Artigo Harvard - Tipos de Cultura
Artigo Harvard - Tipos de Cultura
Artigo Harvard - Tipos de Cultura
Summary.
Executives are often confounded by culture, because much of it is anchored
in unspoken behaviors, mindsets, and social patterns. Many leaders either let
it go unmanaged or relegate it to HR, where it becomes a secondary concern
for the business. This is a mistake, because properly managed,...more
Spotlight Series / The Culture Factor
01
The Leader’s Guide to Corporate Culture
02
What’s Your Organization’s Cultural Profile?
03
How to Shape Your Culture
04
Convergence Matters
05
Context, Conditions, and Culture
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Strategy and culture are among the primary levers at
top leaders’ disposal in their never-ending quest to main-
tain organizational viability and effectiveness. Strategy
offers a formal logic for the company’s goals and orients
people around them. Culture expresses goals through
values and beliefs and guides activity through shared as-
sumptions and group norms.
Strategy provides clarity and focus for collective action
and decision making. It relies on plans and sets of
choices to mobilize people and can often be enforced by
both concrete rewards for achieving goals and conse-
quences for failing to do so. Ideally, it also incorporates
adaptive elements that can scan and analyze the exter-
nal environment and sense when changes are required
to maintain continuity and growth. Leadership goes
hand-in-hand with strategy formation, and most leaders
understand the fundamentals. Culture, however, is a
more elusive lever, because much of it is anchored in un-
spoken behaviors, mindsets, and social patterns.
For better and worse, culture and leadership are inextri-
cably linked. Founders and influential leaders often set
new cultures in motion and imprint values and assump-
tions that persist for decades. Over time an organiza-
tion’s leaders can also shape culture, through both con-
scious and unconscious actions (sometimes with unin-
tended consequences). The best leaders we have ob-
served are fully aware of the multiple cultures within
which they are embedded, can sense when change is re-
quired, and can deftly influence the process.
Unfortunately, in our experience it is far more common
for leaders seeking to build high-performing organiza-
tions to be confounded by culture. Indeed, many either
let it go unmanaged or relegate it to the HR function,
where it becomes a secondary concern for the business.
They may lay out detailed, thoughtful plans for strategy
and execution, but because they don’t understand cul-
ture’s power and dynamics, their plans go off the rails. As
someone once said, culture eats strategy for breakfast.
It doesn’t have to be that way. Our work suggests that
culture can, in fact, be managed. The first and most im-
portant step leaders can take to maximize its value and
minimize its risks is to become fully aware of how it
works. By integrating findings from more than 100 of the
most commonly used social and behavioral models, we
have identified eight styles that distinguish a culture and
can be measured. (We gratefully acknowledge the rich
history of cultural studies—going all the way back to the
earliest explorations of human nature—on which our
work builds.) Using this framework, leaders can model
the impact of culture on their business and assess its
alignment with strategy. We also suggest how culture
can help them achieve change and build organizations
that thrive in even the most trying times.
Next In
The Culture Factor
What’s Your Organization’s Cultural Profile?
A survey to get the conversation started
Defining Culture
Culture is the tacit social order of an organization: It
shapes attitudes and behaviors in wide-ranging and
durable ways. Cultural norms define what is encouraged,
discouraged, accepted, or rejected within a group. When
properly aligned with personal values, drives, and needs,
culture can unleash tremendous amounts of energy to-
ward a shared purpose and foster an organization’s ca-
pacity to thrive.
Culture can also evolve flexibly and autonomously in re-
sponse to changing opportunities and demands.
Whereas strategy is typically determined by the C-suite,
culture can fluidly blend the intentions of top leaders with
the knowledge and experiences of frontline employees.
As someone once said, culture eats strategy for
breakfast.
The academic literature on the subject is vast. Our re-
view of it revealed many formal definitions of organiza-
tional culture and a variety of models and methods for
assessing it. Numerous processes exist for creating and
changing it. Agreement on specifics is sparse across
these definitions, models, and methods, but through a
synthesis of seminal work by Edgar Schein, Shalom
Schwartz, Geert Hofstede, and other leading scholars,
we have identified four generally accepted attributes:
Shared.
Learning: Tesla
“I’m interested in things that change the world or that affect the future
and wondrous new technology where you see it and you’re like ‘Wow,
how did that even happen?’”
—Elon Musk, cofounder and CEO
Purpose: Whole Foods
“Most of the greatest companies in the world also have great pur-
poses….Having a deeper, more transcendent purpose is highly energiz-
ing for all of the various interdependent stakeholders.”
