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Summary
Title: International Law and Policy' Role in the Field of Sustainable Development: A
Study with Particular Reference to India
Author and Affiliation:

 Mr. Sachin Singh Parihar [LL.M.; UGC NET & JRF]

Research Scholar, Department of Law, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India ,151401
International Law and Policy' Role in the Field of Sustainable Development: A Study
with Particular Reference to India

Abstract

The goal of the paper is to evaluate and interpret both Indian and international legal remedies
for the problems with sustainable development and environmental pollution. It shows how well
the judiciary of India has encouraged environmental activism and considerably enhanced the
statute law to safeguard the environment and encourage sustainable development. The journey
from Stockholm to Rio Sumit put us on the way that all people should be on if they want to
live healthy, productive lives that are in harmony with nature. A number of environmental laws
were passed as a result of the idea of sustainable development, which was one of the key drivers
behind their creation. These laws were intended to safeguard the environment while also
minimizing pollution. The paper will also acknowledge the existence of the specific function
performed by India's court in interpreting a number of legislations regarding environmental
protection in that country. Global worry regarding ecological degradation has emerged, and it
now poses a problem for both the current and upcoming human generations. For the existence
of life, environmental preservation must be a top priority. The responsibility of the present
generation, has the chance to address environmental issues since, if the current condition is
allowed to persist, the next generation won't exist. The future of humanity is now at stake in
the environmental agenda. The environment is a part of the people, and the reverse is also true.
In addition to providing information about the role of international legal framework in the field
of sustainable development, the current paper also offers a way to understand how the field is
now developing.

Keywords: Environment, Sustainable Development Goals, Conventional Energy.

I. Introduction

The degradation of the environment and unsustainable development that threatens the existence
of life is currently the world's biggest concern, and India in particular. Degradation of the
environment has emerged as a global issue and challenge for the present and the future. For the
existence of life and the defence of the right to life, environmental protection has now taken
precedence. Because of the basic dependency between the biological, physical, and social
environments and their interactions, which support all forms of life, human growth has
historically been parasitic on the environment.

Environmental devastation results in the extinction of all living things, including humans.
Environmental degradation is caused by excessive production, excessive resource use, nuclear
radiation, industrial waste, industrial accidents, violent logging, indiscriminate quarrying,
contamination of rivers and water supplies, and a sharp rise in air and noise pollution. The
current development plan has detrimental repercussions on human life, including global
warming, ozone depletion, and pollution.

The study will analyse the goals, including defining sustainable development and defining wh
at it means; identifying the fundamental causes of environmental degradation and unsustainab
le development; analysing current laws and comparing them to the current international frame
11
work; and examining the role of the Indian judiciary in policies that relate environmental prot
ection and sustainable development.

II. Research Methodology

The study will analyse the goals, including defining sustainable development and defining what
it means; identifying the fundamental causes of environmental degradation and unsustainable
development; analysing existing legislation and comparing them to the current international
31
framework; and examining the role of the Indian judiciary in policies that link environmental
safeguards to sustainable development.

III. Significance of the Problem

The environmental degradation has become the subject of global concern and it has become a
challenge to the present and the future generations of humankind. The environmental protection
has to be a priority for the existence of life and for the protection of right to life.

Environmental law is a comparatively new branch of law and has evolved mainly over the last
thirty years. It is therefore in a formative stage and is undergoing a process of rapid
development inspired also by a quantum leap in our understanding of the environmental
challenge. The responsibility of present generation which has the opportunity to tackle
environmental problems because the next generation will not be there if the present situation
is allowed to continue. The life of human beings depends not only upon on the environment
but also upon ecological factors. So, there is a need to protect environment and maintain
sustainable development by each and every country.
IV. Scope of the Study
The dedication of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government is necessary
for sustainable growth to be accomplished. The judiciary is crucial in advancing environmental
governance, upholding the rule of law, and ensuring a just balance between development, social
issues, and the environment. Each nation's policies and practises should incorporate
33
environmental sustainability and development. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate
the necessity for sustainable environments and the significance of sustainable environments for
the right to life.

