Journal of Food and Agriculture Research

Vol. 1, No. 1, 2021, pp. 69-85

© ARF India. All Right Reserved
URL: www.arfjournals.com

Technological Innovations in Food Processing and

Value Addition to Coconut
RK Sharma1*, OP Chauhan2 and JR Xavier2
1
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai
2
Defence Food Research Laboratory, DRDO, Siddarthanagar, Mysore 570011, India
*
Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Received : 30 March 2021

Abstract: Consumers demand for high quality foods that
are fresh tasting and nutritious have created considerable Revised : 6 April 2021
interest in the development of new food-processing Accepted : 8 April 2021
techniques. Developments in non-thermal technologies Published : 30 June 2021
have been advanced by both industry and academia in an
attempt to meet the challenge of producing safe processed
food of a high quality. These techniques may be adopted for TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:
liquid products like coconut sap, tender coconut water and RK Sharma, OP Chauhan
mature coconut water to achieve sterility with extended shelf and JR Xavier. 2021.
life. A diverse range of other food products has also been Technological Innovations in
prepared from coconut that satisfies the human nutritional Food Processing and Value
and health requirements. Value added products developed Addition to Coconut Journal of
Food and Agriculture Research,
from coconut includes Beverage, Yoghurt, Jam, Jelly, Chips,
1: 1, pp. 69-85
Spread, Milk, Spray dried coconut milk powder, Coconut
cream, Copra, Neera, Coconut chutney, Dehydrated
coconut chutney, Nata-de-coco, Vinegar, Virgin Coconut
Oil (VCO) and VCO meal based products, etc.
Keywords: Coconut, Value addition, Preservation,
Processing, Shelf life.

1. Introduction
In a world where we produce enough food to feed everyone, the United Nations
Food and Agriculture Organization estimate that about one in nine (almost 821
million), go to bed hungry each night (www.downtoearth.org.in/Food insecurity
report). Even more – one in three – suffer from some form of malnutrition.
Hunger causes more deaths than Malaria, HIV and TB put together.
The concept of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was born at
the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio+20, in 2012.
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted (Resolution 70/1) on 25
September 2015 at the United Nations in New York. It comprises 17 new SDGs,
70 Journal of Food and Agriculture Research

beginning with a historic pledge to end poverty. The aim of UN Sustainable

Development Goal 2 is to ‘End hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture’ (in.one.un.org/sustainable-
development-goals). One of the main objectives is to ensure sustainable food
production systems and implementation of resilient agricultural practices which
increases productivity and production, that help to maintain ecosystems and to
strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought,
flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality.
This is being achieved by investments in Food Security and Rural
Development to ensure sufficient, safe and nutritious food. Rural Development
encompasses creating business opportunities and job in Crop based sectors,
Food processing and Horticulture enterprises.

1.1. Indian Food Scenario

To start within 1947, India was not self-sufficient in food grain production
(ship to mouth era). India recorded impressive achievements in agriculture in
a span of three decades since the onset of green revolution that transformed
India from a food deficient stage to a surplus food market.
India is endowed with substantial agriculture resources with over 180
agro-climatic regions, forests and a vast coastline. 141 million hectares (52%,
against 11% global average) of total cultivable land is a giant resource besides
huge irrigated lands and enough supply of Skilled, educated, technical and
scientific workforce. Our farmers are the backbone of country’s food security.
Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for about 58 per cent of India’s
population. Gross Value Added by agriculture, forestry and fishing is Rs 18.53
trillion (US$ 271.00 billion) in 2018. Food and grocery account for around 31%
of India’s consumption basket (Madhusudhan, 2015). In terms of agricultural
produce, poultry and meat output, India is ranked second in the world as
shown in (Table 1).

Table 1: Production status of food commodities (2018-19)

Commodity Production Status in the World
Milk 187.7 Million tons Largest Producer
Livestock 535.78 Millions Largest Producer
Grains (Rice, Wheat) 275 Million tons Largest producer
Vegetables 178.2 MMT 2nd largest producer
Fish 13.7 MMT 2nd largest producer
Fruits 97.97 Million tons 2nd largest producer
Eggs 100 billions 3rd largest producer
Oilseeds 34.19 Million tons 4th largest producer
Technological Innovations in Food Processing and Value Addition to Coconut 71

India ranks fifth in terms of production, consumption and exports.