—John Mackey, founder and CEO
Caring: Disney
“It is incredibly important to be open and accessible and treat people
fairly and look them in the eye and tell them what is on your mind.”
—Bob Iger, CEO
Order: SEC
“Rule making is a key function of the commission. And when we are set-
ting the rules for the securities markets, there are many rules we, the
SEC, must follow.”
—Jay Clayton, chairman
Safety: Lloyd’s of London
“To protect themselves, businesses should spend time understanding
what specific threats they may be exposed to and speak to experts who
can help.”
—Inga Beale, CEO
Authority: Huawei
“We have a ‘wolf’ spirit in our company. In the battle with lions, wolves
have terrifying abilities. With a strong desire to win and no fear of losing,
they stick to the goal firmly, making the lions exhausted in every possi-
ble way.”
—Ren Zhengfei, CEO
Results: GSK
“I’ve tried to keep us focused on a very clear strategy of modernizing
ourselves.”
—Sir Andrew Witty, former CEO
Enjoyment: Zappos
“Have fun. The game is a lot more enjoyable when you’re trying to do
more than make money.”
—Tony Hsieh, CEO
The eight styles can be used to diagnose and describe
highly complex and diverse behavioral patterns in a cul-
ture and to model how likely an individual leader is to
align with and shape that culture. Using this framework
and multilevel approach, managers can:
◦ Understand their organization’s culture and assess its
intended and unintended effects
◦ Evaluate the level of consistency in employees’ views
of the culture
◦ Identify subcultures that may account for higher or
lower group performance
◦ Pinpoint differences between legacy cultures during
mergers and acquisitions
◦ Rapidly orient new executives to the culture they are
joining and help them determine the most effective
way to lead employees
◦ Measure the degree of alignment between individual
leadership styles and organizational culture to deter-
mine what impact a leader might have
◦ Design an aspirational culture and communicate the
changes necessary to achieve it
The Link Between Culture and Outcomes
Our research and practical experience have shown that
when you are evaluating how culture affects outcomes,
the context in which the organization operates—geo-
graphic region, industry, strategy, leadership, and com-
pany structure—matters, as does the strength of the cul-
ture. (See “Context, Conditions, and Culture.”) What
worked in the past may no longer work in the future, and
what worked for one company may not work for another.
We have arrived at the following insights:
When aligned with strategy and leadership, a strong
culture drives positive organizational outcomes.
Consider the case of a best-in-class retailer headquar-
tered in the United States. The company had viewed its
first priority as providing top-notch customer service. It
accomplished this with a simple rule—Do right by the
customer—that encouraged employees to use their judg-
ment when providing service. A core HR training practice
was to help every salesperson see customer interactions
as an opportunity to create “service stories that become
legendary.” Employees were reminded to define service
from the customer’s perspective, to constantly engage
customers with questions geared toward understanding
their specific needs and preferences, and to go beyond
their expectations.
In measuring the culture of this company, we found that
like many other large retailers, it was characterized pri-
marily by a combination of results and caring. Unlike
many other retailers, however, it had a culture that was
also very flexible, learning oriented, and focused on pur-
pose. As one top executive explained, “We have freedom
as long as we take good care of the customer.”
Furthermore, the company’s values and norms were very
clear to everyone and consistently shared throughout the
organization. As the retailer expanded into new seg-
ments and geographies over the years, the leadership
strove to maintain an intense customer focus without di-
luting its cherished culture. Although the company had
historically focused on developing leaders from within—
who were natural culture carriers—recruiting outsiders
became necessary as it grew. The company preserved
its culture through this change by carefully assessing
new leaders and designing an onboarding process that
reinforced core values and norms.
Culture is a powerful differentiator for this company be-
cause it is strongly aligned with strategy and leadership.
Delivering outstanding customer service requires a cul-
ture and a mindset that emphasize achievement, impec-
cable service, and problem solving through autonomy
and inventiveness. Not surprisingly, those qualities have
led to a variety of positive outcomes for the company, in-
cluding robust growth and international expansion, nu-
merous customer service awards, and frequent appear-
ances on lists of the best companies to work for.
Selecting or developing leaders for the future re-
quires a forward-looking strategy and culture.
The chief executive of an agriculture business was plan-
ning to retire, spurring rumors about a hostile takeover.
The CEO was actively grooming a successor, an insider
who had been with the company for more than 20 years.
Our analysis revealed an organizational culture that
strongly emphasized caring and purpose. As one leader
reflected, “You feel like part of a large family when you
become an employee at this company.”
The potential successor understood the culture but was
far more risk-averse (safety) and respectful of traditions
(order) than the rest of the company. Given the takeover
rumors, top leaders and managers told the CEO that
they believed the company needed to take a more ag-
gressive and action-oriented stance in the future. The
board decided to consider the internal candidate along-
side people from outside the company.
Cultural dynamics are a frequently overlooked factor
in postmerger performance.
Three external candidates emerged: one who was
aligned with the current culture (purpose), one who
would be a risk taker and innovative (learning), and one
who was hard-driving and competitive (authority). After
considerable deliberation, the board chose the highly
competitive leader with the authority style. Soon after-
ward an activist investor attempted a hostile takeover,
and the new CEO was able to navigate through the pre-
carious situation, keep the company independent, and si-
multaneously begin to restructure in preparation for
growth.
In a merger, designing a new culture on the basis of
complementary strengths can speed up integration
and create more value over time.
Mergers and acquisitions can either create or destroy
value. Numerous studies have shown that cultural dy-
namics represent one of the greatest yet most frequently
overlooked determinants of integration success and post-
merger performance.
For example, senior leaders from two merging interna-
tional food retailers had invested heavily in their organi-
zations’ cultures and wanted to preserve their unique
strengths and distinct heritages. An assessment of the
cultures revealed shared values and areas of compatibil-
ity that could provide a foundation for the combined cul-
ture, along with important differences for which leaders
would have to plan: Both companies emphasized results,
caring, and order and valued high-quality food, good ser-
vice, treating employees fairly, and maintaining a local
mindset. But one operated in a more top-down manner
and scored much higher on authority, especially in the
behavior of leaders.
Because both companies valued teamwork and invest-
ments in the local community, the leaders prioritized car-
ing and purpose. At the same time, their strategy re-
quired that they shift from top-down authority to a learn-
ing style that would encourage innovation in new-store
formats and online retailing. As one senior leader said of
the strategic aspiration, “We need to dare to do things
differently, not play by the old rule books.”
Once they had agreed on a culture, a rigorous assess-
ment process identified leaders at both organizations
whose personal style and values would allow them to
serve as bridges to and champions for it. Then a pro-
gram was launched to promote cultural alignment within
30 top teams, with an emphasis on clarifying priorities,
making authentic connections, and developing team
norms that would bring the new culture to life.
Finally, structural elements of the new organization were
redesigned with culture in mind. A model for leadership
was developed that encompassed recruitment, talent as-
sessment, training and development, performance man-
agement, reward systems, and promotions. Such design
considerations are often overlooked during organiza-
tional change, but if systems and structures don’t align
with cultural and leadership imperatives, progress can be
derailed.
In a dynamic, uncertain environment, in which orga-
nizations must be more agile, learning gains impor-
tance.
It’s not surprising that results is the most common culture
style among all the companies we have studied. Yet dur-
ing a decade of helping leaders design aspirational cul-
tures, we have seen a clear trend toward prioritizing
learning to promote innovation and agility as businesses
respond to increasingly less predictable and more com-
plex environments. And although learning ranks fourth
within our broader database, small companies (200 em-
ployees or fewer) and those in newer industries (such as
software, technology, and wireless equipment) accord it
higher values.
Consider one Silicon Valley–based technology company
we worked with. Though it had built a strong business
and invested in unique technology and top engineering
talent, its revenue growth was starting to decline as
newer, nimbler competitors made strides in a field ex-
ploding with innovation and business model disruption.
Company leaders viewed the culture as a differentiator
for the business and decided to diagnose, strengthen,
and evolve it. We found a culture that was intensely re-
sults focused, team based (caring), and exploratory (a
combination of enjoyment and learning).
After examining the overall business strategy and gaining
input from employees, leaders aimed for a culture that
was even more focused on learning and adopted our
framework as a new language for the organization in its
daily work. They initiated conversations between man-
agers and employees about how to emphasize innova-
tion and exploration. Although it takes time to change a
culture, we found that the company had made notable
progress just one year later. And even as it prepared for
an impending sale amid ever greater competition and
consolidation, employee engagement scores were on the
rise.
A strong culture can be a significant liability when it
is misaligned with strategy.
We studied a Europe-based industrial services organiza-
tion whose industry began to experience rapid and un-
precedented changes in customer expectations, regula-
tory demands, and competitive dynamics. The com-
pany’s strategy, which had historically emphasized cost
leadership, needed to shift toward greater service differ-
entiation in response. But its strong culture presented a
roadblock to success.
