G.

H E R R M A N N
Professor of Civil Engineering,
Response of Cylindrical Sandwich Shells
The Technological Institute,
Northwestern University,
Evanston, III. Mem. ASME
to Moving Loads1
This paper presents an analysis into the dynamic response of a long cylindrical sand-
E. H. B A K E R 2 wich shell under a moving axially symmetric ring load. The shell is assumed to be
Research Specialist,
orthotropic and subjected to an initial axial stress. The uniform velocity of the load is
Structural Sciences,
Space and Information Systems Division, prescribed and only the steady-state response is considered. Numerical results indicate
North American Aviation, Inc., the effects of various relevant parameters. The behavior of orthotropic sandwich cylinders
Downey, Calif. under initial stress is compared with tluit of homogeneous isotropic cylindrical shells
free of initial stress, and differences are pointed out.

In a recent study [l], 3 the authors have evolved a r a2 a2 "1 Ve, al

general theory governing the dynamic response of cylindrical
sandwich shells subjected to a general state of initial stress.
Effects of orthotropic core and orthotropic facing sheets of un-
equal thickness were included. As an example of a forced-vibra- L R dx2 R W J rx

tion problem, an analysis of the dynamic behavior of a prestressed

orthotropic cylindrical shell subjected to a moving axially sym-
metric ring load is presented in this study.
A review of earlier work on the response of cylindrical shells to a a2 "I r a~| , (1)
moving loads is presented by Jones and Bhuta [2]. Most of the
studies, such as the most recent one by Tang [3], were concerned
with homogeneous isotropic shells which are free of initial stress. YD. a2 /„ a21 f a 1
The present investigation, by contrast, considers an orthotropic
sandwich cylinder subjected to an initial axial stress. The
cylinder is assumed to be infinitely long, and only the steady-state r a2 a2 "I ,
response is considered. The results apply for sandwich cylinders,
homogeneous orthotropic cylinders, and homogeneous Isotropic
cylinders. A sandwich cylinder with structural damping was also where x is the coordinate in the axial direction; t is the time; £ is
investigated. The study includes the effect of transverse shear the external viscous damping coefficient associated with the
damping of the core material on the deflected shape. Emphasis is velocity in the radial direction; R is the radius of the cylinder
placed on presenting numerical results to show the effect of various measured to the middle surface of the shell; q is the radial in-
relevant parameters on the dynamic response. ternal pressure acting on the middle surface of the shell; T is the
initial axial tension force per unit length; u, w are the displace-
ment components of the middle surface in the axial and radial
Formulation of the Problem directions, respectively; while \pz is the angle of rotation in the
axial direction of a straight line which is initially normal to the
The deformation of the cylinder is assumed to be symmetric middle surface. The stress-strain relationships of the shell ma-
with respect to the axis of revolution. The only initial stress re- terials are assumed to be of the form
tained will be a uniform axial tension or compression. For
simplicity, it will be assumed that the facing sheets of the sand- <rxz — Exiexx + En egg <roo = Eviexx + Eg^ee
wich cylinders are of equal thickness. Two types of damping
<rxl = GXI 2 e „ (2)
mechanisms will be considered. External damping will be in-
troduced first to obtain a unique solution for the deflection of the where a { j , are the components of stress and strain. The four
undamped shell without raising the order of the governing equa- moduli EX1, Egv En, Gn are independent of each other. If the
tions. Damping of the core will be introduced later to assess the cylinder is of sandwich construction, Exu Egv Evx are the moduli
effects of material dissipation. The governing equations of of the facing sheets and Gx, is the transverse shear modulus of the
motion as reduced from reference [1] may then be written as core.
The stiffness parameters are defined as
1 This research was supported in part by the U. S. Air Force under
Ex = ExJh Dx = EXII Eg = Egjh
Grant AF-AFOSlt-lOO-65 monitored by the Air Force Office of Scien-
tific Research.
2 Formerly, Northwestern University graduate student.
E, = EyJn Gx = Kx2Gxlh Dg = Eg,I
3 Numbers in brackets designate References at end of paper.
where kx2 is a constant determined by matching the frequency of
Contributed by the Applied Mechanics Division and presented at
the Winter Annual Meeting, New York, N. Y „ November 2 7 - D e c e m - thickness-shear vibration from the shell theory to the frequency
b e r 1, 1 9 6 6 , o f T H E A M E R I C A N S O C I E T Y OF M E C H A N I C A L ENGINEERS. of the first antisymmetric thickness shear mode from the three-
Discussion of this paper should be addressed to the Editorial D e - dimensional theory.
partment., A S M E , United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th Street,
For a homogeneous orthotropic cylinder of thickness, h,
New York, N. Y . 10017, and will be accepted until April 15, 1967.
Discussion received after the closing date will be returned. Manu- ^ = h I = h1/12 m„ = pji Ip = pj (4)
script received by A S M E Applied Mechanics Division, November 17,
1965; final draft, March 18, 1966. Paper No. 6 6 — W A / A P M - 8 . where p0 is the mass density of the material.

