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Shafts

A shaft transmits power from one part to another through rotation. Shafts can experience torsional and bending loads. Key equations provided relate torque, power, rotational speed, shear stress, bending stress, and combined loading theories. Hollow shafts are also analyzed using similar equations. Example calculations are given for determining shaft diameters and stresses based on given loads, materials, and deflection requirements.

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Malibongwe Ngcobo
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62 views3 pages

Shafts

A shaft transmits power from one part to another through rotation. Shafts can experience torsional and bending loads. Key equations provided relate torque, power, rotational speed, shear stress, bending stress, and combined loading theories. Hollow shafts are also analyzed using similar equations. Example calculations are given for determining shaft diameters and stresses based on given loads, materials, and deflection requirements.

Uploaded by

Malibongwe Ngcobo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Shaft Design

A shaft is a rotating machine element used to transmit power in the form of torque and speed from
one part to another. Shafts that are subjected to combined torsional and bending loads are to be
analysed.

Power, rotational speed, torque


𝟐𝝅𝑵𝑻
𝑷=
𝟔𝟎
𝑃: Power (W)
𝑇: Torque (Nm)
𝑁: Rotational Speed (rpm)

Shear Stress: Solid Shaft


𝟏𝟔𝑻
𝝉=
𝝅𝒅𝟑
Shear Stress: Hollow Shaft
𝟏𝟔𝑻𝒅𝒐
𝝉=
𝝅(𝒅𝟒𝒐 − 𝒅𝟒𝒊 )

𝜏: Total shear stress (Pa)


𝑇: Torque (Nm)
𝑑: Diameter (Solid shaft) (m)
𝑑𝑜 : Outer diameter (Hollow shaft) (m)
𝑑𝑖 : Inner diameter (Hollow shaft) (m)

Bending Stress: Solid Shaft


𝟑𝟐𝑴𝒃
𝝈𝒃 =
𝝅𝒅𝟑
Bending Stress: Hollow Shaft
𝟑𝟐𝑴𝒃 𝒅𝒐
𝝈𝒃 =
𝝅(𝒅𝟒𝒐 − 𝒅𝟒𝒊 )

𝜎𝑏 : Total bending stress (Pa)


𝑀𝑏 : Bending moment (Nm)
𝑑: Diameter (Solid shaft) (m)
𝑑𝑜 : Outer diameter (Hollow shaft) (m)
𝑑𝑖 : Inner diameter (Hollow shaft) (m)
Combined loading

When a shaft is subjected to a bending and twisting moment, the stress can be calculated using one
of the various combined loading theories. The following two combined loading theories are to be
used:

Maximum Shear Stress Theory


𝟏
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = √(𝑲𝒃 𝝈𝒃 )𝟐 + 𝟒(𝑲𝒕 𝝉)𝟐
𝟐
For maximum shear stress theory, it is important to note that maximum shear strength is half the
𝜎𝑦
material’s yield strength: 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
.

Maximum Normal Stress Theory

𝟏 𝟏
𝝈𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝈𝒃 + √(𝑲𝒃 𝝈𝒃 )𝟐 + 𝟒(𝑲𝒕 𝝉)𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝜏: Shear stress (Pa)
𝜎𝑏 : Bending stress (Pa)
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 : Maximum shear stress (Pa)
𝜎𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑥 : Maximum bending stress (Pa)
𝐾𝑏 : Bending concentration factor
𝐾𝑡 : Shear concentration factor

If no concentration factors are given, they can be assumed to be equal to 1.

Angle of Twist
𝑻𝒍
𝜽=
𝑱𝑮
𝜃: Angle of Twist (rad)
𝑇: Torque (Nm)
𝑙: Length of shaft (m)
𝐽: Polar moment of inertia (𝑚4 )
𝐺: Material modulus of rigidity (Pa)

Polar Moment of Inertia


𝝅 𝟒
𝑱= (𝒅 )
𝟑𝟐
𝝅 𝟒
𝑱= (𝒅 − 𝒅𝟒𝒊 )
𝟑𝟐 𝒐
𝐽: Polar moment of inertia (𝑚4 )
𝑑: Diameter (Solid shaft) (m)
𝑑𝑜 : Outer diameter (Hollow shaft) (m)
𝑑𝑖 : Inner diameter (Hollow shaft) (m)
Tutorial
Part 1: Literature Research

1. Describe a common manufacture method for producing shafts.


2. List two stresses found in shafts and give an example of each.
3. Explain the benefits of using hollow shafts and with the help of an equation, explain why.

Part 2: Calculations

1. A solid shaft is subjected to a bending moment of 3.46 kNm and a torsional moment of 11.5
kNm. The shaft is made of C45 steel with a yield strength of 380MPa and the factor of safety
is 6. Find the diameter of the shaft according to the maximum shear stress theory.
[Ans: 𝑑 = 124.53𝑚𝑚]
2. A steel shaft is to transmit 20 kW at 200 rpm. The shear strength of the steel may be taken as
360 MPa and a factor of safety as 8.
a. Find the diameter of a solid steel shaft under these conditions.
b. Find the inside and outside diameter of a hollow steel shaft under these conditions if
the ratio of inside to outside diameter is 0.5.
[Ans: 𝑑 = 47.6𝑚𝑚; 𝑑𝑖 = 24.3𝑚𝑚; 𝑑𝑜 = 48.7𝑚𝑚]

3. A steel spindle transmits 4 kW at 800 rpm. The angular deflection should not exceed 0.25° per
meter of the spindle. If the modulus of rigidity for the material of the spindle is 84 GPa, find
the diameter of the spindle and the shear stress induced in the spindle.
[Ans: 33.94𝑚𝑚; 6.22𝑀𝑃𝑎]
4. A shaft of 750 mm long is subjected to shear stress of 40 MPa and has an angle of twist equal
to 0.017 radian. Determine the diameter of the shaft if the modulus of rigidity is 80 GPa.
[Ans: 𝑑 = 44.11𝑚𝑚]

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