We diagnosed the culture as highly results oriented, car-
ing, and order seeking, with a top-down emphasis on au-
thority. The company’s leaders decided to shape it to be
much more purpose-driven, enabling, open, and team
based, which would entail an increase in caring along
with learning and purpose and a decrease in authority
and results.
This shift was particularly challenging because the cur-
rent culture had served the organization well for many
years, while the industry emphasized efficiency and re-
sults. Most managers still viewed it as a strength and
fought to preserve it, threatening success for the new
strategic direction.
The Pros and Cons of Culture Styles
Every culture style has strengths and weaknesses. The table below
summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each style and how
frequently it appears as a defining culture characteristic among the ...
Cultural change is daunting for any organization, but as
this company realized, it’s not impossible. The CEO in-
troduced new leadership development and team coach-
ing programs and training opportunities that would help
leaders feel more comfortable with cultural evolution.
When people departed, the company carefully selected
new leaders who would provide supporting values, such
as caring, and increased the emphasis on a shared pur-
pose. The benefits of this strategic and cultural shift took
the form of an increasingly diverse array of integrated
service offerings and strong growth, particularly in
emerging markets.
Four Levers for Evolving a Culture
Unlike developing and executing a business plan, chang-
ing a company’s culture is inextricable from the emo-
tional and social dynamics of people in the organization.
We have found that four practices in particular lead to
successful culture change:
Articulate the aspiration.
Much like defining a new strategy, creating a new culture
should begin with an analysis of the current one, using a
framework that can be openly discussed throughout the
organization. Leaders must understand what outcomes
the culture produces and how it does or doesn’t align
with current and anticipated market and business condi-
tions. For example, if the company’s primary culture
styles are results and authority but it exists in a rapidly
changing industry, shifting toward learning or enjoyment
(while maintaining a focus on results) may be appropri-
ate.
An aspirational culture suggests the high-level principles
that guide organizational initiatives, as at the technology
company that sought to boost agility and flexibility amid
increasing competition. Change might be framed in terms
of real and present business challenges and opportuni-
ties as well as aspirations and trends. Because of cul-
ture’s somewhat ambiguous and hidden nature, referring
to tangible problems, such as market pressures or the
challenges of growth, helps people better understand
and connect to the need for change.
Select and develop leaders who align with the target
culture.
Leaders serve as important catalysts for change by en-
couraging it at all levels and creating a safe climate and
what Edgar Schein calls “practice fields.” Candidates for
recruitment should be evaluated on their alignment with
the target. A single model that can assess both organiza-
tional culture and individual leadership styles is critical for
this activity.
Incumbent leaders who are unsupportive of desired
change can be engaged and re-energized through train-
ing and education about the important relationship be-
tween culture and strategic direction. Often they will sup-
port the change after they understand its relevance, its
anticipated benefits, and the impact that they personally
can have on moving the organization toward the aspira-
tion. However, culture change can and does lead to
turnover: Some people move on because they feel they
are no longer a good fit for the organization, and others
are asked to leave if they jeopardize needed evolution.
Use organizational conversations about culture to
underscore the importance of change.
To shift the shared norms, beliefs, and implicit under-
standings within an organization, colleagues can talk one
another through the change. Our integrated culture
framework can be used to discuss current and desired
culture styles and also differences in how senior leaders
operate. As employees start to recognize that their lead-
ers are talking about new business outcomes—innova-
tion instead of quarterly earnings, for example—they will
begin to behave differently themselves, creating a posi-
tive feedback loop.
Various kinds of organizational conversations, such as
road shows, listening tours, and structured group discus-
sion, can support change. Social media platforms en-
courage conversations between senior managers and
frontline employees. Influential change champions can
advocate for a culture shift through their language and
actions. The technology company made a meaningful
change in its culture and employee engagement by cre-
ating a structured framework for dialogue and cultivating
widespread discussion.
Reinforce the desired change through organizational
design.
When a company’s structures, systems, and processes
are aligned and support the aspirational culture and strat-
egy, instigating new culture styles and behaviors will be-
come far easier. For example, performance management
can be used to encourage employees to embody aspira-
tional cultural attributes. Training practices can reinforce
the target culture as the organization grows and adds
new people. The degree of centralization and the number
of hierarchical levels in the organizational structure can
be adjusted to reinforce behaviors inherent to the aspira-
tional culture. Leading scholars such as Henry Mintzberg
have shown how organizational structure and other de-
sign features can have a profound impact over time on
how people think and behave within an organization.
