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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
40 views43 pagesMth201 Manual
Uploaded by
Lucia SchneiderCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 43
PTERI
A LUED FUNCTION OF A REAL VARIABLE
ematical way of formaisin,
more dependent
jons: The notion of a function is the mathe
‘more independent quantities are assigned to one OF
ties. Functions in general and their investigation are at the core 0! :
to model dependences of variable quantities, from simple plane graphs, curve and Surface iy
to solution of differential equations or the algorithmic construction of fractals.
EBA.
es of real valued elementary function
the exponential functions and
nalysis. They f,
| ely:
chia
On the other hand, the most important exampl ;
will be discussed as we proceed. Also the power function,
applications will be included.
Basic Notions _
1 The simplest case of a real valued function is a double row list of numbers, consisi
of values from an independent quantity x and corresponding values of a dependent quantity
y
Example1: Study the mapping y = x2. First choose the region D in which the x - values
should vary, forinstance D = [x €R: — 1 < x < 1].A row vector of the same lengthd}
corresponding y -values is generated, Finally plot (x,y), plot the point (x1, 1), - Op
Yq) in the coordinate plane and connect them with line segments.
=
8
g
g
ez
3
5
5
3
3
5
2
3
>
a
5
3
Z
s
2
a
8
5
S
=
=
5
5
S
P
8
z
Es
3
ze
é
3
2
2
2
=
g
5
z
Re
areas of mathematics function defined on arbitrarily sets are needed. For the general set-
| theoretic notion of a function we refer to the literature. This session is dedicated to real valu
functions.
Definition2: A real-valued function F with domain D and Range R is a rule which
assign to every x € D areal number y € R.
In general, D is an arbitrary set and it will be a subset of R.For the expression function we
also use the word mapping synonymously. A function is denoted by F:D > R: x > F(X)
‘The graph of the function F is the set (f) = {(x,y) € DxR; y =F(@)}-
In the case of DCR the graph can also be represented as a subset of the coordinate plane. The
set of the actually assumed values is called image of F or proper range: F(D) = {F (x); x €
D). 7
xample:
Some Elementary functions:
~ Linear functions(straight lines) y = kx
2 wie
= Quadratic Parabolas y = x? or y = ax’
_ Power functions: in case of an integer exponent nCN the following rules apply; x" —
=* - ,
b ¥x.x...x (n factor), x! = x,x° = 1,x maa 0) xample:
~ Absolute values, sign and indicator function Berrie
- Exponential functic @
ponential functions and logarithms Bon
mnerate
(&) wit
RULE ssociat
DE L’HOSPITAL’:
put the
Theorem: If f(x)and g(x) are differentiable in some interval about x = a, and f(a
10 2 LO), jj 1@) _ £@) f£@)
g(a)and g}(a) # 0 then: limysq £@ provided that limi,
ae) ‘:
oe) g(a) baa a
exist 2" one used when g*(a) = 0] :
Proof: use MVT assurance x >a et, AC
f@)-f@
A = FO for some ee(a,x)also, .
g@)-g@_ ,
FA = 5'(@)for some ze(a,x).now
f(a) = g(a) =0.
fe
G(x)
The, limy.g 22 =I Le)
9) 8 Gea) xP
Where ,z, €(a, x).
he sxample: find lim, +9 —-y~ using de I’ Hospital
tim £22. 3
= aid
m= .
(6082) — ig 28M
too
xample: find lim,»
xampleslimy-se=1(66 7 >0)
erate a value of variable y. the rule is often expressed in the form of an equation y =
2 with the properties for any input x there is a unique value for y. Different outputs are
pe are rule but not all rule are functions, function of a variable x is manipulated to
sociated with different inputs. The function is said to be single valued because for a given
ut there is only one output. E.g, the equation y = 2x +3
f(a) =
iat limit
-1 & g@ =3
f@)
=2\ ae ‘
} The general exponential function is given by y = @ Wee > 0 and because q = elf
j i = exina
general exponential function can be written by-form y = €
'
Because In a < 1 when a < e you can see that graph increases less quickly then thea
e and if a > e it grows faster.
| The inverse exponential function is the logarithmic function expressed by the equation |
y = logax ;
= loga x = Inx
ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS (
| Ifby replacing x by — x in f(x) the expression does not charge:its value, f is called any
| function. For example, if f(x) = x? the f(—x) = (—x)? = x? = f(x) so that f is ane,
function. On the other hand, if f(x) = —f(x) then f is called an odd function. For e: Xan,
f (x) = x? then f(—x) = (-x)3 = = —f(x) so that f is odd function.
Also, since sin(—@) = —sin® the sin function and because cos —@ = cos@ the cosine
function is an even function
ODD AND EVEN PARTS
Every function is either even or odd and can be written as the
sum of an even parts and a1
| odd part. If given f(x) where f(x)is also defined then:
fe) L410)
is even and
fol) = PL) 55 54. Further more of
(x) is called the is
Meealled the Pram even part of f (x) and fo(2) i a CHAPTER 2
"PREVIEW OF DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION WITH Me
* . Logarithmic differentiation
I i oncre u, v,w and y are function of x. First take logs to base e »
ny = Inu + Inv — Inw differentiate each term w.r.t.x
du 1, du_ 1) dw
dev" dx w’ dx
1 du 1_dw
cosx
Boned
aig sinee fF +cotx + 2ean2a|
eine cosx | Lx.
