Pitts, M. Henry - An Experimental Study of The Influence of Social Psychological Factors Upon Production in The Thematic Apperception Test
Pitts, M. Henry - An Experimental Study of The Influence of Social Psychological Factors Upon Production in The Thematic Apperception Test
Pitts, M. Henry - An Experimental Study of The Influence of Social Psychological Factors Upon Production in The Thematic Apperception Test
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I r r e g u l a r n u m b e r i n g [o ] „ O v e r s iz e d s h e e t s
P a i d -■ ^ ^
I By thesis deposit | 1
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D a t e b i l l e d _________________________________
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
BY
M. HENRY PITTS
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
DECEMBER, 1951
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
W ith o u t t h e g e n e r o u s c o n t r i b u t i o n o f t i m e a n d i n t e r e s t
by Mr. C e r o i d D. S c o t t t h i s s t u d y c o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d
o u t. Mr. P a u l Kaufm an h a s a f r i e n d l y t o u c h an d c l e a r u n d e r s t a n d
i n g w h ic h h e l p e d t o ease th e p a in o f c e r t a i n a s p e c ts of t h i s stu d y
n o t e n t i r e l y c o n g e n i a l t o my d i s p o s i t i o n .
T h e r e a r e o t h e r s t o whom I am g r a t e f u l : my c o m m i tt e e , c o n
D r. D a v id G r a u e r ; a n d my f r i e n d s D r. G eorg e S t e r n a n d Hugh W. L a n e .
a v a ila b le to speed t h e p r o j e c t.
e c t h e r own, a s i n d e e d i t is.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... v
LIST OF IL L U S T R A T IO N S .................................................................................. v ii
C h a p te r
I. INTROD UCTIO N.................................................................................. 1
P r e v i o u s S t u d i e s o f t h e P ro b le m ............................. 4
R a t i o n a l e o f t h e P r e s e n t S tu d y .................................. 9
G e n e r a l A s s u m p tio n s . . . ............................................ 16
A W orking A s s u m p tio n a b o u t t h e D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n
o f S e l f - H a t e i n t h e N e g ro G r o u p ............................. 17
An E m p i r i c a l T e s t o f t h e W orking A s s u m p tio n . 22
R e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw e e n S o c i a l - P s y c h o l o g i c a l
B a c k g ro u n d s a n d t h e P r e s e n t P ro b le m :
H y p o t h e s e s ................................................................................... 35
I n d e p e n d e n t V a r i a b l e s ..................................................... 42
P r o c e d u r e i n t h e E x p e r i m e n t ....................................... 44
T r e a tm e n t o f t h e S t o r i e s : M easurem ent o f
D e p en d e n t V a r i a b l e s ........................................................... 49
V. RESU LTS................................................................................................. 56
Mean Number of Words p e r S t o r y p e r I n d i v i d u a l . 56
Number o f N eeds p e r I n d i v i d u a l .................................. 66
Number o f P r e s s p e r I n d i v i d u a l .................................. 69
D e f e n s i v e n e s s S c o r e s ........................................................... 71
A n a l y s i s o f t h e P r o b l e m ................................................. 82
E x p l a n a t i o n o f R e s u l t s ...................................................... 88
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS— C on tin u ed
C hapter Page
APPENDIX F ...........................................................................................................................124
LIST OF REFERENCES............................................ ' ........................................................125
iv
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LIST OF TABLES
T a b le Page
1 .. S o c i a l D a t a on t h e T o t a l P o p u l a t i o n o f 8 4
Negro S u b j e c t s ........................................................................................ 25
3. D e s i g n o f t h e E x p e r i m e n t .................................................................. 44
4. C o m p a ris o n s o f R a t i n g s b y Two J u d g e s U s in g t h e
A ron Scheme on I n t e r v i e w M a t e r i a l s and TAT S t o r i e s , 51
5. Summary o f Means o f A l l t h e I n d e p e n d e n t V a r i a b l e s
