1

Controlling and
Monitoring of
IRRIGATION
System by Using
Microcontroller
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, we are deeply indebted to our mentor
Mr._______________________ whose inspiration has been
unfailingly available to us at all stages of our project.
In course of present work it has been privilege to receive help and
assistance from our friends. I take great pleasure in acknowledge
my debt to them.
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to our teachers for
providing us this opportunity to do this project
 ABSTRACT
This project deals with Controlling and Monitoring of Irrigation
system. We have noticed that production of every crop depends on
certain basic atmospheric quotients like humidity, temperature,
quality of soil and to some extent on pressure. As the temperature
and humidity varies with season therefore normally a specific crop
can only be cultivated at a specific season. Quality of soil and its
moisture content can be controlled by watering and by spraying
insecticides and pesticides in the field but the temperature and
pressure cannot be controlled. These processes that farmers follow
are basically iterative, experience oriented and need a lot of labour.
Now at the age of technological advance we can cultivate an off-
season crop in a greenhouse and control the temperature, humidity,
moisture content of soil and pressure using sensors, motors and
controlling devices. Also spraying of insecticides, pesticides can be
controlled by motor. So the system is fully automatic. This system
is not only automated but also enabled with remote sensing. So we
can transmit data (temperature, humidity, moisture content etc.)
from transmitter to receiver. Also the controlling action from
control room to motor controlling device can be sent wirelessly. The
advantages are It can reduce human labour, Controlling the use of
insecticides, pesticides reduce the possibility of pollution (mainly
water pollution), Water usage can be controlled reducing the use of
excess water.
CONTENTS PAGE NO.
Chapter 1:
1.1 INTRODUCTION…………….....................................................................6
1.2 OBJECTIVE………………………………………………………………..7
1.3 MOTIVATION…………………………………………………………….8
Chapter 2:
2.1 COMPONENTS USED…………………………………………………….9
2.2 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION………………………………………….10
Chapter 3:
3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM……………………………………………………...11
3.2 WORKING OF DESIGNING ARCHITECTURE………………………...12
3.3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION…………………………………………………13
Chapter 4:
4.1 IMPACT ON SOCIETY…………………………………………………...17
4.2 ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY……………………………..18
Chapter 5:
5.1 MAINTENANCE AND PRECAUTIONS…………………………………19
5.2 ADVANTAGES……………………………………………………………20
5.3 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………...21
Chapter 6:
6.1 FUTURE SCOPE…………………………………………………………...22
6.2 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………..23
6.3 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………...24 5
LIST OF FIGURES/ DIAGRAMS
LISTS PAGE NO.
 Fig 1: Circuit Diagram of Controlling and Monitoring of ………………..11

