UNIT-1: COMPLEX ANALYSIS-I 1. _ Introduction ‘A number of the form x + iy, where x and y are real numbers and i =V—1, is called a complex number. Geometrical Representation of Complex Numbers ‘Any complex number z = x + iy can be representedasa 1” P(x, y) point P(x,y)in a plane called Argand plane, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. oe of Complex Numbers «If zy =x + iyand z2 = x2 + iy 2422 = (a1 + x2) + iG t y2) 24.22 = (x1 + iys)(%2 + tye) a i 1X2 — YaYa) + 11 + MY2) xatiys _ xattys (eantya) _ Geaxatysy2)H1Gays—xay2) 2 Ratiy2 X2tlye" (er aEtyE For example: If z: = 8 + 3i,, z2 = 9 —2i, then m42=17+i 4-2 =-1+5i Z.22 = (72 + 6) + i(27 — 16) = 78 + 11i 24 _ (72-6)41027416) a B1+4 ig: 2. Ifz=x-+ iy, then the conjugate of z is given by Z = x — iy : ‘ : 4 66, 43 as * es T Polar Form of Complex Numbers. The polar form expresses a complex number in terms ofan angle 0 and its distance from the origin r. Forz = x-+ iy, putting x = rcos0,y =rsin8 Z=r(cos@ + isin@) or z = cisO Herer = |z| = Jz? +y? isthe magnitude ormodulusofz, + sere 6 = arg(z) = tan“*% is argument or soi ofz. :sneasure 0 = 2r6(2) in anticlockwise ‘ (z) is positive. a aa 6= Zara in clockwise direc cea so that arg(2) is negative. formofz=1+4 ‘ es m) sao is: 2 = V2 (cos(-*) + isin(- pequality: [2y +221 < lal + l2cl $22 $04 Zq) S lead + [zal +--+ Leal le:Ifz, =1 41,2, = -2 +31 «Mestad ll + Ize] = V2 + VIB = 5.02 ola t+zl $ lal +lz2 and Division in Polar Form 8, + isin ®,) , 2, = r2(cos@, + isin @,) 7172(cos 0, cos @, — sin, sin 82) + i(sin 8, cos, + cos 4, sin 62) = ryr3[005(0, + 6) + isin(@, + 62)] ai ad n=0,12... ~ 92) + isin(6, - 6,)] %t2nn,n=0,1,2...=e! =cos@ +isin® A complex number z = x +e =cos6+isind» -maes aueletmminal “a 23 wig iC 5 us > 3 Ge Ss a ee value of (—1 + i)? ma = 82 (cos +. isin 222) 4) + isin(4x+£)) Sm -8i clase -1 +) +5 = 2 (cos™ + isin? 3) * 2 € 2"4 quadrant Be seems). k=0,1,2a} (cost sing), A gexample8 Use De Moivre’s gio txox oP Solution: Multiplying both sid sides @+DGt—% +tox4 => x8 = [cos(2km + x) + isin@kr axe leone ns Del + ihe cos £4 isin®, cose + isin: en Ta Find the seven 7" root always vanishes unless n be a mult‘Simplified Engine” «of Complex Numbers gsinga unit circle x? +y? = 1, es y tan x 7 nh is (-,0), range of cosh x is i 0) and that iis intresting to oe tha 85 01 conic sections, there are ObViOUS similitude betwe tanhx is ry. - are function, some of which are listed below. trigonometric and hyperbo __L_Expansions Poe 7 is sinz=2-9tG safe simhz=2+3 +5 7+ 7 igonometric functions to obtain 5 <8? gf from all the above identities of tr [sects Fant? = 1a =csch? z + coth*z = 1 2si [se pee, 2tanz F | |__8n2z = 2sinzcosz = Sak ore 2 siuhzcoshz 2am j | [ 3 cosh 2z = cosh? inh? aa —tane anh | ange = Ssinz—tsin'z [sinh3z=Ssinhz +4sinh 2 a 3 tanh3z = 2'2nhz sean Zz ph - 110)Fine: Change the signs of s 3 ite. sinh? z, tanh? z, esch? z, coth® identity from related trigonometric yu. Euler’s Formulae IV. De Moivre’s theorem Trigonometric functions <= Sami cosz + isinz)" = (cosnz+isinnz) | ( Tint: Change z to iz and multiply 6} sinh, tanh, csch and coth: expressions on R.H.S.: ne) _ (ND _ aaa “227 cert 4 3eters(et +e™*) = 27 4363) <27 veFe t= 1 and (ef +67) =3 (1 +sinh?2) +Ssinhz=5 = cosh?z = 1+ sinh?z nh? 2 + Ssinhz—2= 0 +6sinhz—sinhz—2=0 ihz +2) ~ 1(sinhz + 2) = 0= (e” +e™)eos = cosx cosh y — isit 2) can be