Env Chem
Env Chem
Env Chem
ROUTINE TASK
Lecturer:
Dr. Ir. Nurfajriani, M.Si.
By
Group 3
MEDAN
2019
PREFACE
Praise be to God Almighty for all His mercy so that this routine task report
can be arranged until finished. Thank you to Lecturer for Environmental
Chemistry courses; for the sciences given, do not forget the author also thanked
many thanks for the help of the party who has contributed.
And hope the writer hopes this paper can add knowledge and experience to
readers, in the future can improve the form and increase the contents of the paper
to make it better.
Due to the limited knowledge and experience of author, the author believe
there are still a lot of shortcomings in developing this routine task report, therefore
the authors are very hopeful of the constructive criticisms and criticisms of the
reader for the sake of the completeness of this routine task report.
The Authors
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LIST OF CONTENT
PREFACE ................................................................................................................ i
LIST OF CONTENT............................................................................................... ii
1.1. Background................................................................................................... 1
1.3. Purposes........................................................................................................ 2
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 15
ii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Water is a vital life necessity for human life and other living things. It can
be said that water is a limited resource. During this time the human need for
water is very large. If we look at it in terms of usage, then water can never be
separated from all aspects of human life. Starting from small things, such as
drinking water to quench thirst until the waterwheel is used as a producer of
electrical energy. In terms of its existence there are also various types of water.
On this earth almost 71 percent of its surface is in territorial waters.
Including the country of Indonesia which is an archipelago. Which means the
availability of water for humans is very abundant. however, water consumption
has doubled in the last 50 years. Its supply has reached a critical stage, not only in
Indonesia but the world community is facing the same problem. Declining quality
and water supply due to being polluted by industrial waste, household waste and
other wastes. Besides being caused by seasonal changes from the rainy season to
the dry season and the effects of global warming, most people are ignorant of the
nature of water, how to use water properly, and various benefits of water causing
people to often waste water and use it irresponsibly answer.
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1.3. Purposes
Based on formulation of problems, we get the purposes on this paper:
1.4. Benefits
Benefits from this paper below:
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CHAPTER 2
SUMMARY
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designation can be used for the cultivation of freshwater fish, animal husbandry,
water for irrigating crops, and/or other designation that requires the same water
quality as the use; (d) Fourth class, water whose designation can be used to
irrigate crops and or other uses that require the same water quality as the purpose.
Republic of Indonesia Government Regulation Number 82 Year 2001 regarding
Management of Water Quality and Water Quality Pollution Control. Water
quality is the level of water quality conditions that indicate polluted conditions or
good conditions at a water source within a certain time by comparing with the
specified water quality standards.
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2. Acidity or pH 7, or neutral, does not contain toxic chemicals, does not
contain salt or metal io-ion containing low organic matter, not
microbiological hardness water does not contain pathogenic bacteria, does
not contain nonpatogenic bacteria Quality standardization water in
principle aims to protect, maintain, and enhance the level of public health.
This standard will guarantee that processed water can be consumed by the
community without causing problems.
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ones still hover in water. To get really clear water a filtering process must
be carried out. Filtering is done by draining the water that has been
deposited by the dirt into the filter tub consisting of silica sand filter.
Disinfection
Giving disinfectants (chlorine gas) in filtered water aims to reduce
bacterial concentrations in general and eliminate pathogenic bacteria
(bacteria causing diseases).
1. Intake
Intake is a building that functions to catch water from a body of water
(river) in accordance with the discharge needed for water treatment.
2. Raw water tower
The raw water tower functions to control and regulate the flow rate and
surface height of the raw water so that it remains constant, so that the
processing in the form of chemical application, coagulation, sedimentation
and filtering can run well and maximum.
3. Clarifier
Clarifier as a place of coagulation. In Clarifier the water is cleaned of
impurities by depositing the impurities contained in the water in the lamlar
in the form of iron nets at the bottom of the Clarifier. Dirt that settles will
be discharged through the drain pipe.
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4. Rapid mixing
Rapid stirring building functions as a place to mix coagulant with raw
water so that the coagulation process occurs.
5. Slow mixing (slow stirrer building)
The slow mixing process occurs in the pulsator. Here larger flocks will
form and are stable, making it easier to precipitate and filter. The way
pulsator works is that the vacuum system works by raising and lowering
the water, so that the flocks can be mixed. Sludge from the deposition of
flocculent particles is removed every 15 (fifteen) minutes. After
undergoing the process on the pulsator, it is expected that the turbidity
level of water reaches 1 FTU which will then be processed in the filter.
6. Building filtration
Filtration buildings that function as a place to filter the grains that do not
settle to the sedimentation tank and also function as a filter for
microorganisms or bacteria that dissolve in water. Filtration buildings
usually use silica sand which is 80 cm thick black and gravel. This sand is
used because it is heavier and more attached to the flocks.
7. Reservoir
The reservoir building is a building where clean water has been treated
before being distributed to customers' homes.
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suspended solids are quiet at the bottom of a body of water, it can hide eggs and
siltation occurs in the body of water so that it requires dredging which requires
high operational costs. The TSS content in water bodies often shows higher
concentrations of bacteria, nutrients, pesticides, metals in water (Margareth,
2009).
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There are several ways to eliminate water hardness, including:
1) Warming up.
Warming can get rid of temporary hardness. At high temperatures, the
hydrogen carbonate Ca(HCO3)2 salt can decompose, so the Ca 2+ ions will
precipitate as CaCO3..
Reaction : Ca(HCO3)2(aq) → CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
2) Addition of carbonate ions.
2+
Soda Na2CO3.10H2O added in hard water can precipitate Ca ions to
precipitate CaCO3.
