IMBE! IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE L.Numeral ; In Hindu Arabic system, we use ten symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.5, 6,7, 8,9 called digits to represent any number. A group of digits, denoting a number is called a numeral We represent a number, say 689745132 as shown below = Ten Crore Ten Laes( Ten Thou Hundr Ten Uni Crores s(10") Lacs 10°) ‘Thous sands eds, (1 ts(1 10%) (Millions ands (10°) (10°) 0) 0%) yao" a0) 6 8 8 eae iat aa We read it as :'Sixty-eight crores, ninety-seven lacs, forty-five thousand, one hundred ‘and thirty-two! II Place Value or Local Value of a Digit in a Numeral In the above numeral : Place value of 2 is (2 x 1) = 2; Place value of 3 is (3 x 10) = 30: Place value of 1 is (1 x 100) = 100 and so on. Place value of 6 is 6 x 10° = 600000000 IL.Face Value : The face value of a digit in a numeral isthe value of the digit itselt at whatever place it may be. In the above numeral, the face value of 2 is 2: the face value of 3 is 3 and so on. IV.TYPES OF NUMBERS ANatural Numbers : Counting numbers 1, 2, 3,4, 5... are called natural numbers. 2Whole Numbers : All counting numbers together with zer0 form the set of whole numbers. Thus, (i) 0 is the only whole number which iy not a natural number. (ii) Every natural number is a whole number. Antegers = All natural numbers, 0 and negatives of counting numbers i.e., {1 -3,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2, 3,....} together form the set of integers {i) Positive Integers : (1,2, 3,4, ...} is the set of all positive intege (ii) Negative Integers : /- 1, -2, — 3,-0.0) is the set ofall nega (iii) Non-Positive and Non-Negative Integers : 0 is ncither positive nor negative. 0, (0, 1,2, 3.0) represents the set of non-negative integers, while (0,-1,-2,-3, ...} represents the set of non-positive integers. 4. Even Numbers : A number divisible by 2 is called an even number, eg. 2. 4, 6,8, 10,cte 5. ‘Odd Numbers : A number not divisible by 2is called an odd number. e.g. 1, 3.5.7, 9, 11, ete. 6. Prime Numbers : A number greater than 1 is called a prime number, if thas exactly two factors, namely 1 and the number itself. Prime numbers upto 100 are :2,3, 5,7, 11, 13,17, 1 47, $3, 59,61, 67,71, 73, 79,83, 89, 97, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43,Prime numbers Greater than 100 : Let p be a given number greater than 100, To find out whether itis prime or not, we use the following method Find a whole number nearly greater than the square root of p. Let k > jp. Test whether p is divisible by any prime number less than k. If yes, then p is not prime. Otherwise, p is prime. ceg,,We have to find whether 191 is a prime number or not, Now, 14 > VIOI Prime numbers less than 14 are 2,3, 5,7, 11, 13. 191 is not divisible by any of them. So, 191 is a prime number. 7.Composite Numbers : Numbers greater than 1 which are not prime, are known as composite numbers, e.g., 4.6, 8.9, 10, 12 Note: (i) is neither prime nor composite. (ii) is the only even number which is prime. (iii) There are 25 prime numbers between I and 100. 8 Co-primes : Two numbers a and b are said to be co-primes, if their LCF. is Ie... 2,3).(4,5). (7.9). @, 11), ete. are co-primes, 'ESTS OF DIVISIBILITY |. Divisibility By 2: A number is divisible by 2, if its units di divisible by 2, while 65935 is not. ivisiility By 3 A number is divisible by 3, ifthe sum of its digits is divisible by 3. Ex.592482 is divisible by 3, since sum of its digits = (5 +9+2+4 +8 +2) =30, which is divisible by 3 But, 864329 is not divisible by 3, since sum of its digits =(8 + 644434249) =32, which is not divisible by 3. 3. Divisibility By 4 : A number is divisible by 4, if the number formed by the last wo digits is divisible by 4. Ex. 892648 is divisible by 4, since the number formed by the last 1wo digits is 48, which is divisible by 4 But, 749282 is not divisible by 4, since the number formed by the last tv/o digits is $2, which is not divisible by 4. 4. Divisibility By 5: A number is divisible by 5, if its unit's digit is either 0 or 5. Thus, 20820 and 50345 are divisible by 5, while 30934 and 40946 are not. 5. Divisibility By 6 : A number is divisible by 6, if itis divisible by both 2 and 3. Ex. ‘The number 35256 is clearly divisible by 2. Sum of its digits = (3 +5 + 2+ 5 + 6) = 21, which is divisible by 3. Thus, 35256 is Givisible by 2 as well as 3. Hence, 35256 is divisible by 6. 6. Divisibility By 8 : A number is divisible by 8, if the number formed by the last three digits ofthe given number is divisible by 8. Ex. 953360 is divisible by 8, since the number formed by last three digits is 360, which is divisible by 8 But, 529418 is not divisible by 8, since the number formed by last three digits is 418, which is not divisible by 8. 7. By 9: A number is divisible by 9, ifthe sum of its digits is divisible by9. Ex. 60732 is divisible by 9, since sum of digs * (6 +0 +7 +3 4 2) = 18, which i divisible by 9. But, 68956 is not divisible by 9, since sum of digits = (6 + 8 +9 +5 + 6) =34, which is is any of 0, 2,4, 6, 8.not divisible by 9. 8. Divisibility By 10: A number is divisible by 10, if it ends with 0, Ex. 96410, 10480 are divisible by 10, while 96375 is not 9. Divisibility By 11 : A number is divisible by 11. if the difference of the sum of is igits at odd places and the sum of its digits at even places, is either 0 or a number visible by LI Ex. The number 4832718 is divisible by 11, since ‘sum of digits at odd places) - (sum of digits at even places) (8+743-+4)- (1 +2+8)= 11, which is divisible by 11 10. Divisibility By 12 ; A number is divisible by 12, if itis divisible by both 4 and 3. Ex. Consider the number 34632. (i) The number formed by last two digits is 32, which is divisible by 4, (i) Sum of digits = (3 + 4 + 6 + 3 + 2) = 18, which is divisible by 3. Thus, 34632 is Aivisible by 4 as well as 3. Hence, 34632 is divisible by 12. 1. Divisibility By 14 : A number is divisible by 14, if tis divisible by 2 as well as 7. 12. Divisibility By 15 : A number is divisible by 15, if itis divisible by both 3 and 5. 13. Divisiblity By 16 : A number is divisible by 16, if the number formed by the last4 isits is divisible by 16. Ex.7957536 is divisible by 16, since the number formed by the last four digits is 7536, which is divisible by 16, 14, Divisibility By 24 A given number is divisible by 24, if it is divisible by both3 and 8. 15, Divisibility By 40 : A given number is divisible by 40, if itis divisible by both 5 and, 16. Divisiblity By 80 : A given number is divisible by 80, if itis divisible by both 5 and 16. Note : If a number is divisible by p as well as q, where p and q are co-primes, then the sziven number is divisible by a. If p arid q are not co-primes, then the given number need not be divisible by pq. even when itis divisible by both p and q Ex. 36 is divisible by both 4 and 6, but itis not divisible by (4x6) = 24, since 4 and 6 are not o-primes. VI_ MULTIPLICATION BY SHORT CUT METHODS: 1. Multiplication By Distributive Law : ax(b+c)=axb+axc (ii)ax(b-c)=ax baxe. () 567958 x 99999 = 567958 x (100000 - 1) 167958 x 100000 - 567958 x 1 = (56795800000 - 567958) = 56795232042. (ii) 978 x 184 +978 x 816 = 978 x (184 + 816) = 978 x 1000 = 978000. 2. Multiplication of a Number By 5" ; Put n zeros tothe right of the multiplicand and Givide the number so formed by 2"Ex, 975436 x 625 = 975436 x 549754360000 = 609647600 VIL. BASIC FORMULAE L@+b)=abeb?+2ab 3.(a dy -(@-b)" = 4ab 5. (a= b?) = (a+b) (ab) 6. (atb+ey =a? +b +e + 2 (ab-+ be +a) 7. (a+b) =(a+b)(@’-ab+b?) 8a’ -b))=(a-b) (a+ ab+b') 9.(a' +b +e Babe) = (a+b +6) (a? +b? + - ab -be- ca) 10. Ifa b+¢=0, then a’ + b'+¢"= Babe, VIII. DIVISION ALGORITHM OR EUCLIDEAN ALGORITHM If we divide a given number by another number, then Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Remainder IX. (i) ("a") is divisible by (x a) forall values of n, (Gi) (X"-) is divisible by (x +) forall even values ofr (x" + a) is divisible by (x +a) forall odd values of n, X. PROGRESSION ‘A succession of numbers formed and arranged in a definite order according to certain definite rule, is called a progression, 1. Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) : If each term of progression differs from its preceding term by a constant, then such a progression is called an arithmetical progression, This constant difference is called the common difference of the A.P. An AP. with first erm a and common difference d is given by a, (a +d), (a + 2d).a + 3d), ‘The nth term of this A.P. is given by Ty =a (n- 1) d. ‘The sum of n terms of this A.P. Sa= 2 [2a +(n- 1) d]=n/2 (first term + last term). SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS : (+2434. Pere aD as'e 2. Geometrical Progression (G.P.) + A progression of numbers in which every term bears a constant ratio with its preceding term, is called a geometrical progression. ‘The constant ratio is called the common ratio of the G.P. A G.P. with first erm a and yar, ar, Inthis GP. Ts = ar" sum of the nterms, Sn= a(t! i)SOLVED EXAMPLES. Ex. 1. Simplify : (i) 8888 + 888 + 88+ 8 (i) 11992 - 7823 - 456 Sol. i) 8888 ii) 11992 - 7823 - 456 = 11992 - (7823 + 456) 888 = 11992 - 8279 = 3713- 88 7823 11992 8 + 456, = 8279 9 coir) a3 ill replace the question mark in each of the following equations Ex. 2, What value 7429 - 4358 7 1936248 = 1635773 (ii) 8597-7 Sol. (i) Let x ~ 1936248=1635773:Then, x = 1635773 + 1936248=3572021 (ii) Lev 8997 - x = 7429 - 4358. ‘Then, x = (8597 + 4358) - 7429 = 12955 - 7429 = 5526. Ex. 3. What could be the maximum value of Q in the following equation? —_—-SP9 4+3R7+2Q8=1114 Sol. We may analyse the given equation as shown, 1 ia Clearly, 2+P +R +Q=. 5 P9 So, the maximum value of Q can be BRT (11-2)ie.,9 (when P=0,R = 0}; 208 Ex. 4. Simplify : (i) 5793405 x 9999 (i) 839478 x 625, Sol. 1)5793405x9999=5793405(10000-1)=57934050000-5793405=57928256595.b ii) 830478 x 625 = 839478 x B Sol. (i) 986 x 137 + 986 x 863 = 986 x (137 + 863) = 986 x 1000 = 986000. (Gi) 983 x 207 - 983 x 107 = 983 x (207 - 107) = 983 x 100 = 98300, Evaluate : (i) 986 x 237 +986 x 863 (ii) 983 x 207 - 983 x 107 Ex. 6, Simplify : (i) 1605 x 1605 Sol. 1) 1605 x 1605 = (160: i) 1398 x 1398 (1600)? + (5)? +2.x 1600 x 5 = 2560000 + 25 + 16000 = 2576025. (1400) + @y° - 2x 1400.x 2 (1600+ 5) Gi) 1398 x 1398 - (1398)=1960000 + 4 - $600 = 1954404, Ex. 7. Evaluate : (313 x 313 +287 x 287). [a+b +@-b] 172 [13 +287)? + 13-287) 12 (360000 + 676) = 180338. ¥al(600)° + (26)") Ex. 8. Which of the following are prime numbers ? 21 G37 AIM Gv STE Sol. (i) Clearly, 16 > 6241. Prime numbers less than 16 are 2, 3,5,7, 1,13. 