Lesson 1: PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF Thanatos (death, aggression) three provinces of the mind: id,

 Philosophy from the Greek words ego, and superego.

o “philos” which means love STRUCTURES OF THE MIND
o “sophia” which means wisdom Three levels of the mind:
 Way of thinking about everything around us; about the  Id – pleasure principle
nature, the world, and the society.  Ego – reality principle
 Seeking to know the truth  Superego – moral principles
 It is the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge GILBERT RYLE (1900-1976)
Things to ponder  An English philosopher
1. What do we actually mean by self”?  Contradicted the dualism
2. Are we souls, bodies or just a product of imagination?  Denies the existence of Internal, non-physical self.
3. Will i survive bodily death or is the end when my bodily  The self is not an entity one can locate. It is a name we
self-die use to refer all behavior.
SOCRATES MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY (1908-1961)
An ancient Greek, philosopher, scholar, teacher one of the  A French phenomenological philosopher
‘big three’ considered to be the main source of western  He wrote books on perception, art and political thought
thought his works were only known through Plato’s writing  His philosophy emphasized the human body as the
(the dialogues) primary site of knowing the world
He was concerned with the problem of the self-dualistic-  He has been known as a philosopher of the body
every man is composed of body and soul. An unexamined  The focus is on the relationship between self-experience
life is not worth living. “One thing i know, that i know nothing. and the experience of other people
There is a soul before the body, existing in the realm of
 He developed the concept of body-subject and
ideas. Once the soul comes into the material world, he forgot
contended that perceptions occur existentially
everything. This knowledge is brought out by Socratic
MERLEAU-PONTY’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
approach
 The consciousness, the world and the human body are
PLATO
all interconnected as they mutually perceive
Plato’s real name is Aristotle’s (428-348 bce) he established
a school known as ‘the academy’ --the prototype of today’s  The world the world is a field of perception and human
universities. Dichotomy between ideal (world of forms) and consciousness assigns meaning to the world
material world. Three components of the soul: rational,  The meaning assigned for a particular object is subject
spirited and appetitive. to change depending on the perspective upon which it is
PLATO’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE seen
o The reason – rational and is the motivation for goodness  It is possible that one subject may be perceived from
and truth various perspectives
o The spirited – non-rational and is the will or the thrive
toward action Lesson 2: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY
o The appetites – irrational and lean towards the desire for
What is Sociology?
pleasures of the body
•The scientific study of human social relations or group life.
ST. AUGUSTINE
• Is a study of human interactions, the relationships that
 A Christian philosopher occur within the group and the results of these?
 A man is bifurcated nature. Interactions.
 Two aspects; imperfect (earthly), capable of reaching SOCIALIZATION
immortality -the process whereby an individual learns to adjust to a
 Goal of the person: to attain communion with the divine. society and behave in a manner approved by the society.
 The world of materials is not our final home but only a -It also represents the whole process of learning throughout
temporary one. the life course and is a central influence on the behavior,
 The real world is the one where god is beliefs, and actions of adults as well as of children.
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
Man is composed of matter and form. • Born February 1863 in Massachusetts, USA
 Matter (hyle)-common stuff that makes up everything. • Graduated and taught grade school in Oberlin College
 Form (morpe) - essence of the living • In 1887, he enrolled at Harvard University and his main
RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650) interests were Philosophy and Psychology
 Known as the “father of modern philosophy” • Died of heart failure in 1931
 “I think, therefore i am” (cogito ergo sum) doubts the MEAD’S SOCIAL SELF
existence of his own physical body. Hyperbolical doubt. Social Behaviorism
JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704) • The power of the environment in shaping human behavior
Born in wrington, England son of a puritan lawyer our identity • Described the self as a ‘dimension of personality
is not locked in the mind, soul, and body. That is made-up of the individual’s self-awareness and self-
He included the concept of person’s memory. Identity is image ’
explained in terms of psychological connection ‘tabula rasa’ • Self cannot be separated from the society
– blank slate. STAGES OF SELF-FORMATION
DAVID HUME 1. The Preparatory Stage
Born in Edinburgh, Scotland “All knowledge is derived from • Children imitate the behaviors of people around them
human senses”. • At this stage, children starts to know and understand the
Influenced by empiricism. symbols
 Bundle Theory - collection of impressions. • The symbols are the bases of communication. Ex.
 Impressions- vivid: products of direct experiences Language, gestures, objects
 Ideas - copies of impressions imagination 2. The Play Stage
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) • Skills at knowing and understanding the symbols of
An Austrian neurologist “The ego is not master in its own communication is important for socialization
house” Man is governed by 2 drives: Eros (sex, drives) and • Children begin to role play and pretend to be other people
• Role-taking is the process of mentally assuming the
perspective of another and see how the person respond in a
given situation

