EASTERN UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Lab Manual

Course Title: Electronics II Lab

Course Code: EEE 234

Prepared by
Md. Rezwan Sarkar, Asst. Executive (EEE Lab)
Under the Supervision of
Md. Maidul Islam, Asst. Professor, EEE

1
 Contents

Exp. No Name of the Experiment Page No

Demonstration on Closed-loop Inverting And Non-inverting Amplifier
1 characteristics.
03
2 Demonstration on Physical Integrator and Differentiator Circuits 09
3 Demonstration on Closed-loop Summing Amplifier 14
4 Demonstration on Closed-loop Differential Amplifier 18
5 Demonstration on Low-Pass Filter Circuit 21
6 Demonstration on High-Pass Filter Circuit 24
7 Demonstration on Band-Pass Filter Circuit 27
8 Demonstration on Band-Stop Filter Circuit 31

9 Demonstration on Phase-Shift Oscillator 35

10 Demonstration on Wein-Bridge Oscillator 38

2
 Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course Title: Electronics II Lab
Course Code: EEE 234

Experiment no: 01
Name of the Experiments: Demonstration on Closed-loop Inverting And Non-
inverting Amplifier characteristics.

Objective:
This experiment is intended to observe the application of Op-Amp IC as Inverting and Non-
inverting Amplifier.
Apparatus:
1. Digital Multimeter
2. Signal Generator
3. Oscilloscope
4. Trainer board
5. Connecting wires
6. Op-amp IC( LM 351/ μA741)
7. Resistors
8. Power supply

Part-A: Inverting Amplifier

Theory: For close-loop inverting amplifier as shown in figure 1.1, the input voltage is applied to
the inverting terminal of the op-amp and negative feedback is applied. The output voltage is
feeding back to the inverting terminal of the op-amp via the feedback resistor, RF. The non-
inverting terminal is grounded, and an extra resistor R1 is connected in series with the input
signal source vin. However, the difference input voltage is ideally zero; the voltage at the non-
inverting terminal (v2) is approximately equal to that at the non-inverting terminal (v1). In other
words, the inverting terminal voltage v2 is approximately at ground potential. Therefore, the
inverting terminal is said to be at virtual ground. In the circuit of figure 1.1, iin  iF that is,

vin  v2 v2  vo

R1 RF

3
However, v1  v2  0 V
v v
Therefore, in  o
R1 RF
v  RF
or, AF  o 
vin R1
 RF
The output voltage, vo  AF vin  vin
R1
Circuit Diagram:
iF

RF=2.2k  /3.3k 
iin +12
2 7
v2 6 vo
R1=2.2k  v id
v 1 741
3 4
-12
v in
RL=10k 

Figure-1.1: Inverting Amplifier

Procedure:
1. Construct the circuit as shown in the figure-1.1
2. Determine the values of different resistors and the gain AF.
3. Calibrate the oscilloscope and take input signals from the signal generator and also
adjust the amplitude and frequency.
a) When vin(dc)=3V ,
(i) Determine the output voltage, vo
(ii) Determine the output current, Io by applying Ohm’s Law.
(iii) Calculate the theoretical output voltage, vo.
(iv) Calculate the % of error for vo using the formula-

CalculatedValue ~ MeasuredValue
% of Error  100
MeasuredValue

4
 b) When vin(ac)=3VPeak at the frequency of 1kHz.
(i) Sketch vo and vin with respect to time.
(ii) Determine the output current, Io by applying Ohm’s Law.
(iii) Calculate the theoretical output voltage, vo
(iv) Calculate the % of error.
4. Measure the saturation time duration if saturations occur from the oscilloscope and also
calculate the saturation time.
5. Replace RF by another resistor of different value, and repeat the above instructions again
and complete the data table- 1.1 given below.

Data Table -1.1 (Inverting Amplifier):

R1 RF AF Input voltage, vin Measured, vo Io=vo/RL Theoretical, vo Error %

(peak for ac) (peak for ac) of Vo
vin(dc)=3V
vin(ac)=3VP, 1kHz
vin(dc)=3V
vin(ac)=3VP, 1kHz

Part- B: Non-inverting Amplifier

Theory: For close-loop non-inverting amplifier, the input voltage is applied to the non-inverting
terminal of the op-amp and negative feedback is applied. The output voltage is feeding back to
the inverting terminal of the op-amp via the feedback resistor, RF.
vo
The difference voltage, vid 
A
Since A is very large (ideally infinite), vid  0 that is v1  v2 (ideal)

R1vo
Here, v1  vin and v2  v f 
R1  RF

5
 vo R
And the gain with feedback, AF   1 F
vin R1

RF
The output voltage, vo  AF v1  AF vin  (1  )vin
R1

Circuit Diagram:

RF=2.2k  /3.3k 
+VCC
2 7
v2
R1 =2.2k  6
v1 741
v id vo =AF.vin
4
3
-VEE
v in RL

Figure-1.2: Non-inverting amplifier with feedback gain AF.

