1 - Scope, Source of Drug, Crude Drug
1 - Scope, Source of Drug, Crude Drug
1 - Scope, Source of Drug, Crude Drug
DEFINITION
SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSY
1. Plant Sources:
Plant source is the oldest source of drugs. Most of the drugs
in ancient times were derived from plants. Almost all parts of the plants are
used i.e. leaves, stem, bark, fruits and roots.
Leaves:
The leaves of Digitalis Purpurea are the source of Digitoxin and
Digoxin, which are cardiac glycosides.
Leaves of Eucalyptus give oil of Eucalyptus, which is important
component of cough syrup.
Tobacco leaves give nicotine.
Atropa belladonna gives atropine.
Flowers:
Poppy papaver somniferum gives morphine (opoid)
Vinca rosea gives vincristine and vinblastine
Rose gives rose water used as tonic.
Fruits:
Senna pod gives anthracine, which is a purgative (used in
constipation)
Calabar beans give physostigmine, which is cholinomimetic agent.
Seeds:
Seeds of Nux Vomica give strychnine, which is a CNS stimulant.
Castor oil seeds give castor oil.
Calabar beans give Physostigmine, which is a cholinomimetic drug.
Roots:
Ipecacuanha root gives Emetine, used to induce vomiting as in
accidental poisoning. It also has amoebicidal properties.
Rauwolfia serpentina gives reserpine, a hypotensive agent.
Reserpine was used for hypertension treatment.
Bark:
Cinchona bark gives quinine and quinidine, which are antimalarial
drugs. Quinidine also has antiarrythmic properties.
Atropa belladonna gives atropine, which is anticholinergic.
Hyoscyamus Niger gives Hyosine, which is also anticholinergic.
Chondrodendron tomentosum gives tuboqurarine, which is skeletal
muscle relaxant used in general anesthesia.
2.Animal Sources:
3.Marine sources
Organized Drugs
Introduction :
Crude drugs can be regarded as the substances either used
directly or indirectly as a drug which have not been changed or modified in
it's chemical composition.The crude drugs of natural origin can be divided
into two main categories as organized crude drugs and unorganized crude
drugs.
Organized Drugs:
Organized drugs consist of the cellular Organization in the form
of anatomical features.These are mostly the crude drugs from plant
sources.Almost all of the morphological plant parts or the entire plant itself
can be called as an organized drugs.A long list can be made of such crude
drugs to mention few of them like Cinchona bark,Sandalwood,Quassia
wood,Senna,Digitalis leaves,Nux vomica seeds,Rauwolfia roots and many
other examples of above-mentioned groups or crude drugs exemplified by
some other morphological organs can be quoted as the example of
organized crude drugs. Microscopical and anatomical studies are
preeminent for such crude drugs. These can be used directly in medicine or
can be used by modifying or by extracting the active ingredient from it.The
simple medicines prepared from these drugs are herbal
teas,extracts,tinctures etc,and it may be extensively processed for the
isolation and purification of pure therapeutically active constituent which is
ultimately responsible for the action of the drugs.
Woods:
Quassia,Sandalwood and Red Sandalwood.
Leaves:
Digitalis,Eucalyptus,Gymnema,Mint,Senna,Spearmint,Squill,Tulsi,Vasaka,
Coca,Buchu,Hamamelis,Hyoscyamus,Belladonna,Tea.
Barks:
Arjuna,Ashoka,Cascara,Cassia,Cinchona,Cinnamon,Kurchi,Quillia,Wild
cherry.
Flowering parts:
Clove,Pyrethrum,Saffron,Santonica,Chamomile.
Fruits:
Amla,Anise,Bael,Bahera,Bitter
Orangepeel,Capsicum,Caraway,Cardamom,Colocynth,Coriander,Cumin,Dil
l,Fennel,Gokhru,Hirda,Lemon peel,Senna pod,Star anise,Tamarind,Vidang.
Seeds:
Bitter almond,Black
Mustard,Cardamom,Colchicum,Ispaghula,Kaladana,Linseed,Nutmeg, Nux
vomica,Physostigma,Psyllium,Strophanthus,White mustard.
Unorganized drugs
1. Dried latex:
The air dried latex Obtained by incision of the unripe capsule
of papaver somniferum.
5. Oleo- resins :
The oleo - resins obtained from pinus palustris, pinus
toeda and other speices of pinus.
Solubility : Insoluble in water, soluble in chloroform and ethanol.