The Indian food and grocery market is the world’s sixth largest, with retail
contributing 70% of the sales. Growth rate in agriculture and allied sector
has been approximately 4.4%. India has a diverse regional and cultural
demographic structure. The main challenge before the Indian Agro-Food
industry is to guarantee the availability of safe and healthy food against the
background of increasing consumer demands, sustainability concerns as well
as resource demands for bio based applications. Added to this, climate change,
the intensified competition for energy, more and more requirements for fresh
water, agricultural produces and agricultural land as well as the shift in dietary
patterns has created more challenging tasks to this sector. Government of India
is focusing on improving production and productivity of crops mainly under
the National Food Security Mission and National Horticulture Mission.

2. Food Processing
Consumers demand for high quality foods that are tasty, wholesome, nutritious
and processed in such a way so that the functionality and bioavailability of their
bioactive components is retained to the maximum, have created considerable
interest in the development of new food-processing techniques. Consumers
are also increasingly becoming aware of nutritional security and about the
food safety. Food processing is mainly to preserve food and to ensure safety
(kill microorganisms), increase digestibility, increase shelf life (destruction
of enzymes, toxins), help in improving palatability and organoleptic quality
(texture, flavour, colour), increase seasonal availability of many foods and
develop new products (www.newworldencyclopedia.org). Food processing
makes available for a consumer a wide variety of foods and, as a consequence,
they have a more convenient, safe and affordable diet.

2.1. Genesis of Food Processing

Modern food processing technology developed in the 19th and 20th centuries
in a large part to serve military needs. During the Napoleonic era, with the
French military spreading its influence geographically, the challenge of feeding
the army and navy became an acute problem. Napoleon Bonaparte offered a
monetary reward (Napoleon’s Food Preservation Prize, 12,000 francs, 1795)
for a practical solution for preserving food. The French confectioner Nicolas
François Appert rose to the challenge, experimenting over the next 14 years
in search of a satisfactory food-preservation method. He devised a method
involving heating, boiling and sealing food in airtight glass jars — the same
72 Journal of Food and Agriculture Research

basic technology still used to can foods and published a Book entitled L’Art
de conserver les substances animals etvégétales (The Art of Preserving Animal
and Vegetable Substances). Pasteurization, discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1864,
improved the quality and safety of preserved foods and introduced the wine,
beer and milk preservation. India has a rich heritage of traditional and ethnic
foods that need to be preserved. This treasure has to be unraveled, adopted
in its originality or combined with new global food technology concepts to
innovate great foods, which can put India on top of the world food map.

2.2. Post-harvest Management

Though India has a large production base, our productivity is low.
Harvest and post-harvest loss of India’s major agricultural produce is
estimated at Rs 92,651 Cr ($13 billion), according to data published by the
Ministry of Food Processing Industries on August 9, 2016 (www.ciphet.in).
We waste as much food as the whole of UK consumes. Post-harvest losses
could be minimized by Good Agriculture Practices, Good Animal Husbandry
practices, Good Manufacturing Practices, Good Hygiene Practices and Food
Processing. The Indian food industry is poised for huge growth, increasing
its contribution to world food trade every year due to its immense potential
for value addition, particularly within the food processing industry. The post-
harvest management (PHM) system implies the delivery of a crop from the time
and place of harvest to the time and place of consumption, with minimum loss,
maximum efficiency and maximum return for all involved. In order to reduce
the postharvest losses, there is a need to adopt proper strategies involving new
technologies in the PHM.

2.3. Value Addition to Food Products

Better and improved PHM practices, diversification, value addition and
exports are the key needs for Indian horticulture sector in the coming years.
Value addition to foods may be done by several ways. It could be done by
the use of preservative, food ingredients capable of eliciting functionalities
and by fortification using micronutrients. There are novel and emerging food
processing technologies that are possible to preserve the ingredients in the
food intact (Sharma, 2017; Sharma, 2018). The shelf life enhancement of the
processed food can be done by adapting newer packaging technologies. The
by-products of the fruits and vegetables, etc., may be used for value addition
by adapting commercially viable approaches. Fermented foods are value
added foods that could be developed using novel starters. Starter cultures
Technological Innovations in Food Processing and Value Addition to Coconut 73

are those microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts, and molds or their combinations)

that initiate and carry out the desired fermentation essential in manufacturing
cheese and fermented dairy products. India is fast emerging as a sourcing hub
of processed foods.