241 is not divisible by any one of them. 241 isa prime number. i) Clearly, 190337. Prime numbers less than 19 are 2,3, 5, 7,11 337 is not divisible by any one of them. 337 isa prime number (ii) Clearly, 20> 639, Prime numbers less than 20 are 2,3, 5,7, 11,13, 17, 19, We find that 391 is divisible by 17 391 isnot prime, (iv) Clearly, 24> O57T. Prime numbers less than 24 are 2, 3, 8,7, 11, 13,17, 19,23 511 is not divisible by any one of them. 571 iva prime number. Ex. 9. Find the unit's digit in the product (2467)163 x (341)72. Sol. Clearly, unit's digit in the given product = units digit in 7" x Now, 74 gives unit digit L. 7! ‘gives unit digit 1, 7 gives unit digit (1x 7) = 7. Also, 17 Hence, units digit in the product = (7 x 1) es unit digit 1 1, Ex. 10. Find the unit's digit in (264)** + (264)! Sol. Required unit's digit = unit's digit in (4)""* + (4)! Now,4* gives unit digit 6, 4)" gives unjt digit 6. (4)103 gives unit digit of the product (6 x 4) ie, 4 Hence, unit's digit in (264)m + (264)103 = unit’ digit in (6 +4) = 0, Ex, IL, Find the total number of prime factors in the expression (4)"" x (7) x (11. Sol. (4)"'x (1) x CLAY? = @ x 2)! x) x (1)? = 2! x 2 xT = 2 xT “Total number of prime factors = (22 + 5 + 2) = 29.896 x 896 - 204 x 204 ) 387 x 387 + 114 x 114 +2.x387 x 114 Gil) 81 X 81 + 68 X 68-2.x 81 X 68. Sol. See () Given exp = (896)? - (204 196 + 2041) (896 - 204) = 1100 x 692 387)'+ (114)"+ (2x 387% 114) a? 4b? + 2ab, where = (atby? = (387 + 114)" = (501)? = 251001 (ii) Given exp = (81) + (68)? 2x 81 x 68 =a" + b*— 2ab, Where a =81,b=68 (arb) = (81 -68) 161200. Gi) Given exp Ex.13, Which of the following numbers is divisible by 3 2 341326 5967013 Sol. (i) Sum of digits in 541326 = (5 +44 1+3+2+6)=21, Hence, 541326 is divisible by 3. ich is divisible by 3, i) Sum of digits in 5967013 =(5+9 + 6 + 7+ 041 43} Hence, 5967013 is not divisible by 3. 1, which is not divisible by 3, Ex.14,What least value must be assigned to * so that the number 197°S462 is 9? Sol. Let the missing digit be x. ‘Sum of digits = (1+ 9+ 74x 454446492) =G449), For (34 + x) to be divisible by 9, x must be replaced by 2 Hence, the digit in place of * must be 2. Ex. 15. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 4? 67920594 618703572, Sol. (@ The number formed by the last two digits in the given number is 94, which is not divisible by 4 Hence, 67920594 is not divisible by 4. (ii) The number formed by the last two digits in the given number is 72, which is divisible by 4 Hence, 618703572 is divi ible by 4Ex. 16. Which digits should come in place of * and $ if the number 62684"S is divisible by both 8 and 5? Sol. Since the given number is divisible by 5, s0 0 or 5 must come in place of $. But, a number ending with 5 is never divisible by 8. So, 0 will replace $, Now, the number formed by the last three digits is 4°0, which becomes divisible by 8, if ‘is replaced by 4, Hence, digits in place of * and are 4 and 0 respectively. Ex. 17. Show that 4832718 is divisible by 11. Sol. (Sum of digits at odd places) - (Sum of digits at even places) 8+74344)-(1+2+8)=11, which is divisible by 11 Hence, 4832718 is divisible by 11 Ex, 18. Is 52563744 divisible by 247 Sol. 24=3 x8, where 3 and 8 are co-prime: The sum of the digits in the given number is 36, which is divisible by 3. So, the ‘given number is divisible by 3, ‘The number formed by the last 3 digits of the given number is 744, which is divisible by 8. So, the given number is divisible by 8, Thus, the given number is divisible by both 3 and 8, where 3 and 8 are co-primes, So, itis divisible by 3x 8, ie, 24 19. What least number must be added to 3000 to obtain a number exactly divisible by 19? Sol. On dividing 3000 by 19, we get 17 as remainder. Number to be added = (19 - 17) =2. Ex. 20. What least number must be subtracted from 2000 to get a number exactly divisible by 17? Sol. On dividing 2000 by 17, we get 11 as remainder. Required number to be subtracted = 11 Ex. 21. Find the number which is nearest to 3105 and is exactly divisible by 21. Sol. On dividing 3105 by 21, we get 18 as remainder. Number to be added to 3105 = (21 - 18) - 3 Hence, required number = 3105 + 3 = 3108.Ex. 22. Find the smallest number of 6 digits which is exactly divisible by 111. Sol. Smallest aumber of 6 digits is 100000, On dividing 100000 by 111, we get 100 as remainder. Number to be added = (111-100) ~ 11 Hence, required number = 100011. Ex. 23. On dividing 15968 by a certain number, the quotient is 89 and the remainder is 37. Find the divisor. Dividend - Remainder 15968-37 179, Sol. Divisor Quotient 89 Ex. 24. A number when divided by 342 gives a remainder 47. When the same number ift divided by 19, what would be the remainder ? Sol. On dividing the given number by 342, let k be the quotient and 47 as remainder, Then, number ~ 342k + 47 = (19 x 18k + 19x 2+9)=19 18k +2) +9, «The given number when divided by 19, gives (I8k + 2) as quotient and 9 as remainder. Ex. 25. A number being successively divided by 3, 5 and 8 leaves remainders 1, 4 ‘and 7 respectively. Find the respective remainders if the order of divisors be reversed, Sol. iT -7 22 (8x 147)= 15: y= (5244) =(5x 1544) =79;x=Gy +1) = Ox 7941 9 Respective remainders are 6, 4,2. Ex. 26. Find the remainder when 2° is divided by 5. Sol, 2"° = 1024, Unit digit of 2"° x 2!°x 2" is 4 [as 4.x 4x4 gi Unit digit of 231 is 8. Now, 8 when divided by 5, gives 3 as remainder. Hence, 231 when divided by 5, gives 3 as remainder.Ex. 27. How many numbers between 11 and 90 are divisible by 7 ? Sol. The required numbers are 14,21, 28, 35, . 77,84 Thisis an AP. with a= 14 andd= (21 - 1d) = Letit contain n terms, Then, Ty=84 => a+(n-1)d=84 14+(n-Dx7=84 orn=Il Required numberof terms = 11. Ex. 28. Find the sum of all odd numbers upto 100. Sol. The given numbers are 1, 3, 5,7, om 99. ‘This is an A.P. with a= | and d=2. Let it contain n terms. Then, T+(0-1)x Required sum = n (first term + last term) 2 50,1 +99) 2 Ex. 29. Find the sum of all 2 digit numbers divisible by 3. Sol. All 2 digit numbers divisible by 3 are 12, 51, 18, 21, 4 99, Thisis an A.P. with a= 12 and Lett contain n terms. Then, 12+(n-1)x3=9 orn Required sum = 30 x (12499) 1665. Ex.30.How many terms are therein 24,816 Sol.Clearly 2,4,8,16....1024 form a GP. With Let the numberof terms ben. Then 2x21 1024 or 275%, n-1=9 or n=10, 1.2427 42% 4.42% Given series i. GP. with a=2,r=2and n=8 sum = a(-1) = 2x 21) = (2 x 255) =510 (G1AND. OF NUMBERS IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE, 1. Factors and Multiples If a number a divides another number b exactly, we say that a is.a factor of b. In this case, b is called a multiple of a IL. Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) or Greatest Common Measure (G.C.M.) or Greatest Common Divisor (G.C.D.): The H.C.P. of two or more than two numbers is the greatest number that divides each of them exactly There are nwo mezhods of finding the H.C.F. ofa given set of numbers 1. Factorization Method : Express each one of the given numbers as the prect of prime factors. The product of least powers of common prime factors gives H.CF. 2. Division Method: Suppose we have to find the H.C.F. of two given numbers Divide the larger number by the smalfer one, Now, divide the divisor by the remainder. Repeat the process of dividing the preceding number by the remainder last obtained till zero is obisined as remainder. ‘The last divisor isthe required HCE, Finding the H.C.F. of more than two numbers : Suppose we have to find the H.CF. of three numbers, Then, H.CF. of ((H.C.F. of any two) and (the third number) gives the H.C. of three given numbers. Similarly, the H.C.F. of more than three numbers may be obtained IIL. Least Common Multiple (L.C.M.) : The least number which is exactly divisible by ‘each one of the given numbers is called their LCM. 1, Factorization Method of Finding L.C.M.: Resolve each one of the given numbers into a product of prime factors. Then, L.C.M. is the product of highest powers of all the factors, 2. Common Division Method {(Short-cut Method) of Finding L.C.M.: Arrange the given numbers ina row in any order. Divide by a number which divides exactly atleast wo ofthe given numbers and carry forward the numbers which are not divisible. Repeat the above process till no two of the numbers are ivisible by the same number except 1. The product of the divisors and the undivided numbers is the required L.C.M. of the given numbers, IY. Product of two numbers =Product of their H.C.F. and LCM. 'V. Co-primes: Two numbers are sai to be co-primes if their H.C. is 1 VL H.CF. and LCM. of Fractions: LHCFSHLCEofNumeraiors = 2LCM= LCM of Numerators LCM. of Denominators H.CE. of Denominators VII. H.C.E. and L.C.M. of Decimal Fractions: In given numbers, make the same number of decimal places by annexing zeros in some numbers, if necessary. Considering these numbers without decimal point, find H.C.F. or L.C.M. as the case may be. Now, in the result, mark off as many decimal places as are there in each of the given numbers. VIII. Comparison of Fractions: Find the L.C.M. of the denominators of the given fractions. Convert each ofthe fractions into an equivalent fraction with LCM. as the «denominator, by multiplying both the numerator and denominator by the same number. ‘The resultant fraction with the greatest numerator is the greatestLV :AMPLI Ex. 1. Find the HGF. of ? X¥° XSX 742? XIX EXT DNS NT Sol, "The prime numbers common to given numbers are 25 and 7. 1134) 1215 (1 1134 TTA —t 324 324 =e FCF. of 1134 and 1215 is 81 So, Required H.CF. = H.C. of $13 and 81 81) 513(6 —486__ MBS 8 H.CR of given numbers = 27. Ex. 4, Reduce 391 to lowest terms, 667 to lowest terms. Sol. H.C.F, of 391 and 667 is 23 ‘On dividing the numerator and denominator by 2. 391 =301+23=17 667 667-23 29 we get: Ex.5.Find the L.CM. of 2? x 3° x 5x 72) x 3x S?x 7! 203x578" Sol. L.C.M. = Product of highest powers of 2, 3,5, 7 and 11 =2'x3'x5'x 7x 11Ex.7.Find the L.CM. of 16, 24, 36 and 54. 24-36 - 54 LCM. =2x2x2x3x3x2x3=432, Ex. 8, Find the H.C.F, and L.C.M. of 2, 8, 16 and 10. 39 8 7 Sol. H.C.F, of given fractions = H.C.E of 2.8,16,10 = L.CM.0f 398127 81 L.C.M of given fractions = L.CM.of 28,1610 = 80. HGF of 398127 3 Ex. 9, Find the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of 0.63, 1.05 and 2.1. Sol. Making the same number of decimal places, the given numbers are 0,63, 1.05 andl 2.10. ‘Without decimal places, these numbers are 63, 105 and 210, Now, H.CF. of 63, 105 and 210is 21. HLCP. of 0.63, 1.05 and 2.1 is 0.21 LCM. of 63, 105 and 210 is 630. LCM. of 0.63, 1.05 and 2.1 is 6.30, Ex. 10. Two numbers are in the ratio of 15:11. If their H. numbers. Sol. Let the required numbers be 15.x and Ux. ‘Then, their H.CF, is x. So, x= 13, ‘The numbers are (15 x 13 and 11 x 13) ie., 195 and 143. is 13, find the \eH.C.F. of two numbers is 11 and their 77ind the other. Sol. Other number = 1 X.693, = 99 77 693. If one of theEx. 