Agriculture System by Using Arduino

 Fig 2: Temperature sensor…………………………………………………13

 Fig 3: Humidity sensor…………………………………………………….13

 Fig 4: LDR sensor…………………………………………………………14

 Fig 5: Microcontroller……………………………………………………..15

 Fig 6: Transformers………………………………………………………..15

 Fig 7: Relay Driver IC……………………………………………………..16

 Fig 8: DC motor…………………………………………………………....16
CHAPTER-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
This project deals with “Controlling of IRRIGATION System by Using
Arduino”. We have noticed that production of every crop depends on certain basic
atmospheric quotients like humidity, temperature, quality of soil and to some extent
on light. As the temperature and humidity varies with season therefore normally a
specific crop can only be cultivated at a specific season. Quality of soil and its
moisture content can be controlled by watering and by spraying insecticides and
pesticides in the field but the temperature and pressure cannot be controlled. These
processes that farmers follow are basically iterative, experience oriented and need a
lot of labour.
Now at the age of technological advance we can cultivate an off-season crop in a
greenhouse and control the temperature, humidity, moisture content of soil and
pressure using sensors, motors and controlling devices. Also spraying of insecticides,
pesticides can be controlled by motor. So the system is fully automatic. This system
is not only automated but also enabled with remote sensing. So we can transmit data
(temperature, humidity, moisture content of soil and light etc.) from transmitter to
receiver. Also the controlling action from control room to motor controlling device
can be sent.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
Atmospheric quotients such as light, temperature, humidity etc. can be easily
measured by sensors. These sensors can easily be found or easily can be made. But
soil sensor is not easily be made. So when we started the project our main objective
is to make a device that would control motor depending on the atmospheric
quotients.
In brief our overall objectives are:
1. It will detect light, soil moisture, temperature, humidity correctly.
2. Central microcontroller will process the data correctly.
3. Data can be sent correctly to the computer from the device that is in the field.
4. Received documents from microcontroller needs to be sent to the device to control
the motors and switches, installed in the motor control section of the micro
controller.
1.3 MOTIVATION
The primary profession of India is Agriculture. About 60%-70% of India’s
population depends directly or indirectly on agriculture as a source of income. But
there has been a rapid decrease in the number of farmers from 53% of total
population being farmers in 1951 to only 24% in 2011. This decrease is mainly due
to the uncertainty observed by the farmers on the production of crops. Crop failures
have been a recurring factor, which means that all the money invested in the
plantation is lost and there is no income.
The main reason behind crop failures has always been droughts or insufficient
rainfall due to which, because of lack of fresh water the crops are unable to grow
properly.
To overcome this difficulty faced by farmers and to increase the productivity of
agriculture activities, “Controlling of Irrigation System by Using
Microcontroller”. can be employed which connects agriculture to technology. This
project helps in smart and efficient incorporation of networked sensors that can be
centrally monitored and administered, letting water managers and farmers optimize
their water use. Smart irrigation technologies help people precisely schedule when
lawns and crops need to be watered and how much water these plants require.
CHAPTER-2

2.1 COMPONENTS

 Sensors:
1. Temperature sensor
2. Light sensor
3. Soil moisture sensor
4. Humidity sensor
 Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
 Arduino UNO
 Relay driver
 Relays
 16×2 characters LCD
2.2 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
I. Sensors: we are going to use temperature sensor, humidity sensor
and light sensor to sense temperature humidity and light
respectively. Metal thin rods or wires are used to sense soil
moisture. These sensors sense the parameters and gives
corresponding voltage output.

II. Amplifier: As the voltage output from the sensors is in

miliVolts, it has to be increased to 0 to 5 volts range. We are going
to use linear amplifier for this purpose.

III. ADC: The main part of our project is microcontroller which

reads only digital input. (0V & 5V) But the output of Amplifier is in
analog form, so it has to be converted into digital format, for this
purpose we are going to use ADC to convert analog output from
amplifier into the digital output to be given to microcontroller

IV. Arduino Uno: This is the CPU (central processing unit) of our
project. We are going to use microcontroller of 8051 family. The
various functions of microcontroller are like:

a. Reading the digital input from ADC which is derived from

Temperature and Light sensor. II. Sending this data to LCD so that
the person operating this project should read the values of
temperature and light. III. Controlling the parameters like
Temperature, light, turning On/Off the respective relays IV.
Sending the values of temperature and light to the computer using
serial port

V. Relay: We have used 2 relays in our project. First one will be

turned on when the temperature goes above the desired value. And
the second relay will be turned on when humidity goes above the
desired value. (e.g. if the desired value of temperature is 35 degree
C and for humidity it is 50%, then Relay 1 will be turned on when
temperature is 36 or above and Relay 2 will be turned on when
humidity is 51 or above)

VI. DC Motors: We are going to use two 12 volt DC motors. First

DC motor will be turned on when Light goes above threshold level.
Second DC motor will be turned on when Soil moisture goes below
threshold level.
 CHAPTER-3
3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Circuit diagram of the Controlling and Monitoring of Irrigation
System by Using Arduino.

