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www.tvtc.gov.sa

Strings
Pearson Education , Edited by :Nouf Almunyif

Basic String Operations

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Basic String Operations

• String: sequence of characters that is used as data
• Must be enclosed in single (') or double (") quote marks
• String literal can be enclosed in triple quotes (''' or """)
• Enclosed string can contain both single and double quotes and can have multiple
lines

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Multiline Strings
• You can assign a multiline string to a variable by using three quotes Or
three single quotes:

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Basic String Operations

• Many types of programs perform operations on strings
• In Python, many tools for examining and manipulating strings
• Strings are sequences, so many of the tools that work with sequences work
with strings

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Working with Strings

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Accessing the Individual Characters in a String

• To access an individual character in a string:
• Use a for loop
• Format: for character in string:
• Useful when need to iterate over the whole string, such as to count the occurrences of a
specific character
• Use indexing
• Each character has an index specifying its position in the string, starting at 0
• Format: character = my_string[i]

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Accessing the
Individual
Characters in
a String

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Accessing the Individual Characters in a String

my_string = ‘Roses are red’

print (my_string[0], my_string[6], my_string[10])
print (my_string[-1], my_string[-2], my_string[-3])

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Accessing the Individual Characters in a String

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Accessing the Individual Characters in a String

• IndexError exception will occur if:
• You try to use an index that is out of range for the string
Likely to happen when loop iterates beyond the end of the string

B o s t o n
     
0 1 2 3 4 5

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Accessing the Individual Characters in a String

IndexError Exceptions
• len(string) function can be used to obtain the length of a string
Useful to prevent loops from iterating beyond the end of a string
len returns the length of a sequence

B o s t o n
     
0 1 2 3 4 5

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String Concatenation
• Concatenation: appending one string to the end of another string
• Use the + operator to produce a string that is a combination of its operands
• The augmented assignment operator += can also be used to concatenate
strings
• The operand on the left side of the += operator must be an existing variable; otherwise, an
exception is raised

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Strings Are Immutable

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Strings Are Immutable

Once they are created, they cannot be changed
•Concatenation doesn’t actually change the existing string, but
rather creates a new string and assigns the new string to the
previously used variable
Cannot use an expression of the form
string[index] = new_character
•Statement of this type will raise an exception

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Working with Strings

• we cannot combine strings and numbers like this:
• Example

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Working with Strings

• we cannot combine strings and numbers like this:
• Example

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String Slicing

• Slice: span of items taken from a sequence, known as substring

• Slicing format: string[start : end]
• Expression will return a string containing a copy of the characters from start up to, but
not including, end
• If start not specified, 0 is used for start index
• If end not specified, len(string) is used for end index
• Slicing expressions can include a step value and negative indexes relative to
end of string

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String Slicing Pat t y Lynn S m i t h

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
-16 - 15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 - 2 -1

•full_name = ‘Patty Lynn Smith’

•middle_name = full_name[6:10] # middle_name <= ‘Lynn‘
•first_name = full_name[:5] # first_name <= ‘Patty’
•last_name = full_name[11:] # last_name <= ‘Smith’
•my_string = full_name[:] # my_string <= ‘Patty Lynn Smith’

•my_string = full_name[0:len(full_name)] # my_string <= ‘Patty Lynn Smith’

•last_name = full_name[-5:] # last_name <= ‘Smith’

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String Slicing
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

string[start : end : step]

letters = ‘ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ’
print letters[0:26:2] # ‘ACEGIKMOQSUWY’

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Testing, Searching, and Manipulating

Strings

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Testing, Searching, and Manipulating Strings

• You can use the in operator to determine whether one string is

contained in another string
• General format: string1 in string2
• string1 and string2 can be string literals or variables referencing strings
• Similarly you can use the not in operator to determine whether
one string is not contained in another string

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Testing Strings with in and not in

in operator determines whether one string is contained in another string

not in operator determines whether one string is contained in another string

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String Methods

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String Methods

•Strings in Python have many types of methods, divided into different types of
operations
•General format:
mystring.method(arguments)
•Some methods test a string for specific characteristics
•Generally Boolean methods, that return True if a condition exists, and False
otherwise

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String
Methods

Boolean

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String Methods

•Some methods return a copy of the string, to which modifications have been made
•Simulate strings as mutable objects
•String comparisons are case-sensitive
•Uppercase characters are distinguished from lowercase characters
•lower and upper methods can be used for making case-insensitive string
comparisons

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String Methods

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String Methods

•Programs commonly need to search for substrings

•Several methods to accomplish this:
•endswith(substring): checks if the string ends with substring
•Returns True or False
•startswith(substring): checks if the string starts with substring
•Returns True or False
•find(substring): searches for substring within the string
•Returns lowest index of the substring, or if the substring is not contained in the string, returns -1
•replace(substring, new_string):
•Returns a copy of the string where every occurrence of substring is replaced with
new_string

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String Methods

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The Repetition Operator

• Repetition operator: makes multiple copies of a string and joins them
together
• The * symbol is a repetition operator when applied to a string and an integer
• String is left operand; number is right
• General format: string_to_copy * n
• Variable references a new string which contains multiple copies of the original
string

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Splitting a String
•split method: returns a list containing the words in the string
• By default, uses space as separator
• Can specify a different separator by passing it as an argument to the split
method

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Splitting a String

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Splitting a String

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format() Read

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format() Read

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format() Read

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‫العنوان الفرعي‬

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