1.

Introduction of the new words:

- small intestine [ın´testın] - тонка кишка - large intestine - товста кишка
- nutrient [ˈnjuːtriənt] - поживні речовини - starchy parts of food - крохмалиста частина їжі
- to moist [mɔıs] – зволожувати - to dissolve - розчиняти
- possess - володіти - duodenum [dju:ɔ(u)´di:nǝm] - дванадцятипала кишка
- jejunum [ʤı´ʤu:nǝm] - порожня кишка - ileum (ilium) [´ıli:ǝm] - клубова кишка
- colon [´kɔulɔn]- ободова кишка - ascending [ǝ´sendıŋ] - висхідна
- transverse - поперечна - descending [dı´sendıŋ] - низхідна
- rectum [´rektǝm]- пряма кішка - anus [´eınǝs]- анус
- accessory organs – допоміжні органи
- churning [tʃɜːnıŋ] - збивати
2. Translate the following sentences:
1. The soft palate is a continuation of the soft tissues covering the hard palate.
2. The small intestine composed of three main portions is a thin-walled muscular tube.
3. The weight of the largest of the salivary glands is 28 gr.
4. The liver consists of small lobules connected together by connective tissue, different vessels and
nerves.
5. The duodenum is called so because its length measures about the length of twelve fingers.
6. The liver consisting of lobes is covered with a fibrous coat.
3. Read & translate the text:
The function of the digestive system is to prepare food for intake by body cells. Nutrients must be broken
down by mechanical and chemical means into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the
circulation. Within cells, the nutrients are used for energy and for rebuilding vital cell components.
Digestion takes place in the digestive tract proper, also called the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI)
tract. Also contributing to the digestive process are several accessory organs that release secretions into the
small intestine. Food is moved through the digestive tract by peristalsis, wavelike contractions of the organ
walls. Peristalsis also moves undigested waste material out of the body.
Digestion begins in the mouth, where food is chewed into small bits by the teeth. In the process of
chewing, or mastication, the tongue and the palate, the roof of the mouth, help to break up the food and mix
it with saliva, a secretion that moistens the food and begins the digestion of starch. The moistened food is
then passed into the pharynx (throat) and through the esophagus into the stomach. Here it is further broken
down by churning of the stomach as it is mixed with the enzyme pepsin and with powerful hydrochloric acid
(HCl), both of which break down proteins.
The partially digested food passes through the lower portion of the stomach, into the first part of the
small intestine, the duodenum. As the food continues through the jejunum and ileum, the remaining sections
of the small intestine, digestion is completed. Undigested food, water, and digestive juices pass into the large
intestine. This part of the digestive tract begins in the lower right region of the abdomen with the cecum, to
which the appendix is attached. The colon travels upward along the right side of the abdomen as the
ascending colon, crosses below the stomach as the transverse colon, then continues down the left side of the
abdomen as the descending colon. As food is pushed through the colon, water is reabsorbed and stool or
feces is formed. This waste material passes into the S-shaped sigmoid colon and is stored in the rectum until
eliminated through the anus.

3. Find in the text the equivalents for the following word combinations: готувати їжу для споживання,
бути достатньо малими для всмоктування, для перебудування життєвих компонентів клітин, декілька
допоміжних органів, скорочення стінок органів, пережовувати в маленькі шматочки, зміщувати зі
слиною, проходити крізь нижню частину шлунка, неперетравлена їжа, вздовж правого боку черевної
порожнини, травні соки, ця частина травного каналу, нижній правий відділ з сліпою кішкою, вода
пересмоктується, зберігатися у прямій кишці, виводитись через анус.
4. Find the English equivalents for the Latin terms:
1. Nutritio, onis f. 2. Digestio, onis f. 3. Lingualis, e. 4. Mucosus, a, um. 5. Membrana, ae f. 6. Os, oris n. 7.
Cavitas, atis f. 8. Tactus, us mi 9. Ascendens. 10. Transversus, a, um. 11. Ductus, us m. 12. Acidus, a, um.
13. Intestinum, i n. 14. Substantia, ae f. 15. Glandula, ae f. 16. Palatum, i n.
(a — mucous; b — membrane; с — oral; d — nutrient; e — lingual; f — digestion; g — tactile; h — cavity;
i — palate; j — gland; к — substance; 1 — ascending; m — transverse; n — duct; о — intestine; p — acid)
5. Choose the anatomic terms for the following:
1.The organ of chewing and tasting. 2. The movable muscular structure attached to the floor of the mouth; an
important organ in the articulation of speech sounds. 3 The muscular membranous cavity leading from the
mouth and nasal passages to the larynx & esophagus. 4. The roof of the mouth. 5. The tube through which
food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. 6. Any of numerous hairlike vascular processes in the small
intestine. 7. The first section of the small intestine between the stomach & the jejunum. 8. A large gland that
produces the hormone insulin. 9. The largest glandular organ which secrets bile. 10. The organ for
containing food & digestion of it.
(a – palate; b – duodenum; c – stomach; d – pharynx; e – esophagus; f – mouth; g – tongue; h – liver; I –
pancreas; j – villi

