Animal cell

Introduction
• Cell is the fundamental, structural and functional unit of all living
organisms.
• The term cell was coined by Robert Hookein the year 1665.
Scientist contribution
• Robert Hooke: He studied Dead cell.
Observe - Thin Cell of Cork.. Honey wall like structure.
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek:- Living cell.
Robert Brown -Nucleus.
Cell theory
• It is given by scheiden & Schwann.
• Scheiden (German Botanist) - Plant cells are made up of different
types of cells & tissue (stated in 1838).
• Schwann -(British Zoologist).
In 1839, (a) presence of thin outer membrane plasma membrane
(b) cell wall is unique feature of plant.
(c) organism are made of cells & its product.
Modify cell theory
• Stated by Rudolf Virchow
• In 1855, New cells are formed from pre existing cells. (omnis cellula e.
cellula).
TYPES OF ORGANISM
• On the basis of No of cells, there are 2 types of organism,-
1) Unicellular cell:- single
When the organism consist of single cell, thenit is k/s unicellular.Ex.
Ameba, Bacteria etc.
2) multicellular- many
when organism possess more than one cell, then k/s multicellular
organism... •Ex. Human, animals, Birds etc.
• On the basis Nucleus, cell is divided into:-
1) Prokaryotic cell – It does not have well defined nucleus, nuclear
membrane
2) Eukaryotic cell- It has well define nucleus.
On the basis on size:-
1. Mycoplasma- 0.3 um (smallest cell).
2. Nerve cell -Longest cell.
3. Ostrich egg-largest
Prokaryotic cell
• It inclues Bacteria, PPLO, Mycoplasma.
It can be seen in microscopere
size = small.
Division-fast...
Cell wall present...
6 Cytoplasm present©
• No double membrane bound organelle
↳ Mitochondria, Plastid Nuclous
• No single membrane bound organelle
ER. golgi, lysosome, vacoula, microbodies
• Ribosome is present.
• 1 centrioles & centrosome are absent
• Genetic Material Naked No histone protein.
Prokayotic cell
• These are represented by bacteria, blue-green algae,mycoplasma, etc.
• All prokaryotic cells are bound by a plasma membrane enclosing a gel
or fluid-like cytoplasm. Except mycoplasma, all prokaryotic cells have a
cell wall.
• These lack a well-defined nucleus. The genetic material, ie DNA is
naked and circular, not enveloped by a nuclear membrane. Many
prokaryotic cells possess extrachromosomal small circular DNA called
plasmids. It confers unique phenotype to the Cell.
• Cell envelope is chemically complex and the manner in which it
responds to Gram staining procedure, classified bacteria as Gram
positive and Gram negative bacteria. The cell envelope of former take
up the stain, while that of later does not take up the stain.
• • Cell envelope consist of three tightly bound layers,
• • Glycocalyx Present either as slime layer or as capsule indifferent
bacteria.
• ⚫ Cell wall Made up of peptidoglycan provides structural support
and integrity to the bacterial cell.
• ⚫ Plasma membrane Selectively permeable in nature.
• Mesosomes are the membranous structures which are formed by the
extensions of plasma membrane as vesicles, tubules and lamellae.
These are involved in cell wall formation, DNA replication, respiration,
secretion, increase in surface area, etc.
• Chromatophores are pigment containing membranousextensions
present in cyanobacteria.
• Flagella are thin filamentous extensions, arising from the cell wall of a
bacterial cell. A flagellum in a prokaryotic cell is composed of three
parts-filament (longest portion), hook and basal body.
• Pili are proteinaceous, elongated and tubular structuresfound on the
surface of bacterial cell.
• Fimbriae are small, bristle-like fibres like pili, which help the bacteria
to attach to the substratum or host tissue. Both pili and fimbriae do
not play role in the motility of bacteria.
• Prokaryotes contain 70 S ribosomes [50 S + 30 S] in the cytoplasm and
these are the site of protein synthesis.
• Polysome or Polyribosomes are formed by the association of several
ribosomes to a single mRNA.
• Inclusion bodies, e.g. phosphates granules, glycogen granules, gas
vacuoles, etc., found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells store
reserve food material. These are not bound by any membrane
system.
Eukaryotic cell
Nucleus
• It is a structure bound by a nuclear envelope of double unit
membrane. It consists of-
• Chromatin: Flemming described it as nucleoprotein fibres formed
when the nucleus of the cell is not dividing, i.e. during interphase.
• Chromatin consists of DNA, basic proteins called histones, non-
histone proteins and RNA.
• Nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus and bears numerous small
nuclear pores that allow movement of RNA and protein between
nucleus and cytoplasm.
• Chromatin material condenses to form chromosomes in the nucleus
during cell division.
• Number of chromosomes :- 46
• Types of chromosome –
• 1) autosome: 22 pairs
• 2) sex chromosome: 1 pair
Endomembrane system
• It consists of four membranous organelles whose functions are
coordinated. These include
• 1) ER,
• 2) Golgi complex,
• 3) lysosomes and
• 4) vacuoles.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
• Network of tubular structures. Rough ER possess ribosomes on
surface, continuous with nuclear membrane. • Smooth ER does not
possess ribosomes.
• RER involved in protein synthesis and secretion.
• SER involved in synthesis of lipids.
• Golgi apparatus:-
• Flat, disc-shaped, parallely stacked cisternae, possess cis (forming)
and trans (maturation) faces.
• Packaging and secretion.
• Formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
• Lysosomes (Suicidal bags):-
• Single membrane bound vesicular structures containing hydrolytic
enzymes.
• Digestion of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates.

• Vacuoles:-
• Single membrane (tonoplast) bound sacs in cytoplasm which contain
water, sap, excretory products, etc.
Ribosomes
• These are the granular structures first observed under the electron
microscope as dense particle by George Palade (1953).
• These are composed of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) and proteins and are
not surrounded by any membrane.
• Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80 S, while prokaryotic ribosomes are 70 S.
Here, 'S' stands for sedimentationcoefficient.
• Both 70 S and 80 S ribosomes are composed of two subunits.
Mitochondria
• These are the site of aerobic respiration and produce energy in the
form of ATP. These possess single circular DNA, 70 S ribosomes and
RNA. Mitochondria divide by fission.
• These are enveloped by two unit membranes filled with dense,
homogenous matrix. The inner membrane folds into the matrix to
form cristae (bear F₁-particles or oxysomes).
Cell membrane
• Every living cell is covered by a thin, elastic, transparent, semi-
permeable and regenerative membrane called cell membrane also
called plasma membrane or plasmalemma.
• Studies on human RBCs concluded that the cell membrane is
composed of lipid which forms a bilayer with protein molecules
embedded in it at different places.
Cell wall
• It is the outer covering of plasma membrane in plants and fungi. It is
differentiated into
• Middle lamella composed of calcium pectate which keep the
different neighbouring cells intact.•
• Primary wall capable of growth and thus, found inyoung plant cells.
• Secondary wall formed on the inner side of the maturecell.
Centrosome and Centrioles
• Centrosome contains two perpendicularly arranged cylindrical
structures called centrioles
• Centrioles are made up of nine peripheral fibrils of tubulin protein
and a central proteinaceous core called hub.