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Lecture # 3

This document discusses conditional statements in C++, including: 1. Boolean expressions that evaluate to true or false using relational and logical operators. 2. The && and || operators that combine Boolean expressions. 3. Comparison operators and precedence rules. 4. Simple and compound if, if-else, and multiway if-else statements that control program flow based on conditions. 5. Common mistakes like using = instead of == and the importance of braces with if-else statements.

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26 views24 pages

Lecture # 3

This document discusses conditional statements in C++, including: 1. Boolean expressions that evaluate to true or false using relational and logical operators. 2. The && and || operators that combine Boolean expressions. 3. Comparison operators and precedence rules. 4. Simple and compound if, if-else, and multiway if-else statements that control program flow based on conditions. 5. Common mistakes like using = instead of == and the importance of braces with if-else statements.

Uploaded by

Amaim Fatima
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Conditional

statements

Lecture # 3
Course Instructor:
Dr. Afshan Jamil
Outline
Boolean The && The ||
Truth tables
expression operator operator

Simple
Comparison Precedence Flow of
branching
operators rules control
mechanism

Compound Multiway if-


Simple if If-else
statement else

Common
Nested if
mistake to
else Examples
avoid
Boolean expression

• A Boolean expression is an expression that can be


thought of as being true or false.
• A Boolean expression can be evaluated in the same
way that an arithmetic expression is evaluated.
• Boolean expression uses relational operations such
as == , >, and < and Boolean/logical operations
such as &&, ||, and ! to produce one of the two
values true and false as the result.
CONTD…
• C++ sometimes uses integers as if
they were Boolean values.
• The compiler will treat any nonzero
number as the value true and will
treat 0 as the value false.
• Examples:
• (x==y)
• !( ( y < 3) ||(y > 7) )
The && operator

• You can form a more elaborate Boolean


expression by combining two simple tests
using the “and” operator &&.
• Syntax (For a Boolean Expression Using &&)
– (Comparison_1) && (Comparison_2)
• Example
– (score>0) && (score<10)
– (marks>==90) && (marks<=100)
The || operator

• You can form a more elaborate Boolean


expression by combining two simple tests
using the “or” operator ||.
• Syntax (For a Boolean Expression Using ||)
– (Comparison_1) || (Comparison_2)
• Example
– (x == 1) || (x == 5)
– (count>10) ||(count<50)
Truth tables
Comparison/Relational
operators
Precedence rules
• Binary operations of equal precedence are evaluated
in left-to-right order.
• Unary operations of equal precedence are evaluated
in right-to-left order
Flow of control

• The order in which the statements in your program


are performed is called flow of control.
• There are two ways to specify flow of control, using
• Branching mechanism
that lets your program choose between two
alternative actions, choosing one or the other
depending on the values of variables.
• Looping mechanism
that lets your program repeat an action several
times.
Simple branching mechanism

– If it is, do the following:


– Statement 1
– If it is not, do the following:
– Statement 2
• There is a C++ statement that does exactly
this kind of branching action. The if-else
statement chooses between two alternative
actions.
Compound statement
• A list of statements enclosed in a pair of braces is
called a compound statement.
• A compound statement is treated as a single
statement by C++ and may be used anywhere that a
single statement may be used.
• If more statements are desired for a branch, the
statements must be enclosed in braces to convert
them to one compound statement.
• If two or more statements not enclosed by braces
are placed between the if and the else, then the
compiler will give an error message.
Simple if statement

1.if(condition)
2. {
3. //code to be executed

4. }
Example
1. #include <iostream>
2.using namespace std;
3.
4.int main ()
5. {
6. int num = 10;
7. if (num % 2 == 0)
8. {
9. cout<<"It is even number";

10. }
11. return 0;
12.}
If-else statement
1. if(condition)
2. {
3. //code if condition is true
4. }
5. Else
6. {
7. //code if condition is false
8. }
Example
1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. int main () {
4. int num = 11;
5. if (num % 2 == 0)
6. {
7. cout<<"It is even number";
8. }
9. else
10. {
11. cout<<"It is odd number";
12. }
13. return 0;
14.}
Multiway if-else
1. if(condition1)
2. {
3. //code to be executed if condition1 is true
4. }else if(condition2)
5. {
6. //code to be executed if condition2 is true
7. }
8. else if(condition3)
9. {
10.//code to be executed if condition3 is true
11.}
12....
13.else{
14.//code to be executed if all the conditions are false
15.}
Example
#include <iostream> else if (num >= 70 && num < 80)
using namespace std; {
int main () { cout<<"B Grade";
int num; }
cout<<"Enter a number to check gra else if (num >= 80 && num < 90)
de:"; {
cin>>num; cout<<"A Grade";
if(num >= 0 && num < 50) }
{ else if (num >= 90 && num <= 100)
cout<<"Fail"; {
} cout<<"A+ Grade";
else if (num >= 50 && num < 60) }
{ else
cout<<"D Grade"; {
} cout<<“wrong number";
else if (num >= 60 && num < 70) }
}
{
cout<<"C Grade";
}
Common mistake to avoid

• One common mistake is to use the


symbol = when you mean ==
• This error is not caught by many
compilers.
• Example:
– if(x=12)
– cout<<“True”;
– else
– cout<<“false”;
Nested if-else statements
• An if-else statement within an if statement
Example
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n ;
cout<<"Enter any integer number: " ;
cin>>n ;
if ( n < 100 )
{
cout<<“Given number is below 100\n";
if( n%2 == 0)
cout<<“And it is EVEN" ;
else
cout<<"And it is ODD" ;
}
else
cout<<“Given number is not below 100" ;
}
return 0;
Example to illustrates the importance of
using braces in if-else statements.
• #include<iostream>
• using namespace std;
• int main()
• {
• int marks_sub1, marks_sub2;
• cout<<"Enter marks for two subjects:";
• cin>>marks_sub1 >> marks_sub2;
• if (marks_sub1 > 40)
• if (marks_sub2 > 60)
• cout<<"You can enter the competition";
• else //this else belongs to which if
statement
• cout<<"You can exit";
• }
Class Task

• Write a program which takes character as input and


tell whether it is vowel or consonant.
THE END

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