Journal of Applied Mechanics march 1 9 67 / 8 1

Copyright © 1967 by ASME

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 If the cylinder is of sandwich construction, U_ _ (i>' + g)(Di - 7rA2)s2 + p'ff
go ?'sC"(s)
/ = hhV 4 m„ = p./j, + Pih / „ = pj + p2h3/12
rP = pi/Pi (5) ( A - 7 r A 2 )(l + f - A + /rA2 - ;V,A2)s2
JF + g(l + f - ,1/jA2) (22)
where h is the distance between the middle surfaces of the two fac-
ing sheets, hi is the total thickness of the two facing sheets, and 90 ~ C"(s)
Pi, pi are the mass densities of the facing sheet and core materials, _ —isG(l + f - yl/iX-) + k'(D, - /rX2)
respectively.
The applied pressure for a ring load moving with constant 7o ~ ~ C'(«)
velocit}', c, can be expressed as where
q(x, t) = qiS(x — ct) (6) C'(s) = cis* + e3?'s3 + e-is- + eiis + c0 (13)
and
where 5( ) is the Dirac delta function and qi is the intensity of
the applied load. e4 = (G + T - M\*)(D, - 7rX2)e
It is assumed that the cylinder is infinitely long and that steady
state has been reached. Therefore, the following coordinate c, = -P\(Di - Ir\-)e
transformation may be used:
e-z = (£>. - I,\'-)(E0e - v'1 - 2v'G)
a = x — ct (7)
+ G( 1 + T - i 17,A 2 )(f - il/X 2 ) (14)
The following dimensioniess quantities are introduced:
e, = -P(?X(1 + f - .1/A2)
a c'PiR e» = G®0(1 + T - Af,A 2 ) - GV 2
U IF = 77 = — A2 = —
R R R Ex
e = 1 + T - Di - MX- + 7rA2
mt Io p2 The displacements and rotation may be obtained from equation
M = / ' = PzR'
PZR E,pz (12) through the use of the inverse transform (11). To perform
Eo_ _Dg_ the indicated integration, it is necessary to determine the roots of
E0 = 1 + (8) the characteristic equation
Er_ EgR2
C'(s) = 0 (15)
Dz
Di = qo = If external damping is not present (£ = 0), equation (15) re-
ErR! ER_ E*
duces to
Ey
T = C(s) = e<s4 + e2s2 + c0 = 0 (16)
Ex ER_
The response of the shell will be investigated first for a system
without damping.
where p3 = pc if the cylinder is homogeneous and p3 = pi if the The discriminant of equation (16) is
cylinder is a sandwich. (17)
A = e-ieofeeo — e22/4)2
Equation (1) may now be written as
After substitution of numerical values for the parameters At,
IT, Eo, Di, v', and T, the discriminant A is a function of the velo-
city parameter X2 and the transverse shear stiffness parameter G.
This would not be the case for a homogeneous isotropic cylindrical
dU shell because G would not be independent of the other parameters.
+ - ( ( ? + T - MA 2 ) + So^J 17
d-q tfTf- d'q Solution of the equation A = 0 reveals that the equation is satis-
fied along certain curves in the first quadrant of the A2 — G plane.
~ G 'LFZ = tfoSCT,) (9) These curves divide the A2 — G plane into regions which are
d-q shown in Fig. 1 for a particular set of parameters. The equation
of each curve is given in Table 1. The equations of curves 1 and 2
are approximate expressions for the lowest two roots of the equa-
tion e<e0 — e 2 2 /4 = 0 and will be discussed in the next section.