As evidenced by the frequent treaty obligation to report on legislative measures, the adoption
and enforcement of laws and regulations (at the regional, national, state/provincial, or
local/municipal level) are also necessary for the implementation of the majority of international
agreements made in the fields of environment and development.

V. Meaning of Sustainable Development

A number of environmental movements from prior decades gave rise to the idea of sustainable
29
development (hereafter, SD). Particularly after the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, SD gained relevance. The idea of using the planet's resources sustainably has a long
21
history. At the time of the Cocoyoc Declaration on Environment and Development in the early
1970s, the phrase "Sustainable Development" first appeared in use. Since then, it has become
trademark of international organisations dedicated to achieving environmentally benign or
15
beneficial development (Redclift, 2003). With regard to the interests of both the present and
15
future generations, SD provides a compromise between the objectives of environmental
preservation and economic development. The entire philosophy is predicated on the idea that
natural resources, like the sea floor, are not the results of the labour of current generations and
may only be used with due care for the rights of future generations (Krämer, 2021). Adopting
a sustainable development strategy that promotes energy efficiency, renewable energy, and
other environmentally friendly practises is the most efficient method to combat climate change.
(Fülöp, 2021).

With the help of SD, civilization may engage with the environment without endangering the
resource's long-term health. Hence, it is a notion that calls for raising living standards without
endangering the planet's ecosystems or creating environmental problems like deforestation and
pollution of the air and water, which can lead to issues like climate change and the extinction
of species.
For the past 30 years, SD has acquired widespread acceptance in international legal texts that
are not legally binding. It is expressed in innumerable state statements, international
organisation resolutions, and action plans, yet these governments are unable to create an
enforceable legal rule pertaining to sustainable development. 112 multilateral treaties mention
SD, 30 of which call for universal involvement (Sustainable development, future generations,
and Public Trust 2014). SD reconcile conflicting norms of environment economy, social
development and human rights. In many international treaties and conventions, SD is the main
part of text. Concept of SD is part of many decisions of international courts of justice.
Environmental law and developmental law are not alternatives but they are integral concepts.
Development should not be against to the environment and concept of environmental
protection should not prevent development.

VI. Fundamental Principles of Sustainable Development

The significant principle of SD is the set of principles mentioned in the Rio Declaration on
Environment and Development, Agenda 21, Climate Change Convention, Biodiversity
Convention and Non-binding Principles on Forestery, 19921.Those are

• Principle of conservation2,

• Principle of right to development3,

• Principle of key elements of sustainable development and interconnections precaution4,

• Principle of integration5,

• Principle polluter pay6,

• Principle of inter-generational equity7 and

• Principle of common but differential responsibility8.

26
1
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, Climate Change Convention, Biodiversity
Convention and Non-binding Principles on Forestery, 1992.
2
Rio Declaration, Principle 7.
314
Rio Declaration, Principle 25.
4
Climate Change Convention, Art. 3, Bio-diversity Convention.
5
Rio Declaration, Principle 2.
6
Rio Declaration, Principle 16.
7
Rio Declaration, Principle 3.
8
Rio Declaration, Principle 3.
VII. International law and Sustainable Development

The most notable legal innovation of the twenty-first century, environmental law has gained
enormous global popularity. To reduce pollution, almost all of the world's countries have
passed environmental protection legislation. Environmental law has so been viewed from both
national and international viewpoints. By case-law, the Courts are gradually creating a few
isolated areas of environmental law. It can be observed, in particular, in cases involving judicial
activism and public interest litigation. After 30 years, due to United Nations treaties, SD has
entered international law and is in use on a global scale (Reimer, 2021). The world community
calls for the documentation of SD, yet SD is covered by numerous international declarations,
resolutions, and treaties.