2.4. Technological Innovations in Food Processing

Various technological innovations in the food processing sector is a must
for meeting the growing food demand, alleviating food security gap and to
account for more and more urbanization that reduces agricultural production
but enhances the food consumption.

2.4.1. Thermal Processing Technologies

It comprise of sun drying, cabinet drying with additive treatments, high
temperature short time (HTST), pneumatic drying, cold shock dehydration,
fluidized bed drying, spray drying, retort processing, pasteurization,
microwave processing, infra-red processing and extrusion technology (Sharma
and Wadikar , 2016; Anilakumar et al. 2017). Many types of food products
available in the market that uses thermal technologies for processing include
Ready-to-Eat (RTE) Meals, RTE bars and biscuits, RTE jam, preserves and jellies,
RTE pickles, dehydrated food products, semi-processed convenience food
products (precooked and dehydrated/ instant/jiffy) and canned food products.
Most of the thermally treated food products are preserved by subjecting to
high temperatures for a few seconds or several minutes which may lead to loss
of vitamins, essential nutrients, colour and flavor. To overcome or minimize
these disadvantages, the concept of non-thermal process was explored.
Usually, these processes are operated at room temperature so that vitamins,
essential nutrients, colour and flavor will be protected with minimal or no loss.
In addition to this, non-thermal process can also be effectively used for enzyme
and microbial inactivation.

2.4.2. Non-thermal Processing Technologies

It is an emerging trend in food processing in view of better retention of
nutritional quality of the product. The main challenge in non-thermal
processes is standardization when compared to thermal treatments. Non-
thermal processes seem to be product specific hence it need additional research
work to define process parameters. The advantages include better nutritional
values, better sensory and microbiological quality and minimal or no use of
preservatives. Non-thermal processing technologies includes Ozonation,
74 Journal of Food and Agriculture Research

Ultrasonic processing, High hydrostatic process (HHP) processing, Pulsed

UV light, Pulsed electric field (PEF) for liquid food and beverages, Cold
plasma processing, Gamma irradiation, Freeze drying, Minimal processing,
Hurdle technology, Reverse osmosis and Ultrafiltration, Use of antimicrobials
and bacteriocins, etc. Developments in non-thermal technologies have been
advanced by DFRL in an attempt to meet the challenge of producing safe
processed food of a high quality. These techniques have been adopted for
liquid products like coconut sap, tender coconut water and mature coconut
water to achieve sterility with extended shelf life. Each of these technologies
has specific critical process parameters that must be monitored as part of
critical control points. In-depth understanding of these technologies is the key
while considering their implementation.
Development of newer processing technique that are energy efficient, new
food product development, innovation and fusion is the way ahead to succeed
under competitive global economy (Sharma et al 2016).

3. Drivers for Sustainable growth of Value added Food Products

for Defence Forces with Spin Offs to Civil Sector
Defence Food and Research Laboratory (DFRL), Mysore, a constituent
laboratory of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO),
is into military nutrition and feeding of over 12.5 lakhs combatants. DFRL
develops technologies to find new sources of food products, add convenience,
increase efficiency, reduce costs and increase export. DFRL has been focused
with its efforts to conserve, preserve, stabilize, design, fabricate and engineer a
vast array of specific food products of Indian dietary, which are not only shelf
stable under all weather conditions but also deliver adequate nutrition and
energy to keep the morale of Service personnel high at all times (Sharma, 2017;
Sharma and Wadikar , 2016; Anilakumar et al. 2017; Khanum et al 2017).

