LANDMARK UNIVERSITY, OMU-ARAN

COURSE COMPACT
COLLEGE: SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PROGRAMME: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
COURSE COMPACT FOR: MCE433 ADVANCED THERMODYNAMICS
Course
Course code: MCE433
Course title: Advanced Thermodynamics
Credit unit: 2
Course status: Compulsory

Lecturer’s Data
Name of the lecturer: Ayokunle O. Balogun
Qualifications obtained: BEng, MEng, PhD
Department: Mechanical Engineering
College: College of Science and Engineering
E-mail: [email protected]
Office Location: A212

Consultation Hours: (Tue-Thur, 12 – 2 pm);

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE

Course Description: The course examines the 2nd law of thermodynamics in relation to the
concepts of reversibility and irreversibility, entropy an exergy . The thermodynamics of
non-reacting and reacting mixtures are considered. For the non-reacting mixtures, rules
for determining the properties of the working fluid above the T cr (gas mixtures) and
below the T cr (gas-vapour mixtures) are developed. In the study of reacting mixtures,
combustion is emphasised and the criterion for establishing chemical equilibrium is
developed and applied to reacting ideal-gas mixtures.
Course Justification: In practice, non-reacting and reacting gas mixtures are common working
fluids in many engineering applications. The working fluids in air-conditioning and
power generation in ICE, for instance, are gas-vapour and reacting mixtures
respectively. Furthermore, actual processes occur in a given direction in consonance
with the second law giving rise to the concept irreversibility, entropy generation and
exergy destruction. For mechanical engineering graduates to be competent in analysing
and designing efficient engineering systems, they need to understand this concepts and
processes. This course is designed to fulfil this aspiration.
Course Objectives: The overall goal of the course is to gain conceptual understanding and
intuitive learning on the implication of the second law and the thermodynamics of
reacting and non-reacting mixtures. The specific objectives are to:
(i) gain an in-depth understanding of the second law of thermodynamics and its
implication in engineering processes and devices
(ii) provide understanding on the P−v−T behaviour and thermodynamic properties
of gas mixtures.

1
 (iii) gain understanding of the thermodynamics of gas-vapour mixtures.
(iv) undertake analysis of chemical reactions as seen in combustion processes.
(v) gain knowledge of chemical and phase equilibrium.
Course Content:
(i) Second law of thermodynamics
(ii) Entropy and Exergy
(iii) Non-reacting mixtures
a. Gas mixtures
b. Gas-vapour mixtures
(iv) Reacting mixtures
a. Chemical reactions: Combustion
(v) Concepts of equilibrium
a. Chemical equilibrium
b. Phase equilibrium
Course Expectations: Upon the completion of this course the student is expected to have an
understanding and knowledge of:
(i) Second law of thermodynamics, entropy and exergy
(ii) The thermodynamics of non-reacting gas mixtures
(iii) Psychrometric air conditioning processes
(iv) Reacting mixtures with emphasis on combustion
(v) Equilibrium of chemical reactions and phase change

S/N GRADING SCORE(%)

1. Continuous Assessments
 C.AI 7%
 C.AII (Mid-Semester Test) 15%
 C.AIII 8%
2. Final Examination 70%
3. Total 100
N.B.
This varies from College to College. So please, find out the grading method in your College

Course Delivery Strategies: Lectures, Tutorials, Animation/YouTube videos and Problem

Solving.

Course Duration: 2 hours

2
 LECTURE CONTENT
Break into module and modules into weeks, indicating objectives, description, study question
and other information as posted below.

Module 1: SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

WEEK 1: Reversible and irreversible processes
 Objectives (list the objectives): The objectives are to:
(i) Revise the second law of thermodynamics.
(ii) Discuss reversible and irreversible processes.
(iii) Examine the Carnot cycle and Carnot Heat Engine.

 Description
First hour:
Revision on second law of thermodynamics

Second hour
Reversible and irreversible processes
Carnot cycle-Carnot heat engine

 Study Questions:
(i) What is a perpetual motion machine?
(ii) An inventor claims to have invented a heat engine that develops a thermal
efficiency of 80 percent when operating between two heat reservoirs at 1000 K
and 300 K. Evaluate his claim.

