Practice Questions Unit 2- Intermolecular forces and Chromatography (2022 WATP

practice)

1. Which of the following molecules is linear in shape, and exhibits dispersion forces as its
only type of intermolecular force?

(a) SO2
(b) CS2
(c) HBr
(d) NO

Questions 2 and 3 Refer to the following information.

A laboratory technician developed a method which used thin layer chromatography (TLC) to
identify many common colourings used in food.

The technician used reversed-phase TLC, where a non-polar stationary phase was used in
conjunction with a polar mobile phase. The solvent front was allowed to progress for a
distance of 8.00 cm from the origin, to ensure optimal separation.

A selection of the data obtained by the chemist is shown in the table below.

Food additive E number Food colour name Retention factor, Rf (cm)

E102 Tartrazine 0.64

E110 Sunset yellow 0.36

E123 Amaranth 0.55

E129 Allura red 0.28

2. Which food colour is likely to be the most polar?

(a) Tartrazine
(b) Sunset yellow
(c) Amaranth
(d) Allura red

3. What distance would the colour ‘Sunset yellow’ have moved from the origin on the
TLC plate?

(a) 0.36 cm
(b) 2.88 cm
(c) 5.12 cm
(d) 22.22 cm
Question 4 Complete the following table by;

 drawing a Lewis structure diagram for each compound, representing all electron pairs
as either : or –, and
 predicting whether, when mixed with water, the compound would form a solution
capable of conducting electricity.

Electrical conductivity in
Lewis structure aqueous solution
(‘yes’ or ‘no’)

(1 mark) (1 mark)

SeCl2

(1 mark) (1 mark)

HNO3

(2 marks) (1 mark)

AlPO4
Question 5 (9 marks)

Consider the information in the table below, regarding the vapour pressures of three
common liquids.

Vapour pressure at 20 C (kPa)

Water 2.34

Ethanol 5.83

Hexane 17.6

(a) Explain, in terms of intermolecular forces, why the vapour pressure of hexane is
much higher than the other two liquids. (3 marks)

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(b) Which of these liquids has the highest boiling point? Justify your answer. (3 marks)

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(c) Explain, in terms of the kinetic theory, why the vapour pressure of water increases
with increasing temperature. (3 marks)

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Question 6 (9 marks)

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be used to identify which ‘acidulants’
(compounds that give a sour taste) are present in food and drink samples.

The information below relates to the HPLC data collected from the analysis of several
common acidulants.

Acidulant Retention time (min)

Sample preparation: filtration
Oxalic acid 6.5
Stationary phase: polymer-based
Citric acid 8.0
matrix
Tartaric acid 8.5
Mobile phase: 0.0035 mol L-1
Malic acid 9.5
H2SO4(aq)
Sulfur dioxide 10.5
Flow rate: 0.6 mL min-1
Succinic acid 12
Column temperature: 55 C
Lactic acid 14
Detector: UV 210 nm
Acetic acid 17

(a) Which acidulant is likely to be the most polar? Justify your answer, making reference
to the role of intermolecular forces. (4 marks)
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(b) State the likely effect on retention time if a lower temperature had been used. (1
mark)

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(c) Identify how the collected data may be affected, if a UV detection wavelength of 240
nm had been used. (1 mark)

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Q 7. A particular white wine was analysed by HPLC. Assume the conditions used for this
analysis were identical to those stated on the previous page.
The wine was known to contain;
 citric acid
 tartaric acid
 sulfur dioxide, and
 succinic acid.

(d) On the grid below, sketch the expected chromatogram for the white wine sample.
Label both axes appropriately. (3 marks)

Question 8 (17 marks)

Consider the data presented in the graph below, regarding the boiling points of the Group
15, 16 and 17 hydrides.

H2O

HF

H2Te

SbH3
NH3
H2Se
HI
H2S
AsH3

HBr
HCl

PH3

(a) Identify the molecular shape of each of the following groups of hydrides. (3 marks)

Group 15 hydrides

Group 16 hydrides

Group 17 hydrides

Consider only the Group 17 hydrides.

(b) State and explain the trend in electronegativity as you move down the Group 17
elements. (3 marks)

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(c) Explain, using the concept of electronegativity, which of the Group 17 hydrides is the
most polar. (2 marks)

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Consider only the Group 16 hydrides.

(d) Identify the hydride which exhibits the strongest dispersion forces and explain why
this occurs. (3 marks)

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Consider the following data regarding the boiling points of the Group 14 hydrides.
 CH4 SiH4 GeH4 SnH4

Boiling point (C) -162 -112 -88 -52

(e) Plot this boiling point data on the graph on the previous page. (1 mark)

(f) Explain why the boiling points of H2O, HF and NH3 do not follow the same trend seen in
the Group 14 hydrides. Support your answer with a diagram illustrating the predominant
type of intermolecular interaction in NH3. (5 marks)

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Question 39 (21 marks)

Approximately 97% of all Earth’s water lies in the oceans. Seawater contains many different
dissolved ions, the most abundant of which are chloride, Cl-(aq), sodium, Na+(aq),
magnesium, Mg2+(aq), sulfate, SO42-(aq), calcium, Ca2+(aq) and potassium, K+(aq).

The diagram below includes some of the components of seawater.

water

Cl -

Na+

Ca2+

Cl -

(a) (i) Name the type of forces indicated by the arrows ( ) on the diagram. (1M)

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(ii) Explain how these forces form. (3 marks)

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A chemist collected a sample of seawater in order to determine its chloride, C l-(aq),
concentration.

They transferred 15.0 mL of seawater to a flask and added distilled water to make the final
volume up to 100 mL. The chemist then took a 20.0 mL portion of the dilute seawater and
placed it in a conical flask. To this, they added 20.0 mL of 0.100 mol L-1 silver nitrate,
AgNO3(aq), solution. Excess silver nitrate was added, to ensure all the chloride ions would be
precipitated.

The mass of solid silver chloride, AgCl(s), was determined to be 0.264 g.

20.0 mL of 0.100 mol L-1

excess AgNO3(aq) added

distilled water
added to a final solution X
volume of 100 mL
20.0 mL
sample of
15.0 mL 0.264 g AgCl(s)
dilute
seawater precipitate
seawater

(b) Calculate the concentration of chloride ions in seawater, in moles per litre. (5 marks)

(c) Calculate the concentration of silver ions in solution X (see diagram). (3 marks)
Seawater also contains very small amounts of gold. In order to determine the gold
concentration, the chemist analysed a further sample of seawater by atomic absorption
spectrometry (AAS).
The results of the analysis were compared to the calibration curve below.
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Absorbance at 242.8 nm

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Au concentration ( x 10-11 mol L-1)

(d) Explain, with reference to the process of AAS, why a higher concentration of gold
results in a higher absorbance reading. (3 marks)

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Trace amounts of silver are also found in sea water.
(e ) Give a reason that the presence of silver in seawater would not affect the AAS
absorbance reading. (1 mark)
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The chemist recorded the absorbance of the seawater sample to be 0.50. The density of
seawater was also determined to be 1.0236 kg L-1.

(f) Calculate the concentration of gold in seawater, in parts per million. (5 marks)