3.1. Need for Processed Food for Indian Military and Paramilitary
Services
In operational situations, the soldiers are at times deprived of the fresh produce
needed to sustain life processes. At some locations even normal regime of
cooking becomes extremely cumbersome and difficult. We aim at inspiring
trust by creating a culture of food safety and nutrition security amongst defence
forces and assuring them availability of a variety of long-lasting, convenient,
wholesome, healthier, nutritious, delicious, tastier, appealing and quality food
around the year in abundance-even for those deployed at inhospitable locations
Technological Innovations in Food Processing and Value Addition to Coconut 75

and landlocked areas and for critical missions like Antarctica and manned space
flight. Making Terrain, Theatre, Operation and platform specific food products
is our main forte to keep our soldiers, airmen and sailors healthy, fit and happy
(Sharma, 2017). The R&D efforts at DFRL are aimed at developing lightweight,
convenience pack rations for army, navy, air force and other paramilitary forces,
which do not require any elaborate cooking or preparation at the consumer’s end
and remain shelf stable under varying climatic conditions for periods ranging
from 6 to 12 months. Through enormous and substantive contributions, DFRL
has developed a wide variety of food products of Indian dietary matching the
mainframe palate tastes of the country.

3.2. Spin Offs of Processed Food to Civil Sectors

Food processing sector is rapidly evolving as an important segment in
strengthening India’s role on the global platform of processed food. Frozen,
Meals-Ready-to-eat (MRE/RTE), Ready-to-cook (RTC) or Ready-to-drink
(RTD) packaged food is also gaining popularity in civil sector with growing
demand for processing food. Indigenous ingenuity is the hallmark of most
of the technologies, processes and products developed at DFRL. Many of
the DFRL foods, born out of innovative state-of-the-art technologies, lend
themselves eminently suitable to industrial scale commercial exploitation by
enterprising entrepreneurs of different genre (Murugan et al. 2015; www.drdo.
gov.in, 2017). There is a high market potential of such processed foods in India
mainly due to following factors:
• Increased literacy, urbanization and rising disposable income
• Increasing number of dual income nuclear families and increase in the
number of working women
• Busy and changing lifestyle,food habits, tastes and shift in consumption
habits
• Growing trend of less time spent in kitchen
• Increasing pattern of spending on healthy and value added food with
higher shelf life, greater nutritive value and that takes less time to cook
• Large and growing domestic consumer market
• Products diversification (Products lifecycle - fairly vast array of
products of Indian dietary, which are not only shelf stable under all
weather conditions but also deliver adequate nutrition and energy
with fascinating USP) and Mass production practices
• Convenience of consumption (during travel in India and Abroad)
76 Journal of Food and Agriculture Research

Some of the simple technologies could be taken up by small and medium

scale industries to bring traditional foods and/or fast food products to
consumers at comparatively competitive and affordable rates. DFRL has more
than 500 technology transfers to its credit, thus, contributing to employment
generation, vendor generation for armed forces and ‘Make in India’ initiative
of the Government of India in food sector. DFRL has also produced many food
products which are exports worthy.

4. Advanced Technologies Pursued at DFRL for Processing and

Preservation of Food Products
DFRL has been developing/adopting important food processing technologies
for value addition to the food products such as retort pouch processing and
high pressure processing for salads and ready meals, Pulsed electric field
processing for liquid foods and beverages, high intensity electric field pulses on
solid foods and enzymatic inactivation by pulsed electric fields, etc. (Murugan
et al. 2015; Sharma, 2016; Anila et al. 2017; Khanum et al. 2017; www.drdo.gov.
in, 2017). Some advanced technologies pursued at DFRL for processing and
preservation of food products are as follows:

4.1. Retort Pouch Processing

It is a unique combination of packaging, processing and product development
technologies with functional, quality and economic benefits. Retort pouch
processing is used to keep food products into shelf stable at room temperature
without the necessity of freezing, cooling and drying. This processing aims
to preserve foods for a long period of time at ambient conditions with
ensured safety and minimum quality loss. It is to prevent processed food
products from being spoiled even at room temperature by inactivation of
spoilage microorganism through retort pouch processing after packing in
air-tight container (pouch). The product is sealed into an air tight container
(hermetically sealed). Heat treatment is applied in order to destroy pathogenic
microorganism and mesophilic microorganisms its spore / toxin and inactivate
the thermophilic organisms. Heat treatment process must be designed and
controlled in such a manner to provide the required safety, at the same time
leave the product values and quality factors.

