Internal architecture of 8085

microprocessor
What is the 8085 Microprocessor?
Generally, the 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor, and it was launched by the Intel
team in the year of 1976 with the help of NMOS technology. This processor is
the updated version of the microprocessor. The configurations of 8085
microprocessor mainly include data bus-8-bit, address bus-16 bit, program
counter-16-bit, stack pointer-16 bit, registers 8-bit, +5V voltage supply, and
operates at 3.2 MHz single segment CLK. The applications of 8085
microprocessor are involved in microwave ovens, washing machines,
gadgets, etc.
The features of the 8085 microprocessor are:
 This microprocessor is an 8-bit device that receives, operates, or outputs 8-
bit information in a simultaneous approach.
 The processor consists of 16-bit and 8-bit address and data lines and so
the capacity of the device is 216 which is 64KB of memory.
 This is constructed of a single NMOS chip device and has 6200 transistors
 A total of 246 operational codes and 80 instructions are present
 As the 8085 microprocessor has 8-bit input/output address lines, it has the
ability to address 28 = 256 input and output ports.
 This microprocessor is available in a DIP package of 40 pins
 In order to transfer huge information from I/O to memory and from memory
to I/O, the processor shares its bus with the DMA controller.
 It has an approach where it can enhance the interrupt handling mechanism
 An 8085 processor can even be operated as a three-chip microcomputer
using the support of IC 8355 and IC 8155 circuits.
 It has an internal clock generator
 It functions on a clock cycle having a duty cycle of 50%
Microprocessor:
 Control unit: It control complete operations of microprocessor.
 ALU: It performs data processing function in respect of arithmetic and
logical manner.
 Registers: It provide internal storage to CPU.
 Interrupts: It maintain priority of process.
 Internal data bus: It use to transfer data to appropriate place.
Microprocessor Block diagram

1. ALU
The ALU stands for arithmetic and logical unit. As name suggest all the
arithmetic and logical operation of microprocessor done inside this unit. In
addition to the arithmetic & logic circuits, the ALU not only includes the
accumulator, which is part of every arithmetic & logic operation. But also, it
includes a temporary register used for holding data temporarily during the
execution of the operation. But mind it, this temporary register is not
accessible by the programme.

2. REGISTER

Register is a very vital unit of 8085 microprocessor. These registers are

used in different purpose. Mainly registers are three types.
 General Purpose Registers
  Special Purpose Registers.
 Temporary Registers.

 General Purpose Registers

Are by name B, C, D, E, H& L. All are 8 bit registers. It can used as

individually Or can be used as 16 bit register pairs like BC, DE and HL. H &
L can be used as a data pointer which holds memory address. But it cannot
make pair like BE, DC. So it should be in pair like BC, DE and HL.

SPECIAL PURPOSE REGISTERS

In 8085 microprocessor there have lots of special purpose register which
have specific task. In bellow you find those special purpose register.

ACCUMULATOR (8 bit register)

Accumulator is very important register in 8085 microprocessor. It store 8 bit
data in size. All the arithmetic and logical operation done inside the
accumulator. And it should remember that after execution of an operation,
generated result will store inside it. It also used to store 8 bit data during I/O
transfer.

FLAG REGISTER

Flag is a brain of a microprocessor. It is an 8 bit register. It shows the

status of the microprocessor before and after an operation. In 8085
microprocessor have five flags. Those are S (sign flag), Z (zero flag), AC
(auxiliary carry flag), P (parity flag) & CY (carry flag).
PROGRAM COUNTER (PC)

Program counter is also a special purpose register. This is a register that is

used to control the sequencing of the execution of instructions. This
register always holds the address of the next instruction. Since it holds an
address so it must be a 16 bits register.

STACK POINTER

As the name suggest stack pointer used as an address pointer. The stack
pointer is also a 16-bit register. It used to point into memory. The memory,
this register points to a special area called the stack. The stack is an area
of memory used to hold data that will be retrieved soon. The stack is
usually accessed in a Last In First Out (LIFO) fashion.
Architecture                                                                 
Operations of the 8085 Microprocessor
The main operation of ALU is arithmetic as well as logical which includes
addition, increment, subtraction, decrement, logical operations like AND, OR,
Ex-OR, complement, evaluation, left shift or right shift. Both the temporary
registers as well as accumulators are utilized for holding the information
throughout the operations then the outcome will be stored within the
accumulator. The different flags are arranged or rearrange based on the
outcome of the operation.
Flag Registers
The flag registers of microprocessor 8085 are classified into five types namely
sign, zero, auxiliary carry, parity and carry. The positions of bit set aside for
these types of flags. After the operation of an ALU, when the result of the
most significant bit (D7) is one, then the sign flag will be arranged. When the
operation of the ALU outcome is zero then the zero flags will be set. When the
outcome is not zero then the zero flags will be reset.