12. Find the greatest possible length which can be used to measure exactly the engths 4 m 95 em, 9 m and 16 m 65 em. Sol. Required length = H.C.F. of 495 em, 900 cm and 1665 em. 495=3°x5 x3°x5", 1665 =3° x5 x37. Ex. 13, Find the greatest number which on di remainders 6 and § respectively. Sol. Required number = H.C, of (1657 - 6) and (2037 - 5) ling 1687 and 2037 leaves H.CF. of 1651 and 2032 651) 2032( 1 1651 s 381) 1651 (4 1524, 127) 38103 381, 0 Required number = 127. Ex. 14. Find the largest number which divides 62, 132 and 237 to leave the same remainder in each ease. Sol. Required number H.CB. of (132 - 62), (237 - 132) and (237 - 62) H.CF. of 70, 105 and 175Ex.16.Find the least number which when remainder 1 each case Sol. Required number = (LCM OF 6,78, ided by 6,7,8,9, and 12 leave the same 12) +1 3 |6 1 Stes. “42ers 3-4 St <7) = 4 3-2 ceo 7 2 z-0 LOM=3X2X2X7X2X3=504. Hence required number = (504 +1) = 508. Ex.17. Find the largest number of four digits exactly di Sol. The Largest number of four digits is 9999 Required number must be divisible by L.C.M. of 12,15,18,27 ie. $40. On dividing 9999 by 540,we get 279 as remainder Required number = (9999-279) = 9720, ible by 12,15,18 and 27. Ex.18.Find the smallest number of five digits exactly divisible by 16,24,36 and 54, Sol. Smallest number of five digits is 10000. Required number must be divisible by L.C.M. of 16,24,36,54 i.e 432, ‘On dividing 10000 by 432,we get 64 as remainder. Required number = 10000 + 432 ~64 ) = 10368, 19.Find the least number which when divided by 20,25,35 and 40 leaves remainders 14,19,29 and 34 respectively. Sol. Here,(20-14) = 6,(25 — 19}=6,(35-29)=6 and (40-34)=6. Required number = (LCM. of 20,25,35,40) — 6 =1394. 20,Find the least number which when divided by 5,6,7, and 8 leaves a remainder 43, but when divided by 9 leaves no remainder Sol. L.C.M. of 5,6,7.8 = 840. Required number is of the form 840k + 3 Least value of k for which (840k + 3) is divisible by 9 is s Required number = (840 X 2 + 3)=1683, Ex.21.The traffic lights at three different road crossings change after every 48 sec. 72 sec and 108 sec.respectively -If they all change simultaneously at 8:20:00 hours,then at what time they again change simultaneously Sol. interval of change = (L.C.M of 48,72,108)sec.=132sec. So, the lights will agin change simultaneously after every 432 seconds ie,7 rmin.L2see Hence , next simultaneous change will tke place at 8:27:12 hs.‘Ex.22.Arrange the fractions 17_, 18 SolLL.C.M. of 18,36,45 and 60 = 180, Now, 17=17X10=170 ; $= UXS_= 155; I8 18X10 180 36 36X5 180 43=43X4=172 ; 99 =S9X3_=177 45 45X4 180 60 GOX3 180 Since, 155<170<172<177, so, 155 < 110.< 172 < 177, 180 180 180 180 Hence, 31 < 17.< 43 < 59 36 18 45 603. DECIMAL FRACTIONS IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE 1. Decimal Fractions : Fractions in which denominators are powers of 10 are known as decimal fractions. Thus ,1/10=1 tent :1/100=1 hundredth =.01; '99/100=99 hundreths=.99;7/1000=7 thousandths=007,ete I. Conversion of » Decimal Into Vulgar Fraction : Put | in the denominator under the decimal point and annex with it as many zeros as is the number of digits alter the decimal point. Now, remove the decimal point and reduce the fraction to its lowest terms, Thus, 0. /100=1/4:2,008=2008/ 1000=251/125 IIL. 1. Annexing zeros to the extreme right of a decimal fraction does not change its value ‘Thus, 0.8 =0.80 = 0.800, ete. 2. If numerator and denominator of a fraction contain the same number of decimal places, then we remove the decimal sign, Thus, 1.84/2.99 = 184/299 = 8/13; 0,365/0.584: I Fractions : TV. Operations on Deci 1. Addition and Subtraction of Decimal Fraetions : The given numbers are so placed under each other that the decimal points lie in one column. The numbers, So arranged can now be added or subtracted in the usual Way. 2. Multiplication of a Decimal Fraction By a Power of 10 ; Shift the decimal point to the right by as many places as is the power of 10, Thus, 5.9632 x 100 = 596,32; 0.073 x 10000 = 0.0730 x 10000 = 730. 3. Multiplication of Decimal Fractions : Multiply the given numbers considerin itiem without the decimal point. Now, in the produc, the decimal point is markt ‘of to obtain as many places of decimal as is the sum of the number of decimal places in the given numbers. Suppose we have to find the product (.2 x .02 x ,002). Now, 2x2x2 = 8, Sum of decimal places = (1 + 2+ 3)=6..2 x 02 x 002 = .000008. 4.Dividing a Decimal Fraction By a Counting Number : Divide the piven gues hut contre te dita pot the even counting umber lowin the quoen, put the decimal point to pve as many places oF decimal as there are in the dividend ee ia Suppose we have to find the quot 4 places of decimal. So, 0.0204 + 1 (0.0204 + 17), Now, 204 4 17 = 0.0012. . Dividend contains5, Dividing a Decimal Fraction By a Decimal Fraction ; Multiply both the dividend and the Aivisor by a suitable power of 10 to make divisor a whole number. Now, proceed as above. ‘Thus, 0.00066/0.11 = (0,00066*100)(0.11*100) = (0.066411) = 0.006V 'Y. Comparison of Fractions : Suppose some fractions are to be arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude. Then, convert each one of the given fractions in the decimal form, ‘and arrange them accordingly. Suppose, we have to arrange the fractions 3/5, 6/7 and 7/9 in descending order. now, 9/550.6,6/7 = 0.851.719 = 0.777. since 0.857>0.777...>0.6, so 6/7>7/9>35, ‘VL Recurring Decimal : If'in a decimal fraction, a figure or a set of figures continuously, then such a number is called a recurring decimal In a recurring decimal, i a single figure is repeated, then it is expressed by puting a dot on it. Ta setof figures is repeated, tis expressed By putting a bar on the set repeated ‘Thus 1/3 = 0.3333....= 0.3; 22/7 = 3.142857142857...= 3.142857 Pure Recurring Decimal: A decimal fraction in which all the figures after the decimal point are repeated, is Called a pure recurring decimal Converting a Pure Recurring Decimal Into Vulgar Fraction : Write the repeated figures only once nthe numerator and take as many nines in the denominator as is the number of repeating figures. thus 05 =5/9; 053 3/59 30.067 = 67/999;ete Mixed Recurring Decimal: A decimal fraction in which some figures do not repeat and some Of them are repeated, is called a mixed recurring decimal, a eg. 0.17333.= 0.173. Converting a Mixed Recurring Decimal Into Vulgar Fraction : In the numerator, ake the difference between the number formed by all the digits after decimal point (aking repeated digits only once) and that formed by the digits which are not repeated, In the denominator, take the number formed by as many nines as there are repeating digits followed by as many zeros as isthe number of non-fepeating digits Thus 0.16 = (16-1)/90 = 15/19 = 116; 0.227. 1273 ~22)79900 = 2251/9900VII. Some Basic Formulae : 2 4b? + P42(abtberca) (a+b) (@-ab +b’) + ab +b’) GE +b He! ~ abe) = (a+b +0) (a +b? + c%ab-be-ca) 1 2. 3 4 5. 6 1. 8 |,then a’ +b" ¢° = 3abe SOLVED EXAMPLES Ex. 1. Convert the following into vulgar fraction: (0.75 Gi) 3.004 Git) 0.0086 Sol. (i). 0.75 = 75/100 = 3/4 (ii) 3.004 = 3004/1000 = 751/250 iii) 0.0056 46/1000 = 7/1250 Ex. 2. Arrange the fractions 5/8, 7/12, 13/16, 16/29 and 3/4 in ascending order of magnitude. Sol. Converting each of the given fractions into decimal form, we get 5/8 = 0.624, 1/12 = 0.8125, 16/29 = 0.5517, and 3/4 = 0.75 Now, 0.551 7<0,5833<0.625<0.75<0.8125 16/29 <7/12< 5/8. < 34 < 13/16 Ex. 3. arrange the fractions 3/5, 4/7, 89, and 9/11 in their descending order. Sol. Clearly, 3/5 = 0.6, 4/7 = 0.571, 89 = 0.88, 9/111 = 0818, Now, 0.88 >0.818>0.6> 0.571 2. 819 > 9/11 > 3/4 > 13/16 Ex. 4, Evaluat # ) 6202.5 + 620.25 + 62.025 + 6.2025 + 0.62025 (Gi) 5.064 + 3.98 + 0.7036 + 7.6 +03 +2 Sol. (i) 620% Gi) 5.064 620.25 398 62.025 0.7036 6.2025 16 + _0.60025 03 6891,59775 19.6476, Evaluate : (i) 31.004 17.2368 a 5.1967Sol.) 31.0040 Gi) 31,0000 172386 5.1967, 13.7654 7.8033, Ex. 6, What value will replace the question mark in the following equations ? (i) 5172.49 + 378.352 +? = 9318.678 Gi) 7~7328.96 + 5169.38 Sol. (i) Let 5172.49 + 378.352 + x = 9318.678 Then , x = 9318.678 ~ (5172.49 + 378.352) = 9318.678 - 5550.84 (i) Let x 732896 = $169.38. Then, x = $169.38 + 7328.96 = 12498.M, Ex. 7. ind the products: () 63204" 100i 0,069 © 10000 Sol. (i) 63204 1000 = 632.08 (3) 0.069 * 10000 = 0.0690 * 10000 = 690 Ex. 8 Find the product: 26113 (21S 1A —_)O.4 0.04 O.004 © 40 Sol. (i) 261 8 13 = 3393, Sum of decimal places of given numbers = (2+1) =3. 61* 3. Gi) 21693 * 14 = 303702. Sum of decimal places = (441) = 5 2.1693 * 1.4 = 3.03702 (iii) 4 44 * 40 = 2560. Sum of decimal places = (1 +2+3)=6 0.4 * 0404 * 0.004 * 40 = 0.002560. jven that 268 ® 74 = 19832, find the values of 2.68 * 0.74, Sol. Sum of decimal places = (2 +2 2.68 * 0.74 = 1.9832, 10. Find the quotient: (0.6379 i) 0.0204 /17 (iii) 3.1603 /13 Sol. (i) 63 / 0.63 /9 =0.7, Gi) 204 / 17 = 12, Dividend contains 4 places of decimal, 0.2040 17 = 0.0012. (ii) 31603 / 13 = 2431. Dividend contains 4 places of decimal, 3.1603/ 13 =0.2431 Dividend contains 2 places decimalSol. (i) 35/0.07 = ( 35*100) (0.07100) = (3500/7) = 5 (ai) 25/0,0005 = (2510000) / (0.00051 0000) = 25000 / 5 = 5000 ) 136.09/43.9 = (136.0910) / (43.910) = 1360.9/ 439 = 3.1 ‘ Ex. 12. What value will come in place of question mark in the following equation? 4) 0.006 +? =0.6 ii) ? + 0.025 = 80 Sol. (i) Let 0.006/ Gi Let x /0.021 6, Then, 0, Then, (0.006 / 0.6)= (0.00610) / (0.610) = 0.06/6 = 0.01 80 € 0.025 Ex, 13. If(1/3.718) = 0.2689, Then find the value of (1 / 0.003718). Sol. (1 /0,0008718 ) = ( 10000 (3.718 }= 10000 * (1 / 3.718) = 10000 * 0.2689 = 2689, Ex. 14, Express as vulgar fractions :() 0.37 (i 01053 (ii) 3.142857 Sol. (i) 0.37 = 37/99 Gi) 0.053 =53 /999 Git) 3.14285) 3 +0.142857 + (142857 / 999999) = 3 (142857/999999) Ex. 15. Express as vulgar fractions : (0.17 (i) 0.1254 (iti) 2.536 Sol. (i) 0.17 17-190 = 16/90 = 8/45 i) 0.1254 = (1254 ~ 12 y/ 900 = 1242 9900 = 69/550 ity 2.534 40.536 = 2-4 (536 ~ 53/900 = 2+ (483/900) = 2 + (161/300) = 2 (161/300) Ex. 16. Simplify: 0.05 * 0.05 * 0.05 + 0.04 * 0.04 * 0.04 (0.05 © 0.05 — 0.05 * 0.04 + 0.04 * 0.04 (a) 4b) /G@ —ab +b"), where a= 0.05 , b= 0.04 (a+b ) = (0.05 +0.04 ) =0.09 Sol. Given expression4. SIMPLIFICATION IMPORTANT CONCEPT! 