WEEK 2: Entropy I
 Objectives (list the objectives): The objectives are to:
(i) Define a new property called entropy.
(ii) Establish the increase of entropy principle.
(iii) Examine the Tds relation
(iv) Calculate entropy changes for pure substances

 Description
First hour:
Entropy and increase of entropy principle

Second hour
Entropy changes and entropy balance

 Study Questions:
(i) When a system is adiabatic, what can be said about the entropy change of the
substance in the system?
(ii) The entropy of a hot baked potato decrease as it cools. Is this a violation of the
increase of entropy principle? Explain.
(iii) A rigid tank contains 5 kg of refrigerant-134a initially at 20 °C and 140 kPa.
The refrigerant is now cooled while being stirred until its pressure drops to 100
kPa. Determine the entropy change of the refrigerant during this process.

3
WEEK 3 Entropy II
 Objectives (list the objectives): The objectives are to:
(i) Calculate entropy changes for incompressible substance, and ideal gases.
(ii) Examine a class of idealised processes, called isentropic processes.
(iii) Familiarise the students with isentropic efficiencies for selected steady-flow
devices.
(iv) Introduce and apply the entropy balance.

 Description
First hour:
Entropy changes and isentropic processes

Second hour
Entropy balance

 Study Questions:
(i) What three different mechanisms can cause the entropy of a control volume to
change?
(ii) Is the isentropic process a suitable model for compressors that are cooled
intentionally?
(iii) Air is compressed from an initial state of 100 kPa and 17 ℃ to a final state of
600 kPa and 57 ℃ . Determine the entropy change of air during this
compression process by using the
a. property values from the air table, and the
b. average specific heats

(iv) Air in a large building is kept warm by heating it with steam in a heat exchanger
as shown in the Fig below. Saturated water vapour enters this unit at 35 °C at a
rate of 10,000 kg/h and leaves at 30 °C at about the same pressure. Determine
the rate of entropy generation associated with this process.

4
WEEK 4: Exergy
 Objectives (list the objectives): The objectives are to:
(i) Define exergy as the maximum useful work that could be obtained from a
system at given state in a specified environment.
(ii) Examine exergy destruction.
(iii) Define second-law efficiency.
(iv) Develop the exergy balance relation and apply to closed systems and control
volumes.

 Description
First hour:
Exergy and Exergy destruction

Second hour
Second-law efficiency and exergy balance

 Study Questions:
(i) What is the second-law efficiency? How does it differ from the first-law
efficiency?
(ii) How does useful work differ from actual work? For what kind of systems are
these two identical?
(iii) Steam enters a turbine steadily at 3 MPa and 450 °C at a rate of 8 kg/s and exits
at 0.2 MPa and 150 °C, (Fig. below). The steam is losing heat to the
surrounding air at 100 kPa and 25 °C at a rate of 300 kW, and the kinetic and
potential energy changes are negligible. Determine the
a. actual power output,
b. maximum possible power output,
c. the second-law efficiency,
d. the exergy destroyed, and the
e. exergy of the steam at the inlet conditions

Module 2: THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY RELATIONS

WEEK 5: Maxwell relations and Clapeyron equation
 Objectives: The objectives are to:
(i) Review partial derivatives and develop associated relations.
(ii) Develop Maxwell relations, which form a basis for many thermodynamic
relations.
(iii) Develop the Clapeyron equation and determine the enthalpy of vaporization
from P , v ,T measurements alone.

5
  Description
First hour:
Partial derivatives and Maxwell relations

Second hour
Clapeyron equation and enthalpy of vaporization

 Study Question:
(i) What is the difference between partial differentials and ordinary differentials?
(ii) Consider a function z (x , y ) and its partial derivative ( ∂ x /∂ y )x . Under what
conditions is this partial derivative equal to the total derivative dz /dy ?
(iii) What is the value of the Clapeyron equation in thermodynamics?
(iv) Using the Clapeyron equation, estimate the value of the enthalpy of vaporization
of refrirgerant-134a at 20 °C, and compare it with the tabulated value.