a n d T h e i r C o m b in a t io n s f o r t h e F o u r D e p e n d e n t
V a r i a b l e s ................................................................................................. 57
6. A n a l y s i s o f t h e V a r i a n c e f o r A v e ra g e Number o f
Words p e r S t o r y p e r P e r s o n ........................................................... 58
11. A n a l y s i s o f t h e V a r i a n c e f o r T o t a l Number o f
N e e d s p e r P e r s o n ................................................................................... 66 •
14. A n a l y s i s o f t h e V a r i a n c e f o r T o t a l Number o f
P r e s s p e r P e r s o n ................................................................................... 69
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LIST OF TABLES— C o n t in u e d
T ab le Page
19. O c c u r r e n c e o f S i g n i f i c a n t V a r i a n c e s i n t h e Four
D e p en d e n t V a r i a b l e s Showing L e v e l s o f C o n f i d e n c e . . 73
20. Showing t h e I n t e r - C o r r e l a t i o n s o f t h e D e p en d e n t
V a r i a b l e s .......................................................................................... 73
vi
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LIST OP ILLUSTRATE ONS
F ig u r e page
1. F requency D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P S c o re s f o r th e
T o t a l P o p u l a t i o n o f 84 N egro S u b j e c t s ............................... 27
2. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f N S c o res (A n ti-N eg ro ) f o r th e
T o ta l P o p u la tio n of 84 N egro S u b j e c t s ........... 29
5. S c a t t e r g r a m S h ow ing C o r r e l a t i o n o f Raw P a n d N
S c o r e s f o r t h e T o t a l P o p u l a t i o n o f 84 N egro
S u b j e c t s .................................................................................................. 32
v ii
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
b e c a u s e t h e p i o n e e r s i n t h i s a r e a h a v e many l o y a l d i s c i p l e s , o r
b e c a u se p e o p le have b e e n to o busy u s in g th e te c h n iq u e s , t h e th e o
r e t i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e R o r s c h a c h t e s t , T h e m a tic A p p e r c e p t i o n T e s t
(TAT), S z o n d i , a n d many o t h e r p r o t e c t i v e t e s t s h a s n o t b e e n s u b
j e c t e d to w id e sp rea d c a r e f u l i n v e s t i g a t i o n . N or h a v e e f f o r t s b e e n
made t o s e e k f o r t h e i r b a s i c p r e p o s i t i o n s . T h is d i s s e r t a t i o n i s
t o TAT r a t i o n a l e .
The p r o p o s i t i o n u n d e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n seem s t o a s s e r t t h a t
t h e TAT p r o c e d u r e c a n f u n c t i o n s u c c e s s f u l l y o n l y i f t h e p i c t u r e s
th e s u b je c t b e in g t e s t e d .
I t was s t a t e d t h a t t h e r e s u l t s o f s t u d y i n t h e H a r v a r d
P s y c h o l o g i c a l C l i n i c show ed c e r t a i n p i c t u r e s t o b e m ost u s e f u l
f o r b o y s , men, g i r l s , a n d women r e s p e c t i v e l y .
I t was c o n s i d e r e d a n d t h e i d e a w as l a t e r c o n f i r m e d by e x
p e r i e n c e t h a t i n m o st p i c t u r e s t h e r e s h o u l d b e a t l e a s t one
p e r s o n ( e v o c a t i v e o b j e c t ) w i t h whom t h e s u b j e c t c o u l d e a s i l y
e m p a th i z e a n d i d e n t i f y h i m s e l f . Thus t h e r e s h o u l d b e a s e p
a r a t e s e t o f p i c t u r e s f o r m a l e s , and f e m a l e s , an d a l s o f o r
c h i l d r e n , y o u n g a d u l t s and e l d e r s . (3 2 , p . 531)
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T h is p r o p o s i t i o n i s a p p l i e d i n W il l ia m H e n ry ’ s s t u d y o f
th e s e v e r a l In d ia n g ro u p s (IS , p . 1 3 ) . He seem ed t o f i n d i t n e c
e s s a r y t o h a v e s p e c i a l p i c t u r e s d ra w n i n w h ic h t h e p e o p l e w e r e
I n d i a n s a n d t h e s c e n e s a n d r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n d i c a t e d w e re s p e c i f i c
to In d ia n l i f e . T h i s w as a n a d a p t a t i o n o f t h e p i c t u r e s t o t h e
p e c u l i a r c u l t u r a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f t h e s e A m e ric a n I n d i a n s . Thomp
s o n made r e f e r e n c e t o H e n ry ’ s s t u d y s/:d l e f t t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t
H enry h a d g i v e n him b a s i s f o r a s s u m in g t h a t a s i m i l a r a d a p t a t i o n
was n e c e s s a r y f o r N e g r o e s ( 4 0 ) .