+ [(A. - W J - G] ^ = 0 The remaining curves are solutions of the equations

comparison to unity. For most engineering materials in the

= 0 and <?o
= 0 where terms of the order (h/R) and T have been neglected in

Mi refers to the axial inertia and M to the radial inertia. elastic range, T would be of the order of magnitude of 1 0 - 2 or
smaller.
The form of the roots of equation (16) may easily be found for
General Solution a particular value of G by finding in which region the velocity
Fourier transforms will be used to determine the displacements parameter is located. The form of the roots in each region is
from equation (9), i.e., given in Table 2.
For the special case in which A2 and G satisfy the equation
/(s) /(r))e- i s 'd7 ) (10) A = 0 for et ^ 0, equation C(s) = 0 has equal roots. If the equal
roots are imaginary, the deflection is well defined. If the equal
roots are real, a condition of instability exists which will be dis-
.f(s)e ,s Vs (11) cussed in a later section.
'(i?)

where s is the transform variable and i = y/—1. Evaluation of Displacements

The transformed displacements and rotation from equation (9) The radial displacement will be examined in regions I through
V. The axial displacement and rotation may be obtained in a

82 / march 1967 Transactions of the A S M E

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 VII VIII 6
/ f C.' =
G + T - M\2
v/ / / and
rp 0.02
C,' + to,2C2' Ci' + m22C2'
h 1 iV,' = m =
R 300 2m1(m12 - 1TH2) 2m2(mi2 — m22)
REGION V
T 0.004
1 for t? > 0
nh > 0 m2 > 0 m2 > mi H(t]) =
0 for r) < 0
A2
REGION IV J The radial deflection is an exponentially decaying function at
CURVE 3-. low velocities. This does not occur for a homogeneous isotropic
/ ^ j cylindrical shell free of initial stress. Region III can only exist if
T the cylinder is subjected to an initial tension and region I can only
/ ^-CURVE2 exist for sandwich cylinders with a low transverse shear stiffness.

REGION 1
r REGION II CURVE 1
R e g i o n II
The roots are of the form s = ±ji-f-im; ± n — im, and the
radial deflection is
REGION III
IF c~mi
[A' 3 n sin nrj + N2U cos nr\]H(r))
So ' Nin

Fig. 1 Regions of X2 — G plane defining roots of characteristic equations

[A'V1 sin ni) - AV 1 cos n y ] H ( - ij) (19)
Ni"

Table 1 Solutions of the equation A = 0 where

Curve number Equation of curve
Niu = 16nm2{m2 + n2) AV 1 = 4mn[C2'(.m2 + re2) - G,']
X2 = [-2ZVAC®o - x'2)1/*
iVa« = -4m2[C2'(m2 + n2) + Ci'} m> 0 n > 0
+ T - Dl {E0 - „'«)]/ M Region IV
G
In the absence of damping, the roots in this region are all on the
X2 = - „'*)'/«
real axis, s = ± Mi, ± n2. A question of the uniqueness of the
solution will arise [3] which will be avoided by considering the un-
+ f - ^ {Eo - „'2)]/M damped response at the limit of the damped one. The proce-
X2 = (G + T)/M dure followed is the same as presented in reference [4], The
X2 = - i>'2)/E0Mi radial deflection is found for a cylinder with infinitesimal damp-
X2 = 1/itf, ing in the radial direction. As damping £ approaches zero, the
X2 = Di/Ir equation for the radial deflection becomes

TF
Table 2 Type of roots of the characteristic equation — = A V v sin » i r j H ( - r i ) + AV V sin ntyH(r]) (20)
So
Region Roots of C(s) = 0
I ± imi, ± im2 where
II ± n + im, ± ii — im
III ± imi, ± im2 CI' - C2'ih2
IV ± ill, ± Jl2 AriIV =
V ± im, ± n Mi(ni2 — n22)
VI ± inii, ± im2 Ci - C\'n22
VII ± im, ± ii AV V = fll > 0 >ln > 0 11-2 > III
VIII ± iii, ± n2 nzini2 — ?io2)