proved in similar 4) Using the result 1) and the id |cos zi? = (cos?x)(1 + sinh”. = cos?x + sinh” y(cos?x. = cos*x + sinh?y 4) can be proved in similar Yi. Logarithm of a Complex Num Ifz= x+y =7(cosd + tsin@) =re® = logz = log(x + ty) = log(re = logr + loge® logr +10 = loglz| +i8 Here logz = log|z| + number z, where, 7 = |z] = The general value is given by Logz = log| Example14 Find the principal value of log(1 + i) 4 Similarly, log zz = log|zo| + 182 = log(1 — i) = $log2 - 1% Example15 Show Solution: Let z) = > logi = lo a sz logi = -15‘Simplified Enger argz2 = 9 =-F ‘Again let Z2 = [zal san log (-18) = nated += ee i5 , x Putting £5 = —loB!» We get log(— Jogi) = log; Example16 Show that log(-") = mi + log Solution: Let z= -N = N(-1 +0i) 2 |e] = N and argz = ™ Hence, logz = loglz!+ 19 = lo N + in Examplel7 Find the general value of i! and hence prove that logi! = — (2n a a oat! = etloe! Solution: We have i! = Letz=i, l= = logi = logi + ((2nn +5) = ogi = {(2n-+3) x , log =0 ails ellosl = el (ent), eileen, ‘The general valueis given by logz = logl2] + (2n = tan“!00 == 2 4, argz = +8) ) + Tog = i(2n Taking natural log on both sides = logi! = loge (2"*)* -(n+n Example18 Prove that log, (- = log vloge=1 -9) =m ogee log(-s) + logy a = Solution: We have log,(-5) = bes) log logeb Laz=-S+0i, +2] = Sandargz = 9 + log(—5) = loglz| + i9 = logs + ix Hence, log(~5) = = ase Tog? Example19 Prove that tani log! Solution: We have log2—” a Taras ari = bal = VATEBE arg, b? = log(a - if log(a ~ ib) — log(a + ib) .® 2=atib = 6 =~ tan? ¥ 2; belongs to 4" quadrs [14]And, 22! Now log 2s = loglza] +101 = log Va? FB similarly, log 2, = log(a + tb) = log Va? +B i ‘ % at Using@) and @) in ®, lose Now, tan i log =] = tan —2i? tan VIL. The functions of complex va problems evolving in scien The problems of heat electrostatics etc. can ¢fSimplified Engineering Mathematics S Remark If a function is not continuous at a point then itis not differentiable at that point, Example20 If w = f(z) = z? + 3z, find u and v and also calculate the value of F(z) at 14+3i Solution: u = Re f(z x? —y? + 3x and v = im f(z) = 2xy + 3y Also, f(1. + 3i) = (1 +31)? + 3(1 + 31) =-5 + 15i + u(1,3) = —5 and v(1,3) = 15 m ahaa pxample21 Evaluate: a) lim =e by lim (x+ Solution: a) Dividing numerator and denominator by z°, we get: sien ie) 4 gesoer = maaan b)Asz=x+iyandz >i >x=0,y=1 Example22 Show that f(z) = f 21 ig continuous at z =i | im: = Berar = iy ry Solution: lim2=** = lim? = ij nf y e=DeD Also f (i) = 2, Hence, f(z) is continuous at z = i Example23 Show that the function f(z)defined by Rete) re -{ yee is not continuous at z= 0 2 Saimg) x Eplstiendie lyre 30 Astin [lin =] = Bg 1 and tn [i 25] = 0 As z + 0, for two different paths limit have two different values. So, limit does not exist. Hence, f (2) is not continuous at z = 0 Example24 Show that the functionf (z) = x + 4iy is not differentiable at any point in the complex plane. Solution; Let 2» = xp + iyo be any point in the complex plane We have 52 = 5x + iby Also, f @o + 5z) — fo) = xo + 4iyg + 5x + 4idy — xp — 4iyy = Sx + 4idy £@)-FG0) L62o+82)-f (zo) _ ‘Sx+4iby ie gy as By Gevisy 4 06)sss] As wel lim, pevlay |) x70 the limit is not unique, it follows t ou Lg 709 A Frntion f (2) is sid to be Analytic (or Regular conditions: +e ee (2) is single valued wae f (2) possesses a unique derivative 2 f(@) satisfies