l e c t e d a s a b a s i s o f g r o u p m e m b e rs h ip a n d a s e t o f TAT p i c t u r e s
ad ap ted f o r t h a t g ro u p . I t i s c l e a r t h a t some t h e o r e t i c i a n s a n d
p r o f e s s i o n a l w o r k e r s w i t h t h e TAT h a v e assu m ed t h a t t h e b a s e s f o r
a s s i g n i n g i n d i v i d u a l s t o s o c i a l g r o u p s a r e v a l i d b a s e s f o r m ak in g
s p e c i a l a d a p t a t i o n s o f t h e TAT. I f g e n e r a l i z e d , t h i s w o u ld im p ly
sp e c ifie d .
p e r c e p t i o n T e s t ( h e r e i n a f t e r r e f e r r e d t o a s T-TAT), t h e a d a p t a t i o n
c o n s i s t s o f a n a r t i s t ’ s r e d r a w i n g o f t h e o r i g i n a l M u rra y TAT ( h e r e
i n a f t e r r e f e r r e d t o a s M-TAT) so t h a t i n p l a c e o f t h e w h i t e p e r
w h ite s.
A num ber o f t h e o r e t i c a l p r o b le m s s u g g e s t t h e m s e l v e s . Is
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in a p ic tu re ? Is th is v a lid ity a p p lic a b le to th e p ro c e ss e s in
c e p t i n t h i n k i n g a b o u t TAT s t o r y m aking?
A l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e no w e l l f o u n d e d t h e o r e t i c a l l a w s u p o n
w h ic h p r o t e c t i v e t e s t s a r e b a s e d , it i s b e lie v e d th a t p e rc e p tio n
i s a b a s ic p ro c e s s (1, p . 4 6 ).
The p u r p o s e o f t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n i s t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e
g e n e ra l t h e s is th a t s o c ia l and p sy c h o lo g ic a l v a ria b le s a re s ig
n if ic a n tly r e la te d to th e r e s u l ts of p ro je c tiv e t e s t s in g e n e ra l.
The s p e c i f i c aim o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y i s t o d i s c o v e r t h e s o c i a l -
p s y c h o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h ic h v a r i o u s t y p e s o f ITegro p e r
s o n a l i t i e s a r e m ost p r o d u c t i v e i n t h e TAT t a s k . T h is r e s e a r c h
a s s u m e s t h a t t h e g e n e r a l s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n o f ITegroes i n A m e ric a
c r e a t e s c e r t a i n d i s t i n c t t y p e s o f p e r s o n a l i t y s t r u c t u r e w h ic h
m u st b e c o n s i d e r e d a l o n g w i t h t h e tw o s e t s o f p i c t u r e s a s i n d e
pendent s o c ia l-p s y c h o lo g ic a l v a r ia b le s in v e r if y in g th e g e n e ra l
th e si6 . A ls o i t i s assum ed t h a t t h e t e s t i n g s i t u a t i o n i t s e l f i s
a n i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w h ic h m ust h a v e m e a s u r a b l e e f f e c t s u p o n
s i t u a t i o n s w hen i n t e r a c t i n g w i t h t h e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f p e r s o n
a lity s tru c tu re .