8085 Microprocessor Flag Registers

In an arithmetic process, whenever a carry is produced with the lesser nibble,
then an auxiliary type carry flag will be set. After an ALU operation, when the
outcome has an even number then the parity flag will be set, or else it is reset.
When an arithmetic process outcome in a carry, then carry flag will be set or
else it will be reset. Between the five types of flags, the AC type flag is
employed on the inside intended for BCD arithmetic as well as remaining four
flags are used with the developer to make sure the conditions of the outcome
of a process.

Control and Timing Unit

The control and timing unit coordinates with all the actions of the
microprocessor by the clock and gives the control signals which are required
for communication among the microprocessor as well as peripherals.
Decoder and Instruction Register
As an order is obtained from memory after that it is located in the instruction
register, and encoded & decoded into different device cycles.
Register Array
The general purpose programmable registers are classified into several
types apart from the accumulator such as B, C, D, E, H, & L. These are utilized
as 8-bit registers otherwise coupled to stock up the l6 bit of data. The
permitted couples are BC, DE & HL, and the short term W & Z registers are
used in the processor & it cannot be utilized with the developer.
Special Purpose Registers
These registers are classified into four types namely program counter, stack
pointer, increment or decrement register, address buffer, or data buffer.

Program Counter
This is the first type of special-purpose register and considers that the
instruction is being performed by the microprocessor. When the ALU
completed performing the instruction, then the microprocessor searches for
other instructions to be performed. Thus, there will be a requirement of
holding the next instruction address to be performed in order to conserve time.
Microprocessor increases the program when an instruction is being
performed, therefore that the program counter-position to the next instruction
memory address is going to be performed…

Stack Pointer in 8085

The SP or stack pointer is a 16-bit register and functions similar to a stack,
which is constantly increased or decreased with two throughout the push and
pop processes.
Increment or Decrement Register
The 8-bit register contents or else a memory position can be increased or
decreased with one. The 16-bit register is useful for incrementing or
decrementing program counters as well as stack pointer register content with
one. This operation can be performed on any memory position or any kind of
register.
Address-Buffer & Address-Data-Buffer
Address buffer stores the copied information from the memory for the
execution. The memory & I/O chips are associated with these buses; then the
CPU can replace the preferred data by I/O chips and the memory.

Address Bus and Data Bus

The data bus is useful in carrying the related information that is to be stock up.
It is bi-directional, but the address bus indicates the position as to where it
must be stored & it is uni-directional, useful for transmitting the information as
well as address input/output devices.

Timing & Control Unit

The timing & control unit can be used to supply the signal to the 8085
microprocessor architecture for achieving the particular processes. The timing
and control units are used to control the internal as well as external circuits.
These are classified into four types namely control units like RD’ ALE,
READY, WR’, status units like S0, S1, and IO/M’, DM like HLDA, and HOLD
unit, RESET units like RST-IN and RST-OUT.

Pin Diagram
This 8085 is a 40-pin microprocessor where these are categorized into seven
groups. With the below 8085 microprocessor pin diagram, the functionality
and purpose can be known easily.
 8085 Pin Diagram
Data Bus
The pins from 12 to 17 are the data bus pins which are AD0 – AD7, this carries
the minimal considerable 8-bit data and address bus.
Address Bus
The pins from 21 to 28 are the data bus pins which are A8 – A15, this carries the
most considerable 8-bit data and address bus.
Status and the Control Signals
In order to find out the behavior of the operation, these signals are mainly
considered. In the 8085 devices, there are 3 each the control and status
signals.

RD – This is the signal used for the regulation of READ operation. When the
pin moves into low, it signifies that the chosen memory is read.
WR – This is the signal used for the regulation of WRITE operation. When the
pin moves into low, it signifies that the data bus information is written to the
chosen memory location.
ALE – ALE corresponds to Address Latch Enable signal. The ALE signal is
high at the time of the machine’s initial clock cycle and this enables the last 8
bits of the address to get latched with the memory or external latch.
IO/M – This is the status signal that recognizes whether the address to be
allotted for I/O or for memory devices.
READY – This pin is used to specify whether the peripheral is able to transfer
information or not. When this pin is high, it transfers data and if this is low, the
microprocessor device needs to wait until the pin goes to a high state.
S0 and S1 pins – These pins are the status signals which defines the below
operations and those are:
S0 S1 Functionality
0 0 Halt
1 0 Write
0 1 Read
1 1 Fetch
Clock Signals
CLK – This is the output signal which is pin 37. This is utilized even in other
digital integrated circuits. The frequency of the clock signal is similar to the
processor frequency.
X1 and X2 – These are the input signals at pins 1 and 2. These pins have
connections with the external oscillator that operates the device’s internal
circuitry system. These pins are used for the generation of the clock that is
required for the microprocessor functionality.
Reset Signals
There are two reset pins which are Reset In and Reset Out at pins 3 and 36.