1. *BODMAS'Rule: This rule depicts the correct sequence in which the operations are to be cexecuted.so as to find out the value of a given expression. Here, ‘B” stands for "bracket’ ,'0"for ‘of? for ‘addition’ and ‘S* for ‘subtraction’. Thus, in simplifying an expression, first of all the brackets must be removed, strictly in the ‘order(), |} and []. * for’ division’ and ‘M’ for ‘multiplication’, “A* After removing the brackets, we must use the following operations strictly in the order: (of (2)division (3) multiplication (4)addition (5)subtraction. I, Modulus of a real number : Modulus of a real number a is defined as lal =[a, if 50 a, if acd Thus, 5i=5 and |-SI=-(-5) MI. Vimaculum (or bar): When an expression contains Vimaculum, before applying the “BODMAS’ rule, we simplify the expression under the Virnaculum, SOLVED EXAMPLES Ex. 1. Simplify: (}5005-5000+10 Gi) 188004470420 Sol. (i5005-5000+10=5005-(5000/10)=5005-500=4508. i)188004470+20=(18800/470)+20=10/20-2. Ex. 2, Simplify: b-[b-(a4b)-(b-(b-a-b)}¥2a] Sol. Given expression=b-[b-(atb)-(b-(b-a+b) 42a} [b-a-b-(b-2b+a}+2a] -{b-2b4a+2a)] [-a-{-b#3a)]=b-Latb-3a] [4atb]=b+4a-ba4a, Ex, 3. What value will replace the question mark in the following equation? Sol. Let 9/2419/64x4713267/5‘Then x=(67/5).(9/2+19/6+7/3) © x=(67/5).((27+19+14)/6}=((67/5)-(6016) (6115)-1 Hence, missing fraction Ex.4. 4/15 of 5/7 of a number is greater than 49 of 2/5 of the same number by 8. ‘What is half of that number? Sol. Let the number be x. then 4/15 of 5/7 of x-4/9 of 2/5 of x=8624/21x-B/45x=8 (4/21 -8/45)x=8 6 (60-563 15x=864/315x=8 63022 1/2x=315 Hence required number = 315, Ex. 5. Simplify: 8 1+{1 1-12 1-14-16)}] 44 2 Sol. Given exp. ={T3/4+ 5/4-1/2(5/2-(3-2)/12)}]=L 134 | 5/4-1/2(5/2-1/12)}] 3/4-={5/4-1/2((30-1)/12)}]=[13/42{514-29/24}] 3/4 [30-3924 J=[13/4+ 1/24 }=[(13/4)"24)=78 Ex, 6, Simplify: 108+360f 1+2°3 1 a5 4 Sol. Given exp= 10894213 =108 +13 =12413(=133 2)133 54 9 10 ‘tof 10 | 10 Ex.7 Simplify: (72)452)*(32) + 5.25 (712) «(5/2)0F (372) sol. Given exp. (12 )x(2/5)x(3/2) + 5,25={21/10)+(525/100)=(21/10)x(15/14 (7215/4) Ex. 8. Simplify: (i) 12.05*5.4+0.6 (i) 0.6*0.6+0.6%0.6 ( Bank P.O 2003) Sol. (i) Given exp. = 12.05%5 410.6) = (12.05°9) = 108.45 Gi) Given exp. = 0.6°0.64(0.6%6) = 0.36+0.1 = 0.46 Ex.9. ind the value of x in each of the following equation: (i) [(17.28x)/3.6*0.2)] =2 Gil) 3648.24 + 364.824 + x — 36.4824 = 3794, 1696 (iii) 85—[ 5% [7 +2.8)'x]*4.25/(0.2)” = 306 (Hotel Management,1997) Sol. (i) (17.28x) =2*3,670.2 € x =(17.28/1.44) = (1728/14) = 12. Gi) 364.824/x) = (3 794.1696 + 36.4824) — 3648.24 = 3830.652 ~ 3648.24 82.412ii) 8.5-(5.5-{(7.5x42.8)/x)) 42514) + ((S.5x-7.5n-2.8¥x) 9425/4) 2.8Vx)*106.25 = 306 8.5-((-2125x-297 Six} 9 (306-221)x = 297.5 € x =(297.5/85) = 3.5. Ex. 10, If (xy)=(65), find the value (x7+y7M(x".97) (65) 411/605) 1) (61252511) Sol. (Ay Moe y= OC Wy DOC yal [36/2541] / [13672 1 Ex. 11. Find the value of 4 - 5 T+ G19) Sol. = 4-GS1/40= oa) G18) = 118 Sol, Wehave: ___2x = 1 _2x_ = 1 2x Te T+ I+(=9) -=a=x (0) Ix @ x =2x @ 3x =2 & x= (2A), Ex.13,()If wb=3/4 and 8a+Sb=22,then find the value of a. wA-x-W6=1,then find the value of x. Sol. (i) (ab)=3/4 =>b=4/3) a. Ba¢Sb=22 = 8a45*(4/3) a=22 = Ba+(20/3) Ssdlda = 66 => 0=(66/44)=3/2 Gi) (x Y((-3V6)=1 > (3x-26-3) YZ Leo 3-2xt6e12 €2 x6,Ex. 14.1 2x43y=34 and ((x + y)/y)=19/8.then find the value of Sy+7x. Sol, The given equations are: Inty=34 ...(i) and, ((x + y) /y)=15/8 = Bx48 Multiplying (i) by 5,Gi) by 3 and adding, we get : 343 Putting x=5 in (i), we get: y=! Sy#Tx=((5*8)4(7"5)) 40435275 Lay = &x-5y=0 i) 170 or Ex.1S.1f 2x43y42=88,x- and y -x+2=12,then what are the values of x y and 2? Sol. The given equations are: Oxt3ytz= Ai; 2 ..Gi) ‘Subtracting (i) from (i), we get: x+y: cs) Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get: 3x+2y=43 ..(v) Multiplying (v) by 2 and subtracting (iv) from it, we get: Sx=: Putting x=7 in (iv), we get: 4y=44 or y=11 Putting in), we get: 238. Ex.16.Find the value of (1-(1/3))(1-(1/4))(1-(1/5)).-.(1-(1/100)). /100 = 50. Sol. Given expression = (2/3)*(34)*(4’5) ®.......* (99/100) Ex.17, Find the value of (1/(2*3))+(1/(3*4))+(/4*5))41(5°6))..ct (U1). Sol. Given expression=((1/2)-(1/3))+((1/3)-(1/4))#(M)-(15) + (1i5)-(116))-0F (1/9)-10)) =((1/2)-(1/10))=4110 = 25, Ex.18.Simplify: 99% * 245. Sol. Given expression = (100-1/49) # 248 (4899/49) * 245 = 4809 * 4408, Ex.19.A board 7ft. 9 inches long is divided into 3 equal parts . What is the length of each part? Sol. Length of boar Length of each part 9 inches=(7"12+9)inch (93/3) inches = 31 inches 3 inches. 21.7 inches 20.4 man divides Rs. Among 5 sons,4daughters and 2 nephews .If each daughter receives four times as much as each nephews and each son receives five times as much as each nephews how much does each. daughter receive? x the share of each nephews be RS.x. "Then share of each daughter=rs4x;share of each son=Rs.5x: S0,S"Sx+44x+2"%x=860025x+16x42x=8600 =43x=8600 1; 21.A man spends 2/5 of his salary on house rent,3/10 of his salary on food and 1/8 of his salary on conveyence.if he has Rs.1400 left with him,find his expenditure on food and ‘conveyence. Part of salary left=1-(2/5+3/10+1/8) Let the monthly salary be Rs.x ‘Then, 7/40 of x=1400 1400*4007) =8600 Expenditure on food Expenditure on conveyenct 5.(3/10°800)=Rs.2400 $s.(1/8*8000)=Rs. 1000 22.4 third of Arun’s marks in mathematics exeeds a half of got 240 marks In two subjects together how many marks did he got inh english? Let Arun’s marks in mathematics and english be x and y ‘Then 1/3x-1/2 2x-3y=180......2(1) x+y=240...0..>() solving (1) and 2) 0 and y=60 by 80.f he 23.4 tin of oll was 4/Sfull.when 6 bottles of oil were taken out and four bottles of oil were poured into it, it was 3 full. how many bottles of oil can the tin contain? Suppose x bottles can fill the tin completely Thend/Sx-3/4x=6-4 X/20=2 X=40 ‘Therefore required no of bottles =40 24.if 1/8 of a pencil is black ¥ the total length of the penci Let the total length be xm ‘Then black part =x/8em ‘The remaining part=(x-x/8)om=7x/8em, White part=(1/2 *7x/8)=7x/16 em Remaining part=(7x/8-7x/16)=7s! 16cm, TsM6=7/2 the remaining is white and the remaining 3% is blue find 25.in a certain office 1/3 of the workers are women % of the women are married and 1/3 of the married women have children if % of the men are married and 2/3 of the married men have children what part of workers are without children?Let the total no of workers be x No of women No of men No of women having children =1/3 of ¥ ofx/3=n/18 No of men having children=2/3 of % of x/3=X/3. No of workers having children = x/8 +x/3=78/18 Workers having no children=x-79/18=1 1x/18=11/18 of all wprkers 26.a crate of mangoes contains one bruised mango for every thirty mango in the crate. If three out of every four bruised mango are considerably unsaleble and there are 12 tunsaleable mangoes in the erate then how msny mango are there in the erate? Let the total no of mangoes in the erate be x ‘Then the no of bruised mango = 1/30 x Let the no of unsalable mangoes =3/4 (1/30 x) 140 x =12 0 27. a train starts full of passengers at the first station it drops 1/3 of the passengers and takes 280more at the second station it drops one half the new total and takes twelve more .on arriving at the third station it is found to have 248 passengers. Find the no of passengers in the beginning? Let no of passengers in the beginning be x Alicr first station no passengers=(x-x/3)+28 After second station no passengers =1/2(23/3+280)+12 Va(2x/34280)+1 2x/3+280=2*1 2x/3=192, (arb)'=a" +b? 2ab=117-254 aeb=3 atb/ab=15/3=5 29.find the value of (75983*75983- 45983 %45983/30000) Given expression=(75983)'-(45983)'/(75983-45983) =(a)'Ma-b) =(atbyarbylarb) =(atb) =75083+45983, 21966ib) a'eabsb? b) =(343-113) =230 31.Village X has a population of 68000,which is decreasing at the rate of 1200 per year. VillagyY has a population of 42000,which is increasing at the rate of 800 per year .in how many years will the population of the two villages be ‘equal? Let the population of wo villages be equal after p years ‘Then,68000-1200p=42000+800p 2000)p=26000 32.From a group of boys and girls,1S girls leavecThere are then left 2 boys for each ‘girlAfer this,45 hoys leave.There are then § girls for each hoy.Find the number of girls in the beginning? Let at present there be x boys. ‘Then,no of girls at present=5x Before the boys had left:no of boy And no of girls=5x XHS=2"5x. Ox=45 x5 no of girls inthe beginning=25+15=40 33.An employer pays Rs.20 for each day a worker works and for feits Rs.3 for each day is ideal at the end of sixty days a worker gets Rs.280 . for how many days did the worker remain ideal Suppose a worker remained ideal for x days then he worked for 60-x days 20°(60-x)-3x=280 1200-23: Ex 34.kiran had 85 currency notes in all , some of which were of Rs.100 denaomination and the remaining of Rs.S0 denomination the total amount of all these currency note was Rs.5000,how much amount did she have in the denomination of Rs.50? Let the no of fifty rupee notes be x Then,n0 of 100 rupee notes =(85-x) 50x+100(85-x)=5000so, required amount=Rs.(50°70)= Rs3500 Ex. 35. When an amount was distributed among 14 boys, each of them got rs 80 more than the amount received by each boy when the same amount is distributed equally among 18 boys. What was the amount? Sol, Let the total amount be Rs, X the, ce st 80 € x =63 x 80 = 5040. is 18 63 Hence the total amount is 5040, Ex. 36. Mr. Bhaskar is on tour and he has Rs. 360 for his expenses. If he exceeds his tour by 4 days, he must cut down his daily expenses by Rs. 3. for how many days is Mr. Bhaskar on tour? Sol. Suppose Mr. Bhaskar is on tour for x days. Then, a0 3 LL = Le yixed) 4x 120-480 x xd x4 120 2 x? 44x 480 =0 6 (424) (8-20) =0 © x =20, Hence Mr. Bhaskat is on tour for 20 days Ex. 37. Two pens and three pencils cost Rs 86, four Pens and a pencil cost Rs. 112. find the ‘cost of a pen and that of a pencil. Sol, Let the cost ofa pen ands a pencil be Rs. X and Rs. ¥ respectively, Then, 2x +3y=86....@) and 4x + y=112, Solving () and Gi), we get: x = 25 and y = 12. Cost of pen =Rs. 25 and the cost ofa penci 8.12. Ex. 38. Arjun and Sajal are friends . each has some money. If Arun gives Rs. 30 to Sajal, the Sajal will have twice the money left with Arjun. But, if Sajal gives Rs. 10 to Arjun, the Arjun will have thrice as much as is left with Sajal. How much money does each have? Sol. Suppose Arun has Rs. X and Sjal has Rs. Y. then, 2(-30)= y430 => 2x-y =90 (i) 10) => x3 Solving (i) and cli), we get x ‘Arun has Rs, 62 and Sajal has Rs. 34Ex. 39, In a caravan, in addition to 50 hens there are 45 goats and 8 camels with some keepers. Ifthe total number of feet be 224 more than the number of heads, find the number of keepers. Sol, Let the number of keepers be x then, Total number of heads =(50 + 45 +8 + x)=(103 + x). ‘Total number of feet = (45 +8) x 4 + (50 +x) x (B12 + 2x)-(103 + x) =224¢> x =15, Heace, number of keepers =15. 