International law provides a mechanism through which the targets of the global community are
5
made efficient, and can be strengthened and clarified. As Decleris states: ‘like all social
institutions created by man so far, the institution of sustainable development too will acquire
its specific form via the science of law and its application by court decisions’ (Directorate-
General for Environment (European Commission) & Decleris, 2000).

International environmental law was not entirely absent prior to the Stockholm Conference in
1972, which first established international legal norms. This period can be divided as follows-

(a) Pre-Stockholm International Environmental Law

The public's anxiety over the global crisis increased as irreparable damage started to become
apparent. This spurred initiatives to bring up International Environmental Control.

Early examples of international environmental law include a few bilateral or even multilateral
agreements that were mostly signed during the first decade of the twenty-first century and had
16
provisions for the preservation of natural resources. The 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty
between Great Britain (on behalf of Canada) and the United States stipulates, among other
20
things, that waters that are designated as boundary waters and waters that flow across the border
must not be polluted on either side in a way that harms the other's health or property. The border
between Germany and Belgium is governed by a provision in the 1929 agreement between the
two nations. Never allow water that could harm public health to run into ditches or streams in
the said agreement.

Due to their constrained scope, the treaties and agreements signed during those times were
unable to have a significant impact. With a few exceptions, those regional treaties and accords
 were mostly intended to settle disagreements over the distribution of water. Nonetheless, they
have the ability to influence the growth of global environmental protection standards. In 1954,
shortly after the millennium's midpoint, an international convention was held to address oil
contamination of the oceans. The Convention expressly forbade the discharge from any oil
tanker of any oily mixture containing oil that would contaminate the sea's surface and
established penalties in accordance with the law of the relevant area. The passage of the
Antarctic Treaty gave the international environmental law movement a boost and tightened
environmental regulations in areas that are shared by multiple nations. This is strongly
illustrated by its emphasis on using Antarctica only for peaceful purposes and by its prohibition
of nuclear explosions and the disposal of radioactive waste (Jariwala, 1993).

(b) Post-Stockholm International Environmental Law

Stockholm Declaration 1972.

36
The Stockholm Declaration of 1972 gave the SD principle more momentum. The Declaration
17
lays out a number of principles. For instance, the Stockholm Declaration's Principle 3 states
that the capacity of the Earth to create essential renewable resources must be protected and,
whenever possible, restored. Non-renewable resources must be used in a way that safeguards
them against the threat of future exhaustion, according to Principle 5 of this Declaration. Also,
the Principle 11 of the Declaration mandates that all countries' environmental protection
policies must support and not negatively impact the current or future development energy of
poor nations. (Person et al., 1987).

Brundtland Commission Report: Our Common Future 1987

The idea of SD was first discussed by Brundtland Commission 1987 ‘Report over Common
10
Future’. Brundtland Report defines SD as follows- ‘Sustainable development is development
that meets the needs of the present without sacrificing their ability to meet their own needs for
subsequent generations’9.

According to the Brundtland Report the concept of sustainable development contains two key
concepts:

(a) The idea of necessities, in particular the fundamental requirements of the world's poor, to
which absolute precedence should be accorded,

928
Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: 1987
 (b) the notion that the environment's capacity to meet existing and future needs is constrained
by the state of technology and social organisation (Report of the World Commission on
Environment and Development: 1987: P. 13).

Brundtland Report emphasizes that Sustainable development entails the incorporation of

ecological and economics into all levels of decision-making. Sustainable development is seen
as a tactic that would reconcile the aims of ecological integrity and economic growth, which
on the surface appear to be at odds.