Region V
similar manner. Velocities greater than (E0 — v'2)/E0M will be In region V, two of the roots are on the real axis if clamping is
excluded from this investigation because they do not appeal- not present. For a small amount of damping, the roots have
practical and because the original assumption of steady-state imaginary parts. As the damping approaches zero, the deflection
response becomes questionable. Therefore, the discussion of the becomes
displacements in regions VI, VII, and VIII will be omitted.
]V_
= [ A W * + A V sin ni)]H{-rt) + Nive-mm(-q) (21)
R e g i o n s I a n d III So
The roots of C(s) = 0 in regions I and III are of the form s =
± imi, ± im2. The inverse transform was obtained by ex- where
panding W/qo into partial fractions and inverting the individual Ci + m2C2' Cj' - W2C;'
terms by transform (11). Ar,v = AV
2m(n2 -f- m2) n(n2 + m2)
W
— = [A'iIc-m" + N2Ie~m"l]H(i]) Equal I m a g i n a r y Roots
So
If X2 and G satisfy the equation of curve 1 or curve 2 and e2 > 0,
+ W s ' " " + jVi'e""']^-))) (IS) equation (16) has equal imaginary roots. It may be shown that
where ro is always greater than zero on curve 1. If terms of the order
h/R are neglected in comparison to 1, it may also be shown that
G(1 + T — Af,X 2 ) e2 > 0 on curve 2 if G < lfh{Ev - v'2)1/x. The equal imaginary
C,' =
(G + T - M\2)(Di - 7 r X 2 )( 1 + T - Di + Ir\2 - il/iX 2 ) roots are of the form s = ± im, ± im, and the radial deflection is

Journal of Applied Mechanics march 1 9 67 / 8 3

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 w
— = e - m ' [ A r i E + Ni^Hiri) + e " " f A r i E - Ar-2Ey]H(-77) and (?o2 — - (31)
9o r + 2zV / 2 (#o - ^' 2 ) 1 / !
(22)
where again terms of the order (h/R)2 and T have been disre-
where garded in comparison to unity.
Ci' - m2C2' Cl' + 7ft2C2' If G < Got, X012 < 0. Similarly, X022 is less than zero if <702 < 0.
Ari E = > 0 Negative values of Xm2 or X022 are of no practical interest; there-
4w3 4?»2
fore, equation (27) is restricted to values of G > Goi, while equa-
Equal imaginary roots can only occur for a sandwich cylinder tion (28) is physically meaningful only if G > Goi- Using these
because, for a homogeneous isotropic cylinder, G is always larger restrictions and neglecting terms of the order h/R and T in com-
than D^(Eo - v' 2 )'^. parison to unity, equations (27) and (28) may be written as

Critical Velocities X012 = -2D,'/!(Eo - r'2),/j + T Bl

G
(E0 - v'2) (32)
If the equation C(s) = 0 has double roots 011 the real axis, the
inversion integral does not exist even in the sense of a Cauchy and
principal value. Therefore, resonance is implied in the sense Di_
that the displacement becomes unbounded [2]. X o r = 2/V/!(£o - f'2)'/! + T (Eo (33)
G
The velocity, XCR2, at which the displacement becomes un-
bounded will be defined as a critical velocity. The conditions Curve 1 in Fig. 1 is a plot of equation (32), while equation (33)
for a double root are is represented by curve 2.
From equation (33) it can be seen that X022 is positive only if
4eie0 — c22 = 0 (23)

and eo = 0 (24) T> To = - 2A'/!(£o - f'2)'- - ^ (Eo - f'2)] (34)

Cr
Equation (23) may be written in the form To is the critical, axiallv symmetrical, small-deflection-theory
buckling load of a cylinder under axial compression, provided
e10X8 + e9X6 + esX4 + e,X2 + e6 = 0 (25) G > D'^KEo - v'2)'/l\5].
where the coefficients Ci0, eo, c8, e7, and e6 are functions of the If terms of the order h/R are neglected in comparison to 1, it
physical parameters of the cylinder (G, Eo, T, A , M, I,, v'). may be shown that equation (16) has equal real roots if X2 = X 0 2 2

For parameters of physical significance, we find that the rota- and G > Dx/\Eo - c' 2 )' 7 '. Therefore, the first critical velocity
tory and axial inertia have only a small effect on the two lowest
roots of equation (25). If rotatory and axial inertia are neg- A^
lected, equation (25) becomes
-h[ 2A'A(#o - c'2)'/! + T - —'- (Eo - v'"-)
G
(35)

eg'X4 + e/X 2 + e6' = 0 (26) where G > D'''2(Eo — vInvestigation of the coefficients of
where equations (19) and (20) reveals that the deflection becomes un-
bounded as X2 approaches XCR,2. Inspection of equation (35)
e»' = G2M2 shows that for T approaching To, X c r i approaches zero. There-
2

fore, initial compression may greatly reduce the first critical

e,' = 2 G i l / { A [ ( l + T - Di)(Eo - 2v'2 + 2 f ) + v'2} velocity X C R I . 2