WEEK 6: General relations for thermodynamic properties

 Objectives: The objectives are to:
(i) Introduce the general relations for du , dh , ds ,c v , c p
(ii) Introduce the ∆ h , ∆u , ∆ s for real gases.

 Description
First hour:
General relations for du , dh , ds ,c v , c p

Second hour
∆ h , ∆u , ∆ s for real gases

 Study Question:
(i) On the generalised enthalpy departure chart, the normalized enthalpy departure
values seem to approach zero as the reduced pressure PR approaches zero. How
do you explain this behaviour?
(ii) Propane is compressed isothermally by a piston-cylinder device from 95 °C
and 400 kPa to 5500 kPa. Using the generalized charts, determine the work
done and the heat transfer per unit mass of propane.

Module 3 NON-REACTING GAS/GAS-VAPOUR MIXTURES

WEEK 7: Non-reacting gas mixtures
 Objectives: The objectives are to:
(i) Develop rules for determining non-reacting mixture properties from the
knowledge of mixture composition and the properties of the individual
components
(ii) Define mass fraction, mole fraction and volume fraction.
(iii) Apply the rules to determine mixture properties of ideal-gas mixture and real-
gas mixture.

 Description
First hour:
Composition of a gas mixture: mass and mole fractions

Second hour
Application of rules to determine gas mixtures properties

 Study Question:

6
 (i) Is a mixture of ideal gases also an ideal gas? Give an example.
(ii) Consider a mixture of several gases of identical masses. Will all the mass
fractions be identical? How about the mole fractions?
(iii) A mixture of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and helium (He) gases with
mass fractions of 0.0625, 0.625, and 0.3125, respectively, enter an adiabatic
turbine at 1000 kPa and 600 K steadily and expand to 100 kPa pressure (Fig.
below). The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 90 percent. For gas
components assuming constant specific heats at room temperature, determine
the
a. work output her unit mass of mixture,
b. exergy destruction, and the
c. second-law efficiency of the turbine. Take the environment temperature
to be T0 = 258 °C.

WEEK 8: Non-reacting gas-vapour mixtures

 Objectives: The objectives are to:
(i) Define, and calculate the specific and relative humidity, and dew-point
temperature of atmospheric air.
(ii) Relate the adiabatic saturation temperature and wet-bulb temperatures of
atmospheric air
(iii) Use the psychometric chart as a tool to determine the properties of atmospheric
air
 Description
First hour:
Dry and atmospheric air, specific and relative humidity of air, dew-point temperature

Second hour
The psychrometric chart

 Study Questions:
(i) Can the water vapour in air be treated as an ideal gas? Explain.
(ii) On a hot afternoon, the outer surface of a chilled can drink frequently “sweats”.
How can you explain this sweating?
(iii) A 5-m x 5-m x 3-m room shown in Fig. below contains air at 258 °C and 100
kPa at a relative humidity of 75 percent. Determine (a) the partial pressure of
dry air, (b) the specific humidity, (c) the enthalpy per unit mass of the dry air,
and (d) the masses of the dry air and water vapor in the room.

7
 (iv) Consider a room that contains air at 1 atm, 358C, and 40 percent relative
humidity. Using the psychrometric chart, determine the
a. specific humidity,
b. enthalpy,
c. wet-bulb temperature,
d. dew-point temperature, and
e. specific volume of the air.

WEEK 9: MID-SEMESTER EXAMINATION

 Objectives:
To examine students in what has been taught in the course so far and evaluate their
preparation towards the end of the semester examination.

WEEK 10: Air-conditioning processes

 Objectives: The objectives are to:

(i) Examine the different air-conditioning processes
(ii) Apply the principles of the conservation of mass and energy to various air
conditioning processes
 Description
First hour:
Air conditioning processes

Second hour
Application of conservation of mass and energy principles to air-conditioning processes

 Study Questions:
(i) What is evaporative cooling? Will it work in humid climates?
(ii) What does a modern air-conditioning system do besides heating or cooling the
air?
(iii) Air enters a window air conditioner at 1 atm, 30 °C, and 80 percent relative
humidity at a rate of 10 m3/min, and it leaves as saturated air at 14 °C. Part of

8
 the moisture in the air that condenses during the process is also removed at 14
°C. Determine the rates of heat and moisture removal from the air.
Module 4 REACTING MIXTURES