Procedure:
1. Construct the circuit as shown in the figure-1.2.
2. Determine the values of different resistors and the gain AF.
3. Calibrate the oscilloscope and take input signals from the signal generator and also adjust
the amplitude and frequency.
(a) When vin(dc)=3V ,
(i) Determine the output voltage, vo
(ii) Determine the output current, Io by applying Ohm’s Law.
(iii) Calculate the theoretical output voltage, vo.
(iv) Calculate the % of error for vo using the formula

CalculatedValue ~ MeasuredValue
% of error  100
MeasuredValue

6
 (b) When vin(ac)=3VPeak at the frequency of 500 Hz.
(i) Sketch vo and vin with respect to time.
(ii) Determine the output current, Io by applying Ohm’s Law.
(iii) Calculate the theoretical output voltage, vo
(iv) Calculate the % of error for vo.
4. Measure the saturation time duration if saturations occur from the oscilloscope and also
calculate the saturation time.
5. Replace RF by another resistor of different value, and repeat the above instructions again
and complete the data table-1.2 given below.

Data Table- 1.2 (Non-inverting Amplifier):

R1 RF AF Input voltage, vin Measured, vo Io=vo/RL Theoretical, vo Error% of Vo

(peak for ac) (peak for ac)
vin(dc)=3V
vin(ac)=3VP, 500 Hz
vin(dc)=3V
vin(ac)=3VP, 500 Hz

Report:
1) Error % of v o calculation (For closed-loop inverting amplifier and non-inverting
amplifier)
2) Determine the output current, Io by applying Ohm’s Law (For closed-loop inverting
amplifier and non-inverting amplifier)
3) Input and output wave shape of closed-loop inverting amplifier for DC and AC input at
different gain
4) Input and output wave shape of non-inverting amplifier for DC and AC input at different
gain.

7
5) Determine the output voltage Vo, iL. Also draw the output voltage waveform of the
following circuit where Vi=2sinὼt, +Vcc = 12V and –Vcc = -5V

6) Design an amplifier circuit for the following input and output wave-shape

7) Discussion on learning outcomes after performing this lab.

8
 Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course Code: EEE 234
Course Title: Electronics II Lab

Experiment no: 02
Name of the Experiments: Demonstration on Physical Integrator and Differentiator
Circuits.

Objective:
To exhibit the output wave shapes of physical Integrator and Differentiator Circuits at different
input signal.
Apparatus:
1. Trainer board.
2. Oscilloscope.
3. Signal generator.
4. Connecting wires.
5. Op-amp IC( LM351/ μA741)
6. Resistors
7. Capacitor

Theory:
Integrator: A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integral of the input voltage
waveform is the integrator or the integration amplifier. Such a circuit is obtained by using a basic
inverting amplifier configuration if the feedback resistor RF is replaced by a capacitor CF.

9
 I1
IF
v in
R1 CF
IB
+12V
v2 7 t
2 6 1
R1CF 0
v1
v id
3
A vo   vin dt  c
4
-12V RL
Rom

Figure 2.1: The integrator circuit

Applying Kirchhoff’s current equation at node v2 : i1  I B  iF Since IB is negligibly small, i1  iF

dvc
The current through the capacitor, ic  iF  C
dt
vin  v2 d
Therefore,  CF (v2  vo )
R1 dt
vin d
However, v1  v2  0 since A is very large. Therefore,  CF (vo )
R1 dt
The output voltage can be obtained by integrating both sides with respect to time:
t t
vin d
0 R1 0 dt (vo )dt
dt  C F

t
1
R1CF 0
 vo   vin dt  c

Differentiator:
Figure 2.2 shows the differentiator or differentiator amplifier. As its name implies, the circuit
performs the mathematical operation of differentiator; that is, the output waveform is the
derivative of the input waveform. The differentiator may be constructed from a basic inverting
amplifier if an input resistor R1 is replaced by a capacitor C1.