4.2. Ohmic Heating Technique

It is used as a thermal method to preheat, to blanch and to pasteurize and
sterilize vegetable products, fruit preparations and meat products. The process
Technological Innovations in Food Processing and Value Addition to Coconut 77

is based on using the electrical resistance of the food being treated. Dissipation
of the electrical energy when an electric current flows through food causes
heat to be released (Joule effect). The amount of dissipated heat is directly
related to the applied voltage and the electrical conductivity of the product
or of individual product fractions (Ohm’s law). The advantages of ohmic
heating lie in the heating of the product volume, which, ideally, should be
uniform. Depending on the conductivity of individual product fractions, the
configuration of the treatment chamber and the flow characteristics of the food,
it could be heated at relatively low temperature gradients.

4.3. Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Technology

It is a non-thermal method of food preservation that uses short pulses of
electricity for microbial inactivation while better maintaining the original
colour, flavour, texture and nutritional value of the unprocessed food. PEF
technology involves the application of pulses of high voltage to liquid or semi-
solid foods placed between two electrodes. High intensity Pulsed Electric
Field (HIPEF) processing involves the application of pulses of high voltage
(typically 20-80 kV/cm) to foods placed between two electrodes. PEF treatment
is conducted at ambient, sub-ambient or slightly above ambient temperature
for less than 1 s, achieved by multiple short duration pulses typically less than
5 µs and energy loss due to heating of foods as well as undesirable changes
in the sensory properties of the food is minimized. PEF treatments are very
effective on the microbial inactivation in milk, milk products, egg products,
juice and other liquid foods.

4.4. Ultra-High Pressure (UHP) Technology

It is a promising “non-thermal” technique for food preservation that efficiently
inactivates the vegetative microorganisms, most commonly related to food
borne diseases. High pressure processing is carried out with intense pressure
in the range of 500-1000 MPa, with or without heat, allowing most foods to be
preserved with minimal effect on taste, texture or nutritional characteristics.
High pressure technology acts instantaneously and uniformly throughout a
mass of food independent of size, shape and food composition. Compression
will uniformly increase the temperature of foods approximately 30ºC per 100
MPa. The temperature of homogenous food will increase uniformly due to
compression. An increase in food temperature from 900-1100 ºC in conjunction
with pressure 500-700 MPa have been used to inactivate spore forming
bacteria such as Clostridium botulinum. The inactivation effect of high pressure
78 Journal of Food and Agriculture Research

processing results in extending shelf life and improving the microbial safety
of food products. The main advantage of high pressure processing compared
to thermal sterilization and pasteurization is maintenance of sensory and
nutritional characteristic of treated food products.

5. Coconut - a Versatile Crop

The Coconut tree, a member of the palm tree family and the only known
living species of the genus Cocos, is one of the most fascinating and beautiful
palms in the world. ‘Coconuts’ are the fruit of the coconut palm, botanically
known as Cocos nucifera, (nucifera meaning “nut-bearing”). Coconut is native
to Malaysia and Southern Asia, and is now also prolific in South America,
India, the Pacific Islands, Hawaii and Florida. Coconut is grown in more than
86 countries worldwide. Southern India alone contributes 90% of area and
91% of production. Indonesia is the world’s leading coconut producer which
produced about 19 MMT of coconuts and India is the third largest coconut
producer with an annual production of more than 21,500 million tonnes nuts.
For the first time, India has been exporting dry coconut in large quantities to
the U.S and European countries. In 2017-18, India exported coconut worth Rs
1602.38 crore while imports stood at Rs 259.70 crore. Coconut occupies area of
more than 21 Lakh Hectares. Coconut is produced in more than 18 states and 3
union territories in India. Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
are the leading coconut producing states in India and these states contributes
for more than 90% of the total coconut produced in the country.
The coconut palm, supposed to be one of the five legendry ‘Deva Vrikshas’,
has been praised as ‘Kalpa Vriksha’ - the all giving tree - in the classics of
India. Coconut is called a multipurpose crop of the future, widely acclaimed
as Tree of Heaven. Coconuts are known for their versatility of uses as there are
a series of end products with multifarious uses. Coconut is an inevitable item
for cultural and social functions. The term ‘coconut’ refers to the whole coconut
palm, the seed, or the fruit, which botanically is a drupe, not a true nut. The
inner flesh of the mature seed, as well as the coconut milk extracted from it,
forms a regular part of the diets of many people in the tropics and subtropics.
Coconut leaves are used as thatches for roof and fencing. Coconut shell is
used as an industrial product and for making handicraft items. Coconut trunk
is used as building materials, flooring materials and handicrafts. Coconut is
used as food crop, oilseed, fibre crop and beverage crop. Being a natural and
eco-friendly product, coconut has a future and potential for earning carbon
credits.
Technological Innovations in Food Processing and Value Addition to Coconut 79