Putting It All Together
All four levers came together at a traditional manufac-
turer that was trying to become a full solutions provider.
The change started with reformulating the strategy and
was reinforced by a major brand campaign. But the pres-
ident understood that the company’s culture represented
the biggest barrier to change and that the top leaders
were the greatest lever for evolving the culture.
The culture was characterized by a drive for results fol-
lowed by caring and purpose, the last of which was un-
usually strong for the industry. One employee described
the company as “a talented and committed group of peo-
ple focused on doing good for the planet, with genuine
desire, support, and encouragement to make a differ-
ence in the community.” Whereas the broader culture
was highly collaborative, with flat decision making, lead-
ers were seen as top-down, hierarchical, and sometimes
political, which discouraged risk taking.
The top leaders reviewed their culture’s strengths and
the gaps in their own styles and discussed what was
needed to achieve their strategic aspirations. They
agreed that they needed more risk taking and autonomy
and less hierarchy and centralized decision making. The
president restructured the leadership team around strong
business line leaders, freeing up time to become a better
advocate for the culture and to focus more on customers.
About the Research
We undertook a comprehensive study of organizational culture and out-
comes to explore the link between them. We analyzed the cultures of
more than 230 companies along with the leadership styles and values of
...
The top team then invited a group of 100 middle man-
agers into the conversation through a series of biannual
leadership conferences. The first one established a plat-
form for input, feedback, and the cocreation of an organi-
zational change plan with clear cultural priorities. The
president organized these managers into teams focused
on critical business challenges. Each team was required
to go outside the company to source ideas, to develop
solutions, and to present its findings to the group for
feedback. This initiative placed middle managers in
change roles that would traditionally have been filled by
vice presidents, giving them greater autonomy in foster-
ing a learning-based culture. The intent was to create
real benefits for the business while evolving the culture.
The president also initiated a program to identify employ-
ees who had positive disruptive ideas and working styles.
These people were put on project teams that addressed
key innovation priorities. The teams immediately began
improving business results, both in core commercial met-
rics and in culture and engagement. After only one year
employee engagement scores jumped a full 10 points,
and customer Net Promoter Scores reached an all-time
high—providing strong client references for the com-
pany’s new and innovative solutions.
CONCLUSION
It is possible—in fact, vital—to improve organizational
performance through culture change, using the simple
but powerful models and methods in this article. First
leaders must become aware of the culture that operates
in their organization. Next they can define an aspirational
target culture. Finally they can master the core change
practices of articulation of the aspiration, leadership
alignment, organizational conversation, and organiza-
tional design. Leading with culture may be among the
few sources of sustainable competitive advantage left to
companies today. Successful leaders will stop regarding
culture with frustration and instead use it as a fundamen-
tal management tool.
•BG
•
Boris
Groysbe
rg is the
Richard
P. Chap-
man Pro-
fessor of
Business
Adminis-
tration at
Harvard
Business
School, a
faculty af-
filiate at
the HBS
Gender
Initiative,
and the
coauthor,
with
Colleen
Ammer-
man, of
Glass
Half-Bro-
ken:
Shatter-
ing the
Barriers
That Still
Hold
Women
Back at
Work (Ha
rvard
Business
Review
Press,
2021).
bgroysbe
rg
Read more on Managing organizations or related topics Organiza-
tional culture and Change management
• JL
Jeremi
ah
Le
e
le
ad
s
in-
no
va
tio
n
for
ad
vi-
so
ry
se
r-
vi
ce
s
at
S
pe
nc
er
St
u-
art
.
H
e
an
d
Je
ss
e
Pr
ic
e
ar
e
co
fo
un
de
rs
of
tw
o
cu
l-
tur
e-
rel
at
ed
bu
si-
ne
ss
es
.
•
•
• JP
•
Jesse Price is a leader in organizational culture services at
Spencer Stuart. He and Jeremiah Lee are cofounders of two cul-
ture-related businesses. JC
•
J. Yo-Jud Cheng is an Assistant Professor of Business Adminis-
tration in the Strategy, Ethics and Entrepreneurship area at Darden.