10
 I1
IF
v in
C1 RF
IB
+12 V
v2 7
2 6 d
v1
v id
3
A vo   RF C1 vin
4 dt
-12 V RL
Rom

Figure 2.2: Basic differentiator circuit

Applying Kirchhoff’s current equation at node v2 : i1  I B  iF Since IB is negligibly small, i1  iF

dvc d (vin  v2 )
The current through the capacitor, ic  i1  C1  C1
dt dt
d (vin  v2 ) v2  vo
 C1 
dt RF

However, v1  v2  0 because A is very large. Therefore,

dvin vo
C1 
dt RF
dvin
 vo   RF C1
dt

Thus the output vo is equal to RFC1 times the negative instantaneous rate of change of the input
voltage vin with time. Since the differentiator performs the reverse of the integrator’s function, a
cosine wave input will produce a sine wave output, or a triangular input will produce a square
wave output and a square wave input will produce some impulse.

11
Circuit Diagram for experiment:
I1
IF
v in
R1=1 k  CF=0.1F
IB +12V
v2 7 t
2 6 1
R1CF 0
v1
v id
3
351 vo   vin dt  c
4
-12V
RL=10 k 

Figure 2.3: Integrator circuit.

I1
IF
v in
C1=0.1F RF=10 k 
IB
+12V
v2 7
2 6 d
v1
v id
3
351 vo   RF C1 vin
4 dt
-12V RL=10 k 

Figure 2.4: Differentiator circuit.

Procedure:
1. Build the integrator circuit as shown in the figure 2.3 on the trainer board.
2. Calibrate the oscilloscope and take input signals from the signal generator.
3. Adjust the amplitude and frequency of the input signal at 2V (peak) and 1kHz
respectively.

12
 4. Sketch the input and output voltage when the input voltage is
(a) Sinusoidal wave
(b) Rectangular wave
(c) Triangular wave
5. Build the differentiator circuit as shown in the figure-2.4 on the trainer board.
6. Repeat the above instructions 2 to 4.

Report:
i) Attach input and output wave shape that you observed for integrator circuit for three
different input.
ii) Attach input and output wave shape that you observed for differentiator circuit for three
different input.
iii) Design a circuit using operational amplifiers for the following output

iv) Explain why spike output wave shape is generated for rectangular input of differentiator
circuit?

v) Discussion on learning outcome, any problem facing to conduct lab, how to overcome
that problem within minimum one page.

13
 Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course Code: EEE 234
Course Title: Electronics II Lab

Experiment no: 03
Name of the Experiments: Demonstration on Closed-loop Summing Amplifier.

Objective:
This experiment is intended to observe the operation of Op-Amp IC as Summing Amplifier.

Apparatus:
1. Digital Multimeter
2. Oscilloscope
3. Trainer board.
4. Connecting wires
5. Op-amp IC(LM351/ μA741)
6. Resistors
7. Power supply

Theory:
Summing Amplifier: The summing amplifier can be build using two op-amp configurations:
Inverting and Non-inverting.

Inverting configuration:
IF
RF
+12
Ra Ia
va v2 7
2 6 vo=-RF(va/Ra+vb/Rb+vc/Rc)
Rb Ib vid 741
vb 3
v1 4
Rc Ic
vc -12 RL

ROM=RaRbRcRF

Figure 3.1: Inverting three input summing amplifier

14
Figure 3.1 shows the inverting configuration with three inputs va, vb, vc. Since Ri and A of the op-
amp are ideally infinity, I2=0 A and v1  v2  0

Applying KCL, we get I a  Ib  I c  I F . If in the circuit Ra  Rb  Rc  R , then the output

RF
voltage equation can be written as vo    va  vb  vc 
R
Non-inverting amplifier:
RF
+12
v2 7
R1 2 6  R  v  vb  vc
v1
vid
3
741 vo  1  F  a
4  R1  3
-12 RL
R
va
R
vb
R
vc

Figure 3.2: Non-inverting three input summing amplifier

If the voltage sources and the resistors are connected to the non-inverting terminal as shown in
figure 3.2, the circuit can be used as summing amplifier. By applying Super Position theorem at
the input section we get,

va  vb  vc  R 
v1  Hence the output voltage vo is vo  1  F  v1
3  R1 

 R v v v
And vo  1  F  a b c
 R1  3

Circuit Diagram for the Experiment:

RF=2.2k 
RF=2.2k  +12V
+12V 7

Va
7 R1=2.2k  2
741
6 vo
R=2.2k  2
741
6 vo 3
Va
3 R=2.2k  4
Vb 4
R=2.2k  Vb -12V
-12V
R=2.2k  RL=10k 
RL=10k 

Figure- 3.3: Two input (i) inverting & (ii) non-inverting summing amplifier.