DC MOTOR

A
ight Temperature R
ensor Sensor
D DC MOTOR
U

N DC MOTOR

e ADC O

N DC MOTOR
O

DC MOTOR
3.2 WORKING OF DESIGNING ARCHITECTURE
For power supply in the “Greenhouse Environment Control System” to provide 5V
and 12V, the circuit consists of step down transformer of 230/12V. This transformer
steps down 230V AC from main supply to 12V AC. Then that 12V AC is converted
into 12V DC with the help of bridge rectifier. After that a 1000/25V capacitor is used
to filter the ripples and then it passes through voltage regulator. There are two power
supply arranged in same manner one containing 500mA transformer and second has
750mA transformer.
This project comprises of sensors, Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), Micro –
controller AT89S52, Relay driver IC (ULN2003), Relays, 16×2 characters LCD and
a buzzer. The AT89S52 micro – controller is as the heart of the system, it makes the
set-up low-cost and effective nevertheless. Each sensor gives their measured
parameter found to the micro – controller through ADC after being converted to a
digital form. When any one of the parameter read by the controller crosses a safety
limitation which has to be maintained for protection of the crops, then micro –
controller performs the required actions by employing relays until the strayed-out
parameter has been brought back to its optimum level. There is a LCD display which
displays all the information of four sensors. At each update of controller there will be
a sounds buzz for indication of updating.
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
3.3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.3.1 Temperature Sensor:
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output
voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The output
of sensor converted to digital that easy connecting with microcontroller.

3.3.2 Humidity Sensor

A humidity sensor (or hygrometer) senses, measures and reports both moisture and
air temperature. There are three basic types of humidity sensors: capacitive, resistive
and thermal. CYBERSEN or HH10 is used as a humidity sensor.
3.3.3 LDR Sensor
An LDR is made of a high-resistance semiconductor. It is a variable resistor whose
value decreases with increasing incident light intensity.
In other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be applied in light-
sensitive detector circuits, and light-activated and dark-activated switching circuits.
A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photo
resistor can have a resistance as high as several mega ohms (MΩ), while in the light,
a photoresistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light
on a photoresistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons absorbed by the
semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction
band. The resulting free electrons (and their hole partners) conduct electricity,
thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and sensitivity of a photoresistor
can substantially differ among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photoresistors
may react substantially differently to photons within certain wavelength bands.

3.2.4 Amplifier
As the voltage output from the sensors is in miliVolts, it has to be increased to 0 to 5
volts range. We are going to use linear amplifier for this purpose.

3.3.5 ADC
The main part of our project is microcontroller which reads only digital input. (0V &
5V) But the output of Amplifier is in analog form, so it has to be converted into
digital format, for this purpose we are going to use ADC to convert analog output
from amplifier into the digital output to be given to microcontroller.
3.3.6Arduino Uno:

Types of Arduino Board

Various kinds of Arduino boards are available depending on
different microcontrollers used. However, all Arduino
boards have one thing in common: they are programed
through the Arduino IDE.
The differences are based on the number of inputs and
outputs (the number of sensors, LEDs, and buttons you
can use on a single board), speed, operating voltage, form
factor etc. Some boards are designed to be embedded and
have no programming interface (hardware), which you
would need to buy separately. Some can run directly from
a 3.7V battery, others need at least 5V.
Here is a list of different Arduino boards available.
Arduino boards based on ATMEGA328
microcontroller
Board Operat Cloc Digi Anal PW UA Program
Name ing k tal og M RT ming
Volt Spe i/o Inpu Interface
ed ts

Arduino USB via

16M
Uno R3 5V 14 6 6 1 ATMega16
Hz
U2
Arduino USB via
16M
Uno R3 5V 14 6 6 1 ATMega16
Hz
SMD U2

Red 16M USB via

5V 14 6 6 1
Board Hz FTDI

Arduino FTDI-
Pro 8MH Compatible
3.3V 14 6 6 1
3.3v/8 z Header
MHz

Arduino FTDI-
Pro 16M Compatible
5V 14 6 6 1
5V/16M Hz Header
Hz

Arduino FTDI-
16M
mini 05 5V 14 8 6 1 Compatible
Hz
Header

Arduino FTDI-
Pro Compatible
8MH
mini 3.3V 14 8 6 1 Header
z
3.3v/8
mhz

Arduino FTDI-
Pro Compatible
16M
mini 5V 14 8 6 1 Header
Hz
5v/16m
hz

Arduino FTDI-
16M
Etherne 5V 14 6 6 1 Compatible
Hz
t Header

FTDI-
Arduino 8MH
3.3V 14 8 6 1 Compatible
Fio z
Header
LilyPad FTDI-
Arduino Compatible
8MH
328 3.3V 14 6 6 1 Header
z
main
board