5.1. Tender Coconut Water and Neera

Coconut’s endosperm contains a large quantity of clear liquid, called ‘coconut
water’ or ‘coconut juice’. The water of tender coconut (TCW) is a sterile, nutritious
and a thirst quenching natural health drink with gentle taste and flavor (Jean
et al 2009; Dornier et al 2012; Priya and Ramaswamy,2014; Anilakumar et al.
2017; Zulaikhah, 2021). It is rich in potassium and other minerals. Sugars form
an important constituent of the TCW. The concentration of sugars in the nut
water steadily increases from about 1.5 to 5-5.5 per cent in the early months of
maturation and then slowly falls reaching about 2 per cent at the stage of the
full maturity of the nut. After harvesting, the quality of tender coconut water
in nuts is found to undergo deterioration after 72 h.
The TCW has a calorific value of 17.4 per 100g. TCW possess good
rehydration properties for patients suffering from gastroenteritis and intestinal
disturbances (Zulaikhah et al. 2021). It is known to have been administered
intravenously during famine and wars (Falck et al. 2000). TCW is zero fat, zero
cholesterol and zero added sugar drink that is rich in the essential electrolytes
like sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus. Possess
therapeutic properties with vitamins, minerals and protein. The coconut palm
tree  is a valuable medicinal crop around the world. Rich in  fiber, vitamins
and minerals they provide different health benefits. Coconuts are commonly
used in herbal and western medicine as remedy for heart diseases, high
blood pressure, digestive and bladder problems, diabetes, bronchitis, cancer,
asthma, constipation, diarrhea, stress relief, skin infections, flu, cough, fever,
pain, weight loss, cholesterol level, dental care and many others. Coconuts
have antiseptic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-irritant, antioxidant and
soothing emollient effects.
Coconut yields coconut neera and coconut toddy (inflorescence). Tender
coconut water is much valued for its delicate taste, aroma and flavour apart
from the minerals and other nutrients that it delivers. The endosperm is initially
in its nuclear phase suspended within the coconut water.  As development
continues, cellular layers of endosperm deposit along the walls of the coconut,
becoming the edible coconut “flesh”. 

5.2. Value added Coconut based Food Products Developed at DFRL

A diverse range of food products has been prepared from coconut that satisfy
the human nutritional and health requirements (www.thehindubusinessline.
com; www.techno-preneur.net; www.oocities.org; Rethinam and Kumar,
2007; Markose and Poduval, 2009; Jean et al 2009; Dornier et al 2012; Priya and
80 Journal of Food and Agriculture Research

Ramaswamy,2014; Tamilselvan et al 2017). Value added products developed

from coconut includes Beverage, Yoghurt, Jam, Jelly, Chips (Pandey et al
2017), Spread, Milk, Spray dried coconut milk powder, Coconut cream, Copra,
Neera, Coconut chutney, Dehydrated coconut chutney, Nata-de-coco, Vinegar,
VCO and VCO meal based products (Markose and Poduval, 2009), etc. and
described (Table 2).

Table 2: Physico-chemical properties of value added products of coconut

Parameters Fruit juice Tender Coconut Virgin Virgin
blended tender/ coconut jam chips coconut coconut
mature coconut meal based meal based
water beverage bar biscuit
pH 3.0 3.3 -- -- --
TSS (°Brix) 15 68.8 -- -- --
Moisture (%) 85 20.2 12.8 15.3 3.5
Protein (%) 0.2 0.4 8.5 11.5 6.3
Fat (%) 0.1 9.8 58.4 14.8 32.2
Carbohydrate (%) 14.8 68.7 14.6 56.5 57.1
Ash (%) 0.1 0.9 2.1 1.9 0.9
TPC (cfu/ml or g) Nil <101 <102 <101 <101
Coliforms (cfu/ml or g) Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

Yeast and molds (cfu/ml or g) Nil Nil <101 <101 Nil

Overall sensory acceptability* 8.5 8.0 8.2 8.1 8.4

(*On 9 point hedonic scale)

