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Logarithm

This document outlines key concepts in basic calculus including logarithms, bases of logarithms, and laws of logarithms. It defines logarithms and covers evaluating logarithms when the argument, exponent, or base is unknown. It discusses the natural logarithm base e and the common logarithm base 10. The change of bases property is explained. Laws of logarithms covered include the log of a product is the sum of the logs, log of a quotient is the difference of the logs, and log of an exponent is the exponent times the log. Examples are provided to demonstrate simplifying logarithmic expressions using these laws and properties.

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Aaron John Moriones
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73 views36 pages

Logarithm

This document outlines key concepts in basic calculus including logarithms, bases of logarithms, and laws of logarithms. It defines logarithms and covers evaluating logarithms when the argument, exponent, or base is unknown. It discusses the natural logarithm base e and the common logarithm base 10. The change of bases property is explained. Laws of logarithms covered include the log of a product is the sum of the logs, log of a quotient is the difference of the logs, and log of an exponent is the exponent times the log. Examples are provided to demonstrate simplifying logarithmic expressions using these laws and properties.

Uploaded by

Aaron John Moriones
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SSMTh2: Basic Calculus

Engr. Aaron John A. Moriones


La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus
Objectives
• Understanding and Evaluating Logarithm
• Bases of Logarithm
• Laws of Logarithm

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


The Logarithm

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Understanding Logarithm
Given a logarithmic equation

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 = 𝒚
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Converting Logarithm to Exponential
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 = 𝒚

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Evaluating Logarithms
3 situations:
1. Argument is unknown
2. Exponent is unknown
3. Base is unknown

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Argument is unknown
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 = 𝑴

To find the value of the argument, you can simply convert the given
logarithmic equation to exponential then evaluate to find the
unknown,

𝒂𝑴 = 𝒙

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Examples:
1
1. log 3 𝑥 = 4 2. log 4 𝑥 = 3. log 5 𝑥 = 3
2

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


log10 𝑥 = 6

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


5
log 9 𝑥 =
2

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Exponent is unknown
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝑴 = 𝒙

This is as simple as evaluating the logarithm is self. If we try to convert


it to exponential we get,
𝒂𝒙 = 𝑴
which means at what exponent of “a” will yield a value of “M”

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Examples:
1. log 3 243 = 𝑥 2. log 4 32 = 𝑥 3. log 2 128 = 𝑥

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


log 6 216 = x

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


log16 1024 = 𝑥

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Base is unknown
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝑴 = 𝑵

When the base is unknown, we need to convert the logarithm to


exponential and then extract the given root.

𝒙𝑵 = 𝑴
𝑵
𝒙= 𝑴

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Examples:
7
1. log 𝑥 256 = 4 2. log 𝑥 2187 = 3. log 𝑥 100 = 2
2

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


log 𝑥 128 = 7

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


log 𝑥 3125 = 5

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Objectives
✓Understanding and Evaluating Logarithm
• Bases of Logarithm
• Laws of Logarithm

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


BASES OF LOGARITHM

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Euler’s Number (natural number)
𝑥
1
lim 1 + ≈ 2.7182818 …
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Special Logarithm Bases
Base 10 – Common Logarithm Base “e” – Natural Logarithm

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Change of Bases Property
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒃
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Example:
Change the base and simplify
1. log 5 10 2. log 3 36 3. log 8 24

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Objectives
✓Understanding and Evaluating Logarithm
✓Bases of Logarithm
• Laws of Logarithm

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


LAWS OF LOGARITHM

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Log of a Product
The logarithm of a Product is the Sum of the logarithm

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝑴𝑵 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝑴 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝑵

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Log of a Quotient
The logarithm of a Quotient is the difference of the logarithm

𝑴
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝑴 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝑵
𝑵

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Log of an Exponent
The logarithm of a Quotient is the difference of the logarithm

𝑵
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝑴 = 𝐍 ∙ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝑴

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Examples
Simplify:
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟓 + 𝟒𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟑

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Examples
Simplify:
𝐥𝐧 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐧 𝟓

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Examples
Expand
𝟕𝒙𝟐 𝒚
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑
𝟐𝒛𝟑

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Examples
Expand
𝟏𝟎𝒚𝟗
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏𝟎
𝟑𝒙 𝒛

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


Objectives
✓Understanding and Evaluating Logarithm
✓Bases of Logarithm
✓Laws of Logarithm

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


QUESTIONS???

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus


That’s All Folks!

La Salle College Antipolo Senior High School Department Basic Calculus

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