Cauchy-Riemann Equations: ‘A function which is analytic everywhere is known ¢ Corollary!: A function f (2) is analytic at a point fits particular point but also in some immediate neighb ‘Theorem: The necessary condition for a funetio ae ou a ay’ ay Recall that equations i and ii are known as Cauchy Theorem: The sufficient condition for a function f (@ , 52 pa te oa ox? ata point. Thus, a function not satisfying C- differentiable nor analytic at that point. + These conditions are not sufficient. Thus, 3 functio a point but not differentiable or analytic at Example25 Prove that the function (2 3441)Simplified Engineering Mathematics = tert ie then ~_, iB 5= = fay) =o pane y) = u(0,0) > u(x, y) is continuous at (0,0) ‘Similarly, we can prove that v(x, y) is continuous at (0,0) Hence, f(z) is continuous at origin. At origin, we have ee ee n= oe xo oe gabe Bs = inlet O} of ¢; and c2 such that the function: ? — y? + 2xy) is analytic. Also find f(z). 18)Since, the limit @ and @ are different, so f’(0) Example27 Find p such that the function (2) f(@) =1? cos 20 + ir” sinp@ is analytic. Solution: Letz = x + iy, such thatf (2) where u = 7? cos 20 and v =r? sinp@_ 3% = 2rcos20 »22 = 2rsinpe, = Now for the function f (2) to be analytic, C- Example28 Show that f(z) = z? is aa Solution: Let z = x + iy , such that f(z) Here f(z) = 2° = (x + iy) Since u and v are polyn derivatives. Now checl‘Simplified Engineering Mathematics PN py = Oly daikigy2 6xy, = Oxy, 5 = 3x? — 3y’ sa Se and = — 2. CR equations are satisfied. Hence the function f(z) = z° is analytic everywhere. ~_Example29 Check whether the function f(2) = sinz is an analytic function or not. Solution: Let z = x + ty , such that f(z) = u+ iv " Here f(z) = sinz = sin(x + ty) = sinxcos(iy) + cos x sin(iy) i =sinxcoshy + cosx.isinhy + cos(iy) = coshy and sin(iy) = isinhy .u-+iv =sinxcoshy + icosxsinhy whereu =sinxcoshy and v =cosxsinhy Since w and v contain trigonometric and hyperbolic functions, they are single valued and having unique derivatives. Now checking on C-R equations: a au oy ey oe ge~ wsxcoshy, F=—sinxsinhy, 3 =sinxsinhy, = cosxcoshy ox on and 5! = —52.C-R equations are satisfied. Hence the function f(z) = sinz is analytic everywhere. Example30 Prove that f(z) = sinh is an analytic function and find its derivative Solution: Let z= x + iy , such that f(z) = u + iv Here f(z) = sinhz = +sin(iz) = ~isin i(x + iy) = -isinixcosy + icosixsin y utiv=sinhxcosy +icoshxsiny + sin(éx) = isinhx and cos(éx) = coshx where u = sinh x cosy and v = coshxsiny Since u and v contain trigonometric and hyperbolic functions, they are single valued and having unique derivatives. Now checking on C-R equations: =sinhxsiny, = =~-sinhxsiny, z =coshxcosy 4 = coshxcosy, : C-R equations are satisfied. e function f(z) = sinhz is analytic. + ize (Cosh x cosy) + i(sinhx sin y) oz 4 q '— y) = cosi(x + iy) = coshz n f(z) =logz,z +0 is analytic, that f(z) =u+tivHere Now oo on C-R equations: 2, oa =a ax 2 2 20 endo a and. Hei 1x. ‘the Laplace equation fora function f(y y if z= x-+iy be a complex variable, and f@ omplex variable, then the Laplace equations for; atu , au ayy #0, a 3 gn 4 Ht = Oand sat aged ‘Any function which ae the Laplace’s equation is kn ‘Theorem: Every analytic function satisfies the L analytic function, then w and v are harmonic and also other. Remark: Converse of above