- G(T - 2v'D1)} Further investigation of equation (25) showed that the real
part of the two higher roots was approximately 1/jl/, which is
e6' = { A [ # o ( l + T - A ) - v'2 - 2v'G] + GTj2 beyond the scope of this investigation.
- 4GDt(G + T)[E0(l + T) - v'2][l + T - A]
Let XCR52 T ) (36)
The roots of equation (26) are
v'A The deflection becomes unbounded whenever X2 approaches
XcRj in regions I, IV, or V. Therefore, XCR 2 2 is a critical velocity.
2

For homogeneous isotropic cylinders, X C R I 2 is the lowest

-Di „'2 2GV')J critical velocity. However, for sandwich cylinders with G <
+ T (£0 + (27)
G X C R I 2 does not exist and the lowest critical
X0,2 =
velocity is X C R I . 2

The velocity XCR?2 approaches zero as T approaches To = —G,

£ - ,")" (l + which is the critical, axiallv symmetrical, small-deflection-theory

buckling load of a cylinder under axial compression provided
G < D'/'(E0 — v'2)'/J. Therefore, initial compression also may
and greatly reduce the critical velocity X O R , . 2

+ T - ~ (#„ - v'2 + 2Gv (28)

X022 <
KJ If eo is zero, equation (16) has equal roots at s = 0. Solving
the equation Co = 0 for X2 yields
where terms of the order (h/R) 2 and T have been disregarded in
comparison to unity. W -
Inspection of equations (27) and (28) reveals that, as G de-
creases, X0i2 and X decrease. The value of G at which X 0 1 and
0 2 2 2 where T has been neglected in comparison to 1. A double root
X are approximately zero may be found from the equation
0 2 2 at zero is a double root on the real axis and the inverse transform
does not exist; therefore, XCR32 is a critical velocity. Velocities
e.' = 0 (29) greater than XCR,2 are beyond the scope of this stud}'.
Solving equation (29) for (? yields
Classification of Regions
A(#o - v'2) (30) The following summary of the preceding analysis defines the
Goi -
T - 2AV,(^ - c'2)1/! boundaries of each region:

84 / march 1967 Transactions of the A S M E

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 Region I and C 6 (s) = c5?'s5 + + c3'is3 + e°s2 + e,'?'s + e0 (41)

X022 < X 2 < XCR z 2 for G < Dl'\Eo - v' 2 )'^ for

Region II e6 = -XAVA - Ir\2)e

Xoi2 < X2 < X022 for G > Go2 e,' = -XK^EoH + f - il/iX 2 ) - v'2]
e% = -X/sT [ —2f'(£>! - 7rX 2 ) + (1 + f - MiX2)(f - M\ 2 )]
Region III
m

The coefficients ei, e2, Co, and e are the same as the corresponding
X2 < Xo,2 for G > Goi
coefficients of equation (13).
Region IV The form of the equation for the deflected shape depends on the
type of roots of the characteristic equation C6(s) = 0. The types
X022 < X 2 < XCR, 2 for X 2 < XCR, 2 , and G > Dl/\Eo - F'2)1/! which may be encountered and the corresponding deflected shapes
Region V are given in reference [6],
If Kf, is very large, equation (40) becomes the transform of the
Xcn22 < X2 < XCR,2 radial deflection of a cylinder without transverse shear deforma-
tion. For the special case of a homogeneous isotropic cylinder
Double Imaginary Rools
without initial stress and neglecting rotatory inertia (I, — 0), the
X2 = Xoi2 or X2 = X022 where G < Dl/KE0 - i''2)7' transform of the radial deflection for very large Ii,, agrees ex-
actly with the corresponding result presented in reference [2]
Critical Velocities using Fliigge's equations. It was also found that the expression
for the undamped deflected shape in region IV is the same as
XCR,2 = X022 where G > D'\Eo - i>' 2 )' /!
equation (20) if the method of diminishing shear damping is
used.
XcRj2 = 77— XcRj2 "
M EoM
Numerical Examples
Homogeneous Isotropic Cylinder Numerical results were obtained to determine the accuracy of
The velocities of special interest for a homogeneous isotropic some of the approximate expressions and to establish the effect
cylinder are of transverse shear deformations, as well as transverse shear
damping on the radial deflection. The effects of initial stress
Eh were also investigated. Only an isotropic sandwich shell with
for = — equal facing sheets was considered. The following parameters
Port[3(1 - f*)]'/• + poh
were used in Figs. 1 through 5:
Eh T
CCRI + po/;.
PoB[3(l - r2)]1''- ^ -T (38) lh Ee E
0.1 v' = 0.3 E„ =
h Ex1 1 - v2
E E_
CCR; = CC R , '
Po 2(1 + v) Po Fig. 1 shows the curves that divide the first quadrant of the
X2 - G plane into regions for h/R = 1/300, f = 0.004. The
They are associated with the dimensionless velocity parameters parameter rp was 0.02, and it was assumed to be independent of G.
XOI, X C R I , XCR,, and XCR,, respectively; v is Poisson's ratio, while The equation of each curve is given in Table 1. Curves 1, 2, 3,
E is Young's modulus. Terms of the order h/R and T were and 4 represent X I , X 0 2 , XCR-,2, and XCRJ2, respectively, as a func-
0 2 2