Ex: y = xte*tanx
Implicit functions
x? +y! =25
dy _
2x + 2yz=0
dy
ae
CY si a
xa
| Ex:x? +y—2x—6y+5= 0 find y'andy" at x =3,y =2
¢ Parametric equation:
= cos2t & x = sintin this case, any value we give to t will produce pair of
for x and y which could if necess:
s 1 : ary be plotted and provide one point of the
is called a Parameter, and the two CHAPTER 3 _
Solution
LAGRANGE’S MEAN-VALUE THEOREM
Statement: Ifa function f(x) is ae
| closed interval [a, 5], i
fi) Continugus jn the closed interval .
) (iy Defessieat the open interval (a, 5),
: < (a,b) such that Ve
| Then there exists at least one point ¢ € (a,b), su Le a
= i : hes yen Se
i (7o)- fla) ig) |= Logeeage S ereiegs: \
\ereapren A a2) cae corel |
L x)
Proof: Consider the fonction F()defined by 4 oe
F(x)= f(x)+ Ax
Where 4 is constant such that F (a)= F(b) Las
Ps
f(a)+ A-a= f(b)+ 4-6
} e 4-_L)+F(a) in ) |
I ba | pu
f
Om 1!
[ F(x) satisfies all the following conditions of Rolle’s ‘'hdSram— 2 4
i () F(x) is continuous in [a, 6} i
(ii) F(x) is derivable in (a, b),
(ii) F(a)=F(bha e)=4
x c
F 7 ¥,
Bey cara’ s Man vatuc ‘Theorem
Se 70-10-6170
tg, —Ieg,1=(e-1) 6)
1
10 =(e—1)2
(e DF
€=e-1=2.71828-1
= 1.71828 CHAPTER 4
a REM i ae
POR 's pia) in series of ascending powers of /, then the expg
If (a+ h)can be expa Rie AGa
fla+h)= fla)+ Wf (a) S'(@)+ ay 2
Put a+h=xorh=x-a we get
peal pn
fle)=sle)+(e-0) fo} 252) se
Example 1: Expand e* in powers of (x +3).
Solution: /(x)=e*
By Taylor’s Theorem :
flax A=se)enso)s® pla)© pla).
Here h=x+3
at+h=xora+(x+3)=x,a=-3
Putting the values of a, hin Taylor's Theorem we get
1039 33)- sea) (43)/'C 3) ES pe 3) LAD pop 5g
Pe ler det shee ayer Gee,
elieteene Heeaayer Beh fay :
Colter sat oeean |
x Se
Example 2: Expand V/1+sin.x up to sixth powers of x.
Solution: /(x)= Vi+sinx CHAPTER 5
MINIMA) OF FUNCTIONS
said to have a minimum, value at
r
ND
0
Furthermore, it is required that at maximum and minimum points
L-oant =o
The solution of these equations gives the coordinates of points of possible n
and saddle points. These possible points are called Stationary Points.
Definition: A saddle point is a point which is neither a relative maximum or mini
THEOREM
PROOF
Consider the Taylor expansion of f(x, y) of two variables,
farno+r-sad)+(12r42) igen ee:
ox ae emea(ngend) Sab) +...(M)
(Ms)
30 2;
3.
Tutorial Questions
wi.
1 20
20,t1 M ann
- (0,0),(0) ane (—1,0).next we test for maxitnury ™iNNlim ang
ry points are (0,0), (I
neta a
» A= F5.(0)— f,.(10)f,, (1,0) = 0 = (8)(12) = -96 <0
if
=>(1,0) is a minimum point.
y
At point (-1,0)
1 a
A= f,.(-1.0)— f,(-1.0)f,, (1,0) = 0-(8)(12) = -96 < 0 if
= (1,0) is also a minimum point,
Examine the following function for extreme values: fix,y) = x+y! 2x74+dxy-2y?_
Ina plane triangle, find the maximum value of Cos A, Cos B, Cos C
Discuss the maxima and minima of f (x,y) = x°y? (I-x-y)
By f-*y
32 CHAPTER 6
,AGRANGE’S METHOD OF MULTIPLIERS
‘a method for obtaining the relative maximum and minim
wm values of a function F(x, y,2)
constraint condition (x, y,=) =
Hagject (02 O consists of the formation of the auxiliary
function
G(x,¥,2) = FO Y.2) + AD, y, 2)
ary conditions for a relative maximum or minimum. The parameter 7,
nt of x, y,zis called a Lagrange’s Multiplier.
F(x, y, 2) is stationary subject to the condition (x,y,z) = 0, then there
oF cee a eon
eee ede ‘onstraints condition
corresponding to these critical Points is(20 + 45 +125)/19
=10
i is 75/17.