15
Procedure:
1. Build the circuit as shown in figure 3.3(i) on the trainer board.
2. Determine the gain AF of the inverting configuration.
3. Take input signals from the DC power supply and Function Generator as per the data
table given below.
4. Determine the out-put voltage, vo using digital multimeter/ oscilloscope.
5. Determine the out-put current, Io by applying Ohm’s Law.
6. Calculate the theoretical output voltage.
7. Calculate the % of error for vo using the formula-
CalculatedValue ~ MeasuredValue
% of error  100%
MeasuredValue
8. Now, build the circuit as shown in figure 3.3(ii) on the trainer board.
9. Determine the gain AF of the non-inverting configuration.
10. Repeat the procedure 3-7.
11. Complete the data table-3.1 given below

Data Table-3.1:

Error
Configuration R1 RF AF Va Vb Measured, Calculate, % of
Vo Vo Vo
5V(DC) 3V (DC)
Inverting
5V(DC) 2V(Peak,
AC)
5V(DC) 3V (DC)
Non-inverting
5V(DC) 2V(Peak,
AC)

16
Report:

i) Attach input and output wave shape that you observed for AC different input.
ii) Design weighted summer circuit desirable in an audio mixer for the following output
VO  8E1  2.5E2  0.3E3
Where,
E1= Output voltage from singer microphone (Weaker signal)
E2= Output voltage from Co-singer microphone
E3= Output voltage from guitar microphone (Louder signal)

[Hints: Above problem for louder signal gain is less than 1, it may choose for inverting
adder for the design and connect gain 1 inverting amplifier at output to find Vo]

iii) Discussion on learning outcome, any problem facing to conduct lab, how to overcome
that problem within minimum one page.

17
 Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course Code: EEE 234
Course Title: Electronics II Lab

Experiment no: 04
Name of the Experiments: Demonstration on Closed-loop Differential Amplifier.

Objective:
This experiment is intended to observe the operation of Op-Amp IC as Differential Amplifier.

Apparatus:
1. Digital Multimeter
2. Oscilloscope
3. Trainer board.
4. Connecting wires
5. Op-amp IC(LM351/ μA741)
6. Resistors
7. Power supply

Theory: Figure 4.1 shows the differential amplifier with one op-amp. A differential amplifier is
a combination of inverting amplifier and non-inverting amplifiers. That is, when vx is reduced to
zero the circuit is a non-inverting amplifier, whereas the circuit is an inverting amplifier when
the vy is reduced to zero.
 RF vx
The output voltage due to vx is vox 
R1
RF R3v y
The output voltage due to vx is voy  (1  )v1 and v1 
R1 R2  R1
RF v y
Since R1  R2 and R3  RF , voy 
R1
 RF  RF
Thus the net output voltage is, vo  vox  voy  (vx  v y )  vxy
R1 R1
vo R
And the voltage gain AD   F
vx R1

18
Circuit Diagram:
vx
R1=2.2 k  RF=3.3 k 
+12
2 7
v2 6 v o=AD.v xy
v 1 741
v id
vy 4
R2=2.2 k  3
-12
RL=10K

R3=3.3 k 

Figure 4.1: Differential amplifier

Procedure:
1. Build the circuit as shown in figure 4.1 on the trainer board.
2. Determine the gain AF.
3. Take input signals from the DC power supply and Function Generator as per the data
table given below.
4. Measure the output voltage, Vo by the digital multimeter/ oscilloscope.
5. Calculate the theoretical output voltage, vo .
6. Determine the out-put current, Io by applying Ohm’s Law.
7. Calculate the % of error for vo using the formula-
CalculatedValue ~ MeasuredValue
% of error  100%
MeasuredValue
8. Complete the data table- 4.1 given below.

19
Data Table-4.1

R1 RF AF vx vy Measured, vo Theoretical, Error %

(peak for ac) vo
5V(DC) 3V(DC)
5V(DC) 8V(DC)
5V(DC) 2V(Peak,AC)
2V(Peak,AC) 5V(DC)

Report:

i) Attach input and output wave shape that you observed for AC different input.
ii) Design a circuit whose output is VO= 3×(E1- E2)

iii) Discussion on learning outcome, any problem facing to conduct lab, how to overcome
that problem within minimum one page.