Earth Summit
19
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCEP)- Earth Summit
was held in June1992 at Rio De Janerio wherein more than 150 Governments participated. The
size of this UN Conference was unprecedented. The goal of UNCED was to get everyone on
board with sustainable development, which attempts to protect resources for coming
generations. The Earth Summit was inspired by 1987, Brundtland Report. The Earth Summit
made people around the world consider how their lifestyles impact natural resources. The Five
Documents of Earth Summit are as follows-

 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development- The Declaration outlines 27

national commitments to promote environmentally friendly growth patterns.
 Agenda 21- UNCED approved Agenda 21 as a plan of action for regional,
governmental, and international action. Hundreds of pages of suggested solutions to
environmental issues and the promotion of sustainable development make up Agenda
21.
 U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development 1993- In order to follow up on the Rio
Conference, promote international cooperation, and rationalise the intergovernmental
decision-making capacity for the integration of environmental and developmental
14
issues, the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) was
born out of Agenda 21's chapter 38. to assess the implementation of Agenda 21's
progress.
 Earth Summit plus Five 1997 - It was held in New York in June 1997 and was focused
on the environment. "We pledge to cooperate with one another in a spirit of world
collaboration to strengthen our efforts to satisfy the needs of the present and future
24
generations." (Take action for the sustainable development goals - united nations
sustainable development 2004).
 Kyoto Conference and Pact on Global Warming

On December 11, 1997, a summit to reduce global warming was organised. A historic
agreement was struck by delegates from 159 countries at the world climate summit, asking for
industrialised countries to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases by a mandated amount
in the next millennium in order to prevent possibly catastrophic global warming. By imposing
strict restrictions on the emissions of greenhouse gases by industrialised nations, this agreement
18
bolstered the 1992 Convention on Climate Change.

United Nations Climate change conference 2005

The conference was held in Montreal, Canada, from November 28 to December 10, 2005. The
majority of the participating nations were required to adhere to precise and binding emission
reduction targets as a result of this climate change convention.

Conference of Parties 26: Together for our Planet (2021)

12
• Recognizing the emergency- Governments reaffirmed the Paris Agreement's objective
to keep the rise in the world's average temperature to well below 2°C and pursue efforts
to keep it at 1.5 °C..

• Accelerating action- The need for action "in this critical decade," when carbon dioxide
emissions must be lowered by 45% to reach net zero by mid-century, was emphasized
by many countries..

• Moving away from fossil fuels- Countries ultimately agreed to a provision asking for a
phase-down of coal power and a phase-out of "inefficient" fossil fuel subsidies, which
was possibly the most contentious decision made in Glasgow.

• Delivering on climate finance-The pledge made by developed nations to provide

developing nations with $100 billion annually fell short when they arrived in Glasgow.
The Glasgow conclusion reiterates the commitment and exhorts wealthy countries to
fully meet the US$100 billion aim immediately.

VIII. Stepping up support for adaptation- The Glasgow Pact advocates for tripling the amount
of money allocated to aiding developing nations in preparing for and coping with the
effects of climate change.
IX. Indian Law and Sustainable Development

Due to population growth, urbanisation, industrialization, and poverty, environmental

problems have reached alarming proportions. A variety of governmental and policy initiatives
were adopted at all levels in order to address these environmental issues as a worldwide
responsibility. In order to effectively implement all of these measures, the diversity of
environmental measures is further compounded to form multiple authorities. The numerous
assessments show the insufficiency in handling development and environmental issues, despite
the fact that these regulatory authorities were significantly involved in the formulation and
implementation of the policy. This has seriously cast doubt on the idea that legal aspects of SD
are included in India's environmental governance.

The numerous assessments show the insufficiency in handling development and environmental
issues, despite the fact that these regulatory authorities were significantly involved in the
formulation and implementation of the policy. This has seriously cast doubt on the idea that
legal aspects of SD are included in India's environmental governance.