5.2.1. Tender Coconut Water Preservation

DFRL, Mysore, has developed innovative state-of-the-art technology to
preserve and stabilize tender coconut water in flexible polymeric pouches
and aluminum cans. In fact, the pure and sweet tender coconut is known for
therapeutic properties and is a nutritious and a thirst-quenching refreshing
health drink for all age groups. The technology enables retention of all the
natural goodness and delicate flavour of tender coconut water. The product
has a shelf life of six months under ambient conditions. The shelf life can be
further extended by three more months under refrigerated storage. Coconut
water of 6-7 month stage is first filtered through pressure filters and then
mixed with the desired proportion of additives plus sugar and concentrated to
the appropriate level. The water is then packed in pouches / cans and retorted
in an autoclave, after which it is cooled in a stream of cold water. It helps to
retain the flavour of the tender coconut water.
Technological Innovations in Food Processing and Value Addition to Coconut 81

5.2.1.1. The Process Flow of Tender Coconut Water Preservation Technology

can be Schematically Represented as Follows

Since tender coconut water is highly susceptible to heating, DFRL has

standardized additives (bio-preservatives and non-nutritive sweetener) and
their concentration; heating requirements for In-pack sterilization and suitable
packaging systems (PET/PP and PET / aluminium foil / nylon / PP – stand-up
pouches, Aluminum cans- 200 ml and 330 ml capacity with easy open ends and PP
Bottles. TCW is subjected to minimum heating by the use of additives like nisin,
a ‘broad-spectrum’ bacteriocin effective against many Gram-positive organisms,
including lactic acid bacteria (commonly associated with spoilage), Listeria
monocytogenes (a known pathogen), Staphylococcus aureus,  Bacillus cereus
and Clostridium botulinum, etc., to achieve commercial sterility.

5.2.2. Tender Coconut Water Ready to Serve Beverage Blended Fruit

Juices
Tender coconut water has been blended with different fruit pulps, i.e., lemon,
mango, pineapple, blue grapes, apple and pomegranate, etc., to increase
the palatability as plain tender coconut water has bland taste. The products
were found highly acceptable with a shelf life of nine months under packed
conditions at ambient temperature. These products have gained a national
status and have tremendous commercial potential.

5.2.3. Tender and Mature Coconut Water Beverage with Suspended

Kernels (Lemon Flavoured)
Tender/mature coconut water beverage with and without suspended kernels has
been developed as plain as well as in combination with lemon juice. The levels
of lemon juice and Total soluble solids (TSS) were optimized. The product was
found to be stable for six months under ambient storage conditions. The beverage
was packed in standup pouches as well as in bottles. The kernels was treated to
remain in suspended form as well as to avoid discolouration in the coconut water.

5.2.4. Preserved Mature Coconut Water Beverage

Mature coconut water beverage blended with lemon juice has been developed.
The optimized beverage was packed in standi-packs showed a shelf life of 9
months under ambient conditions
82 Journal of Food and Agriculture Research

5.2.5. Nata-De-Coco Bacterial Cellulose

Nata-De-Coco Bacterial cellulose produced by Acetobacter xylinum at the air
liquid interface of coconut water is known as Nata-de-coco. A. xylinum uses
the nutrients in the coconut water medium and forms a thin slimy, transparent
layer of cellulose on the surface of the medium which thickens with age,
forming a thick whitish sheet after fifteen to twenty days. This sheet is cut
into cubes, washed and boiled in water before cooking in sugar syrup. This
unconventional product based on coconut water has immense potential because
of the increasing awareness of the health benefits of fiber rich products and
the possibility of using a cheap, commonly wasted by-product of the coconut
industry to make a commercially value added product with export potential.

5.2.6. Instant Coconut Chutney Mix

Coconut chutney provides a definite tang to many of the traditional south
Indian delicacies such as idli, dosa, urad dal vada and bonda, etc. Without the
seasoning effect of coconut chutney, many of these products stand to lose their
traditional appeal. The RTE coconut chutney mix developed by DFRL contains
coconut gratings, tamarind, green chilli, coriander leaves, ginger, salt, spices
and oil besides curry leaves and mustard seeds as essential ingredients. The
product reconstitutes almost instantly on addition of water.