WEEK 11: Fuels & Combustion

 Objectives: The objectives are to:

(i) Give an overview of fuels and combustion
(ii) Define combustion analysis parameters such as air-fuel ratio, percent theoretical
air, and dew-point temperature
(iii) Calculate the enthalpy of reaction, enthalpy of combustion and heating values of
fuels

 Description
First hour:
Fuels and combustion, and combustion analysis parameters

Second hour
Enthalpy of reaction, enthalpy of combustion and heating values of fuels

 Study Question:
(i) How does the presence of N2 in air affect the outcome of a combustion process?
(ii) What are the causes of incomplete combustion?
(iii) One kmol of octane (C8H18) is burned with air that contains 20 kmol of O2, as
shown in the Fig. below. Assuming the products contain only CO2, H2O, O2, and
N2, determine the mole number of each gas in the products and the air–fuel ratio
for this combustion process.

WEEK 11: Energy balances of reacting systems

 Objectives: The objectives are to:

(i) Apply energy balances of reacting systems
(ii) Determine the adiabatic flame temperature for reacting mixtures

 Description
First hour:
Energy balances of reacting systems

Second hour
Adiabatic flame temperature for reacting mixtures

 Study Question:

(i) The constant-volume tank shown in the Fig contains 1 kmol of methane (CH4)
gas and 3 kmol of O2 at 25 °C and 1 atm. The contents of the tank are ignited,
and the methane gas burns completely. If the final temperature is 1000 K,
determine the
a. final pressure in the tank and
9
 b. heat transfer during this process.
(ii) A fuel is completely burned first with stoichiometric amount of air and then
with the stoichiometric amount of pure oxygen. For which case will the
adiabatic flame temperature be higher?

Module 5: CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILIBRIUM

WEEK 12: Chemical Equilibrium

 Objectives: The objectives are to:

(i) Develop the equilibrium criterion for reacting systems
(ii) Develop a general criterion for chemical equilibrium applicable to any reacting
system based on minimizing the Gibbs function for the system.
(iii) Define and evaluate the chemical equilibrium constant.

 Description
First hour:
Equilibrium criterion for reacting systems

Second hour
Chemical equilibrium constant

 Study Question:
(i) Write different KP relations for reacting ideal-gas mixtures, and state when each
relation should be used.
(ii) A mixture of 2 kmol of CO and 3 kmol of O2 is heated to 2600 K at a pressure
of 304 kPa. Determine the equilibrium composition, assuming the mixture
consists of CO2, CO and O2 (Fig below).

WEEK 13: Phase Equilibrium

 Objectives: The objectives are to:

(i) Establish the phase equilibrium for non-reacting systems in terms of Gibbs
function of the phases of a pure substance.
(ii) Apply Gibbs phase rule to determine the number of independent variables
associated with a multicomponent, multiphase system
(iii) Apply Henry’s law and Raoult’s law for gases dissolved in liquids.

 Description
First hour:
Phase equilibrium in terms of Gibbs function for pure substance

Second hour
Gibb’s phase rule and Henry’s and Raoult’s laws

 Study Question:
(i) Consider a tank that contains a saturated liquid-vapour mixture of water in
equilibrium. Some vapour is now allowed to escape the tank at constant
temperature and pressure. Will this disturb the phase equilibrium and cause
10
 some of the liquid to evaporate?
(ii) Consider a two-phase mixture of ammonia and water in equilibrium. Can this
mixture exist in two phases at the same temperature but at a different pressure?
(iii) Determine the mole fraction of air at the surface of a lake whose temperature is
17 °C as shown in the Fig. Take the atmospheric pressure at lake level to be 92
kPa.

Reading List
(i) Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach by Cengel Y.A. and Boles M.A.
8th Edition
(ii) Fundamental of Thermal-Fluid Sciences by Cengel Y.A., R.H. Turner, and J.M.
Cimbala

WEEK 14: REVISION

WEEK 15 EXAMINATION

HOD’s COMMENTS: ______________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Name: ______________________________ Signature _____________ Date: _________

DEAN’s COMMENTS:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Name: ______________________________ Signature _____________ Date: _________

11