12-420.QUARE ROOTS AND CUBE ROOTS IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE Square Root: If x” = y, we say that the square root of y is x and we write, Vy Thus, V4=2, V9 =3,V196= 14 ube Root: The cube 1o0t of a given numer xis the number whose cube is x. We denote the cube root of x by “xx Thus, "V8 ="V2x2x2=2, N34 Note: Lay =x *y 2. Veady) = Vu Vy = (vx 99) # Oly Ny) = aay fy NIxTx7= SOLVED EXAMPLES Ex. 1. Evaluate \6084 by factorization method . Sol. Method: Express the given number as the product of prime factors ‘Now, take the product of these prime factors choosing one out of every pair ofthe same primes. This product gives the square root of the given number. Thus, resolving 6084 into prime factors, we get 3 6084 = 2x 37x 13" 1 \O084 = (2x 3.x 13)=78, i Ex, 2. Find the square root of 1471369. Sol. Explanation: In the given number, mark off the digits 1|1471369 (1213 in pairs starting from the unit's digit, Each pair and 1 the remaining one digit is called a period, 22/47 Now, 1° = 1. On subtracting, we get 0 as remainder. — ‘Now, bring down the next period i.e. 47. 2at| 313 ‘Now, tril divisor is 1 x 2 = 2 and trial dividend is 47 24 So, we take 22 as divisor and put 2.as quotient 2423| 7269 ‘The remainder is 3, 7269 Next, we bring down the next period which is 13. x ‘Now, tral divisor is 12 x 2 = 24 and trial dividend is 313, So, we take 241 as dividend and 1 as quotient. ‘The remainder is 72 Bring down the next period ic, 69. Now, the trial divisor is 121 x 2 = 242 and the tial dividend is 7269. So, we take 3as quotient and 2423 as divisor. The remainder is then zero. Hence, ¥1471369 = 1213.Bx. 3 Evaluate: V48-+ 51-4170 alae: a Sal. Given expression = V2as-+ ST# IS = Vo4s+ Vr = \ TASER = v05 Ex d.lfa*b® Sol. 6*15°3 (a + 2b +3) /(c + D), find the value of 6 * 15 * 3. (6+ D5 +3)/ 3 + 1)= WB¥ IB /4= V4 /4= 2/4=3. Ex. 5. Find the value of \25/16. Sol, 25/16 25 /V16=S/4 Ex. 6. What is the square root of 0.0009? Sol. V0.0009= V9 / 1000 =3/ 100 = 0.03. Ex. 7. Evaluate \175.2976. Sol, Method: We make even number of decimal places 1 ]175.2976 (13.24 by affixing a zero, if necessary. Now, we mark off periods and extract the square root as shown, VI75.2976 = 13.24 Ex. 8. What will come in place of question mark in each of the following questions? (i) 132.47? =2 (i) N86.49 + V5 402 2123, Sol. Le 7 =2. Then, 324K =4 <=> 4x = 324 28.1 Gil) Let V86.49 + VS +7 Then, 9.3 + VS. 2.3-9.3=3 eee 54029 copa 0 Sed cop xe =?Ex.9. Find the value of \ T2897 000121. :28900/0,00121 = V28900/121 Sol. V0.289/ 0.00121 Ex.10, If N+ (1148 = 13/12, the find the value of x. Sol, VP (R7T#H)= 13/12 => (1 + (xs 144)) = (13 112 P= 169/144 =x 144 = (169/144) x / 144 = 25/144 = x a Ex. 11. Find the value of \3 up to three places of decimal. Sol. 1 | 3.000000 (1.732 1 27 oo [iso__ 343 | 1100 1029 3462 [7100 6924 NB = 1.732. 732, find the value of \192 - 1V48- V75 correct to 3 places 2 of decimal. cS Sol, VI92-(1/ 2)V48 - V75 = Vo4 #3 - (1/2) V 16 *3 -V25*3 NB = (12) *4N3 - SVB N3 = 1.732 Ex 12.103 = 2004) 3 - 23 Ex. 13, Evaluate: \(93 * 0.0085 * 18.) /(0.0017 * 19 © 0.021) Sol. Given exp. = V9.5 * 0.0085 * 18.9) /(0.0017 * 19 * 0.021) Now, since the sum of decimal places in the numerator and denominator under the radical sign is the same, we remove the decimal Given exp = V(95 85* 18900) (17 © 19 *21) = T5*5* 900 =5 * 30= 150, Ex. 14, Simplify: V[(12.1 "= (81V'1/ (0.25) + (0.25)(19.95)) Sol. Given exp. = V[Q21 + 8:1)12.1- 8.17 10.25\025 + 19.95)] F702 = NIOOTIS = 16 = BOI" HAV *ID) = Ife 214 \dand y= 1-12, find the value of 2 + ¥Sol, x+y =(1+2)*+(1- V2) Ex. 16, Evaluate: Sol. 9 up to 3 places of decimal. 9 | 0.90000000.948, 81 184 [~ 900 736 iss [16100 15104 10.9 =0.948 ExT If Sol. VGB) 1.88, find the value of \ (5/3). XO DIGS 115! 88 /3 = 1.2933....= 1.293. Ex. 18, Find the least square number which is exactly divisible by 10,12,15 and 18, Sol. LCM. of 10, 12, 15, 18 = 180. Now, 180= 2429343 45=2° 43°45. To make ita perfect square, it must be multiplied by 5 Required number = (2° * 3° * 5*) = 900. Ex, 19. Find the greatest number of five digits which isa perfect square. (RRB. 1998) Sol, Greatest number of 5 digits is 99999, 99999316 9 61 | 9 Lot 626 | 3899 3756 143 Requited number == (99999 - 143) = 99856. Bx. 20. Find the smallest number that must be added to 1780 t0 make ita perfect ‘square. Sol 4 | 1780 (42 16 82 | 180 la Number to be added = (43)? - 1780 = 1849 - 1780 = 69. Ex. 21.12 = 14142, find the value of \2/(2+\2). Sol. V2/(2+\2)= 2/2 + V2) *2-Y2)/@ - X2 2 = 1) 2 = v2 4142, 214-2)22. If x= (15 +13) / (NS - V3) and y = (V5 - V3) /(N5 + V3), find the value of (x? + y*). Sol. P/(S-3) [0S + V3) / (V5 - V3) * LOIS + V3) (5 + V3) = (45 + 9: $342V15)/2=44 15 [(VS ~ V3) 1 (15 + V3)] * [OVS - V3) / (NS - N3)] = (NS - NBY 5 - 3) 25 +3-215)/2=4-VI5. Xey es vi5+ 4-15) [4y + (V15)'] =2* 31 = 62. Ex. 23, Find the cube root of 2744. Sol, Method: Resolve the given number as the product _onaa of prime factors and take the proxduet of prime 2a factors, choosing one out of three of the same 2] 686 prime factors. Resolving 2744 as the product of oar prime factors, we get: a9 7 2744 = 23x77 NpTad= 2x 7 = 14, Ex. 24, By what least number 4320 be multiplied to obtain a number which is a perfect cube? Sol. Clearly, 4320=2° * 3° #2? 5, To make it a perfect cube, it must be multiplied by 2 * 5? e.50.6.AVERAGE Ex.1:Find the average of all prime numbers between 30 and 50? Sol: there are five prime numbers between 30 and 50. ‘They are 31,37.41,43 and 47, ‘Therefore the required average=(31437+4143+47)/5. $199/5 © 39.8, Ex.2. find the average of first 40 natural numbers? Sol: sum of first n natural numbers=n(n+l)/2: So,stim of 40 natural numbers=(40*41)/2_ 820. Therefore the required average=(820/40) 20.5, Ex. find the average of first 20 multiples of 72 Sol: Required average =7(1+2+3+.......020)/20. ¢2(7°20°21/(20"2) <9(14722) Ex.4. the average of four consecutive even numbers is 27. find the largest of these numbers? Sol: Tet the numbers be x.042.0+4 andx+6, then, (e442) +044) +(46))/4) = 27 dx+12)/4 = 27 Ox43=27 © xeDA, ‘Therefore the largest number=(x+6)=2446=: 0. Ex. there are two sections A and B of a class consisting of 36 and 44 students respectively. If the average weight of section A is 40kg and that of section B is 35kg, find the average weight of the whole class? Sol: total weight of(36+44) sudents=(36*40+44*35)kg ‘Therefore weight of the total clas: -nine persons went to a hotel for taking their meals 8 of them spent Rs.12 each on. their meals and the ninth spent Rs.8 more than the average expenditure of all the rine, What was the total money spent by them? Sol: Let the average expenditure ofall nine be Rs.x ‘Then 12°8+(x48)=9x or 8x=104 or x=13, ‘Total money spent = 9x=Rs.(9*13)=Rs. 17. Ex.7: Of the three numbers, second is twice the first and is also thrice the third If the average of the three numbers is 44.Find the largest number. Sol: Let the third number be x ‘Then second number = 3x. First number=3x/2 ‘Therefore x+3x-+3n/2)=(443) or x=24 So largest numberEx.8:The average of 25 result is 18.The average of 1" 12 of them is 14 & that of last 12 1d the 13" resu learly 13" result=(sum of 25 results)-(sum of 24 results) 18°25)-(14*12)4(17*12) =450(1684204) =450.372 =18, Ex.9:The Average of 11 results is 16, if the average of the 1" 6 results is 58 & that of the last 63. Find the 6" result. Sol: 6" result = (58*6+63*6-60* | 1}=66 Ex.10:The average waight of A,B,C is 45 Kg. The avg wet of A & B be 40Kg & that of B,C be 43Kg. Find the wgt of B. Sol. Let A.B.c represent their individual wats. ‘Then, A+B4C=(45%3)Kg=135Ke A+B=(40°2)Kg=80Kg & B+C=(13*2)Ke=86Ke A¥B)4(B4C)-(A+B40) '80+86-135)Kg IKg Ex. 11. The average age of a class of 39 students is 15 years. If the age of the teacher be included, then the average increases by3 months. Find the age of the teacher. Sol. Total age of 39 persons = (39 x 15) ye: = 585 years. Average age of 40 persons= 15 yrs 3 months 61/4 years Total age of 40 persons = (_(61/4 x 40) years= 610 years, Age of the teacher = (610 - 585) year vars Ex, 12. The average weight of 10 oarsmen in a boat is increased by 1.8 kg when one of the crew, who weighs 53 kg is replaced by a new man. Find the weight of the new man. Sol. Total weight increased =(1.8 x 10) kg =18 kg. ‘Weight of the new man =(53 + 18) kg =71 kg. Ex, 13. There were 35 students in a hostel. Duc to the admission of 7 new students, ;he ‘expenses of the mess were increased by Rs. 42 per day while the average expenditure per head diminished by Rs 1. What was the original expenditure of the mess? Sol. Let the original average expenditure be Rs. x. Then, 42(x-I)-35v=42._ © 7x= 84 @ x12, 1 expenditure = Rs. (35 x 12) =Rs, 420,14, A batsman makes a score of 87 runs in the 17th inning and thus increases his avg by 3. Find his average after 17th inning, Sol. Let the average after 17th Then, average after 16th 16(x- 3) #87 = 17x08 Ex.AS, Distance between (wo stations A and B from A to B at 84 km per hour and returns back to A with a uniform speed of 56 km perhour. Find the average speed of the train during the whole journey. Sol. Required average speed = ((2xyy"cx+y)) km / hr 2 x 84x 56)/(84+56)km/he = (2984956140 ke 67.2 km.7, PROBLEMS ON NUMBERS In this section, questions involving a set of numbers are put in the form of a puzzle. You have to ‘analyze the given conditions, assume the unknown numbers and form equations accordingly, which on solving yield the unknown numbers, ‘SOLVED EXAMPLES Ex.1, A number is as much greater than 36 as is less than 86. Find the number. Sol. Let the number be x. Then, x -36 = 86-x =>2 Hence, the required number is 61 Ex, 2. Find a number such that when 15 is subtracted from 7 times the number, the Result is 10 more than twice the number (Hotel Management, 2002) Sol. Let the number be x. Then, 7x - 15 = 2x + 10 => 5x=25=5x =5, Hence, the required number is 5. Ex. 3. The sum of a rational number and its reciprocal is 13/6, Find the number. (S.C. 2000) Sol, Let the number be x. ‘Then, x + (I/x)= 130 (C+ Dix = 13/6 => 6x7 13x +6=0 => 6x? 9x 4x 46 = 0 => (3x 2) Qx—3)=0 @ x=2Borx=32 Hence the required number is 2/3 or 32. Ex. 4, The sum of two numbers is 184. If one-third of the one exceeds one-seventh of the other by 8, find the smaller number. Sol. Let the numbers be x and (184 - x). Then, (8/3) - (184 = xy/7) = 8 => 7x 3(184— x1 So, the numbers are 72 and 112. Hence, smaller number Ex. 5. The difference of two numbers is 11 and one-fifth of their sum is 9. Find the numbers. Sol. Letthe number be x and y. Then, x-y=Il ) and 15 (xty)=9 =>xty=45 Adding (i) and (i), we get: 2x = 56 or x = 28. Putting x Hence, the numbers are 28 and 17. Ex. 6, If the sum of two numbers is 42 and their product is 437, then find the absolute difference between the numbers, (SSC. 2003) Sol. Let the numbers be x and y. Then, x+y = 42 and xy =437 x= y = Sqnil(x + yj? - xy] = sqm|(42)? “4 x 437 ] = sqri[ 1764 — 1748} Required difference = 4, Ex. 7. The sum of two numbers is 16 and the sum of their squares is 113. Find the tt 16] = 4.numbers. Sol. Let the numbers be x and (15 -x). Then, x° + (15 - x) 2x’ -30x + 11250 (eT) So, the numbers are 7 and 8. Ex. 8. The average of four consecutive even numbers is 27. Find the largest of these numbers. Sol. Let the four consecutive even numbers be x,x+2,x+4 and x +6. ‘Then, sum of these numbers = (27 x 4) = 108. So, X+(x+2)+ (x44) (x4+6)= 108 oF 4x=96 oF x= 24. . Largest number = (x + 6) = 30. Ex. 9. The sum ofthe squares of three consecutive odd numbe numbers. Sol Let the numbers be x, +2 and x4 Thon, X!