neglected in comparison to 1. It can be seen that elastic initial tion of G. Curve 2 is a plot of XCR, when G > h/R)( 1 - v'2)^'.
stresses can have a great influence on c0i2 and C C R , . 2
Curve 2 is tangent to curve 3 at G ~ i(h/R)( 1 - v'2)'^. When
If T is zero, CCR,2 and COR,2 agree with the results presented in the values of X R and X 0 2 were computed from equation (25) and
0 2

reference [2], provided terms of the order h/R are neglected in compared with the approximate results obtained from equations
comparison to unity. The velocities c0i2 and ccn,- were not ob- (32) and (33), good agreement was indicated. The differences be-
tained in reference [2] because initial stress and shear distortions, tween the approximate velocities and the velocities predicted by
respectively, were not considered. The critical velocity CCR,2 was equation (25) were so small that they cannot be displayed 011 the
obtained for similar problems [3] when the basic analysis in- scale of Fig. 1. The values of G at which X 0 i 2 and X 0 2 are zero 2

cluded shear deformations. were compared with the values predicted by equations (30) and
(31). The diflerences were within 1 percent.
Structural Damping Fig. 2 shows the radial deflection of four sandwich cylinders
subjected to the same ring load moving at a velocity c = (8.1 X
The stress-strain relation for the material of the core is now
l0~3E/piEach cylinder has a different core material. The
assumed to be
remaining parameters are the same for all four cylinders. The
thickness-to-radius ratio is 1/30. The two cylinders for which
J xz — KJxi 2e. (39)
r p is 0.01 and 0.04 have a shear stiffness of G = 0.01, while G = 0.1
for the other two. When G = 0.01 and rp = 0.01, the given
where \x is the material damping coefficient. velocity is in region I and the deflection decays exponentially.
If the only damping in the system is the shear damping repre- For a heavier core, rp = 0.04, but for the same G, the velocity is
sented by equation (39), the transformed radial deflection may in region Y. The maximum deflection for this case is larger.
be written as The deflected shape is sinusoidal behind the load, while decaying
W_ _ C3s2 + Ctis + C5 exponentially in front of the load. The velocity is in region II
(40) when rp = 0.1 and G = 0.1. The deflection decreases exponen-
qo C 6 (s)
tially while oscillating. If G is still 0.1 but rp = 0.3, the velocity
where falls in region IV. The deflected shape is sinusoidal both in front
C, = (£>, - 7rX2)e of and behind the load. It can be seen from Fig. 2 that the type
Ct = -K„M 1 + T - AfiX2)
of core can have an important effect on the maximum deflection
t*Gx and the deflected shape, even if all other parameters are the
C6 = G(l + T - jliiX 2 ) Kp = same.
R(ExRPl)'/>

Journal of Applied Mechanics m a r c h 19 67 / 8 5

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 • G - 0.01
G • 0.1
i _L
R " 30