20
 Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course Code: EEE 234
Course Title: Electronics II Lab

Experiment no: 05
Name of the Experiment: Demonstration on Low-Pass Filter Circuits.

Objective:
The aim of this experiment is to observe the basic characteristics of low-pass filter.

Apparatus:
1. Digital Multimeter
2. Oscilloscope
3. Trainer board.
4. Connecting wires
5. Op-amp IC( μA741)
6. Resistors
7. Capacitor
8. Power supply

Theory: Figure 5.1 shows a first-order low-pass Butterworth filter that uses an RC network for
filtering. The op-amp is used in the non-inverting configuration.

R1 RF
+12
v2 7
2 6 d
v1
vid
3
741 vo   RF C1 vin
vin 4 dt
R
-12 RL
C

Figure 5.1 First-order low-pass Butterworth filter

21
According to the voltage divider rule, the voltage at the non-inverting terminal (across capacitor C)
 jX C vin
is, v1  vin or, v1 
R  jX C 1  j 2 fRC

 R   R  vin
The output voltage vo  1  F  v1 or, vo  1  F 
 R1   R1  1  j 2 fRC

 RF 
1  
vo
  R1 

AF

AF
vin 1  j 2 fRC 1  j 2 fRC 1  j ( f / f H )
vo AF
Gain of the filter as a function of frequency AF ( f )  
vin 1  j ( f / f H )
Where, f = frequency of the input signal
RF
AF  1   passband gain of the filter
R1
1
fH   high cutoff frequency of the filter
2 RC

vo AF
The magnitude of the voltage gain is AF ( f )  
vin 1  ( f / f H )2

Circuit Diagram:

RF=1 k 

+12V
R1=1 k 
7
2 6
741 vo
3
v in 4
R= 2.2 k  RL=10 k 
-12V
C=0.1f

Figure -5.2: A practical first order low-pass Butterworth filter

22
Instructions:
1. Determine the gain AF (in db) and the corner frequency fH.
2. Calibrate the oscilloscope and adjust the input signals amplitude and frequency.
3. Vary the frequency of the input signal keeping vin(peak-peak) fixed at 1V and take the value
of vo(peak-peak) from the oscilloscope.
4. Change the frequency and complete the data table given below.
5. Draw the frequency response curve for this filter using semi-log paper.

Data Table- 5.1:

Frequency, Vo ( peak  peak )

vin(peak-peak) vo(peak-peak) Af ( f ) 
in Hz Vin ( peak  peak ) Af ( f ) in dB

200
500
700
800
900
1,000
2,000
3,000
5,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
20,000

Report:
1. Submit the frequency response curve for this filter using semi-log paper.
2. Design a low pass filter for the following cut-off frequency:

[Hint: Cut-off frequency is last three digit of your student ID kHz]

23
 Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course Code: EEE 234
Course Title: Electronics II Lab

Experiment no: 06
Name of the Experiment: Demonstration on High-Pass Filter Circuits:

Objective:
To observe the basic characteristics of high-pass filter.
Apparatus:
1. Digital Multimeter
2. Oscilloscope
3. Trainer board.
4. Connecting wires
5. Op-amp IC( μA741)
6. Resistors
7. Capacitor
8. Power supply

Theory:
Figure 6.1 shows a first-order high-pass Butterworth filter that uses an RC network for filtering.
The op-amp is used in the non-inverting configuration.

R1 RF
+12
v2 7
2 6 d
v1
vid
3
741 vo   RF C1 vin
vin 4 dt
C -12 RL
R

Figure 6.1 First-order high-pass Butterworth filter

24
According to the voltage divider rule, the voltage at the non-inverting terminal (across resistor R)
R
is, v1  vin
R  jX C

j 2 fRC  R 
Or, v1  vin and the output voltage vo  1  F  v1
1  j 2 fRC  R1 

 R  j 2 fRC
That is, vo  1  F  vin
 R1  1  j 2 fRC
vo j 2 fRC. AF j ( f / f L ) AF
 
vin 1  j 2 fRC 1  j ( f / f L )

vo j ( f / f L ) AF
Gain of the filter as a function of frequency AF ( f )  
vin 1  j ( f / f L )
Where, f = frequency of the input signal
RF
AF  1   passband gain of the filter
R1

1
fL   low cutoff frequency of the filter
2 RC
vo ( f / f L ) AF
The magnitude of the voltage gain is AF ( f )  
vin 1  ( f / f L )2

Circuit Diagram:

R1=1 k  RF=1 k 
+12
v2 7
2 6 d
v1
v id
3
741 vo   RF C1 vin
v in 4 dt
C=0.01 F -12 RL=10 k 
R=1.59 k 

Figure 6.2: Practical First Order High Pass Butterworth Filter

25
Instructions:
1. Determine the gain AF and the corner frequency fL.
2. Calibrate the oscilloscope and adjust the input signals amplitude and frequency.
3. Vary the frequency of the input signal keeping vin(peak-peak) fixed and take the value of
vo(peak-peak) from the oscilloscope.
4. Complete the data table given below.
5. Draw the frequency response curve for this filter using semi-log paper.