RESET IN – This pin signifies resetting the program counter to zero. Also, this
pin resets the HLDA flip-flops and IE pins. The control processing unit will be
in a reset state till RESET is not triggered.
RESET OUT – This pin signifies that the CPU is in reset condition.
Serial Input/Output Signals
SID – This is the serial input data line signal. The information that is on this
dateline is taken into the 7th bit of the ACC when the RIM functionality is
performed.
SOD – This is the serial output data line signal. The ACC’s 7th bit is the output
on the SOD data line when the SIIM functionality is performed.
Externally Initiated and Interrupts Signals
HLDA – This is the signal for HOLD acknowledgment that signifies the
received signal of HOLD request. When the request is removed, the pin goes
to a low state. This is the output pin.
HOLD – This pin indicates that the other device is in the need to utilize data
and address buses. This is the input pin.
INTA – This pin is the interrupt acknowledgment that is directed by the
microprocessor device after the receival of the INTR pin. This is the output
pin.
INTR – This is the interrupt request signal. It has minimal priority when
compared with other interrupt signals.
Interrupt Signal Next instruction location
TRAP 0024
RST 7.5 003C
RST 6.5 0034
RST 5.5 002C
 TRAP, RST 5.5, 6.5, 7.5 – These all are the input interrupt pins. When any one
of the interrupt pins are recognized, then the next signal has functioned from
the constant position in the memory based on the below table:
The priority list of these interrupt signals is

TRAP – Highest

RST 7.5 – High

RST 6.5 – Medium

RST 5.5 – Low

INTR – Lowest

The power supply signals are Vcc and Vss which are +5V and ground pins.

8085 Microprocessor Interrupt

Timing Diagram of 8085 Microprocessor
To clearly understand the operation and performance of the microprocessor,
the timing diagram is the most suitable approach. Using the timing diagram, it
is easy to know the system functionality, detailed functionality of every
instruction and the execution, and others. The timing diagram is the graphical
portray of instructions is steps corresponding to time. This signifies the clock
cycle, time period, data bus, operation type such as RD/WR/Status, and clock
cycle.

In the 8085 microprocessor architecture, here we will look into the timing
diagrams of I/O RD, I/O WR, memory RD, memory WR, and opcode fetch.

Opcode Fetch
The timing diagram is:

Opcode Fetch in 8085 Microprocessor

I/O Read
The timing diagram is:

Input Read
I/O Write
The timing diagram is:

Input Write
Memory Read
The timing diagram is:
 Memory Read
Memory Write
The timing diagram is:

Memory Write in 8085 Microprocessor

For all these timing diagrams, the commonly used terms are:

RD – When it is high, this means the microprocessor reads no data, or when it
is low, this means the microprocessor reads data.
WR – When it is high, this means the microprocessor writes no data, or when
it is low, this means the microprocessor writes data.
IO/M – When it is high, this means the device performs I/O operation, or
when it is low, this means the microprocessor performs memory operation.
ALE – This signal implies valid address availability. When the signal is high, it
performs as an address bus, or when it is low, it performs as a data bus.
S0 and S1 – Signifies the kind of machine cycle that is in progress.
Consider the below table:
Status Signals Control Signals
Machine Cycle IO/M’ S1 S0 RD’ WR’
Opcode fetch 0 1 1 0 1
Memory Read 0 1 0 0 1
Memory Write 0 0 1 1 0
Input Read 1 1 0 0 1
Input Write 1 0 1 1 0
8085 Microprocessor Instruction Set
The instruction set of 8085 microprocessor architecture is nothing but
instruction codes used to achieve an exact task, and instruction sets are
categorized into various types namely control, logical, branching, arithmetic,
and data transfer instructions.
Addressing Modes of 8085
The addressing modes of the 8085 microprocessors can be defined as the
commands offered by these modes which are utilized for denoting the
information in different forms without altering the content. These classified into
five groups namely immediate, register, direct, indirect, and implied
addressing modes.
Immediate Addressing Mode
Here, the source operand is the information. When the information is of 8-bit,
then the instruction is of 2 bytes. Or else when the information is of 16-bits,
then the instruction is of 3 bytes.