+ (x +2)" + (4-44) = 2531 => Je" + 125-2511 SMH BIO Dae MiarIe0 > Hene, the required numbers ar 27,29 and 31 Ex. 10. OF two numbers, 4 times the smaller one is less then 3 times the Larger one by 5. If the sum of the numbers is larger than 6 times their difference by 6, find the two numbers, Sol. Let the numbers be x and y, such that x> y Then, d= 4y=5 oli) and (x+y) - 6 (x-y) Solving (i and (ii), we gets x = 59 and Hence, the required numbers are 59 and 43. “SetTY=6 lll) " Ex, 11. The ratio between a two-digit number and the sum of the digits of that number is 4 : Lf the digit in the unit's place is 3 more than the digit in the ten’s place, what isthe number? Sol. Let the ten’s digit be x. Then, unit's digit = (+3). Sum of the digits =x + (x-4 3) = 2x43, Number =10x + (x +3) 1x43 /2x +3 =4/1=>llx+3=4 (2x43) => 3x=9 Hence, required number = Ix +3 = 36. K+3, Ex. 12. A number consists of two digits. The sum of the digits is 9. 1f 63 from the number, its digits are interchanged. Find the number. Sol. Let the ten’s digit be x. Then, unit's digi Number =10x + (9x) =9r +9. Number obtained by reversing the digits = 10 (9 - x) +x =90- 9x. therefore, (9x +9) - 63 = 90 - 9x x=8, ‘So, tens digit = 8 and units digit = 1 Hence, the required number is 81 Ex, 13. A fraction becomes 2/3 when 1 is added to both, its numerator and denominator, And subtracted becomes 1/2 when 1 is subtracted from both the numerator and denomithe fraction. Sol. Let the required fraction be w/y. Then, xHL/y#1=2/3 => 3x—2y=-1 Gand x—1/y— © 2x-y=1...ii) Solving (i) and Gi), we get: x=3,y=5 therefore, Required fraction= 3/5. «into two parts such that the sum of their reciprocals is 1/ 12.Find the two Sol. Let the two parts be x and (50 -»), ‘Then, 1/x +1 /(50—x) = 1/12 => (50—x 4x) /x(50-x)= 1/12 => x3 50x + 600 Wor x = 20, ‘So, the parts are 30 and 20, Ex. 15. If three numbers are added in pairs, the sums equal 10, 19 and 21. Find the numbers ) Sol, Let the numbers be x, yand 2, Ther 0 ff) yea 19 (ii) x+2=21 ii) i) (i) and (ii), we get: 2 (x+y +z) =50 or (x+y +z) =25. Q5-19)=6; y=Q5-21)=4 2=(25-10)=15, Hence, the required numbers are 6, 4 and 15,8. PROBLEMS ON AGES Ex. 1. Rajeev's age after 15 years will be 5 times his age 5 years back. What is the present age of Rajeev ? (Hotel Management,2002) Sol. Let Rajeev's present age be x years. Then, Rajeev's age after 1S years = (x + 15) yeas. Rajeev’s age S years back = (x ~5) years, X+15=5(X-5)@x+15=5x-25 4x=40 x= 10, Hence, Rajeev's present age = 10 years. Ex. 2. The ages of two persons differ by 16 years. If 6 years ago, the elder one he 3times as old as the younger one, find their present ages. (A.A.0. Exam,2003) Sol. Let the age of the younger person be x years. ‘Then, age of the elder person = (x + 16) years. 30-6) =(X + 16-6) 3x-IR=x410 & Ix = 286 x= 14, Hence, their present ages are 14 years and 30 years. Ex. 3. The product of the ages of Ankit and Nikita is 240. Uf twice the age of Nikita is more than Ankit’ age by 4 years, what is Nikta's age? (S.B1P.0,1999) Sol. Let Ankit’s age be x years. Then, Niktas age = 240/xyears 2x (240 fx )—x =4 © 480 — x? = 4x 69 x? + 4x — 480=0 © (1424)4-20) = 0.4 x=20, Hence, Nikta's age = (22 0) years Ex. 4. The present age of a father is 3 years more than three times the age of his son. Three years hence, father’s age will be 10 years more than twice the age of the son. Find the present age of the father. : (S.C, 2008) Sol. Let the son's present age be x years. Then, father’s present age = (3x-+ 3) years (Gr#343)=2(K+3)410 3x+6=2e416 © x=10, Hence father's present age = (31-+ 3) = (3 « 10) +3) years = 33 years Ex. 5, Rohit was 4 times as old as his son 8 years ago. After 8 years, Rohit will be twice as old as his son. What are their present ages? Sol. Let son's age 8 years ago be x years. Then, Rohit’s age 8 years ago = 4x years. Son's age alter 8 years = (x +8) + 8 = (x + 16) years. Rohit’ age after 8 years = (4e-+ 8) + 8 = (4+ 16) years 2K +16) =4x + 16 2x = 16 x Hence, son's ‘present age 6 years. Rohit’s present age = (4x + 8)= 40 years.Ex. 6. One year ago, the ratio of Gaurav’s and Sachin’s age was 6:77 respectively. Four years hence, this ratio would become 7: 8. How old is Sa chin ® (NABARD. 2002) Sol: Let Gaurav’s and Sachin's ages one year ago be 6x and 7x years respectively. Then, Gaurav’s age 4 years hence = (Gx + 1) +4 = (6x +5) years. Sachin's age 4 years hence = (7x +1) +4= (Zr +5) years 6x TSB Hence, Sachin’s present age = (7 + 1) = 36 years 86x45) (7x45) 48x +40 = 490435 @x=5, 7. Abhay’s age after six years will be three-seventh of his fathers age. Ten years ago the ratio of their ages was 1 : 8. What is Abhay’s father's age at present? Sol. Let the ages of Abhay and his father 10 years ago be x and 5x years respectively. Then, Abhay's age after 6 years = (x + 10) +6 Father's age after 6 years = (5x-+ 10) + W+16)= 3(Se+16) © 7(x+ 16) =3(Sx+ 16) © e+ 112=I5e448 7 @ &r=64 @ x Hence, Ablay’s Father's present age = (5x + 10) = 50 years.9. SURDS AND INDICES | IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE | 1, LAWS OF INDICE: Gv) (aby w) (bl wi a 2, SURDS: Leta be a rational number and n be a positive integer sueh that a is irrational. Then "sqn(a) is called a surd of onder a, sqrt(a) 3. LAWS OF SURDS: CV) (vi) Vay" \OLVED EXAMPLES, Ex. 1, Simplify : 4) 277" — iy 1o24y"S Gin 8/125 y"* yO zag Pore are Sol. ()Q7= 3" 8/24 = 625116 Ex. Evaluate: (i) (,00032)"" Géipt 256)" x 16)", Sol. (i) (0.00032)"* aisy = 1/125 Gi) 256)" + 16)" 32/ 100000 )* 25/10)" = (2/10 = (115 8% 16) 1 #15)" oot? # 1g 1920 * Ag 16)" = G6? = (16)! 196Ex. 3. What is the quotient when (x! -1) is divided by (& = 1)? Usyl=1-x* 1 = xl oat or @D © Hence, the required quotient is. Lx Ex. 4. If 2°"! 42°*! = 1280, then find the value of x. Sol 2! 421 = 1280 © 2°71 424) = 1280 2" = 1280/5 =256= 2° ox. Bex=9, Hence, x =9. Ex. 5. Find the value of [5 (8" +27")! Sol. (5¢8° 427994 = 15 (244 GHP (5 (PI GEN NNE = (5243) 425 « sh!t agee Ho Ex. 6, Find the Value of {(16)"* + (167°) Sol, ((16)°2-4(16)37 = (49? 4(42)92 = 42" gl280201 24 449 243 + (1/4) = (64 + (1/64) = 4097/64. Ex. 7. 1f(1/5)” 1008, then find the value of(0.25). sy © 3; Sol. (1/5) 2. (025) (0.008 = 8/1000 = 1/125 = (0.25)! =0.25.Ex. 8. Find the value of (243)"8 x 3°! xs Sol 243" a3 = BST ego Fagin! apart hae 32a 3 see) = yaa) = ymnen) Ex. 9. Find the value Of (2-1)242!742!"+1) Sol Putting 2" fe get (2A) (242142! 1) =x 1) 4x 4x41) , where x = 2! = 121] = [2 1] = (2-1) = 1. Ex. 10, Find the value of 623 x Ne Sol. 8x N6T = 3 x 6S = Cx ATID = Gy NE er Cl o 2 6) = 6 x6! 26! 26, sthen find the value of abe Ex 1. Ipx= Ex. 12. Simplify [(x"/x°)*(a2+b*+ab)] * [689 x )8 b?e740)] * [KIN Sol Given Expression SU Nal +b Ob/LL EIS (BP +e + beLT OE INE 42° + ca!) [eet atead) geese beat eey = Lab (be NL LeNC-a")] =x ab! +b ccEx. 13. Which is larger V2 or V3? Sol. Given surds are of order 2 and 3. Their L.C.M. is 6. Changing each to a surd of order 6, we get NB ("= 9)" =o. Ya = 202 = pitv2yt92) 9) Syge 319 = givareay Clearly, V9 > °N8 and hence “V3 > V2. e 2 Ex. 14. Find the largest from among 4N6, V2 and *%4. Sol. Given surds are of order 4, 2 and 3 respectively. Their L.C,M, is 12, Changing each to a surd of order 12, we get: 4g = gl = trary Ya 2!2 = aren Ny sm =! = 216)!" 9 90 = (gM = (G42 AP = gl gD (ghia (a5gy2 Clearly, (256)""* > (216)""* > (64)""* Largest one is (256)""*. 10, V410.PERCENTAGE IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE 1. Concept of Percentage : By a certain percent ,we mean that many hundredths. Thus x pereent means x hundredths, written as x%. ‘To express x% as a fraction : We have , x% = x/100. Thus, 20% =20/100 1/5; 48% =48/100 =12/25, ete. ‘To express a/b as a percent : We have, a/b =((a/b)" 100)%. ‘Thus, 4 =[(1/4)*100] = 25%; 0.6 =6/10 =3/5 =[(3/5)* 100]% =60%. 2. If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so asnot to increase the expenditure is [R/(LO04R))*100}% I the price of the commodity decreases by R%then the increase in consumption so as to decrease the expenditure is {(R/100-R)*100}%. 3. Results on Population : Let the population of the town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of RS per annum, then [14(R/100)}¢0. IUR/LOO)I 1, Population alter nyeras = 2. Population n years ago 4. Results on Depreci depreciates at the rate fion : Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it RG per annum, Then,1, Value of the machine after n years = P[1-(R/100)P. 2. Value of the machine n years ago = P/{1-(R/100)P. S. If Ais R% more than B, then B is less than A by [ER/1004R))*100]% If A is R% less than B then B is more than A by (R/(100-R))* 100}%. \OLVED EXAMPLES Ex. 1. Express each of the following as a fraction : (i) 56% Gi) 4% (iH 06% —_Fév) 0.008% sol. (i) 56% = 56 Gi) 4% =4100 =1225. Civ) 0.008 = 8/100: - 1/1250, Gi) 0.6 6/10 Ex. 2. Express each of the following as a Decimal : (i) 6% Gi28% (i 0.2% — Gv) 0.04% Sol. (i) 65% = 6/100 =0.06. Gi) 28% = 28/100 =0.28. i) 0.2% =0.2/100 = 0.002. (iv) 0.04 0,04/100 =0.004. Ex. 3. Express each of the following as rate percent : 2386 ay6% — Gi 0.004 Sol. (i) 23/36 = [(23/36)* 100}% S75)9}% = 63 819%. i) 0.004 = [(4/1000)*100)% = 4, Gi) 6 % 4 =[(27/4)*100]% = 675%, (28% of 4504 45% of 28016 2/3% of 600 gm- 33 1/3% of 180 gm Sol. (i) 28% of 450 + 45% of 280 =[(28/100)*450 + (45/100)*280] = (1264126) =252, Gi) 16 2/8% of 600 gm -33 18% of 180 gm =| ((5013)*(1/100)*600) ~ ((100/3)*(1/3)280)]Jam = (100-60) gm = 40gm. Ex.5 (2 is what percent of 50? GD) is what percent of 1/3 ? What percent of 8 is 64? iv) What percent of 2 metric tones is 40 quintals ? ()What percent of 6.5 litres is 130 ml? Sol. i) Requi ed Percentage = [(2/50)*100}% = 4%. (Gi) Required Peroemtage = [ (1/2)*(3/1)*100}% = 150%. i Required Percentage = [(84/7)"100]% = 1200%, (iv) 1 metric onne = 10 quintals Required percentage = [ (40/(2 * 10)) * 100}% = 200%. (vy) Required Percentage = [ (130/(6.5 * 1000)) * 100]% = 2%. Ex.6, Find the missing figures : (i) 2% of 25 = 20125 (i) 9% of ? = 63 Git) 0.25% of 2 = 0.04 Sol. (Let x9 of 25 = 2.125. Then , (x/100)#25 = 2.125 X= (2.125 * 4) =85, (i) Let 9% of x =6.3. Then , 9%%/100 = 6.3, X = [(6.3*100)9) =70. Let 0.25% of x = 0.04. Then , 0.25%x/100 = 0.04 X= [(0.04* 100)/0.251 = 16.Ex.7. ‘Which is greatest in 16 (2/3) %,2/S and 0.17? Sol. 16 (213)% =I (50/3)* )1/100)] = 1/6 = 0.166, 2/15 ‘greatest, 133. Clearly, 0.17 is the Ex.8, Ifthe sales tax reduced from 31/2 % to 3 1/3%, then what difference does it make ‘toa person who purchases an article with market price of Rs. 8400 ? Sol. Required difference = [3 ¥4 % of Rs.8400] — (3 1/3 % of Rs.8400] (7120-(10/3)]46 of Rs.8400 =1/6 % of Rs.8400 = Rs, [(1/6)8(1/100)*8400] = Rs. 14. Ex. An inspector rejects 0.08% of the meters as defective. How many will be ‘examine to project ? Sol. Let the number of meters to be examined be x. Then, 0.08% of x =2 [1(8/100)%1/100)*x1 [(2*100*100)'8) 2500. Ex. 10. Sixty five percent of a number is 21 less than four fifth of that number. What is the number ? Sol. Let the number be x. ‘Then, 4°x/5 (65% of x) =21 Ax/S -65x/100 = 21 5x=2100 x= 140, Ex.11. Difference of two numbers is 1660. 