Data Table- 6.1:

Frequency, Vo ( peak  peak )

Vin(peak-peak) Vo(peak-peak) Af ( f ) 
in Hz Vin ( peak  peak ) Af ( f ) in dB

500
700
800
900
1000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10,000
20,000
30,000

Report:
1. Submit the frequency response curve for this filter using semi-log paper.
2. Design a high pass filter for the following cut-off frequency:

[Hint: Cut-off frequency is last three digit of your student ID kHz]

26
 Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course Code: EEE 234
Course Title: Electronics II Lab

Experiment no: 07
Name of the Experiment: Demonstration on Band-Pass Filter Circuits.

Objective:
To observe the basic frequency response characteristics of band-pass filter.

Apparatus:
1. Digital Multimeter
2. Oscilloscope
3. Trainer board.
4. Connecting wires
5. Op-amp ICs ( μA741)
6. Resistors
7. Capacitor
8. Power supply

Theory:
A Band Pass Filter is a circuit which allows only particular band of frequencies to pass through
it. This Pass band is mainly between the cut-off frequencies and they are the lower cut-off
frequency fL and the higher cut-off frequency fH.

The centre frequency is denoted by ‘fC’ and it is also called as resonant frequency or peak
frequency.

The fL value must always be less than the value of fH. The pass band of the filter is nothing but
the bandwidth. The gain of the filter is maximum at resonant or centre frequency and this is
referred as total pass band gain. This pass band gain is denoted by ‘Amax’.

For low pass filter this pass band starts from 0 Hz and continues until it reaches the resonant
frequency value at -3 dB down from a maximum pass band gain.

27
Where as in the case of high pass filter this pass band begins from the -3 dB resonant frequency
and ends at the value of the maximum loop gain for active filter. Combination of low pass and
high pass responses gives us band pass response as shown below:

Figure-7.1: Frequency Response of Active Bandpass Filter

Bandpass filter circuit can be designed by combining the properties of low-pass and high-pass
into a single filter. Creating a bandpass filter from a low-pass and high-pass filter can be
illustrated using block diagrams:

Figure-7.2: Block Diagram of Bandpass Filter

Depending on the quality factor the band pass filter is classified into Wide band pass filter and
Narrow band pass filter. The quality factor is also referred as ‘figure of merit’.

Wide Band Pass Filter

If the value of quality factor, Q is less than ten, then the pass band is wide, which gives us the
larger bandwidth. This band pass filter is called Wide Band Pass Filter. Figure -3 shows a wide
bandpass filter.

Narrow Band Pass Filter

If the value of quality factor, Q is greater than ten then the pass band is narrow and bandwidth of
the pass band is also less. This band pass filter is called as Narrow Band Pass Filter.

28
The Quality Factor
The quality factor depends on the bandwidth of the pass band. Quality factor is inversely
proportional to the Bandwidth. That means if band width increases the quality factor decrease
and if band width decreases the quality factor increases.

Q=

Circuti Diagram:

R1=1 k  RF=1 k 
R1=1 k  RF=1 k  +12
+12
7
7 2 6
2 6 3 741
741
3 4
v in 4
R=3.3 k  -12
C=0.1 F -12
RL=10 k 
R=1 k 
C=0.01 F

Figure-7.3: Wide Band-pass Filter

Procedure:

i) Construct the circuit on the trainer board as shown in the figure-7.3.

ii) Determine the gain AF (in db) and the the cut-off frequencies, fL and fH.
iii) Calibrate the oscilloscope and adjust the input signal’s amplitude and frequency.
iv) Vary the frequency of the input signal keeping vin(peak-peak) fixed at 1V and take the value
of vo(peak-peak) from the oscilloscope.
v) Change the frequency and complete the data table-7.1 given below.
vi) Draw the frequency response curve for this filter using semi-log paper.

