisterReceiver(mReceiver);

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Restricting
broadcasts

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Restricting broadcasts
● Restricting your broadcast is strongly recommended.
● An unrestricted broadcast can pose a security threat.
● For example: If your apps’ broadcast is not restricted and
includes sensitive information, an app that contains
malware could register and receive your data.

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Ways to restrict a broadcast
● If possible, use a LocalBroadcastManager, which
keeps the data inside your app, avoiding security leaks.
● Use the setPackage() method and pass in the package
name. Your broadcast is restricted to apps that match the
specified package name.
● Access permissions can be enforced by sender or
receiver.

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Enforce permissions by sender
To enforce a permission when sending a broadcast:
● Supply a non-null permission argument to
sendBroadcast().
● Only receivers that request this permission using the
<uses-permission> tag in their
AndroidManifest.xml file can receive the broadcast.

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Enforce permissions by receiver

To enforce a permission when receiving a broadcast:

● If you register your receiver dynamically, supply a non-null
permission to registerReceiver().
● If you register your receiver statically, use the
android:permission attribute inside the <receiver>
tag in your AndroidManifest.xml.

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Best practices

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Best practices
● Make sure namespace for intent is unique and you own it.
● Restrict broadcast receivers.
● Other apps can respond to broadcast your app sends —
use permissions to control this.
● Prefer dynamic receivers over static receivers.
● Never perform a long running operation inside your
broadcast receiver.
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 7.4 Services

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Contents

● Services for long tasks.

● IntentService

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Services is an advanced topic

● Services are complex.

● Many ways of configuring a service.
● This lesson has introductory information only.
● Explore and learn for yourself if you want to use services.

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Services for
Long Tasks

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What is a service?

A Service is an application component that can perform

long-running operations in the background and does not
provide a user interface.

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What are services good for?

● Network transactions.
● Play music.
● Perform file I/O.
● Interact with a database.

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Characteristics of services

● Started with an Intent.

● Can stay running when user switches applications.
● Lifecycle—which you must manage.
● Other apps can use the service—manage permissions.
● Runs in the main thread of its hosting process.

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Forms of services: started

● Started with startService()

● Runs indefinitely until it stops itself
● Usually does not update the UI

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Forms of services: bound
● Offers a client-server interface that allows
components to interact with the service
● Clients send requests and get results
● Started with bindService()
● Ends when all clients unbind

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Services and threads

Although services are separate from the UI, they still run
on the main thread by default (except IntentService)

Offload CPU-intensive work to a separate thread within

the service

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Updating the app

If the service can't access the UI, how do you update the app
to show the results?

Use a broadcast receiver!

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Foreground services

Runs in the background but requires that the user is actively

aware it exists—e.g. music player using music service
● Higher priority than background services since user will
notice its absence—unlikely to be killed by the system
● Must provide a notification which the user cannot dismiss
while the service is running

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Background services limitations
● Starting from API 26, background app is not allowed to create a
background service.
● A foreground app, can create and run both foreground and background
services.
● When an app goes into the background, the system stops the app's
background services.
● The startService() method now throws an IllegalStateException
if an app is targeting API 26.
● These limitations don't affect foreground services or bound services.
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Creating a service
● <service android:name=".ExampleService" />
● Manage permissions.
● Subclass IntentService or Service class.
● Implement lifecycle methods.
● Start service from Activity.
● Make sure service is stoppable.
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Stopping a service

● A started service must manage its own lifecycle

● If not stopped, will keep running and consuming resources
● The service must stop itself by calling stopSelf()
● Another component can stop it by calling stopService()
● Bound service is destroyed when all clients unbound
● IntentService is destroyed after onHandleIntent() returns
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IntentService

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IntentService

● Simple service with simplified lifecycle

● Uses worker threads to fulfill requests
● Stops itself when done

● Ideal for one long task on a single background thread

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IntentService Limitations

● Cannot interact with the UI

● Can only run one request at a time
● Cannot be interrupted

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IntentService restrictions
● IntentService are subjected to the new restrictions on
background services.
● For the apps targeting API 26, Android Support Library
26.0.0 introduces a new JobIntentService.
● JobIntentService provides the same functionality as
IntentService but uses jobs instead of services.