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• Post
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Spotlight Series / The Culture Factor
01
The Leader’s Guide to Corporate Culture
02
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TRADUÇÃO
Gerenciando Organizações
O Guia do Líder para a Cultura Corporativa
Como gerenciar os oito elementos essenciais da vida organizacional
por Boris Groysberg, Jeremiah Lee, Jesse Price e J. Yo-Jud Cheng
Não tem que ser assim. Nosso trabalho sugere que a cultura pode, de fato,
ser administrada. O primeiro e mais importante passo que os líderes podem
dar para maximizar seu valor e minimizar seus riscos é ter plena consciência
de como funciona. Ao integrar as descobertas de mais de 100 dos modelos
sociais e comportamentais mais comumente usados, identificamos oito
estilos que distinguem uma cultura e podem ser medidos. (Reconhecemos
com gratidão a rica história dos estudos culturais - que remonta às primeiras
explorações da natureza humana - em que nosso trabalho se baseia.)
Usando essa estrutura, os líderes podem modelar o impacto da cultura em
seus negócios e avaliar seu alinhamento com estratégia. Também sugerimos
como a cultura pode ajudá-los a alcançar mudanças e construir organizações
que prosperam mesmo nos momentos mais difíceis.
Definindo Cultura
Compartilhado.
A cultura é um fenômeno de grupo. Não pode existir apenas dentro de uma
única pessoa, nem é simplesmente a média das características individuais.
Reside em comportamentos, valores e suposições compartilhados e é mais
comumente experimentado por meio das normas e expectativas de um grupo
- ou seja, as regras não escritas.
Pervasivo.
A cultura permeia vários níveis e se aplica de forma muito ampla em uma
organização; às vezes é até mesmo confundido com a própria organização.
Ela se manifesta em comportamentos coletivos, ambientes físicos, rituais de
grupo, símbolos visíveis, histórias e lendas. Outros aspectos da cultura não
são vistos, como mentalidades, motivações, suposições não ditas e o que
David Rooke e William Torbert chamam de “lógica de ação” (modelos
mentais de como interpretar e responder ao mundo ao seu redor).
Duradoura
A cultura pode direcionar os pensamentos e ações dos membros do grupo a
longo prazo. Ela se desenvolve por meio de eventos críticos na vida coletiva
e no aprendizado de um grupo. Sua resistência é explicada em parte pelo
modelo de atração-seleção-atrito introduzido pela primeira vez por Benjamin
Schneider: as pessoas são atraídas por organizações com características
semelhantes às suas; as organizações são mais propensas a selecionar
indivíduos que parecem “se encaixar”; e com o tempo, aqueles que não se
encaixam tendem a ir embora. Assim, a cultura torna-se um padrão social
que se auto-reforça e se torna cada vez mais resistente a mudanças e
influências externas.
Implícito.
Interações de pessoas.
A orientação de uma organização em relação às interações e coordenação
de pessoas cairá em um espectro de altamente independente a altamente
interdependente. As culturas que se inclinam para o primeiro valorizam mais
a autonomia, a ação individual e a competição. Aqueles que se inclinam para
o último enfatizam a integração, o gerenciamento de relacionamentos e a
coordenação do esforço do grupo. As pessoas nessas culturas tendem a
colaborar e a ver o sucesso através das lentes do grupo.
Resposta à mudança.
Enquanto algumas culturas enfatizam a estabilidade - priorizando a
consistência, previsibilidade e manutenção do status quo - outras enfatizam a
flexibilidade, adaptabilidade e receptividade à mudança. Aqueles que
favorecem a estabilidade tendem a seguir regras, usar estruturas de controle
como equipe baseada na antiguidade, reforçar a hierarquia e se esforçar
para obter eficiência. Aqueles que favorecem a flexibilidade tendem a
priorizar a inovação, a abertura, a diversidade e uma orientação de longo
prazo. (Kim Cameron, Robert Quinn e Robert Ernest estão entre os
pesquisadores que empregam dimensões semelhantes em suas estruturas
culturais.)
Aprendizagem: Tesla
“Estou interessado em coisas que mudam o mundo ou que afetam o futuro e
novas tecnologias maravilhosas onde você vê e pensa 'Uau, como isso
aconteceu?'”
—Elon Musk, cofundador e CEO
Carinhoso: Disney
“É extremamente importante ser aberto e acessível e tratar as pessoas com
justiça, olhá-las nos olhos e dizer o que você está pensando.”
—Bob Iger, CEO
Pedido: SEC
“A elaboração de regras é uma função fundamental da comissão. E quando
estamos definindo as regras para os mercados de valores mobiliários,
existem muitas regras que nós, a SEC, devemos seguir. ”
—Jay Clayton, presidente
Autoridade: Huawei
“Temos um espírito de 'lobo' em nossa empresa. Na batalha com os leões,
os lobos têm habilidades terríveis. Com um forte desejo de vencer e sem
medo de perder, eles se apegam ao objetivo com firmeza, deixando os leões
exaustos de todas as maneiras possíveis. ”
—Ren Zhengfei, CEO
Resultados: GSK
“Tentei nos manter focados em uma estratégia muito clara de
modernização.”