6. Complete the following chart according to the information you’ve learned:

PATHWAY OF FOOD THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
Food enters the

Oral cavity

Esophagus

Liver
Bile

Small intestine Pancreas

Gallbladder Pancreatic juice
bile

Anus

Feces leave the body

7. Read and translate the additional text. Do the exercises after the text:
Stomach
The stomach is a large, bean-shaped, hollow, muscular organ consisting of three regions: the cardia, the
body (fundus), and the antrum. Food enters the stomach from the esophagus by passing through a ring-
shaped muscle (sphincter), which opens and closes. The sphincter normally prevents the contents of the
stomach from flowing back into the esophagus.
The stomach serves as a storage area for food, contracting rhythmically and mixing the food with enzymes.
The cells lining the stomach secrete three important substances: mucus, hydrochloric acid, and the precursor
of pepsin (an enzyme that breaks down proteins). Mucus coats the cells of the stomach lining to protect them
from being damaged by acid and enzymes. Any disruption of this layer of mucus – from infection by the
bacterium Helicobacter pylori, for example, or from aspirin – can result in damage that leads to a stomach
ulcer.
Hydrochloric acid provides the highly acidic environment needed for pepsin to break down proteins. The
stomach’s high acidity also serves as a barrier against infection by killing most bacteria. Acid secretion is
stimulated by nerve impulses to the stomach, gastrin (a hormone released by the stomach), and histamine (a
substance released by the stomach).
Pepsin is responsible for about 10 percent of protein breakdown. It’s the only enzyme that digests collagen,
which is a protein and a major constituent of meat.
Only a few substances, such as alcohol and aspirin, can be absorbed directly from the stomach and only in
small amounts.
The stomach releases food into the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine. Food enters the
duodenum through the pyloric sphincter in amounts that the small intestine can digest. When full, the
duodenum signals the stomach to stop emptying.
The duodenum receives pancreatic enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. These fluids, which
enter the duodenum through the opening called the sphincter of Oddi, are important in aiding digestion and
absorption. Peristalsis also aids digestion and absorption by mixing food with intestinal secretions. The first
few inches of the duodenal lining are smooth, but the rest of the lining has folds, small projections (villi),
and even smaller projections (microvilli). These villi and microvilli increase the surface area of the duodenal
lining, allowing for greater absorption of nutrients.
The rest of the small intestine, located below the duodenum, consists of the jejunum and the ileum. This part
of the small intestine is largely responsible for the absorption of fats and other nutrients. The intestinal wall
is richly supplied with blood vessels that carry the absorbed nutrients to the liver through the portal vein. The
intestinal wall releases mucous, which lubricates the intestinal contents, and water, which helps dissolving
the digested fragments. Small amounts of enzymes that digest proteins, sugars and fats are also released.

a. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the stomach?
2. What is the role of the sphincter?
3. Does the stomach serve as a releasing or storage area for food?
4. What three important substances do the cells lining the stomach secrete?
5. How do the mucous coats of the cells function?
6. What can lead to a stomach ulcer?
7. What is acid secretion stimulated by?
8. What is pepsin responsible for?
9. Are all substances absorbed directly from the stomach in large amounts?
10. Where does the stomach release food into?
11. When does the duodenum signal the stomach to stop empting?
12. What is the function of the duodenum?

b. Suggest the English equivalents for the following from the text:
глотка; стравохід; фермент; секреція; їжа; білок; соляна кислота; порожнина; дно (органа), жовч,
гладке покриття, площа покриття, поживні речовини.

c. Choose the anatomic terms for the following:

1. The movable muscular structure attached to the floor of the mouth.
2. The muscular membranous cavity leading from the mouth and nasal passages to the larynx and
esophagus.
3. The tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach.
4. The organ for containing food and digestion of it.

d. Choose the words that correctly complete each of the following sentences:
1. Alimentary canal begins at the (mouse, mouth) and ends at the anus.
2. The (rough, roof, ruff) of the mouth is called palate.
3. By the movements of the (tan, tang, tongue, ton, tone) and cheeks the food is turned about and
chewed.
4. The (leaps, lips) form the opening to the oral cavity.
5. The pancreatic juice is (reach, rich) in enzymes which digest proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
6. The tongue has papillae which contain (sells, seals, cells, seels) sensitive to the chemical nature of
food.
7. Pharynx is a passageway for (ear, air, are) from the nasal cavity to the larynx (voice box) and for
food going from the mouth to esophagus.
8. The muscular soft palate (lies, lays) posterior to the hard palate.
9. The gastric juice in the stomach acts on (meet, meat).