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IntentService Implementation
public class HelloIntentService extends IntentService {
public HelloIntentService() { super("HelloIntentService");}

@Override
protected void onHandleIntent(Intent intent) {
try {
// Do some work
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
}
} // When this method returns, IntentService stops the service, as appropriate.
}

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8.1 Notifications

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 Contents

● What are notifications? ● Tap action and action buttons

● Notification channels ● Expanded view notifications
● Creating a notification channel ● Delivering notifications
● Creating notifications ● Managing Notifications

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 What Are
Notifications?

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What is a notification?

Message displayed to user outside regular app UI

■ Small icon
■ Title
■ Detail text

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How are notifications used?
● Android issues a notification that appears
as icon on the status bar.
● To see details, user opens the notification
drawer.
● User can view notifications any time in the
notification drawer.

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App icon badge
Available only on the devices running Android 8.0 (API level 26) and
higher.
● New notifications are displayed as a colored
"badge" (also known as a "notification dot") on
the app icon.

● Users can long-press on an app icon to see the

notifications for that app. Similar to the
notification drawer.

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Notification
Channels

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Notification channels

● Used to create a user-customizable channel for each type

of notification to be displayed.
● More than one notification can be grouped in to a channel.
● Set notification behavior like sound, light, vibrate and so
on, applied to all the notifications in that channel.

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Notification channels are mandatory
● Notification channels are introduced in Android 8.0 (API
level 26)
● All notifications must be assigned to a channel starting
from Android 8.0 (API level 26), else your notifications will
not be displayed.
● For the apps targeting lower than Android 8.0 (API level
26), no need to implement notification channels.
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Notification channels in Settings
● Notification channels appear as
Categories under App
notifications in the device
Settings.

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Creating a
Notification
channel

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 Create a Notification channel
● Notification channel instance is created using NotificationChannel
constructor.
● You must specify:
○ An ID that's unique within your package.
○ User visible name of the channel.
○ The importance level for the channel.

if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {

NotificationChannel notificationChannel =
new NotificationChannel(CHANNEL_ID, "Mascot Notification",
NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_DEFAULT);
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Importance level
● Available in Android 8.0 (API level 26) and higher.
● Sets the intrusion level, like the sound and visibility for all
notifications posted in the channel.
● Range from IMPORTANCE_NONE(0) to
IMPORTANCE_HIGH(4).
● To support earlier versions of Android (Lower than API level
26), set the priority.
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Notification priority
● Determines how the system displays the notification with
respect to other notifications, in Android version Lower
than API level 26.
● Set using the setPriority() method for each
notification.
● Range from PRIORITY_MIN to PRIORITY_MAX.

setPriority(NotificationCompat.PRIORITY_HIGH)
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 Importance level and priority
constants
User-visible importance level
Importance (Android Priority (Android 7.1
8.0 and higher) and lower)
Urgent
PRIORITY_HIGH or
Makes a sound and appears as a heads-up IMPORTANCE_HIGH
PRIORITY_MAX
notification
High IMPORTANCE_DEFAU PRIORITY_DEFAUL
Makes a sound LT T
Medium
IMPORTANCE_LOW PRIORITY_LOW
No sound
Low
No sound and doesn't appear in the status bar IMPORTANCE_MIN PRIORITY_MIN

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 Creating
Notifications

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Creating Notification
● Notification is created using NotificationCompat.Builder class.
● Pass the application context and notification channel ID to the
constructor.
● The NotificationCompat.Builder constructor takes the notification
channel ID, this is only used by Android 8.0 (API level 26) and higher,
but this parameter is ignored by the older versions.

NotificationCompat.Builder mBuilder = new

NotificationCompat.Builder(this, CHANNEL_ID);
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 Setting notification contents
1. A small icon, set by
setSmallIcon().
This is the only content that's required.
1. A title, set by setContentTitle().
2. The body text, set by
setContentText(). This is the
notification message.

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 Setting notification contents

NotificationCompat.Builder mBuilder =
new NotificationCompat.Builder(this, CHANNEL_ID)
.setSmallIcon(R.drawable.android_icon)
.setContentTitle("You've been notified!")
.setContentText("This is your notification text.");

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 Tap action
and
Action buttons

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 Add notification tap action
● Every notification must respond when it is tapped, usually
launching an Activity in your app.
● Set an content intent using setContentIntent()
method.
● Pass the Intent wrapped in a PendingIntent object.

