Changing Roles of Women in Indian Cinema

Ruchi Agarwal

Mahidol University International College

Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Men in most societies were seen as breadwinners while role of

women was restricted to being a good homemaker and a good mother.
This applies to women in a highly patriarchal society of India. As societies
entered the world of modernization, the role of women changed dramati-
cally. Media played an important role in the modernization of societies and
greatly affected the image of women in today’s modern world. A number
of researches have been done on the role of women in different societies.
However little has been said about the importance of films in portraying
women in shifting roles over different decades and the impact it has on
societies in general. Over past decades, Indian cinema has witnessed a
significant transformation in the way women are portrayed through films.
Contemporary films portray women as more independent, confident, and
career oriented This article deals with these fast changing role of women
portrayed in Indian cinema and its influence on the patriarchal Indian so-
ciety with a focus on some representative Bollywood films. The aim is to
link the changing character played by women in films with the emerging
status of women in India, as films are a reflection of changes in the social
structure.

Key words: Bollywood, India, Roles, Films, Women

Silpakorn University Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts

Vol.14(2) : 145-160, 2014
Changing Roles of Women in Indian Cinema Ruchi Agarwal

Introduction
In the 60 years since Independence, Indian cinema has gone
through a lot of changes including a shift from classic mythological block-
busters to “Bollywoodised” remakes of Hollywood’s successful films.
Women in the Indian film industry have played an important role in the
success of individual films. Their roles however have changed overtime,
from being dependent on their male counterparts to very independently
carrying the storyline forward. Before referring to the changes, it is rel-
evant to understand the importance of Indian Cinema in the world today.
According to studies and surveys, Indian films are screened in over a hun-
dred countries and watched by nearly four billion people worldwide. The
Indian film industry is considered to be the largest film industry in the
world with over 1000 films produced each year in more than 20 languag-
es where Hollywood produces less than 400 films per year, according to
available records. With the highest number of theatre entrances, about 3.3
billion tickets are sold annually in India . Another set of statistics states
about 750 films are made yearly in 72 studios and shown in about 12,000
cinema houses to weekly audiences estimated at almost 70 million; some
unusual records include Lata Mangeshkar in the Guinness Book as the
world’s most recorded artist; and Helen danced in a thousand films.
The Indian film market gets 90% of its revenue from non-Eng-
lish language films, mostly in Hindi followed by South Indian and other
regional language films . The CRISIL Research (2010) projects that the
industry is expected to grow from US$3.2 Billion to 2010 to US$ 5 Bil-
lion by 2014. Since this industry contributes a lot to the business and the
society, it is interesting to see the changing trends in Bollywood from the
past to the present time. The paper will start with a focus on the reasons
Mumbai was chosen as an important city for film production. The next
section provides a brief history of Bollywood and the rise of well-known
Bollywood stars. The later section will analyze the changes taken place
since 1940s followed by a focus on women and their changing role in the
Hindi cinema with reference to some specific films. The paper concludes
with some remarks and contribution of Bollywood and the important role

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played by the industry in shaping the society.

Mumbai and Bollywood

Bollywood, a part of the Indian film industry located in Mumbai,
can be called the national film industry as it produces the most watched
films in Hindi language. Mumbai has been the largest film centre in the
world, although Calcutta and Madras in India compete vigorously. The
Bollywood film industry has derived its name from the American film in-
dustry, Hollywood. It is one of the most popular and successful industries
and amazes most people even though half of the cinemas are found in the
southern part of India.
One questions arises then why Mumbai chosen as a center and
how did it became so popular? Well the reason lies in the fact that Mumbai
was appropriate as the centre of importance for the Indian cinema indus-
try. It had modern port; a city with European influences and pretensions
minimal to Indian history and society. In addition it appeared neutral to
the religious passions of South Asia, the great Hindu-Muslim clashes. All
races and religions lived in Mumbai in relative harmony. It was in Mum-
bai that English drama and poetry flourished. A number of Western ideas
that were English-stimulated, synthesized with the Indian ideas. Thus the
demons, avatars, gods and spirits of three thousand years of Indian mythol-
ogy mixed and came into contact with contemporary Western, Marx, ideas
and icons (Akbar, I985, 1988; Brass, I989; Madam, 1987; Nandy, 1983;
O’Flaherty, 1985, 1986; Robinson, 1989; Rudolph and Rudolph, I987).