—Sir Andrew Witty, ex-CEO
Prazer: Zappos
"Diverta-se. O jogo é muito mais divertido quando você está tentando fazer
mais do que ganhar dinheiro. ”
—Tony Hsieh, CEO
Além disso, os valores e normas da empresa eram muito claros para todos e
consistentemente compartilhados por toda a organização. À medida que o
varejista se expandia para novos segmentos e geografias ao longo dos anos,
a liderança se esforçava para manter um foco intenso no cliente sem diluir
sua cultura valorizada. Embora a empresa tenha historicamente focado no
desenvolvimento de líderes internos - que eram portadores de cultura natural
-, recrutar pessoas de fora tornou-se necessário à medida que crescia. A
empresa preservou sua cultura por meio dessa mudança, avaliando
cuidadosamente os novos líderes e projetando um processo de integração
que reforçou os valores e normas essenciais.
A cultura é um diferencial poderoso para esta empresa, pois está fortemente
alinhada com a estratégia e liderança. Oferecer um serviço excelente ao
cliente exige uma cultura e uma mentalidade que enfatize a realização, um
serviço impecável e a solução de problemas por meio da autonomia e
criatividade. Não surpreendentemente, essas qualidades levaram a uma
variedade de resultados positivos para a empresa, incluindo crescimento
robusto e expansão internacional, vários prêmios de atendimento ao cliente e
aparições frequentes em listas das melhores empresas para trabalhar.
Uma cultura forte pode ser um risco significativo quando está desalinhada
com a estratégia.
Estudamos uma organização de serviços industriais com sede na Europa,
cujo setor começou a experimentar mudanças rápidas e sem precedentes
nas expectativas dos clientes, demandas regulatórias e dinâmica
competitiva. A estratégia da empresa, que historicamente enfatizou a
liderança de custos, precisava mudar em direção a uma maior diferenciação
de serviço em resposta. Mas sua cultura forte representou um obstáculo para
o sucesso.
Diagnosticamos a cultura como altamente orientada para resultados,
cuidadosa e busca de ordem, com ênfase de cima para baixo na autoridade.
Os líderes da empresa decidiram moldá-la para ser muito mais voltada para
o propósito, capacitadora, aberta e baseada em equipe, o que implicaria em
um aumento no cuidado junto com o aprendizado e o propósito e uma
diminuição na autoridade e nos resultados.
CUIDADO
Caloroso, sincero,
Melhor trabalho em equipe,
engajamento, comunicação,
Excesso de ênfase na construção de
consenso pode reduzir a exploração de 63%
relacional confiança e senso de pertencimento opções, sufocar a competitividade e
lentidão na tomada de decisões
PROPÓSITO
Orientado por
Apreciação aperfeiçoada pela diver-
sidade, sustentabilidade e respons-
A ênfase exagerada no propósito e ideais
de longo prazo pode atrapalhar as preocu- 9%
propósito, idealista, abilidade social. pações práticas e imediatas
tolerante
APRENDIZADO
Aberto, Inventivo,
Maior inovação, agilidade e apren-
dizagem organizacional.
A ênfase excessiva na exploração pode
levar a uma falta de foco e uma incapaci- 7%
explorador dade de explorar as vantagens existentes
PRAZER
lúdico, instintivo,
Melhorias na moral, engajamento e
criatividade da equipe
O excesso de ênfase na autonomia e no
envolvimento pode levar a uma falta de 2%
amantes da diversão disciplina e criar possíveis problemas de
conformidade ou governança
RESULTADOS
Orientado para a
Melhor execução, foco externo,
construção de capacidade e cumpri-
A ênfase exagerada na obtenção de resul-
tados pode levar a falhas de comunicação 89%
realização, foco em mento de metas e colaboração e a níveis mais elevados de
metas estresse e ansiedade
AUTORIDADE
Ousado, decisivo,
Maior velocidade de tomada de de-
cisão e capacidade de resposta a
A ênfase excessiva em uma autoridade
forte e na tomada ousada de decisões, 4%
dominante ameaças ou crises pode levar à relações políticas, conflitos e
um ambiente de trabalho psicologica-
mente inseguro.
