Dr.

Qadri Hamarsheh

Outline of the Lecture

Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing.

Components of a Digital Image Processing System.

Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing

Step 1. Image Acquisition:

• In this step, the image is captured by a sensor (such as a monochrome or color
TV camera) and digitized, if the output of the camera or sensor is not already
in digital form- an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) digitizes it.
o Camera:
Camera consists of 2 parts:

A lens that collects the appropriate type of radiation emitted from the
object of interest and that forms an image of the real object.
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Dr. Qadri Hamarsheh

Semiconductor device – so called charged coupled device or CCD
which converts the irradiance at the image plan into an electrical signal.
o Frame Grabber

Frame Grabber only needs circuits to digitize the electrical signal (standard
video signal) from imaging sensor to store the image in the memory (RAM)
of the computer.
Step 2. Image Enhancement:
• Image Enhancement is the process of manipulating an image so that the result
is more suitable than the original for specific applications. Enhancement techniques
are so varied, and use so many different image processing approaches.
Step 3. Image Restoration:
• Improving the appearance of the image.
• Tend to be mathematical or probabilities models of image
degradation.
Step 4. Color Image Processing:
• Use the color of the image to extract features of interest in an image.
Step 5. Wavelets:
• Used in image data compression and pyramidal representation.
Step 6. Compression:
• Techniques Compression for
o Reducing the storage required to save an image.
o Reducing the size of the image to transmit it ("JPEG Standard"), with
suitable bandwidth required for transmission.
Step 7. Morphological Processing:
• Morphological Processing are the tools for extracting image' components that
are useful in the representation and description of shape.
Step 8. Image Segmentation:
• Computer tries to separate objects from the image background.
• It is one of the most difficult tasks in DIP.
• Segmentation kinds:
o Autonomous Segmentation.
o Rugged Segmentation (long process to get successful solution).
o Erratic Segmentation.
Step 9. Representation and Description:
• Representation makes a decision whether the data should be represented as a
boundary or as a complete region:
o Boundary Representation focuses on external shape
characteristics, such as corners and inflections.
o Region Representation focuses on internal properties, such as
texture or skeleton shape.
Step 10.
10. Recognition and Interpretation:
• Recognition is the process that assigns label to an object based on the
information provided by its descriptors.

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Dr. Qadri Hamarsheh

Step 11.
11. Knowledge base:
• The Knowledge base also controls the interaction between modules.
The knowledge about a problem is coded into an image processing system in the
form of a Knowledge base.
Components of a Digital Image Processing System
1. Image Sensors

Physical device that is sensitive to the energy radiated by the object.

Digitizer that converts the output of the physical sensing device into digital
form.

2. Specialized Image Processing Hardware

Specialized Image Processing Hardware usually consists of the digitizers and
hardware that performs other primitive operations, such as arithmetic logic unit
(ALU). Speed is the most important parameter (30 frames /sec).
3. Specialized Image Processing Software

Specialized Image Processing Software is specialized modules that perform
specific tasks.
4. Computer:
Computer: Image processing system: from computer to a supercomputer.
5. Mass Storage Capability:

It is a must in image processing applications (image size of 1024x1024 pixels,
with intensity level for each pixel : 8 bits, requires one Megabyte for saving)

Mass Storage categories:
o Short-term storage for use during processing.
o On-line storage for relatively fast operations.
o Archival storage for infrequent access.
6. Image Displays
Displays: Flat screen TV monitors.
7. Hardcopy:
Hardcopy: devices for recording images: laser printers, film cameras, CD-ROM
disk, others.
8. Networking: the key parameter is the bandwidth.

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