3. The Game Stage FACE-WORK

• 8-9 years of age • Another aspect of the self
• The child begins to consider several tasks and various • Is the need to maintain proper image of the self to continue
types of relationships simultaneously social interaction
• Begins to see not only the own perspective but also the • Helps achieve success in interpersonal communication
perspective of other people Ex. Poise
• ‘Generalized other’ is the behavior of the person when he
sees/ considers other people in the course of his actions Lesson 3: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
MEAD’S THEORY OF THESELF
• The self is not present at birth but begins as a central WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY?
character in a child’s world  Is a field of the social sciences that focuses on the study
• Children see themselves as the center of their ‘universe’ of man
• As the child grow and mature, they begin to see other  This field includes man’s physical/biological
people and now concerned about people’s reactions characteristics, his social relationships and the
• Significant others is the family who play a major role in the influences of his culture from the dawn of civilization up
formation of the self to the present
 Anthropology makes the person aware that what he is
THE ‘I’ AND ‘ME’ maybe determined by his past and present condition, his
I SELF biological characteristics, the way he communicates, the
• When the person initiates or performs a social action, the language that he uses and the manner in which he
self-functions as a subject chooses to live his life.
• It represents the individual’s identity based on the response  The four subfields of Anthropology are Archaeology,
in his own experience Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Cultural
Ex. I will go on a date Anthropology
I will cook dinner tonight ARCHAEOLOGY
 The study of the ancient and recent human past through
THE ‘I’ AND ‘ME’ material remains
ME SELF  Archaeological records consists of artifacts, architecture,
• When the person takes the role of the other, the self- bio facts, and cultural landscapes
function as an object
 Archaeologists’ focus is the past and how it may have
• It represents learned behaviors, attitudes and expectations
contributed to the present ways of how people conduct
of others and of society
their daily lives
Ex. Students around school voted for me. They chose me as
 Archaeologists discovered the most important aspect of
class president.
human nature, which is survival
BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
CHARLES HORTON COOLEY
• Was an American Sociologist  Also called physical anthropology
• Made use of the socio psychological approach to  Is the study of the past and present evolution of the
understanding how societies work human species and is especially concerned with
• People learn who they are through their social interaction understanding the causes of present human diversity
with people LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
• Our view of ourselves comes from contemplation of  Studies the role of language in the social lives of
personal qualities by the impression and perception of others individuals and communities
• Looking-glass self or the self that is a product of social  Explores how language shapes communication and how
interaction language and modes of communication change over
time
THREE PHASES OF DEVELOPING A SELF  An essential part of human communication is language
1. People imagine how they present themselves to other  Language is a system of communication used by a
2. People imagine how others evaluate them particular country or community
3. People develop some sort of feeling about themselves  Language identifies a group of people. The words,
as a result of those impressions sounds, symbols, writings and signs that are used are
reflections of a group’s culture
ERVING GOFFMAN  Linguistic anthropologists’ interest focuses on using
• A Canadian-American sociologist language as a means to discover a group’s manner of
• Known for his development of Modern American social interaction and his worldview
Sociology  English is the universal language
• One of his popular work was The Presentation of the Self CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
in Everyday Life  It is the study of human cultures, their beliefs, practices,
• He observed that people learn to slant their presentation of values, ideas, technologies, economies and other
