VECTORS

Dr. Abha Tripathi

Basis Vectors
• 𝑖Ƹ and 𝑗Ƹ are the references for any
vector representation.
• They both have magnitude of 1.
Vector Examples 1
• Any vector can be represented
as a point which sits at the
arrow end of the vector
• Vector can be represented as a
dot or as an arrow, the tail of
the vector sits on the
origin/reference
Vector Example 2
Vector Example 3
Vector Example 4
Addition of 2 vectors
Resultant of vectors
Resultant of Vectors
 Scalar Multiplication

• If a vector is multiplied by a scalar, then the new vector remains on the same
line (span)
• If the scalar is negative, then the direction is reversed, otherwise the
line/span of the vectors is never changed
Vector Addition
• If there are 2 vectors 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 , then
their resultant is 𝑟1 as shown in the
figure.
• If one of the vectors (say 𝑉1 ) is scaled
(multiplied by +ve scalar, for example),
only the length of the vector changes
and the respective resultants of scaled
𝑉1 and 𝑉2 are depicted as 𝑟1 , 𝑟2
• Similarly if the vector 𝑉1 is multiplied by
a –ve scalar, its direction is reversed.
Then the resultants are 𝑟3 , 𝑟4 .
• But the point to be noticed is that the
resultant’s tip is always on a line defined
by 𝑉2 tip.
• This line/locus will shift if 𝑉2 is scaled.
• It can span the entire 2D space
Vector Addition
• Same example except that the vector 𝑉2
is scaled. 𝑉1 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑
• If one of the vectors (say 𝑉2 ) is scaled
(multiplied by +ve scalar, for example),
only the length of the vector changes
and the respective resultants of scaled
𝑉2 and 𝑉1 are depicted as 𝑟2
• Similarly if the vector 𝑉1 is multiplied by
a –ve scalar, its direction is reversed.
Then the resultants are 𝑟3 .
• But the point to be noticed is that the
resultant’s tip is always on a line defined
by 𝑉1 tip.
• This line/locus will shift if 𝑉1 is scaled.
• It can span the entire 2D space
Span of Vector Addition

• Same example except that the

vectors 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 both are scaled.
• The entire space is covered if the
two vectors are scaled and their
resultant is taken.
• This means indirectly that any
point in the 2D space can be
represented as addition of 2
vectors provided.
• The only condition here is that the
2 vectors must be linearly
independent.
Vectors with changed reference
• Any vector has magnitude (length)
and angle (direction in which it is
pointing).
• If the above 2 features (attributes)
are not changed, then the vector
is not changed.
• It can be placed at any point in the
2D space and it remains
unchanged.
• Only the refence changes.
• For the top picture, reference is
origin
• For the bottom figure, reference is
2 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗.Ƹ
Vectors can be represented as a point
Vectors as Points Representation
Vectors as points
Vector Addition
• Point 1 is basically vector in dot
form 𝑉1 .
• Vector 𝑉2 is added to 𝑉1
• The point 2 has 2 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗.Ƹ
 Vector addition: A path to the same point

• A particular point can be approached in many ways.

• Consider point 2.
• One path is : origin- 1- 2
• Second path is origin – a – b – c - 2
• Any vector may be represented as summation of different sets of vectors.
Basis Vectors and Vector Representation
• Basis Vectors are Linearly
independent vectors which
means no amount of scalar
multiplication /addition of one
vectors gives the other vector.
• There are 4 ways to represent
vectors:
• Graphical form(Arrow or dot)
• Matrix form
• Rectangular Form
• Polar form
Some examples of vector addition
Span of vector: Line
Span of vector addition: Line
Reach in 2D space
Transformation Matrix: 90 ACW rotation
Transformation Matrix: Solve this
Apply Rotation in CW by 90 degrees till the same
position is reached
Transformation: Rotation(Working given on
the next page)
• For any kind of transformation,
only the transformed positions
of the basis vectors need to be
found out, which is

• The above is the transformation

matrix.
• To know the position of any
vector after the transformation,
pre multiply the vector with this
matrix.
Rotation: Rough Work
Transformation: Shearing(Working given on
the next page)
• This is similar to the previous
example. The transformed
positions of the basis vectors
need to be found out, which is

• The above is the transformation

matrix.
• To know the position of any
vector after the transformation,
pre multiply the vector with this
matrix.
Shearing
Dot product between 2 vectors
Dot product between 2 vectors
Dot product between 2 vectors
Dot Product
Dot product : Deeper understanding
• Dot product between 2 vectors basically can be seen as a transformation
that transforms a 2 D space into 1D(line).
• Next 4 slides are not mandatory, and it can be ignored. It is only to
understand how the various methods are applicable without altering the
answer.
• Dot product is

• Both the methods will give the same answer

Dot product between Vectors

𝑢𝑥
𝑢ො = 𝑢𝑦
Dot product between Vectors

𝑢𝑥
𝑢ො = 𝑢𝑦
Dot product between Vectors

𝑢𝑥
𝑢ො = 𝑢𝑦
An example of dot product
Eigen values & Eigen vectors
• The true meaning od Eigen values are appreciated if we understand
what transformation of any kind does to the vectors and it’s span.
• In next 2 slides, 2 examples are taken and the aim is to find what the
transformation does to the vectors.
• The transformation taken are random, it could be anything provided it
is linear in nature.
Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors