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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR BUSINESS-II

UNIT 1: Internet as a Network Infrastructure

SYLLABUS

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INTERNET: The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of
computer networks -- a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if
they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly
to users at other computers).

HISTORY OF INTERNET:
The internet was developed in the United States by the "United States Department of Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency" (DARPA). It was first connected in October, 1969, and
was called ARPANET. The World Wide Web was created at CERN in Switzerlandin 1990
by a British (UK) man named Tim Berners-Lee.

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TCP/IPTCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol and is a

suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the
internet. TCP/IP is also used as a communications protocol in a private computer network
(an intranet or extranet).

Common TCP/IP protocols include the following:

• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) handles the communication between a

web server and a web browser.

• HTTP Secure handles secure communication between a web server and a web
browser.

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• File Transfer Protocol handles transmission of files between computers.

How does TCP/IP work?
TCP/IP uses the client-server model of communication in which a user or machine
(a client) is provided a service, like sending a webpage, by another computer (a
server) in the network.

Collectively, the TCP/IP suite of protocols is classified as stateless, which means

each client request is considered new because it is unrelated to previous requests.
Being stateless frees up network paths so they can be used continuously.

The transport layer itself, however, is stateful. It transmits a single message, and its
connection remains in place until all the packets in a message have been received
and reassembled at the destination.

The TCP/IP model differs slightly from the seven-layer Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) networking model designed after it. The OSI reference
model defines how applications can communicate over a network.

Why is TCP/IP important?

TCP/IP is non proprietary and, as a result, is not controlled by any single company.
Therefore, the IP suite can be modified easily. It is compatible with all operating
systems (OSes), so it can communicate with any other system. The IP suite is also
compatible with all types of computer hardware and networks.

TCP/IP is highly scalable and, as a routable protocol, can determine the most
efficient path through the network. It is widely used in current internet architecture.

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IP ADDRESS: An IP address, or Internet Protocol address, is a series of numbers

that identifies any device on a network. Computers use IP addresses to communicate
with each other both over the internet as well as on other networks.

An IP address has two parts: the network ID, comprising the first three numbers of
the address, and a host ID, the fourth number in the address. So on your home
network — 192.168. 1.1, for example – 192.168. 1 is the network ID, and the final
number is the host ID.

DNS: DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM

The domain name system (DNS) is a naming database in which internet domain names
are located and translated into Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. The domain name
system maps the name people use to locate a website to the IP address that a computer uses to
locate that website.

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DNS LIST:

ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET:
Advantages of the Internet:
The internet is perhaps one of the best inventions thus far. As anyone can
access the computer this made people by stripping away geographical barriers
and sharing information instantaneously.
1. Communication Forum: The speed of communication becomes faster
which is obtained through the web. Families and friends can confine touch
easily. The platform for products like SKYPE allows for holding a video
conference with anyone within the world who also has access.
2. Abundant Information: Anyone can find information on almost any
imaginable subject. Plenty of resources are often found through the
program in minutes.
3. Inexhaustible Education: For instance, students can gain readily
available help for his or her homework online.
4. Entertainment for everybody: Most folks love using our laptops,
smartphones, and, tablets. The web is the big reason behind us spending
such a lot of time on these gadgets.
5. Online Services and E-commerce: Many services of emails, online
banking, online shopping, etc are there. Free mail to anyone is definitely
accessible all around the world. E-commerce enables one in America to

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shop for things in Asia, Africa, or other areas within the world through some
simple clicks of the mouse.
6. Social network: Social networking is the sharing of data with people
across the planet. Aside from being an entertainment website, it’s many
uses.
7. Learning: The web has now become a neighbourhood of education.
Education like home-schooling is definitely administered using the web.
Teachers can upload their teaching videos on the web

Disadvantages of the Internet:

The Internet’s drawbacks can’t be overlooked any longer as numerous
teenagers are affected by Internet Addiction Disorder, then many ladies
became online shopaholics.
1. Internet Addiction Disorder: Internet addiction is detrimental to not only
fitness but also psychological state.
2. Cyber Crime: Hacker programs a virus that gets into the pc and ruins
valuable data. Users’ personal information like name, address, master
card, bank details, and other information are often accessed by culprits
when used on the web, leading to significant economic loss.
3. Social Alienation: Time spent online flies fast without consciousness.
After getting attracted the user is trapped into the trap, users are trapped
by a “net”, spending less time with people in the real world. Less interaction
and face-to-face communication, actually, may end in a decrease in social
abilities.
4. Spam: The unnecessary emails, advertisements, etc. are sometimes said
to be spam because they need the power to hamper the system and make
the users face many problems.
5. Health issues: Playing games and spending too much time on monitors
leads to obesity and an unhealthy lifestyle.