themselves in order to create preferred appearances and domains of social and cognitive organization
satisfy particular audience  Culture is described as a group of people’s way of life. It
includes their behaviors, beliefs, and values and
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT symbols that they accept (usually unconsciously) that
• The process of altering how the person presents himself to are socially transmitted through communication and
others imitation from generation to generation.
• Similarities of real social interaction to a theatrical THEORY OF CULTURAL DETERMINISM
presentation  A belief that the culture in which we are raised
• Also termed as dramaturgical approach determines who we are at emotional and behavioral
Ex. A food waiter must conceal anger towards rude customer levels
 Positive implication of this theory suggests that human  Character strengths, coping, happiness and well being
beings can be shaped/formed to have the kind of life
they prefer it further means that there is no limit placed
on the human ability to be or to do whatever they set
their minds and hearts into.
 Negative implication is that people have no control over WILLIAM JAMES
what they learn. They blindly accept the learning their  American Philosopher and Psychologist
cultures exposed them to. Human beings are seen as  Founder of American Psychology Professor of
helpless and do only what their culture instructs them to psychology and philosophy at Harvard University
do. Theory of the self - an individual’s mental picture of the self
THEORY OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM is divided into two categories: the “I” and the “me
 Is the ability to understand a culture on its own terms William James (1842-1910)
and not to make judgments using the standards of one’s "I and me self"
own culture? "I Self"
 The goal of this is promote understanding of cultural  It is the self that knows and recognizes who they are
practices that are not typically part of one’s own culture. and what they have done
 It leads to the view that no one culture is superior than  A sense of being the agent and initiator of behavior
another culture when compared to systems of morality,  A sense of being unique
law, politics, etc  A sense of continuity
 A sense of awareness
CULTURE MAY MANIFEST ITSELF IN PEOPLE IN THE "ME Self"
FOLLOWING WAYS:  Can be considered as a separate object or individual
 Symbols that the person refers to when discussing or describing
 Heroes their personal experiences
 Rituals  Also called empirical ME
 Values  Three components of ME self
Symbols  The Material self
 Are the words, gestures, pictures or objects that have a  The Social self
recognized/accepted meaning in a particular culture  The Spiritual self
 Symbols are considered the most superficial level of
culture CARL ROGERS
 Symbols can be shared or copied by other cultures who Humanistic psychology
find them also fitting for their  Humanism emphasized the active role of the individual
Heroes and their external worlds
 Are persons from the past or present who have  Rogers believed that the person is an active being who
characteristics that are important in a culture lives in the present.
 They may be real of fictitious and are models for  Rogers coined the term actualizing tendency or one’s
behavior capability to reach his or highest potential.
Rituals Person Centered Theory
 Are activities (may be religious or social) participated in Ideal self- who or what you want to be
by a group of people for the fulfillment of desired Real self- who you actually are
objectives and are considered to be socially essential Congruence- the alignment of the real self and ideal self
Values Incongruence- happens when there is inconsistency
 Are considered to be the core of every culture between the real and ideal self
 Values are unconscious and can neither be discussed
nor be directly observed but can only be inferred from CARL ROGERS SELF-CONCEPT
the way people act and react to circumstances and REAL SELF-CONCEPT IDEAL SELF-CONCEPT
situations -Refers to all information -It is the model version the
 Values involve human tendencies/preferences towards and perception the person person has of himself and
good or bad, right or wrong has about himself what the person aims for
-This is who the person himself to be
Lesson 4: PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE actually is Answers the -This idealized view was
question, “Who am I? borne out of his