LilyPad FTDI-
Arduino 8MH Compatible
3.3V 9 4 5 0
simple z Header
board

Arduino boards based on ATMEGA32u4

microcontroller
Board Operat Cloc Digi Anal PW UA Program
Name ing k tal og M RT ming
Volt Spe i/o Inpu Interface
ed ts

Arduino Native USB

16M
Leonard 5V 20 12 7 1
Hz
o

Pro Native USB

micro 16M
5V 14 6 6 1
5V/16M Hz
Hz

Pro Native USB

micro 16M
5V 14 6 6 1
3.3V/8 Hz
MHz

LilyPad Native USB

8MH
Arduino 3.3V 14 6 6 1
z
USB

Arduino boards based on ATMEGA2560

microcontroller
Boar Operati Cloc Digit Anal PW UA Programm
d k al og ing
Nam ng Volt Spe i/o Inpu M RT Interface
e ed ts

Ardui USB via

no ATMega16U
16M
Mega 5V 54 16 14 4 2B
Hz
2560
R3

Mega FTDI-
8MH
Pro 3.3V 54 16 14 4 Compatible
z
3.3V Header

Mega FTDI-
16M
Pro 5V 54 16 14 4 Compatible
Hz
5V Header

Mega FTDI-
Pro 8MH Compatible
3.3V 54 16 14 4
Mini z Header
3.3V

Arduino boards based on AT91SAM3X8E

microcontroller
Boar Operati Cloc Digit Anal PW UA Programm
d ng Volt k al og M RT ing
Nam Spe i/o Inpu Interface
e ed ts

Ardui USB native

no
84M
Mega 3.3V 54 12 12 4
Hz
2560
R3

Arduino - Board Description

In this chapter, we will learn about the different
components on the Arduino board. We will study the
Arduino UNO board because it is the most popular board in
the Arduino board family. In addition, it is the best board
to get started with electronics and coding. Some boards
look a bit different from the one given below, but most
Arduinos have majority of these components in common.

Power USB
Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable
from your computer. All you need to do is connect the
USB cable to the USB connection (1).

Power (Barrel Jack)

Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC
mains power supply by connecting it to the Barrel Jack
(2).
Voltage Regulator
The function of the voltage regulator is to control the
voltage given to the Arduino board and stabilize the
DC voltages used by the processor and other
elements.

Crystal Oscillator
The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time
issues. How does Arduino calculate time? The answer
is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed
on top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us
that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.

Arduino Reset
You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your
program from the beginning. You can reset the UNO
board in two ways. First, by using the reset button
(17) on the board. Second, you can connect an
external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET
(5).

Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)

 3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt
 5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt
 Most of the components used with Arduino board
works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.
 GND (8)(Ground) − There are several GND pins
on the Arduino, any of which can be used to
ground your circuit.
 Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the
Arduino board from an external power source,
like AC mains power supply.

Analog pins
The Arduino UNO board has five analog input pins A0
through A5. These pins can read the signal from an
analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature
sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be
read by the microprocessor.
Main microcontroller
Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11).
You can assume it as the brain of your board. The
main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly
different from board to board. The microcontrollers are
usually of the ATMEL Company. You must know what
IC your board has before loading up a new program
from the Arduino IDE. This information is available on
the top of the IC. For more details about the IC
construction and functions, you can refer to the data
sheet.

ICSP pin
Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming
header for the Arduino consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK,
RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as an SPI
(Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be
considered as an "expansion" of the output. Actually,
you are slaving the output device to the master of the
SPI bus.

Power LED indicator

This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino
into a power source to indicate that your board is
powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on,
then there is something wrong with the connection.

TX and RX LEDs
On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit)
and RX (receive). They appear in two places on the
Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1,
to indicate the pins responsible for serial
communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The
TX led flashes with different speed while sending the
serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud
rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving
process.

Digital I/O
The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of
which 6 provide PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output.
 These pins can be configured to work as input digital
pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output
pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc.
The pins labeled “~” can be used to generate PWM.

AREF
AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes,
used to set an external reference voltage (between 0
and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input
pins.