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Notification action buttons

● Action buttons can perform a variety of actions on behalf

of your app, such as starting a background task, placing a
phone call and so on.
● Starting from Android 7.0 (API level 24) reply to messages
directly from notifications.
● To add an action button, pass a PendingIntent to the
addAction() method.
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Pending intents

● A PendingIntent is a description of an intent and target

action to perform with it.

● Give a PendingIntent to another application to grant it

the right to perform the operation you have specified as if
the other app was yourself.

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Methods to create a PendingIntent

To instantiate a PendingIntent, use one of the following

methods:
● PendingIntent.getActivity()
● PendingIntent.getBroadcast()
● PendingIntent.getService()

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PendingIntent method arguments

1. Application context
2. Request code—constant integer id for the pending intent
3. Intent to be delivered
4. PendingIntent flag determines how the system handles
multiple pending intents from same app

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Step 1: Create intent

Intent notificationIntent =
new Intent(this, MainActivity.class);

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Step 2: Create PendingIntent

PendingIntent notificationPendingIntent =
PendingIntent.getActivity(
this,
NOTIFICATION_ID,
notificationIntent,
PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT);

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Step 3: Add to notification builder

To set tap action to the notification:

.setContentIntent(notificationPendingIntent);

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Add action buttons
● Use NotificationCompat.Builder.addAction()
— pass in icon, caption, PendingIntent

.addAction(R.drawable.ic_color_lens_black_24dp,
"R.string.label",
notificationPendingIntent);

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 Expanded
view
notifications

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Expandable notifications
● Notifications in the notification drawer appear in two main
layouts, normal view (which is the default) and expanded
view.
● Expanded view notifications were introduced in Android
4.1.
● Use them sparingly -- they take up more space and
attention.
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 Big text

● For large-format notifications that

include a lot of text.
● Fits more text than a standard view.
● Use the helper class:
NotificationCompat.BigTextStyle

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Big image

● For large-format notifications that

include a large image attachment.

● Use the helper class:

NotificationCompa.BigPictureStyle

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Media

● For media playback notifications.

● Actions for controlling media
such as music
● Image for album cover
● Use the helper class:
● NotificationCompat.MediaStyle
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Managing
Setting styles
Notifications
To create expandable notification that appear, use one of the
helper classes to set the style using the setStyle()
method.
mNotifyBuilder
.setStyle(new NotificationCompat.BigPictureStyle()
.bigPicture(myBitmapImage)
.setBigContentTitle("Notification!"));
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 Delivering
Notifications

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Building a Notification
Delivering notifications

● Use the NotificationManager class to deliver

notifications.
○ Create an instance of NotificationManager
○ Call notify() to deliver the notification.

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Building a Notification
Instantiate NotificationManager

Call getSystemService(), passing in the NOTIFICATION_SERVICE

constant.

mNotifyManager = (NotificationManager)
getSystemService(NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);

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Building
Send notification
a Notification
● Call notify()to deliver the notification, passing in these
two values:
○ A notification ID, which is used to update or cancel the notification.
○ The NotificationCompat object that you created using the
NotificationCompat.Builder object.

mNotifyManager.notify(NOTIFICATION_ID, myNotification);

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 Managing
Notifications

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Managingnotifications
Updating Notifications
1. Update a notification by changing and or adding some of
its content.
2. Issue notification with updated parameters using builder.
3. Call notify() passing in the same notification ID.
● If previous notification is still visible, system updates.
● If previous notification has been dismissed, new
notification is delivered.

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Managing Notifications
Canceling notifications
Notifications remain visible until:
● User dismisses it by swiping or by using "Clear All".
● Calling setAutoCancel() when creating the notification,
removes it from the status bar when the user clicks on it.
● App calls cancel() or cancelAll() on
NotificationManager.

mNotifyManager.cancel(NOTIFICATION_ID);
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Design guidelines
If your app sends too many notifications, users will disable
notifications or uninstall the app.
● Relevant: Whether this information is essential for the user.
● Timely: Notifications need to appear when they are useful.
● Short: Use as few words as possible.
● Give users the power to choose -- Use appropriate
notification channels to categorise your notifications.
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