? bea function of two variables i Z
then z is a function of x only. The deriva
as constant and vary x alone, [ Thed
ea the partial derivative of z with respect
to x, treating y as constant, is called
ae 22 OF 6.x), Daf
by one of the symbols 4% * 9%
Let 6xy)-f@9)
2 bx
az
Thus
Thus ae Mee
Similarly, the derivative of 2 with respect to y, Keeping x as constant, is called the pat
dz of
55 Sys
2 with respect to y and is denoted by one of the symbols. symbols 9Y "2
8 py LOY +89) = fly)
| thus OY 670 5)
} Similarly, ifz is a function of three or more variable *1? 27 ¥3, +++ i
is ble the partial d
with respect to 1+ is obtained by differentiating z with respect to 1 keeping all
constant and is written as 92 / 2c,
In general Sze and FY are al
| pana wit epee akg | functions of x and y and so these can be differ
az ga
axdy °" dxay OF
2()- vz ar ; » a
dy \Ax) ~ Byax OT Byax ify, and —. = waz arp
oy!
aca az
ax lor) marae peg =
ez does
Oyax =x4+y3—3axy.
cmmwehive 27°) :
28 L352 —30y,5
Es
& aay? —3ax
pepe Ape
By? _ Oo) oxBy,
ayer.
Ify is a function of x then 4 is the derivative meaning the gradien
the rate of change with respect tox.
Example
Cateulateg and $= when 237+ 3ay +y— as
),(0,2,0) and (0,0,1), The partial derivatives ree le heap
erpretation: = is the slope you will notice if you wa
yout y coordinate fixed, is te so
S,
direction that your x cee
tions you could walk, and _ » cosxy) =»? cosxyand ay
(iii) 2 =, sinxy. Then 2
result we used the product rule.
(iv) Ifa? + 3°42
‘s 2), Solution. We have = = a
). But
Example
Le
Solution. Important point
Unlike ry derivatives .s do not behave like frac
es do not lik
like ordinary derivatives,
ial derivative
pepe
a: * O:/de
Small changes
Letz=flxy) i
hange x to x + dxand y toy + dywith dxand 5
Fo ar change in 2? The answer is that the change is dz, g
nit
ie
Imagit
correspa!
This formula requires dxand dyto be very small an
approximate one. However, it becomes more and more
is sometimes expressed by saying nb b
Oz s10 JE
at ay
wheredr, dyand dzare infinitesimal increments.
Let’s give some idea where formula (0.1) comes from. Let
function of one variable and its derivation. For a function of
bey g(x) and the graph of this is a curve with a gradient dy/dx
‘wo points on this curve, (xy) and a neighbouring point (x
neighbouring point is sufficiently close the line joining the tv
oy/bx, is a good approximation to the tangent line at (x,y) wl
‘means that J3/dx~ dy/dx so that dy (dy/dx) 5x. :
We want to generalise this id Z=flx,y) of tv
a surface, aa ch es
In the (x,y) plane let A be the point with coordinates (x,y), let
(«+d1,), and C the point with nates (x + dx,y Hie
ftom A to Cis given by d= (change n
‘Similarly’ chat
Therefore
02. 98:
have derived formula (0.1).”* ~ an" + Gy
and we
Example
‘Acylindrical tank is 1_m high and 0.3 m radius. If heigh ius
a height is increased by 5 cm and radius |
‘Solution. Let the radius be r and height be h, Then the volume Vis given by
V=nrh
Wv. ov.
so that — r= 2arhand ~~ “dh= 77°. Therefore in the notation of the present problem formula
(0.1) becomes
= Inrhdr+arPhdh
In our case r= 0.3, h = 1, d= 1 cm = 0.01 m, dk= 5 om = 0.05 m so
5V~= 2x(0.3)(1)(0.01) + x(0.3)°(0.05) = 0.033 m>
Example :
‘The angle of elevation of the top of a tower is found to be 30°+0.5" from_a point 3000.1
from the base. Estimate the towers height.
Solution, One could imagine that this sort of problem would arise when a surveyor is unabl:
to take completely accurate readings and wants to know the likely margin of error.
Let 0 be the angle of elevation, the towers
Then
height and x the distance from tower to observer.
h=xtanO
so that ar tandand Gh 9 vsec® 0. Therefore
Oh dh.
SliuRoon poe tp 98)
fi 9 10th oh ano OG
= tan br + sec? 50
Reet 6 radians and 50 0.5° = 0.008727 radians. Also x= 300i and dx= 0.1
Thertyare® #0 98° =3.55m
3 46(0.1) + 300(sec” 2/6)(0. oo Sa a
ain eae 21 m. Our conchision is that the heigl 218355,
From h = xtan0, we get / ae degrees to radians your final answer would be Wrong
NB: If you had not converted deg!
Absolute, relative and percentage chang
+ absolute change is 6:
* relative change is “
+ percentage change is ~ 2x 100
+ Example on percentage change
th and width of a rectangle are measured with errors of at most
spectively. Estimate the maximum percentage error in the area,
Solution. Let x = length, y = width and 4 = area. Then, of course, A = xy. So
= x, Therefore
3% and 5 »,
. ere oA
OA