What is Psychology? experiences, standards and
Derived from the Greek words ‘psyche’ which means ‘soul’ demands of society and the
and ‘logos’ which means ‘the study of’ scientific study of heroes and models which
human behavior and mental processes. It is the field of he chooses to imitate
social sciences that deals with the description, understand, -Answers the question
prediction and control of behavior “Who do I want to be?”
Goals of Psychology
Control DAVID LESTER
Understand Multiple and Unified Selves
Predict  The construction of multiple selves varies across
Describe different roles and relationships.
Psychology is concerned with  Multiple selves theory suggests that there exists in the
 How individuals develop and mature at different life individual different aspects of the self
stages.  Unified self is the integration of the different and
 Concepts such as consciousness and reasoning. conflicting aspects of the self
 How the individual and his environment shapes his
personality.
 How we think and behave and feel in certain situations.
 Mental health and mental illness.
 ADUL TRAIT ASSOCIATED WITH PROBLEMS:
Flirtatiousness, vanity, promiscuity, pride, chastity
4. STAGE: Latency (5 or 6 years to puberty)
PART OF THE BODY: None
CONFLICT: Period of sexual calm
Interest in school, hobbies, same-sex friends
DONALD WINNICOTT’S ADUL TRAIT ASSOCIATED WITH PROBLEMS: N/A
True vs. False Self 5. STAGE: Genital (from puberty on)
False Self PART OF THE BODY: Genital
- AS defense, a kind of mask that hides the true person CONFLICT: Revival of sexual interests
for fear of the pain of rejection and failure Establishment of mature sexual
- The self that is obedient to parents’ wishes and ADUL TRAIT ASSOCIATED WITH PROBLEMS: N/A
demands.
- The healthy false self is still connected to the true self.
- The unhealthy false self makes one continually adjust 12 Defense Mechanisms: Sigmund Freud
his behavior to fit in. 1. Compensation: Strengthen one to hide another.
True Self 2. Denial: Refuse to face a negative behavior.
- is one in which the self is seen as creative, 3. Displacement: Take it out on someone else.
spontaneously experiencing each day of their lives, 4. Identification: Attach to something positive.
appreciating being alive, real, integrated and connected 5. Introjection: Conform feelings for approval.
to the whole of existence. 6. Projection: See your faults & foibles in others.
- Emerges if the mother is responsive to the needs of the 7. Rationalization: Excuse and justify mistakes.
child. 8. Reaction Formation: Pretend you are different.
- Creative, spontaneous and real. 9. Regression: Act much younger to feel better.
10. Repression: Putting things into darkness.
11. Ritual & Undoing: Override negative with habit.
ALBERT BANDURA
12. Sublimation: Divert negative into acceptable.
Self as Proactive and Agentic
 Views people as agents (originators) of experience not
just reactive.
 Suggests that human have the ability to act and make
things happen
The Social Cognitive Theory
- Suggested that human beings are proactive, self-
regulating, self-reflective and self-organizing.
- People have the ability to influence their own behavior
which may lead to desired outcomes
- This human agency involves the active process of
exploration and manipulation in order to influence
environment and achieve desired consequences

Four steps in Observational Learning

Attention – In order to learn you need to pay attention
Retention – ability to store information
Motor reproduction – performing the behavior that you
observed
Motivation – You have to be motivated to imitate that has
been modeled.

SIGMUND FREUD
Psychosexual Theory
Freud believed that personality developed through a series
of childhood stages in which pleasure seeking energies from
the id became focused on certain erogenous areas
1. STAGE: Oral (birth to 1 year)
PART OF THE BODY: Mouth
CONFLICT: Weaning
Oral gratification from sucking. Eating, biting
ADUL TRAIT ASSOCIATED WITH PROBLEMS:
Optimism, gullibility, dependency. Pessimism, passivity,
hostility. Sarcasm, aggression
2. STAGE: Anal (1 to 3 years)
PART OF THE BODY: Anus
CONFLICT: Toilet training
Gratification from expelling and withholding feces
ADUL TRAIT ASSOCIATED WITH PROBLEMS:
Excessive cleanliness, orderliness, stinginess,
messiness, rebelliousness, destructiveness
3. STAGE: Phallic (3 to 5 or 6 years)
PART OF THE BODY: Genitals
CONFLICT: Oedipal conflict
Sexual curiosity
Masturbation