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Lecture 1

The document provides information about a Linear Algebra course taught by Mr. Asim Farooq. It includes the instructor's contact information, office hours, assessments and grading breakdown, reference books, and sample topics that will be covered. It also discusses why linear algebra is important in computer science and provides examples of its applications.

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waleed
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46 views

Lecture 1

The document provides information about a Linear Algebra course taught by Mr. Asim Farooq. It includes the instructor's contact information, office hours, assessments and grading breakdown, reference books, and sample topics that will be covered. It also discusses why linear algebra is important in computer science and provides examples of its applications.

Uploaded by

waleed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Algebra

Instructor: Mr. Asim Farooq


Email id: [email protected]
Office: Room 204 (Takhleeq Builidng)
Office Hours: Monday 10.00-11.00
Tuesday 02.00-4.00
Wednesday 02.00-4.00
Friday 10.00-1.00
Assessments
Quizzes (5) → 15%
Assignments (4) → 10%
Class Participation → 10%
Mid Term → 20%
Final Term → 45%
Reference Books:
• Linear Algebra with Supplemented Applications by Howard Anton/ Chris
Rorres, Edition 10.
• Introductory Linear Algebra with Applications by Bernard Kolman, David
R. Hill, Edition 9.
• Linear Algebra with applications by Otto Brestscher.
What do you think about Linear Algebra?

Why We Study Linear Algebra in Computer Science?

When you take a digital photo with your phone or transform the image in Photoshop,
when you play a video game or watch a movie with digital effects, when you do a
web search or make a phone call, you are using technologies that build upon linear
algebra.

Linear algebra provides concepts that are crucial to many areas of computer science,
including graphics, image processing, cryptography, machine learning, computer
vision, optimization, graph algorithms, quantum computation, computational
biology, information retrieval and web search. Linear algebra in turn is built on two
basic elements, the matrix and the vector.
• Algebra is the art of solving equations and systems of equations.
• Linear algebra, then, is the art of solving systems of linear equation.

Some Topics of Linear Algebra:

❖ System of Linear Equations


❖ Matrices
❖ Gaussian Elimination and Gaussian Jordan Method
❖ Cryptography
❖ Matrix Transformation
❖ Vector Spaces
❖ Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter 1 (From Howard Anton)

Linear Equation

An equation whose exponent is one is called linear equation.

Examples:

1. 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 → One Variable
2. 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 → Two Variables
1
3. 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −1 → Three Variables
2
4. 𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 − 3𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 2 → Four Variables
5. 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 = 1 → n Variables
Linear equation does not involve any products or roots of variables. All variables
occur only to the first power and do not appear, for example, as arguments of
trigonometric, logarithmic, or exponential functions.

The following equations are not linear equations (which term is making it
nonlinear?):

1. 𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 = 4
2. 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 = 5
3. sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
4. √𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 1

Exercise (Howard Anton Ex 1.1)


1. In each part, determine whether the equation is linear in 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 and 𝑥3 .
a) 𝑥1 + 5𝑥3 − √2𝑥3 = 1

b) 𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑥3 = 2

c) 𝑥1−2 + 𝑥2 + 8𝑥3 = 5

d) 𝑥1 = −7𝑥2 + 3𝑥3
3
5
e) 𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 4

Linear Equation in General:

The equation
𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑎3 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏 → (1)

which expresses the real quantity b in terms of the unknowns 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … , 𝑥𝑛 and


the real constants 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 is called a linear equation.

A solution to Linear Equation (1) is a sequence of 𝑛 numbers 𝑠1 , 𝑠2 , … , 𝑠𝑛


which has the property that (1) is satisfied when 𝑥1 = 𝑠1 , 𝑥2 = 𝑠2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑠𝑛 are
substituted in (1).
For example: The equation 6𝑥1 − 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = −13
has the solution
𝑥1 = 2, 𝑥2 = 3, 𝑥3 = −4
because

6(2) − 3(3) + 4(−4) = −13


or −13 = −13

System of Linear Equation in two Variables

A system of linear equations in two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 will have the form
𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1
{ 1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2

Here 𝑎𝑖 , 𝑏𝑖 , 𝑐𝑖 (𝑖 = 1, 2) are real numbers.

❖ To find a solution to a linear system, we already know two techniques called


the
1. method of elimination
2. method of substitution

In elimination method, we eliminate some variables by adding a multiple of one


equation to another equation. Elimination merely amounts to the development of a
new linear system that is equivalent to the original system but is much simpler to
solve.
Similarly, in substitution method we can use value of one variable from one
equation in other equation to get a simplified equation.

Note! Solution from any of these methods will remain same.

Example 1

Find the solution of the linear system by using method of elimination.

5𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3
{
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4
Solution

We want to eliminate y, so by adding equation 1 and 2 we get:


7𝑥 = 7 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1

Put value of 𝑥 = 1 in equation 1:

5(1) + 𝑦 = 3 ⇒ 𝑦 = −2
So (1, -2) is solution of the given system.

Example 2

Find the solution of the linear system by using method of elimination.

𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −7
{
2𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 7
Solution

We want to eliminate x, so by multiplying equation 1 by ``2’’ and subtracting from


2, we get:
2𝑥 − 6𝑦 = −14
−2𝑥 + 6𝑦 = −7
−−−−−−−−−−−−
0 = −21

which makes no sense. This means that the given system has no solution.

Consistent and Inconsistent Linear System

If the linear system has no solution, it is said to be inconsistent, if it has a solution.


it is called consistent.

So the system in example 1 is consistent and in example 2 is inconsistent.

Note!

A consistent linear system of two equations in two unknowns has either one solution
or infinitely many solutions--there are no other possibilities.
Exercise

1. In each part, determine whether the given point is a solution of the linear
system

2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1
{ 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
3𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 1
a) (3, 1, 1)

b) (3, -1, 1)

c) (13, 5, 2)

13 5
d) ( , , 2)
2 2

e) (17, 7, 5)

2. In each part, determine whether the given point is a solution of the linear
system

𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3
{ 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
−𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 5
5 8
a) ( , , 1)
7 7

5 8
b) ( , , 0)
7 7

c) (5, 8, 1)

5 10 2
d) ( , , )
7 7 7

5 22
e) ( , , 2)
7 7

Work to do: [Elementary Linear Algebra by Howard Anton]


Exercise 1.1: Q 1-9
Question:
Solve linear system by using elimination method
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = − 12 − − − −−→ (1)
{ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −5 − − − − − − − (2)
3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1 − − − − − − − − − (3)
Solution:
We want to eliminate x, so multiply equation (2) by 2 and subtract from (1).
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = −12
2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −10
- + - +
---------------------------------
𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −2 − −−→ (4)
multiply equation (2) by 3 and subtract from (3).

3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1
3𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −15
- + - +
---------------------------------
7𝑦 − 𝑧 = 16 − −−→ (5)
multiply equation (5) by 2 and add in (4).

𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −2
14𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 32
---------------------------------
15𝑦 = 30
𝑦=2
Put 𝑦 = 2 in equation (4)
2 + 2𝑧 = −2
2𝑧 = −4
𝑧 = −2
Put 𝑧 = −2, 𝑦 = 2 in equation (1)
2𝑥 − 3(2) + 4(−2) = − 12
2𝑥 − 6 − 8 = −12
2𝑥 = −12 + 14
2𝑥 = 2
𝑥=1

So (1, 2, −2) is solution of given system.

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