Tutorial Sheet #4

1. Consider a 2-pole synchronous machine, with a 3-phase distributed stator windings a,

b, and c, having Ns turns per phase. The salient pole rotor has two axes, a direct (or d)
which houses the field winding f with Nf turns, and a quadrature (or q) axis with no
windings.

Fig. 1: 3-phase 2-pole salient-pole synchronous machine for Problem 1 and 4.

a. Write the flux linkage equation in a matrix form. Note that the flux linkage matrix
will be a function of rotor position (θm), stator and rotor number of turns (Ns and Nf,
respectively), and the permeance of the air gap along the d and q axis (𝒫 and 𝒫 ,
respectively). Consider only the fundamental air-gap flux per pole.
b. Determine the d and q axis synchronous inductances Ld and Lq.

2. For a 2-phase synchronous machine, consider that the machine is idealized as in Fig.
1, except that there are 2 distributed windings a and b on the stator, with Ns turns in
each phase, with magnetic axis 90° apart. The salient pole rotor is similar to Fig. 1.
The angle from the axis of phase a to the d axis is θ.
a. Obtain the flux linkage equation in a matrix form (similar to Problem 1a).
b. Determine the d and q axis synchronous inductances Ld and Lq.

3. a. For the 3-phase synchronous machine in Problem 1, obtain the stator voltages in
dq-frame as a function of stator currents in dq-frame (i.e., id and iq), the stator flux
linkages in dq-frame (i.e., λd and λq), and the rotor speed (ω). Obtain the expression
for instantaneous power and electromechanical torque.
b. Repeat part a for the 2-phase synchronous machine in Problem 2.
 4. Consider the 3-phase 2-pole synchronous machine shown in Fig. 1. The value of some
of the inductances are as follows:
Field self-inductance, Lff = 100 H.
Phase a self-inductance, Laa = 1.1 + 0.4 cos (2θ).
Mutual inductance between a and f, Laf = 10 cos θ.
Mutual inductance between b and c, Lbc = -0.5 + 0.4 cos (2θ).
Determine the d and q axis synchronous inductances Ld and Lq.

5. Consider a single-phase synchronous machine shown in Fig. 2. The stator coil has Ns
turns, and carries a current 𝑖 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 , and the rotor current is constant. The
rotor is coupled to a mechanical device which absorbs or delivers mechanical torque.
The rotor position θ is given as a function of time, and is expressed as θ = ωt + δ. The
rotor conductor (having Nr turns) are connected using brushes and slip rings, and
carries a DC current If. The air gap length g between the stator and rotor is uniform.
The inner radius of the machine is r, and the axial length is l. Obtain the expression of
electromechanical torque on the rotor (as a function of Ns, Nr, is, If, and θ). Comment
on the nature of torque produced.

Fig. 2: Two-pole synchronous machine with a uniform air-gap for Problem 5.

6. A synchronous machine (working as a motor) has the following mechanical

dimensions and winding particulars. Air gap length = 1.3mm, mean air gap diameter
= 22 cm, axial length = 41 cm, Total field series turns = 880, rotor winding factor =
0.965, stator slots / pole / phase = 3, stator conductors / slot = 12. Field current = 4 A,
peak air gap flux density = 1.35T, Find the following
a. Peak rotor ampere-turns.
b. Torque and Power developed (Tdev, Pdev) as functions of the rotor angle (δ).
c. Maximum values of Tdev and Pdev.
7. A three phase 2.5 MVA, 6.6 kV synchronous generator gave the following data for
OCC at the synchronous speed.
If (A) 16 20 25 32 45
Voc (L-L, V) 4400 5500 6600 7700 8800
With the armature short circuited and full load current flowing, the field current is 18
A. When the machine is supplying full load current at zero pf at the rated voltage, the
field current required is 45 A. Determine the leakage reactance per phase of the
machine in Ω and the full load armature reaction in terms of equivalent field amperes.
Also find the field current and voltage regulation when the machine is supplying full
load at 0.8 pf lagging at the rated voltage. Neglect armature resistance.

8. a. A 460-V, 50-kW, 60-Hz, three-phase synchronous motor has a synchronous

reactance of Xs = 4.15 Ω and an armature-to-field mutual inductance, Laf = 83 mH.
The motor is operating at rated terminal voltage and an input power of 40 kW.
Calculate the magnitude and phase angle of the line-to neutral generated voltage Eaf
and the field current If when the motor is operating at (i) 0.85 power factor lagging,
(ii) unity power factor, and (iii) 0.85 power factor leading.
b. The motor of part a is supplied from a 460 V, three-phase source through a feeder
whose impedance is Zf = 0.084 + j0.82 Ω. Assuming the system (as measured at the
source) to be operating at an input power of 40 kW, calculate the magnitude and
phase angle of the line-to-neutral generated voltage Eaf and the field current If for
power factors of (a) 0.85 lagging, (b) unity, and (c) 0.85 leading.