After learning about the main parts of the Arduino UNO

board, we are ready to learn how to set up the Arduino
IDE. Once we learn this, we will be ready to upload our
program on the Arduino board.
In this section, we will learn in easy steps, how to set up
the Arduino IDE on our computer and prepare the board to
receive the program via USB cable.
Step 1 − First you must have your Arduino board (you can
choose your favorite board) and a USB cable. In case you
use Arduino UNO, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, Arduino
Mega 2560, or Diecimila, you will need a standard USB
cable (A plug to B plug), the kind you would connect to a
USB printer as shown in the following image.

In case you use Arduino Nano, you will need an A to Mini-B

cable instead as shown in the following image.
Step 2 − Download Arduino IDE Software.
You can get different versions of Arduino IDE from
the Download page on the Arduino Official website. You
must select your software, which is compatible with your
operating system (Windows, IOS, or Linux). After your file
download is complete, unzip the file.

Step 3 − Power up your board.

The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano
automatically draw power from either, the USB connection
to the computer or an external power supply. If you are
using an Arduino Diecimila, you have to make sure that the
board is configured to draw power from the USB
connection. The power source is selected with a jumper, a
small piece of plastic that fits onto two of the three pins
between the USB and power jacks. Check that it is on the
two pins closest to the USB port.
Connect the Arduino board to your computer using the USB
cable. The green power LED (labeled PWR) should glow.
Step 4 − Launch Arduino IDE.
After your Arduino IDE software is downloaded, you need
to unzip the folder. Inside the folder, you can find the
application icon with an infinity label (application.exe).
Double-click the icon to start the IDE.

Step 5 − Open your first project.

Once the software starts, you have two options −
 Create a new project.
 Open an existing project example.
To create a new project, select File → New.
To open an existing project example, select File → Example
→ Basics → Blink.

Here, we are selecting just one of the examples with the

name Blink. It turns the LED on and off with some time
delay. You can select any other example from the list.
Step 6 − Select your Arduino board.
To avoid any error while uploading your program to the
board, you must select the correct Arduino board name,
which matches with the board connected to your computer.
Go to Tools → Board and select your board.

Here, we have selected Arduino Uno board according to our

tutorial, but you must select the name matching the board
that you are using.
Step 7 − Select your serial port.
Select the serial device of the Arduino board. Go to Tools
→ Serial Portmenu. This is likely to be COM3 or higher
(COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for hardware serial
ports). To find out, you can disconnect your Arduino board
and re-open the menu, the entry that disappears should be
of the Arduino board. Reconnect the board and select that
serial port.

Step 8 − Upload the program to your board.

Before explaining how we can upload our program to the
board, we must demonstrate the function of each symbol
appearing in the Arduino IDE toolbar.

A − Used to check if there is any compilation error.

B − Used to upload a program to the Arduino board.
C − Shortcut used to create a new sketch.
D − Used to directly open one of the example sketch.
E − Used to save your sketch.
F − Serial monitor used to receive serial data from the
board and send the serial data to the board.
Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment.
Wait a few seconds; you will see the RX and TX LEDs on
the board, flashing. If the upload is successful, the
message "Done uploading" will appear in the status bar.
Note − If you have an Arduino Mini, NG, or other board,
you need to press the reset button physically on the board,
immediately before clicking the upload button on the
Arduino Software.

In this chapter, we will study in depth, the Arduino

program structure and we will learn more new
terminologies used in the Arduino world. The Arduino
software is open-source. The source code for the Java
environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++
microcontroller libraries are under the LGPL.
Sketch − The first new terminology is the Arduino
program called “sketch”.

Structure
Arduino programs can be divided in three main
parts: Structure, Values(variables and constants),
and Functions. In this tutorial, we will learn about the
Arduino software program, step by step, and how we can
write the program without any syntax or compilation error.
Let us start with the Structure. Software structure consist
of two main functions −
  Setup( ) function
 Loop( ) function

Void setup ( ) {

}
 PURPOSE − The setup() function is called when a sketch starts. Use
it to initialize the variables, pin modes, start using libraries, etc. The
setup function will only run once, after each power up or reset of the
Arduino board.
 INPUT − -
 OUTPUT − -
 RETURN − -
Void Loop ( ) {

}
 PURPOSE − After creating a setup() function, which initializes and
sets the initial values, the loop() function does precisely what its
name suggests, and loops consecutively, allowing your program to
change and respond. Use it to actively control the Arduino board.
 INPUT − -
 OUTPUT − -
 RETURN − -
3.3.7 Transformers
The circuit consists of step down transformer of 230/12V. This transformer steps
down 230V AC from main supply to 12V AC. Then that 12V AC is converted into
12V DC with the help of bridge rectifier. After that a 1000/25V capacitor is used to
filter the ripples and then it passes through voltage regulator. There are two power
supply arranged in same manner one containing 500mA transformer and second has
750mA transformer.
3.3.8 RELAY DRIVER IC
A Relay driver IC is an electro-magnetic switch that will be used whenever we want
to use a low voltage circuit to switch a light bulb ON and OFF which is connected to
220V mains supply.

