Peminiproject Report Final

NATIONALINSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY
TIRUCHIRAPALLI
POWER ELECTRONICS
SIMULATION REPORT ON CLOSED LOOP

BUCK CONVERTER
By
SAI BALAJI
(107120104)
S.No CONTENT
1. Aim
2. Software used
3. Circuit Diagram of Buck Converter
4. Theory
5. Formulae
6. Design calculations of Buck Converter
7. State Space Model of Buck Converter
8. Procedure
9. Simulation
10. Inference
AIM:
Todesigna Buck Converter with input voltage of 3.3V, output voltage of 1.2V, load
currentrangingfrom4Ato6A,outputvoltagerippleof2%,andcurrentrippleof40%
andtodevelopa State Space Model andsimulateclosedloopbuckconverterforconstant
output voltage subjected to change in input voltage.
SOFTWARE USED:
MATLAB-Simulink
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF A BUCK CONVERTER:
THEORY:
DC-DC CONVERTERS:
DC-DC convertersareelectronicdevicesthatareusedwheneverwe wantto
change DC electrical power efficiently from one voltage level to another. Generically
speakingtheuseofaswitchorswitchesforthepurposeofpowerconversioncanbe
regarded asan SMPS. Afew applications of interest of DC-DCconverters are where 5V
DC on a personal computer motherboard must be stepped down to 3V, 2V or less for one
of the latest CPU chips; where 1.5V from a single cell must be stepped up to 5V or more,
tooperate electronic circuitry. Our main focus is that in above mentioned applications is
thattoalter dcenergyfromaparticularleveltootherwith minimumloss. Theneedfor
such converters has risen due to the fact that transformers are unable to function on dc. A
converter is not manufacturing power. Whatever comes at the output has to come only
frominput. Efficiencycannotbemadeequalto 100%, soinputpowerisalwayssomewhat
larger than output power.
BUCK CONVERTER (STEP DOWN CONVERTER):

A Buck converter is a step-down DC-DC converter consisting mainly of
inductorandtwoswitches(usuallyatransistorswitchandadiode)forcontrolling
inductor. It fluctuatesbetweenconnectionofinductortosourcevoltagetoaccumulate
energy in inductor and then discharging the inductor’s energy to the load.
When the switch is closed (i.e., On-state), the voltage across the inductor is VL
=Vi−Vo.Thecurrentflowingthroughinductorlinearlyrises.Thediodedoesn’tallow
current to flow through it, since it is reverse-biased by voltage Vi.
For Off Case(i.e., whenswitchisopened), diodeisforward biasedand
voltage is VL = − Vo (neglecting drop across diode) across inductor. The inductor
current which was rising in ON case, now decreases.
DIFFERENT MODES OF OPERATION:
a) Adc-dcconverterissaidtobeoperatingin CCM(continuousconductionmode),
if inductor current never reaches to zero.
b) A dc-dc converter is said to be operating in DCM (discontinuous

conduction mode), if inductor current reaches zero and remains there for certain
period of time.
SIGNIFICANCE OF CLOSED LOOPSYSTEM:

A closed loop control system is a mechanical or electronic device that
automatically regulates a system to maintain a desired state or set point
without human interaction. It uses a feedback system or sensor. It allows for
accurate monitoring and regulation of the output.
Ina buck converter, a closed loop system is used so that output voltage
remains almost constant even when is a fluctuation in input voltage.
FORMULAE:
Load current(Io)=Inductor Current(IL)
Duty Ratio, D=Output Voltage(Vo) / Input Voltage(Vin)
Capacitance C=ΔI/(8*fs*ΔVo)
Inductance L=Vo*(1-D) / (fs* ΔI)
Resistance,R=Vo / Io
DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR BUCK CONVERTER:

Let the switching frequency(fs) be 10kHz.
Max. Io=IL=6A
D=1.2 /3.3 = 0.363636
Duty Ratio= 36.3636%
Voltage ripple, ΔVo =0.02*1.2=0.024

Therefore, Output voltage can vary from 1.176V to 1.224V
Current Ripple, ΔI= 0.40*6 = 2.4A

C= 2.4 / (8*10000*0.024)
C=1.25mF
L= 1.2*(1-0.363636)/(10000*2.4)
L = 0.0318mH
R= 1.2/6 =0.2 ohms
For PID Controller Calculations, use trial and error method to get Proportional error
constant(Kp), Derivativeerrorconstant(Kd) and Integralerrorconstant(Ki).
By that, we will get Kp = 0.7, Kd=0, Ki=1000.
STATE SPACE MODEL OF BUCK CONVERTER:
During ‘ON’ Mode:
From KVL:
From KCL:
In State Space form:
During ‘OFF’ Mode:

From KVL:
From KCL:
During Discontinuous Conduction Mode:

From KVL:
From KCL:

PROCEDURE:
• Open a blankmodel on MATLAB-Simulinksoftwareandwireupthecircuitasper

the circuit diagram.
• Design a closed loop system usinga PID controller andconnectittothegate terminal
of MOSFET.
• Observe the output voltage and output current.
• Make sure that the output values do not exceed the limits.
SIMULATION:
CASE1: INPUT VOLTAGE=3.3V
OUTPUT VOLTAGE=1.2V
OUTPUT CURRENT=6A
GRAPH:
CASE2: INPUT VOLTAGE = 2V(LESS THAN 3.3V)(VOLTAGE

FLUCTUATION)
OUTPUTVOLTAGE=1.19V(lieswithintherangeof 1.176Vto
1.224V)
OUTPUT CURRENT=5.951 A(lies within the range of 4A to 6A)
CASE3: INPUT VOLTAGE = 4V(GREATER THAN 3.3V)
(VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION)
OUTPUTVOLTAGE=1.177V(lieswithintherangeof 1.176Vto
1.224V)
OUTPUT CURRENT=5.883A(lies within the range of 4A to 6A)
INFERENCE:
Thus, simulation of closed loop buck converter has been performed.
Aclosedloopsystemisusedsothattomaintainalmostconstantoutputvoltageevenwhen there
are fluctuations in input voltage supply.
It is observed from the simulation that even when there is an increase or decrease in input
voltage supply, output voltage lies within the limits.
CONCLUSION:
Buck converters are step down converters.
➢ This converter reduces amplitude of the output end when compared to the
input end.
➢ The input ripple in the buck converter is very high and the output ripple in
the buck converter is very low because of the presence of the inductor in the
output side of the converter.

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NATIONALINSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY

SIMULATION REPORT ON CLOSED LOOP

3. Circuit Diagram of Buck Converter

6. Design calculations of Buck Converter

7. State Space Model of Buck Converter

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF A BUCK CONVERTER:

BUCK CONVERTER (STEP DOWN CONVERTER):

DIFFERENT MODES OF OPERATION:

b) A dc-dc converter is said to be operating in DCM (discontinuous

SIGNIFICANCE OF CLOSED LOOPSYSTEM:

Inductance L=Vo*(1-D) / (fs* ΔI)

DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR BUCK CONVERTER:

Voltage ripple, ΔVo =0.02*1.2=0.024

Current Ripple, ΔI= 0.40*6 = 2.4A

In State Space form:

During ‘OFF’ Mode:

In State Space form:

During Discontinuous Conduction Mode:

In State Space form:

• Open a blankmodel on MATLAB-Simulinksoftwareandwireupthecircuitasper

CASE2: INPUT VOLTAGE = 2V(LESS THAN 3.3V)(VOLTAGE

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Inductance L=Vo(1-D) / (fs ΔI)