5.2.7. Neera
Neera or toddy is also called as Kalparasa. Neera can be obtained by tapping
unopened spadix (inflorescence) of coconut palm. Neera that drips out from the
spade of coconut is a non-intoxicated, unadulterated, yummy flavoredsugar
containing juice. Neera can arrest one’s thirst and is projected to grow into king
of soft drinks in future. Neera collection centre is easy to get started which is
similar to milk centres. Neera is a healthy drink which contains 85% water, rest
of which comprises sugar and proteins. The products such as jaggery, sugar
and candy can be prepared from Toddy. Neera can easily be converted into
value-added processed products such as jaggery, sugar, candy, ice cream and
toffee, etc. There are technologies available (low cost and high cost) to preserve
Neera for a period of 3 days to 2 months.

5.2.8. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) and VCO Meal based Products
Virgin coconut oil is a now a days coined as emerging functional food oil. The
term VCO refers to an oil that is obtained from fresh, mature kernel of the
coconut by mechanical or natural means, with or without the use of heat and
Technological Innovations in Food Processing and Value Addition to Coconut 83

without undergoing chemical refining. VCO based Porridge was developed

from VCO meal along with other ingredients like Skimmed Milk Powder,
Sweet Potato Powder, Green Gram Powder, Carrot Powder and Gooseberry
Powder, Pineapple Powder and Sugar Powder. The product showed excellent
sensory characteristics. The product was found to be acceptable for a period of
8 months under ambient storage conditions.

6. Conclusions
We process only ~2.2% of the produce. In contrast, countries like USA (65%) and
China (23%) are far ahead of India in reducing the wastage and enhancing the
value addition and shelf life of the farm products. Higher the level of processing
and proper marketing, better the post-harvest management and lower will be
losses. Food processing industry (FPI) has been one of the largest and most
prosperous sectors in terms of mass production practices, consumption, export
and growth. FPI is a 250 billion dollar industry in India and contributes to
32% of the total value of food market in India and is currently growing at 10%
per annum. The organised food business in India is worth US$ 48 billion. The
Indian food processing industry accounts for 32 per cent of the country’s total
food market, one of the largest industries in India. It is ranked fifth in terms
of production, consumption, export and expected growth. FPI serves as a vital
link between the agriculture and manufacturing sectors of the economy. It
creates 1.8 job directly and 6.4 indirectly/10000. Food Processing Sector is a
non-recession sector aka as a sunshine or sunrise sector or a Goldmine. The
earlier you enter Food Processing business, the more benefits you will reap.
The Indian food retail market is expected to reach US$ 915 billion by 2020.
We should strive to make India a world leader in food processing by giving
impetus to the agricultural sector whose contribution has declined to a meager
14% to the GDP. This is also in consonance with the vision of our Hon’ble PM of
doubling farmer’s income by 2022 (end of XIII FYP. 75th year of Independence),
given at Bareilly on 28 Feb 2016. Indian Food processing industries should
contribute to the eco-sustainable development of the food processing protocols
that effectively manages the energy and water use by effectively embracing
novel and innovative technologies. They should also adopt technologies to
reduce the food losses / wastage and improved utilisation of unconventional
resources available in the country. Although the direct eco-impact of food
processing is rather small compared to primary agro-food production, still
substantial savings can be achieved by adopting many innovative processing
technologies that give major efficiency improvements compared to traditional
84 Journal of Food and Agriculture Research

technologies. FPI sector is identified as one of the priority sectors by the GOI
under the national manufacturing policy. FPI is one of the 25 sectors identified
under the Make-in-India programme where the government is making plans
to attract both domestic as well as foreign investment. As per Department of
Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), the food processing sector is one of
the top 15 sectors where India has been receiving significant Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI). According to the Department for Promotion of Industry and
Internal Trade (DPIIT), the Indian food processing industry has cumulatively
attracted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) equity inflow of about US$ 8.57
billion between April 2000 and December 2018.
R&D effort by DFRL has helped in developing technologies to extend the
shelf-life of a variety of traditional food products of Indian dietary matching
the main frame palate/taste of India. Some of the simple technologies could
be easily taken up by small and medium scale industries. Worldwide there is
a great demand of technologies, processes and products developed by DFRL.

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