9. Consider a two-pole, 60-Hz, 13.8-kV, 10-MVA synchronous generator which

achieves rated open-circuit armature voltage at a field current of 842 A. It achieves
rated armature current into a three-phase terminal short circuit for a field current of
226 A.
a. Calculate the per-unit synchronous reactance.
Consider the situation in which this generator is connected to a 13.8 kV distribution
feeder of negligible impedance and operating at an output power of 8.75 MW at 0.9 pf
lagging. Calculate:
b. the field current in amperes, the reactive-power output in MVA, and the rotor angle
for this operating condition.
c. the resultant rotor angle and reactive-power output in MVA if the field current is
reduced to 842 A while the shaft-power supplied by the prime mover to the generator
remains constant.

10. A 100 hp, 2300 V, Y connected, 3 phase 60 Hz 20 pole synchronous motor has a
synchronous reactance of 4.00 Ω/phase. In this problem cylindrical rotor theory may
be used, and all losses may be neglected.
a. This motor is operated from an infinite bus supplying rated voltage at rated
frequency, and its field excitation is adjusted so that the power factor is unity
when the shaft load is such as to require an input of 800 kW. If the shaft load is
 slowly increased with the field excitation held constant, determine the maximum
torque that the motor can deliver.
b. Instead of the infinite bus of part a, suppose that the power supply is a 1000
kVA 2300 V Y connected synchronous generator whose synchronous reactance
is also 4.00Ω/phase. The frequency is held constant by a governor, and the field
excitations of motor and generator are held constant at the values which result
in rated terminal voltage when the motor absorbs 800 kW at unity power factor.
If the shaft load on the synchronous motor is slowly increased, determine the
maximum torque. Also determine the armature current, terminal
voltage, and power factor at the terminals corresponding to this maximum load.
c. Determine the maximum motor torque if, instead of remaining constant as in
part b, the field currents of the generator and motor are slowly increased so
that rated terminal voltage and unity power factor are always maintained while
the shaft load is increased.

11. A 4 pole 60 Hz 24 kV 600 MVA, synchronous generator with a synchronous

reactance of 1.67 pu is operating on a power system which can be represented by a
24-kV infinite bus in series with a reactance of j0.24 Ω. The generator is equipped
with a voltage regulator that adjusts the field excitation such that the generator
terminal voltage remains at 24 kV irrespective of the generator loading. The generator
output is adjusted to 300 MVA. (i) Find the magnitude and phase (with respect to the
generator terminal voltage) of the armature current. (ii) Find the generator induced
voltage per phase. (iii) Draw a phasor diagram for this operating condition.

12. The excitation of a 415V, 3 phase, 50 Hz, delta connected synchronous motor is such
that the induced emf is 520V. The impedance per phase is 0.5+j4Ω. If the mechanical
and iron losses are constant at 1000W calculate the maximum motor power output,
the corresponding line current, power factor and efficiency.

13. a. Draw the steady-state, direct-and quadrature-axis phasor diagram for a salient-pole
synchronous motor with reactance Xd and Xq and armature resistance Ra. From this
phasor diagram, show that the torque angle δ between the generated voltage 𝐸
(which lies along the quadrature axis) and the terminal voltage 𝑉 is given by

𝐼 𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ϕ 𝐼 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ϕ
𝑡𝑎𝑛 δ
𝑉 𝐼 𝑋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ϕ 𝐼 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ϕ
Here, ϕ is the phase angle of the armature current 𝐼 and 𝑉 , considered to be negative
when 𝐼 lags 𝑉 .
b. Repeat part a for a synchronous generator operation case, when
𝐼 𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝐼 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛿
𝑉 𝐼 𝑋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝐼 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙
14. A salient pole synchronous motor has Xd = 0.85 pu and Xq = 0.55 pu. It is connected
to an infinite bus of voltage 1.0 pu while its induced emf is adjusted to 1.2 pu.
Calculate the maximum power output of the motor without loss of synchronism.
Calculate the minimum pu induced voltage that is required for the machine to stay in
synchronism while supplying 1.0 pu power output.

15. A salient-pole synchronous generator with saturated synchronous reactance Xd = 1.57

pu and Xq = 1.34 pu is connected to an infinite bus of rated voltage through an
external impedance Xbus = 0.11 pu. The generator is supplying its rated MVA at 0.95
power factor lagging, as measured at the generator terminals. Draw a phasor diagram
with the infinite bus voltage as the reference and show the phasors of generator line
current, generator terminal voltage and the generator induced emf. Calculate the rotor
angle, per unit generator terminal voltage and the induced emf.