3.3.9 RELAYS
We have used 2 relays in our project. First one will be turned on when the
temperature goes above the desired value. And the second relay will be turned on
when humidity goes above the desired value. (e.g. if the desired value of temperature
is 35 degree C and for humidity it is 50%, then Relay 1 will be turned on when
temperature is 36 or above and Relay 2 will be turned on when humidity is 51 or
above).

3.3.10 DC MOTOR
We are going to use two 12 volt DC motors. First DC motor will be turned on when
Light goes above threshold level. Second DC motor will be turned on when Soil
moisture goes below threshold level.
3.3.11 GSM MODULE

GSM/GPRS module is used to establish communication between a computer and

aGSM-GPRS system. Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is an
architecture used for mobile communication in most of the countries. Global Packet
Radio Service (GPRS) is an extension of GSM that enables higher data transmission
rate.
GSM Sim900A Modem. GSM/GPRS Modem-RS232 is built with Dual
Band GSM/GPRS engine- SIM900A, works on frequencies 900/ 1800 MHz.
The Modem is coming with RS232 interface, which allows you connect PC as well as
microcontroller with RS232 Chip (MAX232). The baud rate is configurable from 9600-
115200 through AT command. The SIM card mounted GSM modem upon receiving digit
command by SMS from any cell phone send that data to the MC through serial communication.

GSM INTERFACING WITH ARDUINO

3.3.12 LCD

An LCD is an electronic display module which uses liquid crystal to produce a visible

image. The 16×2 LCD display is a very basic module commonly used in DIYs and
circuits. The 16×2 translates o a display 16 characters per line in 2 such lines.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven
segments and other multi segment LEDs.
CHAPTER -4

4.1 IMPACT ON SOCIETY

The primary profession of India is Agriculture. About 60%-70% of India’s
population depends directly or indirectly on agriculture as a source of income. But
there has been a rapid decrease in the number of farmers from 53% of total
population being farmers in 1951 to only 24% in 2011. This decrease is mainly due
to the uncertainty observed by the farmers on the production of crops. Crop failures
have been a recurring factor, which means that all the money invested in the
plantation is lost and there is no income.
The main reason behind crop failures has always been droughts or insufficient
rainfall due to which, because of lack of fresh water the crops are unable to grow
properly.
To overcome this difficulty faced by farmers and to increase the productivity of
agriculture activities the Controlling and Monitoring of Greenhouse Agriculture
System. can be employed which connects agriculture to technology. This project
helps in smart and efficient incorporation of networked sensors that can be centrally
monitored and administered, letting water managers and farmers optimize their water
use. Smart irrigation technologies help people precisely schedule when lawns and
crops need to be watered and how much water these plants require.
4.2 ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY
We live in a world where there is an urge to protect our environment. Sustainability
is term which involves a sense of responsibility for a global society. The evolution of
sustainability is needed to guide and motivate others directly or indirectly towards a
better and protected environment. Our device is not only one step towards developed
world, it is also eco-friendly and sustainable too.
This device consists of various sensors which is used to sense the temperature,
humidity, and moisture of surrounding without damaging or harming it. The
hardware which is implemented is durable and sustainable.
Apart from all its aspect that make it promising, it is also important to know how
well manageable and sustainable the device is. This device is easily connected to all
the home appliances and devices. The smart device is portable and can be installed to
any type of soil without harming any properties of soil, this device does not account
to any soil loss or erosion and hence no aspect of environment is destroyed.
CHAPTER-5
5.1 Maintenance & Precautions
Few things should be kept in mind while working with the Circuits.
First, circuits should be insulated properly to avoid the short-circuits. Specially, relay
should be insulated because it works on high voltage which may give you an electric
shock if touched with bare hand.
Last, make a proper connection according to the pin numbers allotted by the software
to the micro-controller else a silly mistake in your connections may lead to a major
problem and will damage your circuits and the appliances you are controlling
through it.
5.2 ADVANTAGES
1. Energy efficiency. Takes advantage of the environmental conditions, such as
optimizing the heat inside the greenhouse.

2. Low Cost

3. Control of microclimate. One of the main advantages of a greenhouse is to

control and establish the optimal environment for cultivation. You can adjust the
temperature, humidity, lighting, etc.

5. Protection against diseases, pests and other vermin. Another advantage of a

greenhouse is that it is very difficult to enter as it is a closed space.

6. Increased production. This is a great advantage of a greenhouse, can intensify

production due to weather conditions, can accelerate the growth of the plants and
also allows a greater amount of crop on the surface.

7. Production off-season. Thanks to the environmental control of the greenhouse

can produce off-season, therefore we will have a better sale price and a continuous
supply of the product.

8. Ability to grow all the year. You can get more than one crop cycle per year and
different species of plants.
5.3 APPLICATIONS
1. Save Time – The system does all of the work
Gone are the days where time is wasted with a hose in hand watering the lawn, plants
and flowers. Now, with a Smart Irrigation System, timers are set so that watering
occurs only when it is best for the landscape and climate the landscape is located.
Home owners can go out on a hot day or away on holidays with confidence that their
landscape will be maintained and that their lawns and plants will be looked after and
blossoming on return.
2. Save water – The system is much more efficient than traditional time based
systems
The Weathermatic Smart Link system can save as much as 20-50% of the water that
would normally be used with a typical irrigation system. The systems can be
extremely efficient and will only apply the amount of water required by the plants.
There is little to no waste through overwatering, overspray and run off.
3. Save money – Less water means lower cost
With everything programmed to suit each landscape, climate and weather conditions,
the landscape will only be watered when required. No water wasted means no money
wasted. Additional costs including replacing dead plants that may occur with
traditional watering methods are also prevented. It also decreases the taxes needed to
build more water infrastructure that may be caused through run off and erosion.
4. Save the plants – plants will be kept in peak health
With optimal watering plants are kept in perfect health and growth is promoted.
Plants and lawn will grow a lot faster when they are watered correctly over a long
period of time. More luscious, greener and healthier landscapes can be achieved.
CHAPTER-6
6.1 FUTURE SCOPE
1. This project can be further implemented and connected to the smart phones for
better operations and automation of the system and process.
2. These automations can be controlled wirelessly through Bluetooth headset.
3. The farmer can control the motor by a smart phone application and can get
notifications when the moisture level of the soil is low and the motor is going to start
and also for when sufficient water has been provided and motor is going to be turned
off.
4. Adding more sensors only one part of the field can also be provided with water if
only a certain section lacks required moisture content.
5. The system can also be applied further to the lawns of houses, golf fields, etc. by
adding timer which controls the timing of how long the grass is to be irrigated and
have a constant time per day for which it can be switched on and off by itself.
6. Used in greenhouse to control temperature, soil moisture, humidity, and light for
proper growth of plants.
7. With little modification this project can be used in Mechanical companies to
measure various parameters of operating machines like temperature and light.
8. Temperature monitoring and controlling action can be used in home or various
halls like conference room, seminar hall to control the temperature of room.
6.2 CONCLUSION
Our main focus in this project is to design a simple, easy to use, micro – controller
based circuit which monitor and record the values of temperature, humidity, soil
moisture and sunlight of the natural environment that are continuously modified and
controlled. This helps in achieve maximum plant growth and yield. We use in this
circuit a low power, cost efficient chip.
It communicates with the various sensor modules in real-time in order to control the
temperature, soil moisture, humidity and day light inside a greenhouse by actuating a
cooler, water pump, sprayer and lights respectively according to the necessary
condition of the crops. This project provides economical, portable and a low
maintenance solution for greenhouse environment.
6.3 REFERENCES
o www.alldatasheets.com
o www.support.microchip.com
o www.cybersen.com
o www.citeseerx.ist.psu.edu.com
o www.microgrow.com