1f7.5% of the number is 12.8% of the other number , find the number Sol. Let the numbers be x and y. Then , 7.5 % of x 2.5% of yX= 125*yM Now, x: S*y/3 -y =1660 2*y/3= 1660 y={ (1660*3)/2] =2490, ‘One number = 2490, Second number =5" Bx. 12. In expressing a length 810472 km as nearly as possible with three significant digits , find the percentage error. Sol. Eror = (81.5 ~81.472)km = 0.028. Required percentage = [(0.028/81.472)*100}% = 0.034% Ex. In an election between two candidates, 75% of the voters cast thier thier votes, out ‘of which 2% of the votes were declared invalid, A candidate got 9261 votes which ‘were 75% of the total valid votes. Find the total number of votes enrolled in that election, Sol. Let the number of votes enrolled be x. Then Number of votes cast =75% of x. Valid votes = 98% of (75% of x), 75% of (98% of (75%of x)) =9261. [(75/100)*(98/100)*(75/100)*x] =9261. X = [(9261* 100° 100° 100)(75°98*75)] =16800. Ex.14, Shobha’s mathematics test had 75 problems i.e.10 arithmetic, 30 algebra and 35 geometry problems. Although she answered 70% of the arithmetic ,40°% of the algebra, and 60% of the geometry problems correctly. she did not pass the test because she got less than 60% of the problems right. How many more questions she ‘would have to answer correctly to earn 60% of the passing grade? Sol. Number of questions attempted correctly=(70% of 10 + 40% of 30 + 60% OF 35) + 12421245 ‘questions to be answered correctly for 60% grade=60% of 7:therefore required number of questions= (45-40) Ex.15. if 50% of (x-y) = 30% of (x+y) then what percent of x is y? $01.50% of (x-y)=30% ofix+y) © (SO/100\(x-y)}=(30/100)(x+y) 95(x-y)=34y) © In=By CP xy therefore required percentage =((y/x) X 100)$% = ((y!4y) X 100) =25% 16. Mr.Jones gave 40% of the money he had to his wife. he also gave 20% of the remaining amount to his 3 sons. half of the amount now left was spent on ‘miscellaneous items and the remaining amount of Rs.12000 was deposited in the bank. how much money did Mr,jones have initially? Sol. Let the initial amount with Mr.jones be Rs.x then, Money given to wife= Rs,(40/100)x=Rs.2x/5,Bakance=Rs(x-(2x/5)=RS.3x/5. Money given to 3 sons= Rs(3X/(20/200) X (3x/5)) = Rs.9x/5, Balance = Rs ((3x/5) ~ (x/25))=Rs.6x/25. Amount deposited in bank= Rs(I/2 X 6/25)=Rs.3025. ‘Therefore 3x/2: 2000 ¢ x= ((12000 x 35)/3}=100000 So Mr.Jones initially had Rs.1,00,000 with him, ‘Short-cut Method : Let the initial amount with Mr.Jones be Rs.x ‘Then, 1/2)[100.(3"20)}% of x=12000 -€ (1/2)*(40/100)*(60/100)*x=12000 -€x=((12000*25)/3)=100000 Ex 17 10% of the inhabitants of village having died of cholera. panic set in , during, which 25% of the remaining inhabitants left the village. The population is then reduced to 4050, Find the number of original inhabitants. Sol: Let the total number of orginal inhabitants be x. ((75/100))*(90/100)*x)=4080 ¢ (27/40)*x=4050 <2 x=((405040)/27)=6000. Ex.18 A salesman's commission is 5% on all sales upto Rs.10,000 and 4% on all sales exceeding this.He remits Rs.31,100 to his parent company after deducing his ‘commission . Find the total sales. Sol: Let his total sales be Rs.x,Now(Total sales) ~ (Commission )=Rs.31,100 X-[(59 of 10000 + 4% of (x-10000) x-[((5/100)* 10000 + (4/100)*(x-10000)€x-500-((x-10000)/25)=31,100 €2x-(5/25)=31200 € 24x/25=312004 x=[(31200°25)/24)=32,500, Total sales=Rs.32,500 Ex .19 Raman’s salary was decreased by 50% and subsequently increased by '50%.How much percent does he lose? Sol: Let the original salary = Rs.100 s 50% of (50% of Rs.100}= Rs.((150/100)*(50/100)" 100)=Rs.75. Ex.20 Paulson spends 75% of his income. His income is increased by 20% and he increased his expenditure by 10%.Find the percentage increase in his savings . Sol: Let the original income=Rs. 100. Then , expenditure=Rs.75 and savings =Rs.25 New income =Rs.120 , New expenditure = Rs.((110/100)°75}=Rs.165/2 New savings = Rs.(120-(165/2)) = Rs.75/2 Increase in savings = Rs.((75/2)-25)=Rs.25/2 Increase %= ((25/2)*(1/25)*100)% = SO%, Ex21. The salary of a person was reduced by 10% .By what percent should his reduced salary be raised so as to bring it at par with his original salary ? Sol Let the original salary be Rs.100 . New salary = Rs.90. Increase on 90=10 , Increase on 100={( 10/90)" 100)% = (100/9)% Ex.22 When the price fo a product was decreased by 10% , the number sold increased by 30%. What was the effect on the total revenue ? Sol: Let the price of the product be Rs.100 and let original sale be 100 pieces. ‘Then , Total Revenue = Rs(100" 100}=Rs. 10000. New revenue = Rs.(90*130)=Rs.11700. Increase in revenue = ((1700/10000)* 100)%=17%. Ex 23. If the numerator of a fraction be increased by 15% and its denominator be diminished by 8% , the value of the fraction is 15/16, Find the original fraction, Sol Let the original fraction be xy ‘Then (11S%of x (92% of = (SI16)*(92/115))=5/4 9/16 => (115x/92y)=15/16Ex.24 In the new budget , the price of kerosene oil rose by 259%. By how much percent must a person reduce his consumption so that his expenditure on it does not Sol: Reduction in consumption = (((R/(1004R))* 1001% = [(25/125)*100|%=20%, Ex.25 The population of a town is 1,76,400 . If it increases at the rate of 5% per annum , what will be its population 2 years hence ? What was it 2 years ago ? Sol: Population after 2 years = 176400*[1-+(5/100)"2 176400(21/20)"(21/40)] 94481 Population 2 years ago = 176400/{ -+(5/100)1°2 =(716400*(20/21)*@20/21)|= 160000. Ex.26 The value of a machine depreiates at the rate of 10% per annum. Ifits present is Rs.1,62,000 what will be its worth after 2 years ? What was the value of the machine 2 years ago? Sol. Value of the machine after 2 years =Rs,[162000%(1-(10/100))2] = Rs. 162000%(9/10)*(9/10)], s. 131220 Value of the machine 2 years ago = Rs,[162000/(1-(10/100)*2)}=Rs.[162000*(10/9)*(10/9)}=Rs.200000 Ex27. During one year, the population of town increased by 8% . If the total population is 9975 at the end of the second year , then what was the population size in the beginning of the first year ? Sol Population in the beginning of the first year = 97S/[14(5/100)]*[1-(5/100)] = [9975%(20/21)*(20/19)}=10000, Ex.28 If A earns 99/3% more than B,how much percent does B earn less then A? Sol: Required Percentage = [((100/3)*100y[100+(100/3)]]% 100/400)" 100\%e=25% Ex. 29 If A’s salary is 20% less then B°s salary , by how much percent is B's salary more than A’s? Sol Required percentage 5%, (20 100)/(100-20)Ex30 How many kg of pure salt must be added to 30kg of 2% solution of salt and water to increase it to 10% solution ? Sol: Amount of salt in 30kg solution Let x kg of pure salt be added ‘Then , (0.64x)(30+x)=10/100¢260+ 100x=300+ 10x. <200K=240 © x=! [(20/100)*30]kg=0.6ke Ex 31. Due to reduction of 25/4% in the price of sugar , a man is able to buy 1kg more for Rs.120. Find the original and reduced rate of sugar. Sol: Let the original rate be Rs.x per kg. Reduced rate = Rs.|(100-(25/4))*(1/100)* 120/(15x/16)-(120/%)=1 € (128x)+(1200x)= 1 s.15x/L6per ke, So, the original rate = RS.8 per kg Reduce rate = Rs,{(15/16)*8]per kg = Rs.7.50 per ke, Ex.32 In an examination , 35% of total students failed in Hindi , 45% failed in English and 20% in both . Find the percentage of those who passed in both subjects Sol: Let A and B be the sets of students who failed in Hindi and English respectively 5, MB)=AS , mAMB)=20, (A}+n{B)- n(AMB)=35445-20=60. Percentage failed in Hindi and English or both=60% Hence , percentage passed = (100-60)%=40% x33, In an examination , 80% of the students passed in Engish , 85% in Mathematics and 78 in both English and Mathematics If 0 students failed in bath the subjects find the total numberof students. Sol Tal tL ani RAR Nk TisA Mt SSO es KN ON WHO. RE ad MER anpomtely ‘Then. numberof students passed in one or both the subjects (AUB)on(Ayen(B} (AB)=B0% of x+ 859 of x 75% of x 801 100)+(891100).-(15/0)x}-90/100)x-9/10 Students who failed in bth the subjects = [0x1 10. So, a/i0a40 of x00 Hoo fd nsber anots AD11. PROFIT AND LOSS IMPORTANT FACTS. COST PRICE: THE PRICE AT WHICH ARTICLE IS PURCHASED.ABBREVATED AS CP. SELLING PRICE: THE PRICE AT WHICH ARTICLE IS SOLD. PROFIT OR GAIN:IF SP IS GREATER THAN CP,THE SELLING PRICE IS SAID TO HAVE PROFIT OR GAIN. LOSS: IF SPIS LESS THAN CP,THE SELLER IS SAID TO INCURED A Loss. FORMULA 1.GAIN=(SP)-(CP).__2.LOSS=(CP)-(SP).. 3.LOSS OR GAIN IS ALWAYS RECKONED ON CP 4. GAIN %={GAIN*100}/CP. S.LOSS%=(LOSS*100}/CP. 6.SP={(100+GAIN%) /100]*CP. 7,SP={(100-LOSS% /100}*CP. 8.(100/(100+GAIN%)} *SP 9,CP=100/(100-LOSS%) }*SP 10.1F THE ARTICLE IS SOLD AT A GAIN OF SAY 35%, THEN SP =135% OF CP 1LIF A ARTICLE IS SOLD AT A LOSS OF SAY 35%. THEN SP=65% OF CP. 12.WHEN A PERSON SELLS TWO ITEMS,ONE AT A GAIN OF X% AND OTHER AT A LOSS OF X‘%.THEN THE SELLER ALWAYS INCURES A LOSS GIVEN: {LOSS%=(COMON LOSS AND GAIN )7}/10.=(X/10)? 13.1F THE TRADER PROFESSES TO SELL HIS GOODS AT CP BUT USES FALSE WEIGHTS, THEN GAIN=[ERROR/(TRUE VALUE)(ERROR)*100]%.SOLVED PROBLEMS ex. A man buys an article for rs.27.50 and sells it for 1.28.50. find his gain %. sol. ep=1527.50, sp=rs 28.50 gain=rs(28.50 -27.50)=rs1.10 80 gainSé={(1.10/27.50)*100}=4% Ex.2. If the a radio is sold for rs 490 and sold for rs 465.50.find loss%. sol. ep=rs490,sp= 465,50. loss=rs(490-465,50)=rs 24.50. loss=[(24.50/490)* 100]%=5% Ex.3find $.P when (CP=56.25,guin=20%, sol. (DSP =20% of 15 56.25 1s{(120/100)"S6.25 )=1567.50, GiJCP=rs 80.40,1085=5% sok: sp=85% of rs 80.40 rs {(85/100)*80.40}=rs 68.34 ex find ep when: (sp =19 40.60 : ga Gi) sp=ts51.70:los 12% a ai) q [(10011 16*40.60): [(1.00988)*51.87 x5 A person incures loss for by selling a watch for rs1140.at what price should the watch be sold to earn a 5% profit? sol. let the new sp be rsx.then (100-1oss) : 1M sp}=(1O0+gains) 2"! sp © {(100-5)/1400)=|(100#Sye}=> x= (1051 140/95} =1260. 