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SET Operations in SQL

SQL supports four set operations - UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, and MINUS - that allow combining data from multiple tables. UNION returns distinct rows combining tables, UNION ALL includes duplicates, INTERSECT returns common rows between tables, and MINUS returns rows only in the first table. Examples are provided demonstrating each operation using sample tables.

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Harvey Spector
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68 views

SET Operations in SQL

SQL supports four set operations - UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, and MINUS - that allow combining data from multiple tables. UNION returns distinct rows combining tables, UNION ALL includes duplicates, INTERSECT returns common rows between tables, and MINUS returns rows only in the first table. Examples are provided demonstrating each operation using sample tables.

Uploaded by

Harvey Spector
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SET Operations in SQL

SQL supports few Set operations which can be performed on the table data. These are used to get
meaningful results from data stored in the table, under different special conditions.

In this tutorial, we will cover 4 different types of SET operations, along with example:

1. UNION
2. UNION ALL
3. INTERSECT
4. MINUS

UNION Operation
UNION is used to combine the results of two or more SELECT statements. However it will
eliminate duplicate rows from its resultset. In case of union, number of columns and datatype
must be same in both the tables, on which UNION operation is being applied.

Example of UNION

The First table,

ID Name
1 abhi
2 adam
The Second table,

ID Name
2 adam
3 Chester

Union SQL query will be,

SELECT * FROM First


UNION
SELECT * FROM Second;

The resultset table will look like,

ID NAME
1 abhi
2 adam
3 Chester

UNION ALL
This operation is similar to Union. But it also shows the duplicate rows.

Example of Union All

The First table,

ID NAME
1 abhi
2 adam

The Second table,

ID NAME
2 adam
3 Chester

Union All query will be like,

SELECT * FROM First


UNION ALL
SELECT * FROM Second;

The resultset table will look like,

ID NAME
1 abhi
2 adam
2 adam
3 Chester

INTERSECT
Intersect operation is used to combine two SELECT statements, but it only retuns the records
which are common from both SELECT statements. In case of Intersect the number of columns
and datatype must be same.

NOTE: MySQL does not support INTERSECT operator.


Example of Intersect

The First table,

ID NAME
1 abhi
2 adam

The Second table,

ID NAME
2 adam
3 Chester

Intersect query will be,

SELECT * FROM First


INTERSECT
SELECT * FROM Second;

The resultset table will look like

ID NAME
2 adam

MINUS
The Minus operation combines results of two SELECT statements and return only those in the
final result, which belongs to the first set of the result.
Example of Minus

The First table,

ID NAME
1 abhi
2 adam

The Second table,

ID NAME
2 adam
3 Chester

Minus query will be,

SELECT * FROM First


MINUS
SELECT * FROM Second;

The resultset table will look like,

ID NAME
1 abhi

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