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    AC Fundamentals

    Uploaded by

    Jayson Bryan Mutuc
    This document discusses electrical circuits and AC fundamentals. It explains that AC is predominant because AC generators are more economical for large power plants and AC voltage can be easily changed with transformers. It defines terms like cycle, period, frequency, and discusses how to calculate them. It also covers sine waves, peak vs RMS voltage, phase shifts, and some sample calculations related to AC circuits.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    AC Fundamentals

    Uploaded by

    Jayson Bryan Mutuc
    68 views16 pages
    This document discusses electrical circuits and AC fundamentals. It explains that AC is predominant because AC generators are more economical for large power plants and AC voltage can be easily changed with transformers. It defines terms like cycle, period, frequency, and discusses how to calculate them. It also covers sine waves, peak vs RMS voltage, phase shifts, and some sample calculations related to AC circuits.

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    1. AC Fundamentals

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    This document discusses electrical circuits and AC fundamentals. It explains that AC is predominant because AC generators are more economical for large power plants and AC voltage can be easily changed with transformers. It defines terms like cycle, period, frequency, and discusses how to calculate them. It also covers sine waves, peak vs RMS voltage, phase shifts, and some sample calculations related to AC circuits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    68 views16 pages

    AC Fundamentals

    Uploaded by

    Jayson Bryan Mutuc
    This document discusses electrical circuits and AC fundamentals. It explains that AC is predominant because AC generators are more economical for large power plants and AC voltage can be easily changed with transformers. It defines terms like cycle, period, frequency, and discusses how to calculate them. It also covers sine waves, peak vs RMS voltage, phase shifts, and some sample calculations related to AC circuits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 16

    Electrical Circuits 2

    1. AC Fundamentals

    Jayson Bryan E. Mutuc


    Why is the AC System is Predominant?

    • Because more than 90 percent of electric energy is


    generate by ac machines.
    • Because the Generation of AC is more economical with
    larger power plants.
    • Because ac voltage can easily be changed to almost
    any desired value by means a transformer.
    Generation of AC Voltage
    An ac voltage is one that continually changes in magnitude and
    periodically reverses in polarity. An ac voltage can be produced
    by a generator called alternator.

    It came from the theory of electromagnetic induction


    “Whenever the flux linking a coil changes an emf is induced”
    Cycle – the smallest non-repeatable portion of a
    periodic waveform
    Period – the time needed by an alternating quantity to
    complete one cycle.
    T = 1/f
    where:
    T = period (seconds)
    f = frequency (Hertz or cycles per second)
    Frequency – the number of cycles made by the
    alternating wave in one second.

    Note: The size of Electrical/ Electronics Equipment is


    inversely proportional to the Frequency
    Trivia No.1: Brownout and Blackout

    Brownout - an intentional lowering of utility voltage


    to reduce loading on the system.

    Blackout - total loss of power to the entire power


    system.

    Defined by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and


    Electronics Engineer)
    Determine the periodic time for the frequency of 50 Hz.
    Given: f = 50 Hz
    Solution:
    T = 1/f = 1/50
    T = .02 s = 20ms

    Determine the frequency for periodic time of 4ms.


    Given: T = 4ms
    Solution:
    f = 1/4ms = 250 Hz
    The voltage waveform is called a sine wave. The
    instantaneous value of voltage at any point on the sine
    wave is expressed by the equation.

    v(t) = Vm sin(ωt + θ)
    Where:
    v(t) – instantaneous voltage (volts)
    Vm – Maximum Voltage (volts)
    ω – angular velocity (2πf)
    t – time (seconds)
    θ – angular rotation (degrees)
    Converting Sine Wave To Cosine Wave and Cosine Wave
    to Sine Wave

    Sine Wave to Cosine Wave


    Vmcos(ωt + θ) = Vm sin(ωt + θ + 90o)

    Cosine Wave to Sine Wave


    Vm sin(ωt + β) = Vmcos(ωt + β - 90o)
    Characteristic Values of Voltage and Current

    The Average, RMS, and Peak Values


    Form factor of an ac waveform is the ratio of rms value to
    its average value

    Peak factor of an ac waveform is the ratio of maximum


    value to its rms value

    Phase shift is were two or more waveforms are out of step


    with each other

    A leading waveform is defined as one waveform that is


    ahead of another in its evolution. A lagging wave form is
    one that is behind another.
    A wire carries a current i = 3 sin 314t amperes. What is the
    average?
    Ans. 0 amps

    An alternating current of rectangular wave shape has


    amplitude of 10 and a frequency of 1. What is the rms
    current?
    RMS = I max = 10 A

    Find the average current of a sinusoidal current during the


    half cycle given the instantaneous maximum current of 20
    A?
    Ave = 0.636Im = 0.636(20) = 12.72 A
    Trivia No. 2:
    The Design of the Insulation Resistance of the wire
    depends on the amplitude value of voltage.

    While the design of size of the wire depends on the


    amperage of circuit.

    Trivia No. 3:
    Did you know that in terms of voltage class in residential
    Philippines is more advanced than America? Why?
    Voltage Class in RP: 240V
    Voltage Class in USA: 120V

    From a 1200 watts appliance


    For 120 volt current supply:
    Current drawn = 1200 watts /120 volt supply = 10A

    For 240 volt current supply we have:


    Current drawn = 1200 watts/240 volt supply = 5A

    “The higher the circuit voltage, the more economical the


    system will be”

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