Brief history of Bollywood

Before 1931, the Bollywood films did not have any sound. The
first Bollywood film released in 1913, named Raja Harishchandra, was
directed by Dadasaheb Phalke. Ardeshir Irani only first introduced sound
in 1931 in the film Alam Ara, which was a huge success commercially.
Bollywood was already producing an average of 200 films per year during
the time in black and white. The very first colored Bollywood film was
Kisan Kanya released in 1937, directed by Ardeshir Irani but it was not as

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commercially successful as with the introduction of sound. In the 1940s,

the Bollywood film suffered tremendously due to the World War II, the
independence movement, and the violence in the India-Pakistan partition.
Only in the 1950s, colored films became commercially popular.
This period also marked the beginning of a new era in Hindi films, as
the films no longer had static dialogues and songs but also great roman-
tic songs, music, some of which are everlasting. Majority of the songs
of 1950s era are still sung by people, even of the new generation. This
period was also experienced the rise of great Bollywood actors and ac-
tresses like Dilip Kumar, Dev Anand, Raj Kapoor Nargis, Nutan, Meena
Kumari, Madhubala and others. The late 1960s saw the introduction of soft
dance with singing along with shooting films on foreign locations. Stars
like Rajesh Khanna and Dharmendra became immensely popular during
this period.

Early days and the Changing image of female component in Bollywood

In early days, Indian cinema focused on mythological stories and
great epics such as the country’s first feature film, Raja Harishchandra, di-
rected by Dadasaheb Phalke in 1913. During the freedom struggle, cinema
was used as a medium to illustrate anger and voice the opinion of nation-
alist leaders and parties demanding independence from British colonial
rule. However after Independence, cinema became a vehicle for address-
ing social problems and issues. Bollywood portrayed a society that was
both desired and achievable through films.
The golden era of Bollywood films was from the 1950s to the
late 1970s. This was the time when, an India, which was rural but had rich
and vibrant traditions, was portrayed. Films showcased the relationships,
customs, norms and ethics of Indian society. The issue of poverty was ad-
dressed during this time. The audiences could easily identify themselves
with the on-screen characters whose lives reminded them of their own.
Some examples of films from this era include Kaagaz Ke Phool, Mother
India, Pakeezah, Half Ticket, and Padosan. There are a few films from this
golden era of Bollywood film-industry so popular that people from the lat-

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er generation still remember them. This was also the time when the women
were playing a very important role in the films holding a lot of responsibil-
ity on their shoulders to sell the films in the market. Women were given an
equally dominant role in the Hindu films along with the male actors. A few
examples include Mother India made in 1957 by Mehboob. The film was
made ten years after India gained independence from the British rule. In
this film the director, Mehboob, attempts to combine socialistic ideals with
the traditional values.

The story revolves around Radha (played by Nargis Dutt) who

marries Shamoo (played by Raj Kumar) and comes to his village where she
discovers that Shamoo’s mother, Sundar Chachi, has pawned their family
land in order to pay for the wedding. The village usurer, Sukhilala, collects
three-fourths of their produce as interest on the loan of 500 rupees. Each
year most of their produce is used to pay off the interest on the loan to
Sukhilala. Sukhilala was able to get this deal because Sundar Chachi is un-
educated and imprinted her thumb on a contract, which she could not read.
In an effort to clear a piece of land they own, Radha and Shamoo try to
move some big boulders and one of the boulders rolls on to Shamoo’s arms
which had to be amputated. Having unable to cope with his helpless situ-
ation, Shamoo runs away leaving Radha alone. Soon after Sundar Chachi
dies and later Radha’s two out of four sons die in a flood. Sukhilala offers
Radha food in return for sexual favors, which she resists for a long time but