theorem may not then f(z)may or may not be analytic. Example32 For the function f(z) = (x? Harmonic Functions u(x,y) eal v(x, y) both at Now as 28 OR equise Di either real or imaginary part is known, the conjugate part ‘methods: may son method tart ee y dy Bar Bay,yc -R equations sides to get v(x,y) = fav )) is given, the conjugate function u(x, y) may be found using similar method, f(z) = u(x,y) + iv(x, y) be an analytic function. If u(x, y) = 3x — 2zy, ‘and express f(z) in terms of z. 4 1u = 3x — 2xy Eterm oo 2y and $= —2x..D using C-R. p= — wees tey — ax + Hay, by CR equations ..@ oH "Substituting values of $ and 7 from @in@ dv = 2xdx + (3—2y)dy Integrating both sides = (x,y) = f dv = f 2xdx + J — 2y)dy =x? 4+3y—y?+C y) + iv(x,y) = Bx — 2xy) + ix? + 3y—y? +0) = i(x? —y? + 2ixy) + 3 + iy) + iC = i(x? + (iy)? + 2ixy) + 3(x + iy) + iC = ie +iy)? +3@+iy) +i = iz? +3z+iC (2) = u(r, 8) + iv(r, 8) be an analytic function andu(r, 8) = ‘corresponding analytic function f (z) in terms of z. -r? sin30 in 39 and 22 = ~3r3 cos 30...) Ja E \d0 , by C-R equations ..@ (22)substituting values of Sand 5 y= Sr core sides filne- Thomson method “Thomson method is used for finding an y putting x = z and y = 0, find, 0 eS Bi Step1: Compute 2 = (x,y) and 2 = Step2: By putting x = z and y = 0, findyp,(z, 0) and’ Step3: f(z) = JLy1(2, 0) + tpa(z, O))dz+C Example35 Find the analytic function f(@) find the conjugate function v(x,y). Solution: Given u = e*(x cosy — ysin: yy 3% = e* cosy +e¥(x cosy — ysiny) = ps m ay Putting x = z and 1,0) = e(z + 1) and $2(z,0) * By Milne-Thomson method FC) = flb.(@, 0) — iga(z, OD] dz + Sle#(z-+ 1) ~ iy) dz + Sez + = ze7+CSimplified Engineering Mathematics Again to determine the conjugate function v(x, y), putting z = x + ty in RLS, Gxt iyet? +66 (x + iyle*e™ + Ci = (x + iye*(cosy + tsiny) + Cl = e*(xcosy +i?ysiny) + te*(xsiny +y cosy + C)) = e*(xcosy —ysiny) + ie*(xsiny + y cosy + Ci) « v(x,y) =e*(xsiny +y cosy + C) =f@ ‘Example36 Determine the analytic function f(z) = u + iv, if v = —sinxsinhy. Hence find the conjugate function u(x, y). Solution: Given v = —sinxsinhy =H = —sinxcoshy = vs(2,y), say 2 = —cosxsinhy = Y2(x,y), say Putting x = z andy = 0 Y,(z, 0) = —sinz and y2(z,0) = 0 + By Milne-Thomson method £@) = Sls@,0) + ipa(z, O)] dz +C = fl-sinz+ i(0)Jdz+c + f(@) =cosz+C Again to determine the conjugate function u(x,y), putting z = x + iy in LHS. f(z) = cos(x + iy) + = f@) = cosxcosty — sinxsiniy +C =cosx coshy— isinxsinhy +C + cos(ty) = coshy, sin(iy) = isinhy + u(x,y) = cosx + coshy +C Example37 If f(z) = u + iv be an analytic function of z = x + iy , such that u-v=(x—y)(x? + 4xy + y?), find f(z) in terms of z. Solution: We have f(z) = u + iv...) Se = f(z) =tu-v..@ =(u-v) +i(ut+v) ¢, (1 +1) f (2) is also analyticae E-G we ee 0 en 1B Ey re On oye 0) ta(z,0) 2 (32? — 1327) d2 $6 2 x. ox Integration Complex integration is different some ways. For instance, for areal evaluated along x-axis from of integration is along a straight tines integration, path could be along any ae adjoining figure by two different curves | points A to B. Let f(Z) be a continu complex variable z =x + ty def curve C, having end points A and B. = called the line integral off(z). If the points A and B coincide, i.C ii integral and is denoted by fi f(z)dz. Consider the equation: |2| = axt+y2= 2, which is thee centre at (0,0) and