Fig. 4 Effect of transverse shear damping on deflected shape for

G = 0.03

Fig. 2 Deflected shape of sandwich cylinders with yarious core materials

G - 0.004
10/
X2 • 9.6 x 10"3

h 1
R 30 v o/8

• 0.02

/6
K^ • 6.4 X 10~3 4
/
K = oo
ii 2
«0

o. 2 -a i 0 0.1 0.2
n
Fig. 5 Effect of transverse shear damping on deflected shape for
G = 0.004

without transverse shear deformations. When K v = 0, the

Fig. 3 Dynamic amplification factor for sandwich cylinders with and
without initial stress maximum deflection occurred in front of the load. For inter-
mediate values of K„, the maximum deflection occurred behind
the load; when K = <*>, the maximum was under the load. It
can be seen in Fig. 4 that a considerable change takes place in the
Fig. 3 shows the dynamic amplification factor wD/ws as a func- deflected shape of the cylinder as the value of the shear damping
tion of the velocity X2. The parameter ivD/ws is the ratio of the coefficient is varied.
maximum radial deflection due to a moving unit load, divided by Fig. 5 shows the deflected shape of a cylinder with a lower shear
the maximum radial deflection due to a static unit load. The stiffness (G = 0.004) and a load velocity of X2 = 9.6 X 10~3 for
solid line shows the amplification factor for a cylinder without three values of the transverse shear clamping coefficient, Ii^.
initial stress, while the dotted line and the dot-dash line are for s the value of K,, increases, the maximum deflection decreases;
cylinders with an initial stress of T = —0.005 and T = 0.005, for Kn = 6.4 X 10~3, the maximum deflection occurs behind the
respectively. The lowest speed at which wD/ws becomes very load. For a core with very low shear stiffness (shown in Fig. 5),
large is the first critical velocity XCR,2. The amplification de- it can be seen that a very large percentage of the total deflection
creases at speeds greater than X C R I 2 until the speed gets near the of the undamped case (K^ = 0) is caused by shear deformation.
second critical velocity XCR22, at which wD/ius again becomes very
large. It can be seen from Fig. 3 that compression decreases the
first and second critical velocities, while tension increases them.
References
It is interesting to note that for velocities greater than X C R I 2 for
1 E . H . Baker and G . Herrmann, "Vibrations of Orthotropic
the cylinder with an initial tension T = 0.005 (i.e., A2 > 0.157), Cylindrical Sandwich Shells Under Initial Stress," . I f , 4 A Journal,
the maximum radial deflection would be greater for the cylinder vol. 4, 1966, pp. 1063-1070.
under an initial tension T = 0.005 than it would be for the 2 P. Jones and P . G . Bhuta, " R e s p o n s e of Cylindrical Shells t o
cylinder under an initial compression T = —0.005, provided the Moving Loads," J O U R N A L OP A P P L I E D M E C H A N I C S , v o l . 3 1 , TRANS.
A S M E , vol. 86, Series E , 1964, pp. 105-111.
velocity X2 is not near 0.225. In the static analysis of cylinders
3 Sing-chili T a n g , " D y n a m i c Response of a T u b e Under M o v i n g
subjected to radial loads, initial tension (compression) usually Pressure," Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, A S C E , vol.
decreases (increases) the maximum radial deflection. 91, N o . E M 5 , 1965, pp. 97-122.
4 J. D . Achenbach and C. T . Sun, " M o v i n g L o a d o n a Flexibly
Fig. 4 shows the radial deflection of four cylinders with G =
Supported Tiinoshenko B e a m , " International Journal of Solids and
0.03, h/R = 1/30, X2 = 0.135, and = 0, 4.1 X 10~3, 4.1 X Structures, vol. 1, N o . 4 , 1 9 6 5 , pp. 353-370.
10""*, <*>, respectively. The deflected shape for = 10~6 was 5 E. H . Baker, " T h e Analysis of a Symmetrically L o a d e d S a n d -
compared with the undamped deflected shape, Ky. = 0. The re- wich Cylinder Including Axial F o r c e s , " North American A v i a t i o n ,
S & I D , S T R 95, 1963.
sults were within 1 percent of each other. For values of K^ >
6 E . H . Baker, " D y n a m i c Response of Orthotropic Cylindrical
1 0 t h e deflected shape is very near the limiting case of K^ = . Sandwich Shells Under Initial Stress," P h D dissertation, N o r t h -
The case of K,, = <*> represents the deflected shape of a cylinder western University, Evanston, 111., June, 1965.

8 6 ,/ m a r c h 1967 Transactions of the A S M E

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