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could not bear to see her starving children. She goes to Sukhilala’s place
and just when she is about to submit herself to Sukhilala, she gets a divine
signal that her husband is alive and leaves immediately with a new hope.
Next she is seen in the film as an old woman and her two sons Birjoo (Sunil
Dutt) and Ramoo (Rajendra Kumar) as grown men. Ramoo is a responsible
young man while his brother Birjoo is a good-for-nothing and resents that
Sukhilala continues to take three-fourths of their produce. Birjoo’s lack
of ability to control his anger bothers the villagers and is finally forced to
leave the village turning him into a dacoit. When Sukhilala’s daughter is
getting married Birjoo threatens to abduct her. Radha assures Sukhilala
protection of his daughter’s honor and, when Birjoo tries to abduct her,
Radha shoots him dead
The film opens with Radha as an old woman being asked to in-
augurate a new canal constructed through her village. The men presiding
over the function are dressed simple wearing Gandhi caps referring to Rad-
ha as the mother of the village and refuse to let anyone but her inaugurate
the canal. The film begins with this opening note that Radha is a survivor,
a woman who will lead in the new period of prosperity and development.
The film shows the importance of a woman and that women identified with
India is not surprising. The term Bharat Mata (Mother India) is a part of the
Indian consciousness. There is a song accompanying the bridal procession
proclaiming that the woman’s fate is to leave home.
Radha is portrayed as every other woman as an ideal wife and a
daughter-in-law. Her love for her husband is comparable to the divine love.
She is responsible and full of common sense. Women watching this film
are expected to identify with her and the men are supposed to look at her
non-sexually and identify her as their own wives or mothers. This initial
process of forming a bond with the audience by having clear notions of
woman on the street is an important strategy. At different times the film
emphasizes on this connection.
Radha has three sons while Shamoo ridicules Sukhilala for hav-
ing a daughter. Her sons are shown leading her by the hand even though
they are very small. But even in the beginning act when Radha is a submis-

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sive bride the counterpoint is playing along. Shamoo’s only parent, Sundar
Chachi, is a woman who has raised her only son alone and got him married
in style. She is a strong woman who is good to her daughter-in-law and
handles household matters and agriculture with equal competence. With
three-fourths of the produce going to Sukhilala, Shamoo and Radha have
to work hard to survive. There are many images of Radha and Shamoo
harvesting the grains together. She is alongside him all the time uncon-
strained by her gender. There is no contradiction shown between her role
as a farmer and that of a traditional wife.
When Shamoo leaves and goes away with his inability, Radha
takes over the family responsibilities. She never lost hope and the hope is
shown to be the source of her strength as things get bad to worse. In one
of the scenes, Sukhilala has taken her bullocks away; she is shown pulling
the plow herself. The close-up of Nargis Dutt as Radha with a plow on her
shoulder with an expression of pain and concentration is an image that still
survives in the mind of every Indian.
The song accompanying the scene nullifies the contradiction be-
tween the socialist working woman and the traditional Indian woman. The
lyrics of this song are so intense that every word is still remembered today.
It goes on to state that in this life only laaj is a woman’s dharma . The film
intends to show that a woman can carry these accepting beliefs as part of
her conditioning and can make use of them as part of the positive ethic of
fighting against the odds.
The second half of the film shows Radha as a typical mother who
showers her love and affection on her grown sons. Her son Birjoo turns
into a dacoit but is protected by Radha who tries to plead for forgiveness
from the villagers. But when Birjoo abducts a woman from her marriage,
Radha takes a stand and tells him to return the girl or she will shoot him.
Radha’s act of unity with the girl being abducted is not because of any at-
tachment but an act of unity with the whole of womanhood.