Reaction : Na2CO3.10H2O(s) → 2Na+ (aq) + CO32-(aq) + 10H2O(l)
CaCl2(aq) → Ca+2 (aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
Na2CO3.10H2O(s) + CaCl2(aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + CaCO3(aq) + 10H2O(l)
3) Using water softeners.
Sodium hexametaphosphate [Na2(Na4(PO3))] can be used to remove hard
water containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. These two ions will be converted into
complex ions which dissolve easily so that they cannot join the ions from the
soap.
Reaction : Na2[Na4(PO3)6](s) → 2Na+ (aq) + [Na4(PO3)6]2-(aq)
CaCl2(aq) → Ca+2 (aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
Na2[Na4(PO3)6](s) + CaCl2(aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + Ca[Na4(PO3)6](aq)
4) Using an ion exchange resin
The resin has the function of binding all cations or anions in hard water.
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Using a water purifier or bleach
Natural Water Distillation
Using chemicals
Water Filters (water filters) and UV Rays
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difficult to be eliminated through the process, for example disease-causing
agents or dissolved organic and inorganic compounds, then the waste
needs to be channeled to the next treatment process.
2. Secondary Treatment
The secondary processing stage is a biological treatment process, which
involves microorganisms that can break down / degrade organic matter.
Microorganisms that are used generally are aerobic bacteria.
a. Trickling Filter Method
In this method, aerobic bacteria that are used to degrade inherent organic
matter and grow on a layer of rough media, usually in the form of stone or
plastic flakes, with a thickness of ± 1-3 m. The liquid waste is then sprayed
onto the surface of the media and allowed to seep past the media. During
the permeation process, the organic matter contained in the waste will be
degraded by aerobic bacteria. After seeping to the bottom of the media
layer, the waste will drip into a container and then channel it to the settling
tank. Waste that has gone through this process can be disposed of in the
environment or further processed if it is still needed.
b. Activated Sludge Method
In the activated sludge method, liquid waste is channeled into a tank and
the waste is mixed with sludge rich in aerobic bacteria. The degradation
process takes place in the tank for several hours, assisted by the
administration of aerated air bubbles (giving oxygen). Aeration can
accelerate the work of bacteria in degrading waste. Furthermore, the waste
is channeled to the settling tank to undergo the deposition process, while
sludge containing bacteria is channeled back to the aeration tank, if the
waste that has gone through this process can be discharged into the
environment or further processed if still needed.
c. Ponds / Lagoons Treatment Method
Ponds / lagoons treatment method is a cheap method but the process is
relatively slow. In this method, liquid waste is placed in open ponds. Algae
that grow on the surface of the pond will photosynthesize to produce
oxygen. Oxygen is then used by aero bacteria for the process of
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decomposition / degradation of organic matter in waste. In this method,
sometimes the pond is also aerated. During the degradation process in the
pond, the waste will also undergo a deposition process. After the waste has
been degraded and sediment formed at the bottom of the pond, wastewater
can be channeled to be discharged into the environment or further treated.
3. Tertiary Treatment (Tertiary Care)
Tertiary treatment is carried out if after primary and secondary treatment
there are still certain substances in liquid waste that can be harmful to the
environment or the community. Special tertiary treatment, meaning that this
treatment is adjusted to the substances available in wastewater. All substances that
cannot be removed through primary or secondary processing are dissolved
inorganic substances, such as nitrates, phosphates, and salts.
Tertiary processing is often called Advanced processing. This process
contains various series of chemical and physical processes. Examples of tertiary
treatment methods that can be used are the sand filter, multimedia filter, precoal
filter, microstaining, vacuum filter, extraction with activated carbon, iron and
manganese, and alternating osmosis. More complicated processing methods at
waste treatment facilities. This causes the costs required to carry out the tertiary
processing.
a. Disinfection
Pathogens in liquid waste. Disinfection mechanism can be chemical, by
adding certain composition / substance, or by physical contribution. In
determining in part to kill microorganisms, here are a few things to note,
namely:
Toxicity of substances
Contact time required
Effectiveness of substances
The dose level used
May not be poisonous to humans and animals
Resistant to air
The cost is cheap
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Examples of protection in liquid waste are chlorine (chlorination),
irradiation with ultraviolet (UV), or with ozone (Oз). The disinfection
process in liquid waste is carried out after the treatment process is
complete, that is, after primary, secondary or tertiary treatment, before
being discharged into the environment.
b. Sludge Treatment
Every manufacture of liquid waste, whether primary, secondary or tertiary,
will produce pollutant deposits in the form of mud. The sludge cannot be
removed directly, but there is a need for further processing. Sediment
sludge from sewage treatment will usually be treated by aerating /
digesting aerobic (anaerobic digestion), then channeled to a number of
alternatives, ie moved to the sea or landfill, using compost, or burned
(burned).
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CHAPTER 3
CLOSING
3.1. Conclusion
Water is an essential substance for all living things. The availability of
fresh water in nature is very limited, while there are very many users. Water has
chemical and physical properties which are very important for the survival of
living things. The ocean is the main source of water on earth, amun cannot be
used directly. Ground water distribution through the existence of lakes, rivers and
ground water. Ai has many benefits for humans.
3.2. Suggestion
Water is a basic human need. We must protect the various kinds of water
and use it properly so that human needs for plenty of water can be fulfilled. We
also have to treat water well, because water is a reflection of our personality. If
we behave well for water, then the water we consume will be healthy. A good
treatment of nature and water will have a positive impact on humans themselves.
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REFERENCES
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dalam-air.html?m=1, accessed on : October 03rd 2019
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menghilangkan-kesadahan.html, accessed on : October 03rd 2019
Sulfira, (2017), https://www.academia.edu/9517439/170850475-Laporan
Praktikum-Kesadahan, accessed on : October 03rd 2019
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limbah-cair.html, accessed on : October 03rd 2019
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