Programme and Policies

 National Environment Awareness Campaign (hereafter, NEAC),1986- It is unnecessary to

emphasise the necessity for a large-scale campaign to safeguard the environment. It is
necessary to channel public environmental concerns into volunteer action. A network of
grassroots organisations and nodal agencies is necessary for this. The NEAC was
established in the middle of 1986 with the goal of raising national environmental
consciousness. For the purpose of raising awareness and fostering action-oriented
activities, NGOs, army units, government offices, schools, colleges, universities, research
institutes, women's and youth organisations, etc. from around the nation are given little
financial aid as part of this campaign.
 National Water Policy (hereafter, NWP) 1987 -Water development projects should serve
multiple purposes and satisfy a variety of goals, including the provision of clean drinking
water and flood mitigation. Using price and other methods, the initiative aims to increase
water use efficiency by 20%. For the purpose of conserving water, reducing waste, and
ensuring its more fair distribution both between and within States, integrated water
resources management is established.
 National Environment Policy (hereafter, NEP) 2006- NEP, 2006 was a response to India's
27
dedication to protecting the environment, which was enshrined in Articles 48A and 51A(g)
 of the Indian Constitution and bolstered by court interpretation of Article 21. It is agreed
that every citizen has responsibility for maintaining a healthy environment, not just the
state.
32
 National Action Plan on Climate Change (hereafter, NAPCC),2008- NAPCC was
introduced by India on June 30, 2008. It emphasises the necessity of sustaining a high
growth rate for raising the standard of living for the vast majority of Indians and lessening
the effects of climate change. It highlights actions that advance India's sustainable
development goals while also providing advantages for combating climate change. The
Ministry of Environment and Forests coordinates NAPCC, which is carried out by the nodal
Ministries and aims to advance pertinent measures in certain sectors or areas.
23
 National Ganga River Basin Authority, (NGRBA),2009- On February 20, 2009, the Central
Government established the NGRBA and granted the Ganga the designation of a National
River. Under the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986, the NGRBA was established as an
empowered planning, financing, monitoring, and coordinating authority for the
conservation of the Ganga River.
 Constitution of India on Environment - In 1976, through 42nd Constitutional Amendment
13
Act, Environmental protection had been introduced in the constitution.

 Directive Principles of State Policy -The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act

introduced Article 48-A10 to the directive principles. It deals specifically with the
protection and improvement of environment. In several environmental cases the courts
have been guided by the Art. 48A11.

 Fundamental Duties- Fundamental Duties were introduced in the Constitution after

42nd Amendment Act, 1976 Part IVA. This was added on the recommendations of the
9
Swarn Singh Committee, Article 51-A (g)12 Deals with the fundamental duty with
respect to the environment.
30
 Fundamental Rights- Fundamental rights and directive principles in Part III and Part IV
of the Indian Constitution are supplementary and complementary to each other. Part III

10
Article 48-A of The Constitution of India provides that ‘The state shall endeavour to protect and improve the
environment and to safeguard the forest wildlife of the country’.
8
11
Virender Gaur v. State of Haryana 1995(4) SCC 571, 580, Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union
of India (Bichhri case) AIR 1996 SC 1446-9, M.C. Mehta v. Union of India AIR 1988 SC 1037; etc.
12
Article 51-A (g) of The Constitution of India provides that ‘It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to
protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion
for living creatures’.
 is the means to achieve the goals in Part IV. These rights in Part III can be enforced
directly in the court of law. Article 21 of Indian Constitution.13 It ensures a fundamental
right to a dignified existence, a means of support, good health, and access to medical
treatment, etc. Life, health, and the environment are all interconnected; without a clean
environment, one cannot be healthy. Life has no value if one is not in excellent health.
25
Judiciary has done justification by interpreting right to live in healthy environment
which is also sanctum sanctorum of Human Rights.

Healthy existence, the preservation of clean and healthy surroundings, and stable
9
ecological balance are vital components of the right to live in a healthy environment.