Bollywood heroines in the 1980s

During the 1980s, there was the beginning of the action era,

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an era that brought a lot of changes. The Bollywood heroines lost their
strength and space to the hero. She was reduced to being a glamorous com-
ponent of the films, dancing around trees, being kidnapped, raped or killed.
One such example is of the film, Mirch Masala directed by Ketan Mehta in
1989, showing this changing role of women in the Indian cinema. A story
of Sonbai (Smita Patil) working in a chili factory in the western part of
pre-independence India. Her husband gets a job in the railways and leaves
for the city. In the meantime the Subedar (or tax collector, played by Nas-
eeruddin Shah) arrives to collect taxes and is attracted by Sonbai. He asks
the village headman, the Mukhi, to bring her but the headman brings the
wrong woman. The next day Sonbai passing by the Subedar’s camp where
she is stopped and grabbed by the Subedar. She frees herself and runs into
the chilli factory where she works. An old Muslim watchman Abu Miyan
(Om Puri) provides her with the protection. A parallel track is of Mukhi’s
wife, the Mukhiain, who is not treated well by her husband. She tries to
get support for Sonbai after learning that the males of the village includ-
ing her own husband have alied with the Subedar to handover Sonbai to
him. Mukhiain’s protest is rudely crushed by the men, and the Subedar,
accompanied by all the men of the village, reaches the factory breaking
the factory doors killing the watchman. In the final scene the Subedar ap-
proaches Sonbai when suddenly the other women in the factory throw bags
of chili powder on his face. A number of scenes in this film show women in
glamorous characters, like women dancing and the lustful Subedar looking
at them. In another scene he looks at Sonbai through a telescope.

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The example of Mirch Masala does not mean that the females in
films were always left behind. Several films depict a more dominant image
of women as well. In the recent history of cinema the body became an es-
sential part of a success of an actress. Their bodies speak of time in the gym
spent in working out. For example, the leading lady of the I98os, Sri Devi,
is known as ‘thunder thighs’. Sri Devi, like other female stars, spends hours
in the make-up room and portrays the aggressive, dominating character. In
Himmatwala, an earlier film, she out-danced and out-fought the men. She
deals with the villains herself, defeating them. In some films she needs two
or three male stars to balance her role. In Joshila (1989) two of the top male
heroes in the film would barely hold on their role on their own when casted
against her. This was specially shown by a cover story in one of the magazine
saying: ‘Is Sridevi a hero?’ (Showtime, September, I987). This shows that
the attitude and the perception of women had totally changed by this time.

Later came the period of the 1990s bringing about more changes
seen in the Hindi Cinema. By this time came several films showing the
changing role of female component of Indian Cinema. One of them was
Mohra, made in 1994 featuring Akshay Kumar (as Amar Saxena), Ravee-
na Tandon (as Roma Singh), Sunil Shetty (as Vishal Agnihotri) and Nas-
eeruddin Shah (as Mr. Jindal). The story starts with the plot that Vishal

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is imprisoned in the jail where Roma’s father is the superintendent. The

main female character in Mohra is Roma Singh. She is a journalist work-
ing for a newspaper called Samadhan (meaning solution). The name of
the newspaper implies it as an activist publication that battles with corrup-
tion and government neglection. Roma’s position as the assistant editor
of this newspaper establishes her as an activist journalist. Roma goes to
visit her father’s jail in order to write an article. Some prisoners try to rape
Roma but Vishal rescues her. Roma learns that Vishal is imprisoned for a
murder of some boys who raped his wife’s sister. Because of the corrupt
prosecutor the boys were set free and later tried to rape Vishal’s wife but
she stabbed herself. In response, Vishal kills them all and was imprisoned.
Roma, with the help of Mr. Jindal, the blind owner of the newspaper she
works for, arranges a second trial for Vishal where his case is reviewed and
he is released.

Jindal convinces Vishal that he should become a vigilante and

kill the real culprits behind his wife and sister-in-law’s deaths i.e. the drug
dealers. Amar Saxena is a police officer that is also involved in busting the
two main drug dealers of their city, Tyson and Gibran. Vishal starts killing
their henchmen but Amar gets on his way, however Vishal kills them all.
Jindal now tells him to kill the Commissioner of Police who he says is cor-
rupt. But Vishal realizes that this is a setup finds out that Jindal is not blind

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and an evil mastermind wanting to destroy Tyson and Gibran to become