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THE OBJECTIVES OF INTERNET TODAY:

1. Uses of the Internet in Education

The Internet is a great platform for students to learn throughout their lifetime. They can use
the internet to learn new things and even acquire degrees through online education programs.
Teachers can also use the internet to teach students around the world.

2. Internet Use to Speed Up Daily Tasks

The Internet is very much useful in our daily routine tasks. For example, it helps us to see our
notifications and emails. Apart from this, people can use the internet for money transfers,
shopping order online food, etc.

3. Use of the Internet for Shopping

With the help of the internet, anybody can order products online. With multiple choices
ranging from online home décor stores to buying coats and jackets from Gym King or similar
companies, the options are endless. Moreover, the increase in online shopping has also
resulted in companies offering a huge discount for their customers.

4. Internet for Research & Development

The Internet plays a pivotal role in research and development as it is propelled through
internet research. The benefit of the internet is enjoyed by small businessmen to big
universities.

5.Business Promotion and Innovation

The Internet is also used to sell products by using various e-Commerce solutions. The result
is new services and businesses starting every day thereby creating job opportunities and
reducing unemployment.

6.Communication

Without a doubt, the internet is the most powerful medium of communication at present. It
connects people across different parts of the world free and fast.

7. Digital Transactions

The internet facilitates internet banking, mobile banking, and e-wallets. Since all digital
transactions are stored in a database, it helps the government to track income tax details or
income reports in the ITR. It is also great for small businesses who are potentially looking
at florida business banking services, or ones closer depending on the location of their
business, so they can do everything remotely that can help them with keeping it running.

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8. Money Management

The internet can also be used to manage money. Now there are many websites, applications,
and other tools that help us in daily transactions, transfers, management, budget, etc. With the
growing popularity of digital currency, it could be said that the internet is the necessity of this
century. Cryptocurrency is one of the major platforms for trading digital assets or digital
money through blockchain technology. If you want to learn more about how to invest in
crypto, you can check out Bitcoin Prime review or other similar blogs.

9. Tour & Travel

During tour and travel, the use of the internet is highly effective as it serves as a guide.
People browse the internet before they start visiting the places. Tour bookings can also be
done using the internet.

The influence of the internet in our daily life is huge. It has opened us a magical world of
information and we would have never seen the world as it is without the internet. Considering
its scope and importance, it would be hard to imagine a world without the internet.

THE FUTURE INFRASTRUCTURE:

As the content on the internet is becoming more and more dynamic, our consumption of
bandwidth is skyrocketing and is driving ISP's to inculcate innovation into the delivery
and storage technologies into internet infrastructure. Well, this is the simplest futuristic
look of internet's infrastructure.

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INTRANET

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BENEFITS OF INTRANET:
1. Enhanced employee engagement

A research by Gallup shows that around 70 percent of American employees

aren’t engaged in their workplaces. Although there has been slight
improvement since then, today’s figures are still worrying by all accounts.
It’s no rocket science that feeling of disengagement breeds disinterest and
a feeling of lack of inclusion. These are two factors that contributes to a
productivity drain in organizations. An intranet represents an effective tool
to keep employees in sync with not just the company’s operations but also
with one another.

2. Increased productivity

Perhaps one of the most apparent benefits any organization can get from
using an intranet is increased productivity. Intranets are tailored to business
needs and specification. Irrespective of what kind of organization you’re
running, an intranet can provide you with a one-stop-shop to access all the
tools your employees will need to work effectively. Of course, that’s not all.
Since intranets foster interconnectedness and effective communication,
information is dissimilated in a timely manner. This also means faster
response time which invariably increases productivity. Improved
productivity is one of the major benefits of an intranet that draws company
into adopting it as a business tool.