2 €x.6 A book was sold for rs 27.50 with a profit of 10%. if it were sold for 1525.75, then what would be % of profit or loss? sol. SP=rs 27.50: profit =10%. sol. CP=rs {(100/110)*27.50}=rs 25. When sp =Rs25.75 ,profit =Rs(25.75-25)=Rs 0.75 e={(0.7525)*100} %e=25/6% =3%Ex7 Ifthe cost price is 96% of sp then whqt is the profit % Sol, sp=Rs100 : then cp=Rs 96:profit =Rs 4. Profit=((4/96)*100}%%=4.17% Ex.8, The ¢p of 21 articles is equal to sp of 18 articles.find gain or loss % CP ofeach article be RS 1 CP of 18 articles =Rs18 sp of 18 articles =Rs 21 Gainti=[(3/18)* 100] %=50/3% Ex.9 By selling 33 metres of cloth , one gains the selling price of 11 metres . Find the gain percent . Sol: (SP of 33m).(CP of 33m)=Gain=SP of 11m SP of 22m =CP of 33m Let CP of each metre be Re.1 , Then, CP of 22m= Rs.22,SP of 22m=Rs.33. Gainse=[(11/22)*100}%%=50% Ex10 A vendor bought bananas at 6 for Rs.10 and sold them at Rs for Rs.6 Find his gain or loss percent . Sol: Suppose , number of bananas bought = LCM of 6 and 4=12 CP=Rs {(10/6)* 12]=Rs.20 SP= Rs{(6/4)* 12]=Rs.18 LossSe=|(2/20)*100}=10% |. A man brought toffees at for a rupee. How many for a rupee must he sell to gain 50%? Sol. C.P of 3 toffees=Re For Rs.3/2, tof :S.P of 3 toffees =150% of Re.1=3/2. = 13223) Ex. 12.A grocer purchased 80 kg of sugar at Rs.1350 per kg and mixed it with 120kg sugar at Rs.L6per kg. At what rate should he sell the mixer to gain 16%? Sol .C.P of 200 kg of mixture = Rs. (80 € 13.50412016) = Rs.3000. SP =116% OF Rs.3000 =Rs.{(116/200) *3000}=Rs.3480. Rate of S.P of the mixture =Rs.[3480/200] per kg =Rs.17.40 per ky. Ex.13, Pure ghee cost Rs.100 per kg. After adulterating it with vegetable oil costing, Rs.50 per kg, A shopkeeper sells the mixture at the rate of Rs.96 per kg, thereby making a profit of 20% .In What ratio does he mix the two? ‘Sol. Mean cost price =Rs. [ (100/120)"96 | =Rs.80 per ky,By the rate of allegation CP of Ikg ghee CP of Ikg ci 1001 30 oN ae 80. = a Ex. 14. A dishonest dealer professes to sell his goods at cast price but uses a weight ‘of 960 gms for a kg weight . Find his gain percent. Sol .Gain% =| Enror__*100 }9% = [(40/960)* 100] % = 4 1% (error value)-(error) 6 Ex 15, If the manufacturer gains 10%,the wholesale dealer 15% and the retailer 28% then find the cost of production of a ,the retail price of which is Rs.1265? Sol: Let the cost of production of the table be RS x 125% of 115% of |10% of x=1265 ° 125/100 115/100 1 10/100°x=1265=5253/160%x=>1265=>x=(1265 purchesed a pressure cooker at 9/10" of its selling price and sold it at 8% more than its S.P .find her gain percent. Sol Let the s.p be Rs. X then C.P = Rs.9x/10,Receipt=108% of rs.x=Rs 27025 Gain=Rs (273/25*9x/10)=Rs(108x-90x! 100)=Rs 180/100 Gain%=(18x/100"10/9x°100)%=20% Ex .17 An article is sold at certain price. By selling it at 2/3 of its price one losses 10% find the gain at original price ? sols let the original sp be Rs x. then now S.P=RS2x/3,loss=10% now C.P=Rs20x/27*27/20x" 100)%=35% Ex .18, A tradesman sold an article at a loss of 20%.if the selling price has been increased by Rs100,ther would have been a gain of 5%.what was the cost price of the article?Sol Let CP be Rs x. then (105% of x)-(80 % of x)=100 oF 25% of x=100 © soCP 5 400 Ex 19, A man sells an article at a profit of 25%if he had bought it 20% less and sold itfor Rs 10.50 less,he would have gained 30%efind the cost price of the article. Sol: Let the C.P be Rs x 1" 8 P=125% of x =125x/10025x/4:2" § P=80% of x=80x/100=4%/5 2" SP. 30% of 4x/5={130/100*4x/5)=26x/25 0,508) 10,50*1009/2 0 Sx/4-26x/2: hence C.P=Rs.50 Ex 20:The price of the jewel,passing through three hands,rises on the whole by65%.if| the first and the second sellers 20%and25% profit respectively find the percentage profit earned by the third seller. Sol: ‘Lette orginal price ofthe jewel be Rs pan et the profit earned by the thr seller be x56 ‘Then, 1004) of 125% OF 120% OF 165% OF P = ((1004X)/100°125/100"120/100°P)}=(165/100"P) © (100#X)=(165"100*100)/(125* 120)=110=>3 0% Ex21 . A man 2 flats for Rs 675958 each.on one he gains 16% while on the other he losses 16%. How much does he gain/loss in the whole transaction? Sol: In this case there will be alwalys loss, The selling pri ial s imma Hence, loss % = (common loss and gain%)°/10= (16/10) %=(64/25)%:Ex.22. A dealer sold three-fourth of his article at a gain of 20% and remaining at a ‘cost price. Find the gain earned by him at the two transcation. Sok: Let the CP of the whole be Rs x CP of 3/4! =Rs 3x/4,CP of U4! =Rs x/t © total S.P=Rs [(120%of 3x/4)+x/4 }=Rs(Ox/104x/4)=Rs 23/20 © gaim=Rs(23x/20-K)=Rs 3x/20 © gain%=3/20* Ux100)%=15% Ex 23..A man bought a horse and a car riage for Rs 3000.he sold the horse at a gain of 20% and the carriage at a loss of 10%,thereby gaining 2% on the wholesind the cost of the horse. Sol: Let the C.p of the horse be Rs.x, then C.P of the carriage =Rs(3000-x) 206% of x-10% 0f(3000-x)=2% of 3000 © w/5-(3000-x)/10=60=,2x-300044x=600=,3x+3600=>x=1200 © hhence,C.P of the horse =Rs 1200 Ex 24 find the single ‘ount equivalent to a series discount of 20% ,10% and 5%" let the marked price be Rs 100 then snet S.P=95% of 90% of 80% of Rs 100 -=Rs(95/10090/100"80/100"100)=Rs68.40Ex .25 After getting 2 successive discounts, a shirt with a list price of Rs 150 is available at Rs 108. Ifthe second discount is 12.55,find the first discount. Sol: Let the first discount be x% “Then,87.5% of (100-x)% of 150= 105 © 87.5/100%(100-x)/100°450=1 !=>105=>100.x=(105*100100)/(150°87.5)=80 = x=(100-80)=20 © first discount 2096 Ex 26 An uneducated retailar marks all its goods at 50% above the cost price and thinking that he will still make 25% profitoffers a discount of 25% on the marked price.what is the actual profit on the sales? Sol: Let C.P =Rs 100then marked price S.P=756 of Rs 1S0=R8112.50 Hence,gain%=12.50% Ex27..A retailer buys 40 pens at the market price of 36 pens from a wholesaler ,if he sells these pens giving a discount of 1% ,what is the profit % ? sol: let the market price of each pen be Rs 1 then,C.P of 40 pens = Rs 36 $.P of 40 pens =99% of Rs 40=Rs 39.60 profit %=(3.60*100)36) % 1%Ex 28 . At what % above C.P must an article be marked so as to gain 33% after allowing a customer a discount of 8%? Sol Let C.P be Rs 100.then S.P be Rs 133, Let the market price be Rs x ‘Then 90% of x=133=>95x/100=133=: =(133"100995)=140 Market price = 40% ubove C.P Ex .29., When a producer allows 36% commission on retail price of his product, he earns a profit of 8.8%. what would be his profit % if the commision is reduced by 24%? Sol: Let the retail price =Rs 100.then, commission=Rs 36 S.P=Rs(100-36)=Rs 64 But, profit=8.8% C_P=Rs(100/108,8"64)=Rs 1000/17 New commission =Rs12. New S.P=Rs(100-12)Rs 88 Gait 9(88-1000/17)=Rs 496/17 Gain %=(496/17°17/1000° 100)%=49.6%12. RATIO AND PROPORTION IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE, LLRATIO: The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, isthe rection alb and we write it as a:b. In the ratio acb, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or consequent. Ex. The ratio 5: 9 represents 5/9 with antecedent Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of ratio by the same non-zero number does not affect the ratio, Ex, 4: 5=8: 10= 12: 15ete, Also, 4: 6= 2:3. 5, consequent = 9, 2. PROPORTION: The equality of two ratios is called proportion. Ifa: b=crd, we write, a:b::e:d and we say that a,b, ¢,d are in proportion . Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called mean terms, Product of means = Product of extremes. ‘Thus, a: be: d<=>(b xe) =(@xd), 3. i) Fourth Proportional: Ifa: b = e:d, then d is called the fourth proportional toa be. (ii) Third Proportional: Ifa: b = bc, then cis called the third proportional to and b. ii) Mean Proportional: Mean proportional between a and b is square root of ab 4. (i) COMPARISON OF RATIOS: We say that (a: 6) > (¢: d) Gi) COMPOUNDED RATIO: The compounded ratio of the ratios (a: b} (e: d), (@: 1) i (ace: ba) (alb)>(e Md), 5. i) Duplicate ratio of (a: b) is (a? :b*), (i) Sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (Na : Xb). (iii)Tripticate ratio of (a:b) is (*:*), {iv) Sub-triplicate ratio of (a :b)is a Yo: 6%). (0) IE (alb)=(C/d), then (axb\(a-b)}=(CHd/(e)) (Componendo and dividendo) 6, VARIATION: ) We say that x is directly proportional toy, if x= ky for some constant k and Wwe write, x.y (ii) We say that xis inversely proportional to y, if xy = k for some constant k and wwe write, X°(1/y)‘SOLVED PROBLEMS Ex.1.ifa:b=5:9andb:¢=4:7, finda: 20 Ex.2. Find: the fourth proportional to 4 9, 12; (ll) the third proportional to 16 and 36; il the mean proportional between 0.08 and 0.18 Sol. |) Letthe fourth proportional to 4, 9, 12.be x. Then, 4:9::12:x 624 xx=Oxt2 X=(9.x 12)14227; Fourth proportional to 4 9, 12is 27. (i) Lt the thir proportional to 18 and 36 be x Then, 16:96 ::36:x 4216 xx= 38 x36 ¢° x=(96 x 36)/16 =81 hind proportional to 16 and 36 is 81 (i) Mean proporional between 0.08 and 0.18 ‘0.08 x 0.18 =V8/100 x 18/100= V144i(100 x 100)=12/100-0.12 Ex.3. x: y= :4, find (4x + Sy): (5x + 2y) Sol. XIV=3/4 <> (Ax+5y)/(x+2y)= (4{ xly}+5)/( (xy)-2) =(4(3/4}45)(5(34) 2) =(3+5)/TIa)=3217 Ex. 4, Divide Rs. 672 in the ratio 5: 3. Sol. Sum of ratioterms = (5 +3)=8, First part = Rs (672 x (18) = Rs. 420; Second part= Rs. (672 x (/8))= Rs. 252.Ex. 5. Divide Rs. 1162 among A, B, Cin the ratio 35: Sol, Sum of rao terms = (35 + 28 + 20)= 83, As share = Rs. (1162 x (35/69)= Rs. 490; Bs share = Rs, (1462 x(2818))= Rs 392; 20 C's share = Rs. (1162. (20/83))= Rs. 280 Ex. 6. A bag contains 50 p, 25 P and 10 p coins in the ratio 5: 9: 4, amounting to Rs. 206. Find the number of coins of each type. ‘Sol. Let the number of 90 p, 25 P and 10 p coins be Sx, 9x and 4x respectively, (6x/2)+(9x/ 4)}+(4/10}=206 o? 60x + 45x + Bx = 412062 103K = 4120 oox=40, ‘Number of 50 p coins = (5x 40) = 200; Number of 25 p coins = (9 x 40) = 360; Number of 10 p coins = (4 x 40) = 160. Ex. 7. A mixture contains alcohol and water in the ratio 4 : 3. If litres of water is added to the ‘mixture, the ratio becomes 4: 5. Find the quantity of alcohol inthe given mixture ‘Sol. Let the quantty of alcohol and water be 4x lites and 3x litres respectively 4xl(Gx+5)=45 6 20x=4(9xt5) $9 8x=20 cOx=2.5 Quantty of aloahol = (4x 2.5) litres = 10 ives.