29
Data Table- 7.1:

Frequency, Vo ( peak  peak )

vin(peak-peak) vo(peak-peak) Af ( f ) 
in Hz Vin ( peak  peak ) Af ( f ) in dB

200
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
4,800
5,000
5,500
6,000
8,000
10,000

Report:

i) Design a bandpass filter with a lower cut-off frequency of 200kHz and a higher cut-off
frequency of 800kHz. Find the geometric center frequency fC, bandwidth and Q of the
circuit
ii) Design a bandpass filter to pass the signals of the frequency of 5 kHz to 10 kHz.
iii) Discussion on learning outcome, any problem facing to conduct lab, how to overcome
that problem within minimum one page.

30
 Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course Code: EEE 234
Course Title: Electronics II Lab

Experiment no: 08
Name of the Experiment: Demonstration on Band-Stop Filter Circuits.

Objective:
To observe the basic frequency response characteristics of band-stop filter.

Apparatus:
1. Digital Multimeter
2. Oscilloscope
3. Trainer board.
4. Connecting wires
5. Op-amp ICs ( μA741)
6. Resistors
7. Capacitor
8. Power supply
Theory:
The band stop filter is formed by the combination of low pass and high pass filters with a parallel
connection instead of cascading connection. The name itself indicates that it will stop a particular
band of frequencies. Since it eliminates frequencies, it is also called as band elimination filter or
band reject filter or notch filter. We know that unlike high pass and low pass filters, band pass
and band stop filters have two cut-off frequencies. It will pass above and below a particular
range of frequencies whose cut off frequencies are predetermined depending upon the value of
the components used in the circuit design. Any frequencies in between these two cut-off
frequencies are attenuated. It has two pass bands and one stop band.

The characteristics of a band stop filter are exactly opposite of the band pass filter characteristics.

When the input signal is given, the low frequencies are passed through the low pass filter in the
band stop circuit and the high frequencies are passed through the high pass filter in the circuit.
This is shown in below block diagram.

31
 Figure-8.1: Block Diagram of Band-stop Filter

In practical, due to the capacitor switching mechanism in the high pass and low pass filter the
output characteristics are not same as that of in the ideal filter. The pass band gain must be equal
to low pass filter and high pass filter. The frequency response of band stop filter is shown below.

Figure- 8.2: Frequency response of band stop filter

Where indicates the cut off frequency of the low pass filter, is the cut off frequency of the
high pass filter and the centre frequency,

Circuit Diagram:
R 1=1 k  R F=1 k 
+12V
7
2 6
3 741
4
R=1 k  -12V
R F=1 k 
C=0.1 F R=1 k 
+12V
7
2
vin 3 741
R=1 k  4
R 1=1 k  R F=1 k  -12V
+12V
R=10 k 
7
2 6
741
3
4
C=0.01 F -12V
R=3.3 k 

Figure-8.3: Active Band-stop Filter

32
Procedure:

i) Construct the circuit on the trainer board as shown in the figure-8.3.

ii) Determine the gain AF (in db) and the cut-off frequencies, fL and fH.
iii) Calibrate the oscilloscope and adjust the input signal’s amplitude and frequency.
iv) Vary the frequency of the input signal keeping vin(peak-peak) fixed at 1V and take the value
of vo(peak-peak) from the oscilloscope.
v) Change the frequency and complete the data table-8.1 given below.
vi) Draw the frequency response curve for this filter using semi-log paper.

Data Table- 8.1:

Frequency, Vo ( peak  peak )

vin(peak-peak) vo(peak-peak) Af ( f ) 
in Hz Vin ( peak  peak ) Af ( f ) in dB

200
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
4,800
5,000
5,500
6,000
8,000
10,000

33
Report:

iv) Design a bandstop filter with a lower cut-off frequency of 100kHz and a higher cut-off
frequency of 500kHz. Find the geometric center frequency fC, bandwidth and Q of the
circuit.
v) Design a bandstop filter to pass the signals of the frequency bellow of 8 kHz and above
20 kHz.
vi) Discussion on learning outcome, any problem facing to conduct lab, how to overcome
that problem within minimum one page.

34
 Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course Code: EEE 234
Course Title: Electronics II Lab

Experiment no: 09
Name of the Experiments: Study of Phase-shift Oscillator.

Objective:
This experiment is intended to observe the application of Op-Amp IC as phase-shift oscillator
circuit.