X. Legislative Framework of India

 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974- This Act makes provisions for the
maintenance and restoration of the nation's water's wholesomeness as well as the prevention
and management of water pollution. A "Consent to Establish" for the discharge of effluents
under this Act is necessary if a proposed industrial unit is anticipated to discharge effluents
into a stream, sewer, or on land. The State Pollution Control Boards enforce the Act's water
35
quality regulations (hereafter, SPCBs). A nationwide network of water quality monitoring
stations has been set up by the Central Pollution Control Board (hereinafter, CPCB), an
22
agency of the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The network for monitoring water
quality is run according to a three-tiered programme.
 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981- To prevent, regulate, and lessen air
pollution in India, this Act was passed in 1981 and revised in 1987. The Act assigns the
CPCB and SPCBs a number of duties at the state level.
 Biosphere Reserves Programme, 1986- In addition to the protected area system required by
13
the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972, the Indian government has also designated several
regions as biosphere reserves. The choice of a biosphere reserve in the current context is
made based on factors that are typically ad hoc. Significant portions of biosphere reserves
are always managed as national parks or sanctuaries, and as such, all regulations that apply
to such protected areas are in effect.
 The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995- In order to efficiently and effectively
handle cases resulting from accidents and strict liability damages, a National Environment
Tribunal was established. Its purpose is to provide relief and compensation for harm done

13 6
Article 21 of The Constitution of India provides that ‘No person shall be deprived of his life or personal
liberty except according to procedure established by law’.
 to people, property, and the environment, as well as for matters related to or connected to
those cases.
 Energy Conservation Act, 2001- In India, energy saving has become a key policy goal. The
Indian Parliament passed the Energy Conservation Act (hence, ECA), 2001, in September
of that year. The Energy Conservation Building Codes (hereafter, ECBCs), energy
performance criteria, and the display of energy consumption labels are all mandated by this
Act for large energy consumers, buildings, and appliances. In other words, the Act offers
the nation's energy efficiency measures with a legal foundation. It has required and
promotional programmes that, in general, pertain to specified consumers, standards and
labelling programmes for appliances and equipment, and ECBCs for new commercial
buildings.
 National Green Tribunal Act (NGTA), 2010- NGT was officially notified on October 19,
2
2010. The tribunal is only concerned with environmental matters. It was created by an act
of parliament (the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010), and it will have circuit benches all
around the nation to hear any cases involving or resulting from environmental concerns.
2
The tribunal consists of one chairman and other members who are experts in the field of
environmental and related sciences. It has the authority to give instructions for the
restitution and compensation for harm brought on by negligent environmental practises.
34
This is the only organisation of its kind whose parent statute mandates application of the
sustainable development and polluter pays principles.

11
XI. The Role of Judiciary

In India, progress towards sustainable development is significantly aided by the judiciary.

1
Through its decisions, the judiciary plays a crucial role in advancing environmental
governance, strengthening the rule of law, and preserving a balance between environmental,
social, and developmental considerations. The legislation relating to sustainable development
is one subject that is becoming more and more important. The concepts of sustainable
development may be outlined in law and policymaking bodies at the international, national,
provincial, and municipal levels. The judge must provide case-by-case explanations of the law
7
of sustainable development. The sharing of judicial decisions, knowledge, and experience
among jurisdictions will help national judiciaries in carrying out that role.(Global judges
symposium from 18-20 August 2002, members of the ... - eufje 2002).
 1
With its decisions and declarations, the judiciary plays a crucial role in advancing
environmental governance, supporting the rule of law, and creating a fair balance between
environmental, social, and developmental considerations. (UNEP Global Judges programme -
united nations environment programme 2005).
4
Some famous and impactful judgement delivered by the Supreme Court of India are:

• Methods of judicial deliberation in environmental cases, as well as the significance of

3
raising public awareness and supporting environmental education at the secondary and
tertiary levels. (MC Mehta v Union of India & Ors, Supreme Court of India,)14

• The Supreme Court of India prohibited limestone mining operations in the Himalayan
3
slopes, taking into account the interests of future generations in the distinctive legacy
4
of the Himalayan ecosystem. (Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendera V. State of
U.P.15,

• The Supreme Court of India ruled in this case that although while the leather business
7
is crucial to the nation because it generates foreign exchange and creates employment
opportunities, it has no right to ruin the ecology, degrade the environment, and present
4
a health risk. (Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v Union of India,)16.