the king of crime. He kidnaps Roma, who is now engaged to Amar, and is
about to escape with her when Amar and Vishal, together halt his plans.
Throughout the film Roma’s professional achievements are be-
cause of her powerful boss Mr. Jindal. She is able to stand up to the editor
by associating herself with Jindal, the owner of the newspaper. She ar-
ranges important meetings with top police officials but only with Jindal’s
influence. This shows a gender-neutral sign of the power dealing that is
common in any such situation. Nowhere in the film has Roma’s own com-
petency been permitted to establish. She is shown to be rather incompetent
and naive. Although her intentions are noble she is unable to convince the
jury of Vishal’s innocence. It is Jindal’s mediation that makes the differ-
ence and obtains Vishal’s release. Roma’s body language is supposed to
depict her as a “liberated” woman. Writing in G, an Indian film magazine,
Monica Motwani states ‘the heroine may have metamorphosed over the
years, but she still cannot break away from the shackles of certain norms
set by Hindi cinema years ago.’
Therefore women appear to have lost the space they had created
for themselves. As films became more shiny and hi-tech, the heroes took
centre stage and the heroines remain more of a glamour component. Their
presence did nothing to move the story forward. The more India became
global the more the Bollywood films regressed. Some of the hits films of
the post-liberalization, in the 1990s, showed a desire for a traditional way
of life when women kept their homes and men earned the bread. While
Madhuri Dixit stole hearts in one of the biggest hits of the ‘90s, Hum Apke
Hai Kaun, she also established the trend of heroines who would never put
their own dreams ahead of the aspirations and desires of their family. The
caring homemaker role of the women was back in trend.
The more recent films in late 1990s, like ‘Kabhi Khushi Kabhi
Gum’, ‘Kuch Kuch Hota Hai’, ‘Dil Toh Pagal Hai’, ‘Biwi No.1’, all had
women as decorations and as homemakers. None of these films made by
contemporary young filmmakers presented women as career women. How-
ever those women who had failed in their love life were shown to take up a

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career. In Dil Toh Pagal Hai, Karisma Kapoor is a dancer loses to Madhuri
Dixit, whose main aim in life is to look for her life partner. Sushmita Sen
was shown as a model in ‘Biwi No.1’ but then she was also a home breaker,
and the forgiving homemaker wife in the same movie, Karisma Kapoor,
‘wins’ back her man.
Even the film Dil Chahta Hai, known to be a Generation X mov-
ie, made by a young director, caught to the traditional role for its female
leads. While the three male characters in the film had identities apart from
their romantic ones, the females didn’t have any identity of their own. Only
one character (Dimple Kapadia) is having a career but does not have a
happy ending while the man who loves her (Akshay Khanna) finds a nor-
mal girlfriend.
Among the directors of the above-mentioned films, several stud-
ied abroad and have their lifestyle influenced by the west values. They
have seen Hollywood films but still returned to traditional Indian values
and conservatism through the female characters in their films.
Yet another depiction of the changing role and image of women
would be the way a clear distinction is shown between the heroine and the
vamp, the good girl and bad girl. The vamp always smoked, bared flesh,
and was punished for her bad deeds. As Saira Banu a ‘foreign’-returned
girl- a smoker, a spoilt-brat, was shown in Manoj Kumar’s Purab Pachim
and then was taught a lesson by the hero. The good ones are always shown
as the very nice girls. The image of an ideal daughter or wife or daughter-
in-law was used in different avatars with only a change of name and loca-
tion. Singh (2007) shows how the popular cinema has drawn heavily upon
Indian mythology for its popular appeal. It mainly shares the interests and
values of male prejudice, dramatizing male fantasies of the female. Hence
a woman is depicted either as an angel or as a monster.
Sometime afterwards, in the 90s especially, the line between the
heroine and vamp disappeared. The heroine dressed as boldly and moved
as provocatively as the bad girl of old times. Some critics opined that as
an effect of globalization and consumerism where mass production de-
manded heroines to become more ornamental than real woman. She might

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be shown dancing in snow-covered Switzerland or Austria but basically