Consider the below examples:

MVI B 60 – It implies moving the 60H date quickly to the B register

JMP address – It implies to quick jumping of the operand address

Register Addressing Mode

Here, the information which has to be operated is present in the registers and
the operands are the registers. So, the operation takes place inside multiple
registers of the microprocessor.

Consider the below examples:

INR B – It implies to increment of the register B content by one bit

MOV A, B – It implies moving of contents from register B to A

ADD B – It implies that register A and register B are added and accumulates
the output in A

JMP address – It implies to quick jumping of the operand address

Direct Addressing Mode

Here, the information which has to be operated is present in the memory
location, and the operand is directly considered as the memory location.

Consider the below examples:

LDA 2100 – It implies to loading of memory location content to accumulator A

IN 35 – It implies reading of the information from the port that has address 35

Indirect Addressing Mode

Here, the information which has to be operated is present in the memory
location, and the operand is indirectly considered as the register pair.

Consider the below examples:

LDAX B – It implies moving contents of the B-C register to the accumulator
LXIH 9570 – It implies loading of immediate the H-L pair with the address of
the location 9570

Implicit Addressing Mode

Here, the operand is concealed and the information that has to be operated is
present in the data itself.

Examples are:
RRC – Implies of rotating accumulator A to the right position by one bit

RLC – Implies of rotating accumulator A to left position by one bit

Engineering Applications
The applications those use microprocessor are in traffic management device,
system servers, medical equipment, processing systems, lifts, huge
machinery, protection systems, investigation domain and in few lock systems
those have automatic entry and exits.

Medical Domain
The foremost usage of microprocessors in the medical industry is in the
insulin pump where the microprocessor regulates this device. It operates
multiple functionalities like storage of calculations, processing of information
that is received from biosensors, and examining the outcomes.

Communication
 In the communication domain, the telephonic industry is the most crucial
and enhancing too. Here, microprocessors come into usage in digital
telephonic systems, modems, data cables, and in telephone exchanges,
and many others.
 The application of the microprocessor in the satellite system, TV has
allowed for the possibility of teleconferencing also.
 Even in airline and railway registration systems, microprocessors are used.
LAN’s and WAN’s for establishing communication of vertical data across
the computer systems.
Electronics
The brain of the computer is the technology of microprocessors. These are
implemented in the various types of systems like in microcomputers to the
range of supercomputers. In the gaming industry, many numbers of gaming
instructions are developed by using a microprocessor.

Televisions, Ipad, virtual controls even comprise these microprocessors to

perform complicated instructions and functionalities.

Thus, this is all about 8085 Microprocessor Architecture. From the above
information finally, we can conclude that 8085 microprocessor features are it is
an 8-bit microprocessor, enclosed with 40-pins, uses +5V supply voltage for
the operation. It consists of the 16-bit stack pointer and program counter, and
74-instruction sets, and many more. Here is a question for you, what is
the 8085 microprocessor simulator?

Address bus and data bus: 

The data bus is bidirectional and carries the data which is to be stored.  The address bus is
unidirectional and carries the location where data is to be stored.
In the 8085 microprocessor, the address bus and data bus are two separate buses that are
used for communication between the microprocessor and external devices.
The Address bus is used to transfer the memory address of the data that needs to be read
or written. The address bus is a 16-bit bus, allowing the 8085 to access up to 65,536
memory locations.
The Data bus is used to transfer data between the microprocessor and external devices
such as memory and I/O devices. The data bus is an 8-bit bus, allowing the 8085 to
transfer 8-bit data at a time. The data bus can also be used for instruction fetch
operations, where the microprocessor fetches the instruction code from memory and
decodes it.
The combination of the address bus and data bus allows the 8085 to communicate with
and control external devices, allowing it to execute its program and perform various
operations.
. Which is not the control bus signal:

  a.READ

  b.WRITE

  c.RESET

  d.None of these
2. 2. Name of typical dedicated register is:
  a.PC

  b.IR

  c.SP

  d.All of these
3. 3. The cycle required to fetch and execute an instruction in a 8085
microprocessor is which one of the following?

  Clock cycle

  Memory cycle

  Machine cycle

  Instruction cycle
4. 4. Which of the following statements for Intel 8085 is correct?
  Program Counter (PC) specifies the address of the
instruction last executed

  PC specifies the address of the instruction being executed

  PC specifies the address of the instruction to be executed

  PC specifies the number of instructions executed so far

5. 5. ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit ) of 8085 microprocessor consists of
  Accumulator, temporary register, arithmetic and logic
circuits

  Accumulator, arithmetic, logic circuits and five flags

  Accumulator, arithmetic and logic circuits

  Accumulator, temporary register, arithmetic, logic circuits

and five flags