• ‘The Polluter Pays’ principle has been held by the Supreme Court and the court also
observed, ‘Any theory developed in this regard, in our opinion, should be
straightforward, workable, and appropriate for the circumstances existing in this
nation. According to the Court's decision, "If the action is hazardous or inherently
dangerous, the person engaging in such activity is liable to compensate any loss caused
to any other person by his irrespective activity without reasonable care.’. (Indian
Council for Enviro Legal Action v Union of India,1996)17

XII. Conclusion

Although there have been substantial improvements in the legal protection of the environment,
there are still a number of gaps. Environmental Impact Assessment must be prioritised, and the
SD principle must be acknowledged. India should focus on socioeconomic development as a

14
Writ Petition Civil No 860 of 1991.
15
AIR 1988 SC 2187.
16
AIR 1996 SC 2715.
17
(SC) 196: (1996 AIR SCW 1069).
developing nation, but it must be coordinated with environmental improvement. This is only
achievable if economic growth and progress are built on the notion of SD.

In the end, it can be said that developed country are not looking so interested to make world
safe, their only focus to make their premises safe which can be seen this through their conduct.
From Earth Summit, 1992 to COP26, world leaders have been delivering the same speech over
and over again. Their statement and promises are so articulative but their aid to the developing
countries is not in the same stated manner. Even today the developed country rarely would
want to share the technology which will be helpful to maintain the SD of developing countries.
So, if the worlds’ so called great and powerful countries aim to have a safe environment, they
will have to help developing countries without any greed.

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August 1, 2022, from https://stg-
wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/8406/-
UNEP%20Global%20Judges%20Programme-20053747.pdf

United Nations. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development:
United Nations. Retrieved August 1, 2022, from
https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/139811

United Nations. (2004). Take action for the sustainable development goals - united nations
sustainable development. United Nations. Retrieved August 1, 2022, from
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/
 Similarity Report ID: oid:29094:31746805

12% Overall Similarity

Top sources found in the following databases:
11% Internet database 8% Publications database
Crossref database Crossref Posted Content database
0% Submitted Works database

TOP SOURCES
The sources with the highest number of matches within the submission. Overlapping sources will not be
displayed.

LexisNexis
1 <1%
Publication

bankexam-gk.blogspot.com
2 <1%
Internet

yale.edu
3 <1%
Internet

sacep.org
4 <1%
Internet

srfresearchjournal.com
5 <1%
Internet

latestlaws.com
6 <1%
Internet

lec.nsw.gov.au
7 <1%
Internet

archive.org
8 <1%
Internet

Sources overview
 Similarity Report ID: oid:29094:31746805

renaissancelawcollege.com
9 <1%
Internet

tandfonline.com
10 <1%
Internet

data.iucn.org
11 <1%
Internet

anbima.com.br
12 <1%
Internet

ir.amu.ac.in
13 <1%
Internet

"Sustainable Development: The Challenge to International Law.", Revie...

14 <1%
Crossref

pdfcoffee.com
15 <1%
Internet

foreignaffairs.com
16 <1%
Internet

"The Diversity of International Law", Brill, 2009

17 <1%
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eu-medin.org
18 <1%
Internet

serendibleisure.com
19 <1%
Internet

A. P. Lester. "River Pollution in International Law", American Journal of...

20 <1%
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Sources overview
 Similarity Report ID: oid:29094:31746805

Timothy W. Luke. "Worldwatching at the limits of growth ", Capitalism ...