3. Better connection and collaboration of distributed employees

Sometimes you’ll have teams working from different towns, states or even
countries. Sometimes, the teams may be working in the same location but
spread across departments that are far from each other. HR department
could be on the third floor, IT on the fourth and Accounting on the fifth. For
any organization to work effectively, their various departments and their
teams must be able to communicate effectively and work in sync.

4. Streamlined communication of change management

Proactive communication of proposed and ongoing changes is yet another

important benefit of an intranet. If you want to stay relevant, change is
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inevitable. Your company might be planning to merge with another, change

the leadership, or move to a new industry. Whatever the reason, change is
met with resistance, mostly if the staff lacks adequate information in
advance.

5. Establishing and reinforcing a strong company culture

Today’s modern business require a strong, vibrant and progressive

company culture. An intranet can help your organization build, grow and
reinforce positive cultures within your organization. The intranet can serve
as a vehicle for employees to get proper orientation, training, and exposure
to how other staff relates, communicate, and their attitude towards work. In
short, it creates a safe space for employees to learn and experiment with a
company’s way of life.

6. Efficient time management

It may sound like a broken record, but “time is money.” If your organization
is going to get from point A to B in the fastest possible time, then an
intranet holds immense potential to help you achieve that. Employees will
be able to cut through otherwise time consuming task as a result of
aggregation and centralization of information and tools.

Applications of Intranet:

• Company-wide Announcements. ...

• A Company Directory. ...
• Instant Messaging Feature. ...
• Content Management System. ...
• Automating Forms Capability. ...
• Social Network for Employees. ...
• Event Management. ...
• Workgroup Scheduling and Calendars.

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EXTRANET: An extranet is a private network that enterprises use to provide

trusted third parties -- such as suppliers, vendors, partners, customers and other
businesses -- secure, controlled access to business information or operations.

Examples:
1. An e-commerce site exchanges information with its retailers, a supplier’s
through an extranet network.
2. Multinational organizations handle their project information, clients and
communicate with another organization over an extranet network.
3. University provides an e-learning platform for their students over the
extranet network.

ADVANTAGES OF EXTRANET:

• Information sharing is simple. ...

• Documents are safe and secure. ...
• Project management is easy. ...
• Setup and training require little to no IT involvement. ...
• Professional branding makes a great impression. ...
• Automation is simple to achieve. ...
• Client projects remain private.

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DISADVANTAGES OF EXTRANET:

Extranets can be expensive to implement and maintain within an

organization (e.g., hardware, software, employee training costs), if hosted internally
rather than by an application service provider. Security of extranets can be a concern
when hosting valuable or proprietary information.

INTRANET VS EXTRANET:

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INDUSTRY SPECIFIC SOLUTIONS: Industry-specific ERPs,

or vertical SaaS solutions, are—as the name implies—tailored to meet the needs
of a specific industry. They're based on deep research into each industry's
complexities, which provides unparalleled understanding of that industry's pain
points.

Benefits of Industry Specific Solutions

1) Lower Total cost of Ownership

2) Faster Implementation

3) Access to Industry Best Practices

4) ERP vendors with industry knowledge

CONCEPT OF EMAIL:
Email is short for electronic mail and refers to a message sent from one computer
to another. The computers may be in the same building and linked via a local
network, or they may be some distance apart and connected via the Internet and
various telephone and communication systems. Email Application.

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E-MAIL MARKETING:
Email marketing is a form of marketing that can make the customers on your
email list aware of new products, discounts, and other services. It can also be a
softer sell to educate your audience on the value of your brand or keep them
engaged between purchases. It can also be anything in between.

4 Types of Successful Email Marketing Campaigns for Small...

• Email Newsletters. One of the most common and popular email marketing
campaigns are Email Newsletters. ...
• Retention Emails. If you have some experience in email marketing campaigns,
consider Retention Emails for your small business. ...
• Promotional Emails.

EXAMPLE:

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ADVANTAGES OF EMAIL-MARKETING

GOOGLE AND ITS FEATURES

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NOTE: Students are supposed to self-prepare notes on Google and its features

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