Name:_______________________ Class: __________ Prepared by Tasha

CHAPTER 1 REPRESENTATION OF DATA CONTINUOUS DATA

DISCRETE DATA 1. Continuous data cannot take exact values but can be given only within a
1. Discrete data can take only exact values, for example specified range or measured to a specified degree of accuracy.
- The number of cars passing a checkpoint in 30 minutes 2. These are the height of 20 children in a sport club.
- The number of tomatoes on each plant in a greenhouse 133 136 120 138 133 131 127 141 143 136
2. These are the number of snails collected of 30 students respectively. 129 133 137 144 125 130 125 146 148 147

0 1 3 5 1 2 2 3 2 2
Frequency distribution for continuous data
2 3 2 3 2 3 0 3 1 2
1 4 2 4 3 0 2 3 2 1 Height (cm) Height (cm) Height (to the
These data are known as raw data because they have not been ordered in any way. nearest cm)
119.5 h 124.5 119.5 124.5
124.5 h 129.5 124.5 129.5
129.5 h 134.5 129.5 134.5 120 124
Frequency distribution for discrete data 134.5 h 139.5 134.5 139.5 125 129
139.5 h 144.5 139.5 144.5 130 134
To illustrate the data more concisely, count the number of times each value occurs 144.5 h 149.5 144.5 149.5 135 139
and summarise these in a table, known as a frequency distribution.
140 144
145 149

Number of snails 0 1 2 3 4 5 Lower class boundary (l.c.b) Upper class boundary (u.c.b)
Frequency 3 5 11 8 2 1 Total 30
The values 119.5, 124.5, 129.5,... are called the class boundaries or the interval
The frequency distribution can be represented diagrammatically boundaries.

12 Bar chart
10
Width of an interval
8
width of an interval  upper class boundary - lower class boundary
Frequency

4
To group the heights it helps to use a tally column.
2
Height (cm) Tally Frequency
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
119.5-124.5 139.5-144.5
Number of snails

124.5-129.5 144.5-149.5

The mode 129.5-134.5

The mode is the value that occurs most often. 134.5-139.5

1
Name:_______________________ Class: __________ Prepared by Tasha
STEM-AND LEAF DIAGRAMS (STEMPLOT) These are the widths of 30 metal components
-equal intervals must be chosen 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5
- a key is essential 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 0.6 1.1 1.5
These are the marks of 20 students in an assignment
84 17 38 45 47 53 76 54 75 22 Stem Leaf State
66 65 55 54 44 51 39 19 54 72 0 67 a) the value ringed
0 89 b) The width of the interval
Lowest mark = 17; highest mark = 84; choose interval 10-19, 20-29,... 80-89 1 011 containing the ringed value
Stem (tens) Leaf (units) Stem (tens) Leaf (units) 1 23
1 79 1 79 (2) 1 44455
2 2 2 2 (1) 1 67
3 89 3 89 (2) 1 8 ○9

4 574 Rearrange 4 457 (3) 2 01

5 345414 5 1 3 4 4 4 5 (6)
6 65 6 56 (2) Back-to-back stemplots
7 652 7 256 (3) -> stem-and-leaf diagram that can be used to compare two samples
8 4 8 4 (1) Use a stem and leaf diagram to compare the examination marks in French and
English for a class of 20 pupils
Key: 1 7 means 17
French 75 69 58 58 46 44 32 50 53 78
Note: the stem does not necessarily represent the tens digit. 61 61 45 31 44 53 66 47 57 81
The marks of 20 students in a quiz English 52 58 68 77 38 85 43 44 56 65
12 15 12 10 6 8 9 6 14 11 65 79 44 71 84 72 63 69 72 79
14 13 12 11 6 9 8 7 6 2
Interval: 0-4,5-9, 10-14,15-19 French English
Stem Leaf 3
Stem Leaf
0 2 4
0 2
Rearrange 5 111123344 5
5 134114321
10 011222344 6
10 2 2 0 4 1 4 3 2 1
15 0 7
15 0
Key: 0 2 means 2 Key (French) 8 Key (English)
10 0 means 10
2
Name:_______________________ Class: __________ Prepared by Tasha
HISTOGRAMS Modal class: the highest bar in the histogram (in a grouped frequency distribution,
Group data can be displaced in a histogram the modal class is the interval with the greatest frequency density)

--> the bars have no spaces between them

CUMMULATIVE FREQUENCY GRAPHS
--> The area of each bar is proportional to the frequency
 The cumulative frequencies are plotted against the upper class boundaries
If all the bars of a histogram have the same width, the height is proportional to the This is the frequency distribution of the heights of 30 broad bean plants were
frequency. measured
If the table for the distribution of ages of passengers on a flight as follows, Height, x cm Frequency Upper boundary Cumulative frequency
Age, x years Frequency <3 0
0-20 4 3≤x<6 1 <6 1
20-40 44 6≤x<9 2 <9
40-50 36
9≤x<12 11 <12
50-70 28
12≤x<15 10 <15
70-100 6
15≤x<18 5 <18
18≤x<21 1 <21

Total area ∝ Total frequency

Histograms often have bars of varying widths, so the height of the bar must be
adjusted in accordance with the width of the bar.
If the class intervals do not consist of same interval width, the vertical axis is not
labeled frequency but frequency density.
Frequency density or height = frequency / interval width

Ages Interval width Frequency Frequency density

0-20
20-40
40-50
50-70
70-100

3
Name:_______________________ Class: __________ Prepared by Tasha
Exercise: simple task. The results are shown in the table.
1. The daily hours of sunshine in London during August were Time (s) 5- 10- 20- 25- 40- 45-
7.0 7.6 12.5 12.9 8.3 9.7 8.4 11.1 Frequency 2 12 7 15 2 0
7.5 7.5 9.8 10.4 11.6 11.3 7.3 7.8 Draw a histogram to illustrate the data.
6.8 6.2 6.1 5.6 5.6 5.8 4.8 4.3
0.0 0.6 0.8 1.6 0.2 2.4 2.6
a) construct a frequency distribution table
b) Illustrate these data on a stem and leaf diagram and comment

2. The pulse rate of 30 company directors were measured before and after taking
exercise.
Before: 110 93 81 75 73 73 48 53 69 69
66 111 105 93 90 50 57 64 90 111
70 70 51 79 93 105 51 66 93 91
After: 117 81 77 108 130 69 77 84 84 86
95 125 96 104 104 137 143 70 80 131
106 130 109 137 75 104 75 97 80 145
Draw back-to-back stemplots for the following data. What conclusions can you
draw?

3. A teacher recorded the time to the nearest minute, spent reading during particular
day by each child in a group. The times were summarized in a grouped frequency
distribution and represented by a histogram. The first class in the grouped
frequency distribution was 10-19 and its associated frequency was eight children.
On the histogram the height of the rectangle representing the class was 2.4cm and
the width was 2cm. The total area under the histogram was 53.4cm2.. Find the
number of children in the group.

4. A researcher timed how long it took for each of 38 volunteers to preform a