21 <1%
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aquaticcommons.org
22 <1%
Internet

gktoday.in
23 <1%
Internet

mdpi.com
24 <1%
Internet

slideshare.net
25 <1%
Internet

"Asian Yearbook of International Law, Volume 3 (1993)", Brill, 1995

26 <1%
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Elizabeth Macpherson, Axel Borchgrevink, Rahul Ranjan, Catalina Valle...

27 <1%
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Environmental Challenges, 2000.

28 <1%
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Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2015.

29 <1%
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"Human rights and the development of the environmental law in India", ...
30 <1%
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d-nb.info
31 <1%
Internet

pace.coe.int
32 <1%
Internet

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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
33 <1%
Internet

researchgate.net
34 <1%
Internet

S. K. Ghosh, A. G. Ponniah. "Freshwater fish habitat science and mana...

35 <1%
Crossref

Stellina Jolly, Nafees Ahmad. "Climate Refugees in South Asia", Spring...

36 <1%
Crossref

Sources overview
 Similarity Report ID: oid:29094:31746805

Excluded from Similarity Report

Bibliographic material Quoted material
Cited material Small Matches (Less then 8 words)
Manually excluded text blocks

EXCLUDED TEXT BLOCKS

International Law and

www.zeugmakongresi.org

The responsibility of
renaissancelawcollege.com

The judiciary is crucial in

lec.nsw.gov.au

environmental problems like

vdoc.pub

to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases by

hrcak.srce.hr

UNEP Global Judges programme -united nations environment programme

stg-wedocs.unep.org

Virender Gaur v. State of Haryana 1995

es.scribd.com

Article 21 of Indian Constitution

d-nb.info

into a stream
core.ac.uk

Excluded from Similarity Report

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Department of Law, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India

www.zeugmakongresi.org

environmental activism and

www.zeugmakongresi.org

present generation which has the opportunity to tackleenvironmental problems be...

renaissancelawcollege.com

in the
www.zeugmakongresi.org

TheMinistry of Environment and Forests

sacep.org

and enforcement of laws and regulations (at the regional, national, state/provincial...
lec.nsw.gov.au

For theexistence of life and the

www.zeugmakongresi.org

by the frequent treaty obligation to report on legislative measures, the

archive.org

In several environmental cases the courtshave been guided by the

sacep.org

life of human beings depends not only

renaissancelawcollege.com

action
www.un.org

Environmental law is a comparatively new branch of law and has evolved mainly o...
www.unep.org

Excluded from Similarity Report

 Similarity Report ID: oid:29094:31746805

environmental degradation has become the subject of global concern and it has b...
www.zeugmakongresi.org

Principles of Sustainable DevelopmentThe

LexisNexis

NGT was officially notified on October 19,2010

bankexam-gk.blogspot.com

Rio Declaration on Environment and Development- The Declaration

archive.org

has been
sacep.org

Article 51-A
Yann Prisner-Levyne. "Trophy Hunting, Canned Hunting, Tiger Farming, and the Questionable Relevance of t...

Article 48-A of The Constitution of India provides that ‘The state shall endeavour t...
www.coursehero.com

Under the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986, the

archive.org

as anempowered planning, financing, monitoring, and coordinating authority for th...

performance.gov.in

So, there is a need to protect environment and maintain

renaissancelawcollege.com

the Rio Declaration onEnvironment and Development, Agenda 21

"Asian Yearbook of International Law, Volume 3 (1993)", Brill, 1995

follow up
Bharat Desai. "Institutionalizing International Environmental Law", Brill, 2003

Excluded from Similarity Report

 Similarity Report ID: oid:29094:31746805

The pledge made by developed nations to provide

Elvis Kwame Ofori, Stephen Taiwo Onifade, Ernest Baba Ali, Andrew Adewale Alola, Jin Zhang. "Achieving ca...

Countries ultimately agreed to a provision

www.un.org

Stepping up support for adaptation- The Glasgow Pact

www.un.org

Excluded from Similarity Report