radius rto evaluate a complex integral over the arc of a circle, ee (@-%) = re? + i)dle oe Pe reiesabio.e or $30 identifying the ak along which the line integral has to be computed. ‘the integral is independent of the path of integration when the integrand jg Sie? + iy)dz along y =x ii. the curvey = x?, ie x yax (@ +iy) = (7 +ix) +ix=(1+i)x > dz = (1+ i)dx Now, when z = 0, x = 0 and when @t+wa+ar= (+0 ve F sore @. Dac mete jp -arok+d ? + ix?) = (1+ i)x? nz=0,x=Oandwhenz=1+i,x=1 f ae A Fee a+) uf G? + 2ix3)dx1 Tofind ff +i (gy? dz along the real ee fo= @=@-wy 1 = figle? — 9? — Biry) dz + Sage? = Leth = Jog? 97 — 2b) dz Ip = Sig? ~ 9? — 2ixy) de For [;, along OA, x varies from 0 to 2 and x+0i 3 dz=dx oe = fe x?dx For = slong AZ, vase 1 az=2+ly 9 dz=idy Example40 If f(z) = y —x — 3x1, Evaluate i.C is line segment from z = 0 toz ii. C is path from z = 0 to z = iand th Solution: Lez =x-+lySimplified Engineering Mathematics a fpf @dz = ff -3x1(1 + Dax = -G + 7)LT8 vi =1-i ii. To find f, f (2)dz along the imaginary axis to A(0, i) and then horizontally to Pa 4. D 1 fy, — 2 — 327i) dz + Sip — x ~ 3x7i) dz ie cae Let hy = f54(9 — x — 3x7i) dz hy = Sip — x — 3x71) dz For/h, along 04,x = Oand y varies from 0 to 1 = f(@) =yandz = 0+ iy 3 dz = idy Tee. apt [yt i >¥ ah =i fi yay =i[F), => For Ip, along AP,y = 1and x varies from 0 to 1 r = f@)=1-x-3x%iand z=x +i dz=dx Le ig tly = {1 —x—3xti)dx = fk-¥-=7), Sis — =[i-Pe=t-1 tia [=hth=$+3 Exampled1 Evaluate 2? dz over the are ofthe circle |z| = 2 from @ = 0 10 9 = Solution: The equation of circle is |z| = 2 or z = 2e = f(@) = 2? = 4e” and dz = 2ie'd0, and 0 varies from 0 tot + [:f@dz = f3 4e?(2ie a0) = 23g = 3 fesi0)3 [-14+0-1)=-# [cos + isinn — 1] = aa Exampled2 If C is the circle |z — a] = r, prove that: 6% = ani ii. §.@—a)"dz=0,n€l,n#-1 Solution: The equation of circle is |z — al = r or z —a = re® 4 + dz = rie'®d@ and 8 varies from 0 to 20 bf = BPS ao = ifn)" = ani WG ay" dz = J rrel"9(rie!9dg) = [2" -m+1el0(n+) gg ri ES leoonpe = SS [et2nin+3) _ 00] af Fa los(2m(n +1) tisin@n(n +1) — 1]ee = laz=- ga show that Jez Oe es eee se ak gxamplet’ above or below reall axis. ate exon of circle is z| = 1 orz = eff goistions 4 and dz ted 7 gues from —1 10 +1 above real axis. @ varies fom 100 ae “5, (ola) = 1/240 = 11612 = if0 » gx ay St@ al80) "NE ¥ continuous in the region R. -s By Green's theorem*: ap (28-22 &)axay + iS (a2 _ 2) dedy i “ a 2 $ f(@dz = I (-F ‘Now by C-R equations, = => 2 glenda = (0) 2x29 + gO dxdy = 0 x, and the partial | cs theorem: If P and Q are functions of x and y, 22 are continuous over a region R bounded by a closed curve | i iu ag _ oP 32 2) dxdy i 3g ay, in a region R, and P and Q are two points in R, *Green’ a get oP derivatives 5 and C, then f:(Pdx + Qdy) = Sp Corollary? If f(z) is be an analytic function then [2 f(2)dz is independent of the path joining P and Q and lying entirely in R. Proof: Let PAQ and PBQ be any two paths joining P and Q lying entirely in the region R.” Then by Cauchy's integral theorem J f(z)dz = 0 5 Pagar 3 IpsqMl@)d2 + Sony f(e)dz = 0 9 Sigg f O42 = Sng f@42 = 0 3 Spygf@dz = Ippo f 242 Corollary3 If f(z) is be analytic in the region bounded by two simple closed curves C and C,, then §; f(z)dz =), f(2)dz Proof: Let f(z) be analytic in the region bounded between two simple closed curves C and C,, as shown in adjoining figure (a). Let AB be a cross cut joining curvesC and C,, so that the multiply connected region becomes simply connected, as shown in adjoining figure (b). Then by Cauchy's integral theorem f f(z)dz = 0 ‘APABDBA Iu f dz + Sip f(2)dz + Sony f(2)dz + J, f(2)dz = 0 TAP = Sing f@)d2 + Sapp f@)dz = 0 0]ag sore KLOU=O vce pa BDB its DET aia ocky 2 § {Oe FOU auchy’s Integral Formal statement? If f (2) is an analy within C, then f (2) la consider a function 2, Pro! nc ekGept ee point withi Draw a very small circle Cy, wit such that C; lies entirely in C. The region between Cand Cy, By Corollary3, we have 1@) ‘Again the equation of circle a gO 2n f(atre!#) 'Siradt = So ree a Now as C; is a very small circlejs the ellipse 9x” + ay? = ee etn ox? +4y? = 1 nif (0), where f (2) = cos 2 = f(Q) = c0s0=1 =15, ji.|zl=0.5 = | 0s 325272415 analytie within and on te circle [2] = 1 ira inacn pce 0 6 Evaluate f=" dz, where ‘c’ is the circle |z] n: Here f(z) = 28 —2z+1anda=i ‘Also, the point a = { lies inside the circle |z| = 2. the derivative of Cauchy's integral formula "=p" dz = 2nif'@ © -2=-3-2=-5..@ 47 Evaluate fe; , where ‘cis the circle [2] = ez = 3 lies outside the circle and the point a = 0 lies inside the circle |z| = 2.sin? sina, pleds Evaluate § C 2 la vost Here 72) —" =i sol ie a ett Also, the point a = lies pi) = 2sinz.cosz = sin2z Now: aft (2) = 209 @ using On © H7 4) Express in Polar form i) —3+3i 5 Find the modulus and principal valueee ie sa ii) tana -i —7 — 7i in Euler’s form 2isin® ,z— xyz +5 = 2c0s +049) tt) Ey ) xyz + Wy 6) Find the value of (V3 + i’ é 7) Prove that (4n)"™ power of S22 is equal to (= 8) Ifw isa cube root of unity, prove that (1-o) 9) Prove that £) (#8 cosh 6x + sinh 10)If sin(6 + i) = tan@ + isecar, show that cos: 11) Find the principal and general values of: 1) 12) Show that log 2itan*& 13) Find the limit of the function lim, 14) Examine the coat of the following Df@ = f ae 0, z= 15) Show that the function f(z) = Zis con Point in the complex plane,Simplified Exgineering, Mathematics r 16) Show thatthe function f(z) = VT is not regular atthe origin, although C:R equation, are satisfied at that point. PY 240 a ccc atz = 0 INI f(2)=} 5 7 + discuss [> at z z= : Log(x? + y2 1 BR i 18)Determine p such that the function f (2) = >log(x? + y?) + ‘ean y iS analytic = 2 _ 19) Determine the analytic function f(z) = u + iv, if v = log(x? + y*) +x —2y 20) Determine the analytic function whose real part is u= x3 — 3xy? + 3x? - 3y? + 2x + 1. Also prove that the given function satisfies Laplace equation. 21) It u(r, 9) = (r-2) sind, r + 0 find analytic function f(z) = u + iv 22) Evaluate J"! (x? — iy)dz along the path i) ysx ii) y =x? 23) Evaluate J,’ 2?dz, where A = (1,1), B = (2,4) along 'D the line segment AC parallel to x axis and then along CB Parallel to y axis ii) the straight line AB joining the two points A and B iii) the curve C:y = x? 24) Evaluate § ~ dz, where ‘c’ is the circle Dlzl=1 w Iz ; 2 25) Evaluate ment where ‘c’ is the ellipse 9x? + 4y2 = 36 Answers 1) n3vZcis(Z) ty dcis @ 2) 6V3 + 6i 3) 2, ii) seca, a-= 4) Wee" 6) 2*(-v3 +i) 1)i) log2+F,log2+i(2n+2)x it) logr— 2 og? 4 i(2n 3 13)0 14) i) continuous fi) discontinuous 17) not differentiable 18) 1 19) f(@) = log(i—2)z + 2ilogz+c 20) f(z) = 23 + 327 422414 ic Wf@=-i(zt+i-c) ayns-t we+t 23) 1) — 6i ii) - 6: iii) $6 24)i)2nie ii) 0 25) 4n(1 — i) 34) m<\