SAFETY
Realistic, careful, pre-
Improved risk management, stabil-
ity, and business continuity
Overemphasis on standardization and for-
malization may lead to bureaucracy, in- 8%
pared flexibility, and dehumanization of the
work environment
ORDER
Rule abiding, respect-
Improved operational efficiency, re-
duced conflict, and greater civic-
Overemphasis on rules and traditions may
reduce individualism, stifle creativity, and 15%
ful, cooperative mindedness limit organizational agility
NOTA: A soma das porcentagens é maior que 100 porque os estilos foram contados como dominantes se fossem classificados
como 1 ou 2 no geral.
Articule a aspiração.
Assim como definir uma nova estratégia, a criação de uma nova cultura deve
começar com uma análise da atual, usando uma estrutura que pode ser
discutida abertamente em toda a organização. Os líderes devem entender
quais resultados a cultura produz e como ela se alinha ou não com o
mercado atual e previsto e as condições de negócios. Por exemplo, se os
estilos de cultura primários da empresa são resultados e autoridade, mas
existe em uma indústria em rápida mudança, mudar para o aprendizado ou
diversão (enquanto mantém o foco nos resultados) pode ser apropriado.
Uma cultura aspiracional sugere os princípios de alto nível que norteiam as
iniciativas organizacionais, como na empresa de tecnologia que buscou
aumentar a agilidade e a flexibilidade em meio ao aumento da concorrência.
A mudança pode ser enquadrada em termos de desafios e oportunidades de
negócios reais e presentes, bem como aspirações e tendências. Por causa
da natureza um tanto ambígua e oculta da cultura, referir-se a problemas
tangíveis, como pressões de mercado ou desafios de crescimento, ajuda as
pessoas a entender melhor e se conectar com a necessidade de mudança.
Juntando tudo
Todas as quatro alavancas vieram juntas em um fabricante tradicional que
estava tentando se tornar um provedor de soluções completas. A mudança
começou com a reformulação da estratégia e foi reforçada por uma grande
campanha da marca. Mas o presidente entendeu que a cultura da empresa
representava a maior barreira para a mudança e que os principais líderes
eram a maior alavanca para evoluir a cultura.
CONCLUSÃO
Sobre a Pesquisa
Realizamos um estudo abrangente da cultura organizacional e dos
resultados para explorar a ligação entre eles. Analisamos as culturas de mais
de 230 empresas, juntamente com os estilos de liderança e valores de mais
de 1.300 executivos em uma variedade de setores (incluindo bens de
consumo, bens de consumo básicos, energia e serviços públicos, serviços
financeiros e profissionais, saúde, indústria e TI e telecomunicações), regiões
(África, Ásia, Europa, Oriente Médio, América do Norte, Oceania e América
do Sul) e tipos de organização (pública, privada e sem fins lucrativos).
Diagnosticamos essas culturas usando respostas de pesquisas online de
aproximadamente 25.000 funcionários, juntamente com entrevistas com
gerentes de empresas.
Nossa análise destacou o quão fortemente cada um dos oito estilos definiu
as organizações em nosso estudo. Os resultados ficaram em primeiro lugar
e cuidado em segundo lugar. Esse padrão é consistente em todos os tipos e
tamanhos de empresas, regiões e setores. Ordem e aprendizagem estão
entre o terceiro e o quarto estilos mais comuns em muitas culturas.
Dar 5 minutos pra vocês conversarem em grupos com 05 pessoas sobre qual
a interpretação/ opinião dos alunos para essa frase.
Slide
Para 93% dos executivos pesquisados, existe um vínculo claro entre
cultura e estratégia, e a maioria considera a cultura de sua própria
organização como um ativo, parte do patrimônio.
Pesquisa Spencer Stuart - 2018
De um lado, a estratégia é algo mais lógico e formal, expressada muitas
vezes nos planejamentos, nas metas e nas recompensas por serem
atingidas ou nas consequências por não serem.
Do outro lado a cultura esta ancorada nos valores, crenças e padrões mais
tácitos.
A CULTURA dentro de uma empresa não precisa ser uma réplica, uma cópia da
cultura vivenciada por um país. Especialmente em seus aspectos negativos. É
cômodo, é render-se ao senso comum sair por aí afirmando que tais coisas
acontecem pq aqui é o Brasil, pq vc é brasileiro.
Responda
Na sua opinião;
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Plano de ação:
Perguntar ao seu líder e à dois pares/ colegas de trabalho qual é a “sensação"
que você ajuda a criar no ambiente de trabalho?