sticks to the ideal woman Indian males fantasize about which is being a
homemaker.
Even Bipasha Basu’s (Nishigandha Dasgupta) in Madhur Bhan-
darkar’s Corporate had the negative shades. She is an ambitious girl want-
ing to be successful at any cost to get rid of her past bad experiences. In her
supreme confidence she doesn’t mind indulging in industrial inquiring on a
rival company. She gets caught but the audience is left sympathetic to her
problematic situation.
The change of images has not been a sudden one but happened
slowly. The debate whether films reflect life or life imitates films can also
be examined in this context. Despite a large number of women working
both in urban and rural areas, the films more often ignore this reality. See-
ing women’s portrayal in popular cinema, it seems time has been still for
her. Even though the characterization is more detailed the role has not
changed drastically. The roles assigned to heroines still carry the stereo-
types.
Some changes in the women’s typical characters have been evi-
dent in the films lately. Jiah Khan, the Lolita-like figure in Ram Gopal
Varma’s Nishabd is a fresh change because instead of casting her as a bad
girl the director focuses on the teenager’s growing consciousness of her
sexuality, which she accepts confidently by reaching out to a man more
than twice her age. This has been made possible partly with the entry of
small cinema, encouraged by the multiplex culture; new directors acknowl-
edge the changing time and bring their dreams in their scripts. Fortunately,
many of the directors have gained popularity showing the audience want-
ing a change from the typical story lines. This is something proving ben-
eficial for heroines wanting to take a different path away from the typical
stereotypes.

Bollywood and beyond

In conclusion, Indian cinema industry has changed significantly
since 1947 making a name for it and is well known for its techniques. In-

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dian films are now competing with western productions on the world stage,
winning prestigious international awards. The success of Indian cinema
across the world is spreading the rich cultural traditions of Indian dance
and music to a global audience. Culture is the essential factor in the mod-
ern society and cinema in particular is acting as a mirror of the society. It
reflects many trends, existing virtues, social struggles, and the living pat-
terns. The Indian cinema portrays the essence of the Indian society. The
ethnic and traditional values of the Indian society, its cultural diversity
and the unity among the varied cultural and religious sects, is highlighted
by Indian cinema. Thus it plays a very important in depicting the Indian
values to the world. The Indian films are very popular all around Asia and
also in other parts of the world.
With globalization, the Indian cinema is becoming increasing-
ly influenced by Western cinema. Bollywood imports technical expertise
from overseas and many films are shot on western locations. Many Bol-
lywood films are also based on Hollywood blockbusters. However at the
same time Indian media has several reports on Bollywood’s increasing
influence in the world film industry and how it is competing with Hol-
lywood. Bollywood started in 1899 with the production of a short film
by a portrait photographer, Harischandra Sakharam Bhatavedekar, called
The Wrestlers. Hollywood’s birth however happened 11 years later in 1910
with a Biography melodrama. Since the coming of sound in 1931, Bolly-
wood has produced over 9,000 films (Mishra 2006: 1).
Today India is the world’s largest producers of films with a total
of 1,288 feature films produced only in 2009 compared to Hollywood that
produces 500 films per year on an average (BBC News 2011). Hollywood
has a worldwide audience of 2.6 billion while Bollywood produces more
than 1000 (not consistently) films every year and has a worldwide audi-
ence of 3 Billion. In terms of vieweship, Bollywood overtook Hollywood
in 2004 and has been leading ever since. The NRI also are playing an im-
portant role contributing a lot to the Indian film industry. The Bollywood
films are now changing according to the need of the modern world and
are also made according to the demand of the NRI’s. It is estimated that

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around 15 million Indian expatriates living in different parts of the world

account for over 65% of Bollywood’s earnings. An estimated $800 is spent
by NRI’s in Indian films and music. US (2 million Indian expats), UK (1.5
million), South Africa (1 million of Africa’s 2 million Indian population)
are major markets for Bollywood.
However Bollywood still retains its very Indian value and sticks
to the traditional customs and life of people in India. This is especially true
as it is difficult to distinguish between art and life in South Asian society;
they no longer imitate each other but have appeared to merge with each
other. Political philosophies, social values, group behaviors, speeches and
dresses in society are reflected in the cinema and also reflect back on the
society. Furthermore, film stars have moved from their fantasyland into
politics to emerge as powerful figures guiding the destiny of millions. This
includes a number of female actresses as well who have served themselves
as the caretaker of the society. This development indicates that the female
component in the film industry has made its presence known not just in
the films but also in the real world. The role played by women in Indian
cinema serves as a as a role model for other women with fewer opportuni-
ties to follow. With Bollywood being a big successful industry, the female
characters played in their movies allow Indian women to relate themselves
easily with these female characters. It is thus possible to view the cinema
as a genuine symbol for society and this perception helps to understand the
society in a better way.

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