Required Apparatus:
1. Digital Multimeter.
2. Trainer board.
3. Oscilloscope.
4. Connecting wires
5. Op-amp IC( μA741)
6. Resistor: (10 kΩ×1,3.3 kΩ×3, 2.2 kΩ×333 kΩ)
7. Potentiometer: 1MΩ
8. Capacitor: (0.1μF×3)
9. Power supply

Theory:
Figure 9-1 shows a phase shift oscillator, which consists of an op-amp as the amplifying stage
and three RC cascaded networks as the feedback circuit. The feedback circuit provides feedback
voltage from the output back to the input of the amplifier.

35
 R1 RF
+12
v2 7
2 6
v id 741
v1 3 vo
4
-12 RL

C C C

R R R

Figure 9.1: Phase shift oscillator

The op-amp is used in the inverting mode; therefore, any signal that appears at the inverting
terminal is shifted by 180o at the output. An additional 180o phase shift required for oscillation is
provided by the cascaded RC networks. Thus the total phase shift around the loop is 360o (or 0o).
At some specific frequency when the phase shift of the cascaded RC networks is exactly 180o
and the gain of the amplifier is sufficiently large, the circuit will oscillate at that frequency. This
1 0.065
frequency is called the frequency of oscillation, fo, and is given by f o  
2 6 RC RC

RF
At this frequency, the gain Av must be at least 29. That is  29
R1

Or RF  29R1
Thus the circuit will produce a sinusoidal waveform of frequency fo if the gain is 29 and the total
phase shift around the circuit is exactly 360o.

36
Circuit Diagram:
1M pot

R 1=33 k  R F=957 k 
+12
v2 7
2 6
v id 741
v1 3 vo
4
-12 R L =10 k 

C=0.1 F C=0.1 F C=0.1 F

R=3.3 k  R=3.3 k 
R=3.3 k 

Figure 9.2: Phase shift oscillator

Procedure:
1. Calculate the gain Av.
2. Build the circuit as shown in figure- 9.2 on the trainer board.
3. Use the oscilloscope and determine the output voltage.
4. Determine the frequency of oscillation from the oscilloscope and also from
calculation.
5. Complete the table below by changing the values of the resistor R.

Data Table-9.1:
R C Measured, fo Calculated, fo Error%
3.3 kΩ 0.1μF
2.2 kΩ 0.1μF
1.0 kΩ 0.1μF

37
 Eastern University
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Course Code: EEE 234
Course Title: Electronics II Lab

Experiment no: 10
Name of the Experiments: Study of Wein-Bridge Oscillator.

Objective:
This experiment is intended to observe the application of Op-Amp IC as Wein-Bridge
oscillator circuit.

Apparatus:
1. Digital Multimeter
2. Trainer board
3. Oscilloscope
4. Connecting wires
5. Op-amp IC( μA741)
6. Resistors
7. Capacitors
8. Power supply

Theory:
Because of its simplicity and stability, one of the most commonly used audio-frequency
oscillators is the Wein Bridge. Figure 10.1 shows the Wein bridge oscillator in which the Wein
bridge circuit is connected between the amplifiers input terminals and the output terminal. The
bridge has a series RC network in one arm and a parallel RC network in the adjoining arm. In the
remaining two arms of the bridge, resistors R1 and RF are connected.

38
 R1 RF
+12
v2 7
2 6
vid 741
v1 3 vo
4
-12 RL

R C

R
C

Figure 10.1: Wein bridge oscillator

The phase angle criterion for oscillation is that the total phase around the circuit must be 0o. This
condition occur only when the bridge is balanced, that is , at resonance. The frequency of
oscillation fo is exactly the resonance frequency of the balanced Wein bridge and if given by
1 0.159
fo  
2 RC RC
Assuming the resistors are equal in value, and the capacitors are equal in value in the reactive leg
of the Wein bridge. At this frequency the gain required for sustained is given by,
1
Av  3
B
That is,
RF
1 3
R1
or RF  2 R1

39
Circuit Diagram:

R1=12 k RF=24 k
+12
v2 7
2 6
vid 741
v1 3 vo
4
-12 RL=10 k

R=3.3 k C=0.047 F

C=0.047 F
R=3.3 k

Figure 10.2: Wein bridge oscillator

Procedure:
1. Determine the frequency of oscillation fo.
2. Build the circuit as shown in figure-10.2 on the trainer board.
3. Use the oscilloscope and determine the output voltage.
4. Determine the frequency of oscillation from the oscilloscope.
5. Calculate the gain Av.

Data Table-10.1:
R C Measured, fo Calculated, fo Error%
3.3 kΩ 0.1μF
2.2 kΩ 0.1μF
1.0 kΩ 0.1μF

40