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CHAPTER I I
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
P r e v i o u s S t u d i e s o f t h e P ro b le m
A lth o u g h M u r r a y ’ s e a r l y s t a t e m e n t s f o r m e d a b a s i s f o r an
a ssu m p tio n t h a t s p e c i a l t e s t p i c t u r e s a r e b e s t f o r p a r t i c u l a r
g r o u p s , no s y s t e m a t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w e r e u n d e r t a k e n by M u rra y o r
u s e w i t h N a v a jo c h i l d r e n , b u t a g a i n no s y s t e m a t i c s t u d y was c a r
r ie d o u t. N ot u n t i l C h a r l e s E. Thompson p u b l i s h e d h i s a d a p t a t i o n
•
t r a n s c e n d e n c e i n d e x , f o u n d some s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h e a s s u m p t i o n
m ig h t n o t h o l d f o r t h e m a l e - f e m a l e g r o u p i n g s ( 4 4 ) . H e r w o rk seem s
n o t t o ste m fro m t h e i n t e r e s t i n c u l t u r a l g r o u p s b u t i t h a s b e a r
i n g on t h e p r o b l e m . U n d e r t h e s t i m u l a t i o n o f Thompson’ s w o r k , two
s t u d i e s b e a r i n g o n t h i s a s s u m p t i o n i n d i f f e r i n g ways h a v e a p p e a r e d .
B e r n a r d F . R i e s s , Em anuel K. S c h w a r tz , a n d A l i c e C o t t i n g -
ham h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d an e x p e r i m e n t a l c r i t i q u e o f t h e a s s u m p t i o n s
Howard E . M i t c h e l l , a n d J u l i a n M e l t z o f f h a v e made a c r i t i c a l e v a l u
a t i o n o f t h e N egro a d a p t a t i o n ( 2 4 ) .
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5
The Thompson S tu d y
From h i s e x p e r i e n c e o f a " d e a r t h o f m a t e r i a l i n t h e p r o
t h a t t h i s w a s due t o t h e s u b j e c t s * i n a b i l i t y to i d e n t i f y w ith
Thus t h e t h e o r e t i c a l b a s i s o f t h e r e s e a r c h i s t h e c o n c e p t o f
e a s i e r i f N eg ro s t i m u l u s f i g u r e s w e r e s u b s t i t u t e d f o r w h i t e o n e s .
T h i s h y p o t h e s i s w as t e s t e d i n t h e r e s e a r c h .
The e x p e r i m e n t w as w i t h a s a m p le o f 26 v o l u n t e e r s fro m
l o g i c a l a s p e c t s o f t h e p r o c e s s o f i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w e re n o t i n c l u d e d
i n t h e r a t i o n a l e o r d e s ig n o f th e s tu d y . It is c le a r th a t th e
s o c i a l - p s y c h o l o g i c a l n a t u r e o f t h e p r o b le m w as i g n o r e d i n t h e ap
p a r e n t r a t i o n a l e f o r u s i n g N egro t e s t a d m i n i s t r a t o r s : "T h is p e r
m i t t e d t h e t e s t i n g t o b e done u n d e r n o r m a l a c a d e m ic c o n d i t i o n s ,
i t a l i c s are th e w r i t e r 's ) .
The t e s t i n g t e c h n i q u e c o n s i s t e d o f s t a n d a r d i n s t r u c t i o n s
i n w h ic h t h e s u b j e c t s th e m se lv e s w ere to w r i t e t h e i r s t o r i e s w h ile
t h e p i c t u r e s w e re p r o j e c t e d on a s c r e e n . The r e s u l t s o f t h e s t u d y
w e re s c o r e s f o r t o t a l number o f w o r d s , f o r v e r b s , f o r n o u n s ex
c l u d i n g p r o n o u n s , a n d f o r m o d i f i e r s a d j e c t i v a l and a d v e r b i a l .
V a l u e s o f “t " w ere u s e d t o s t a t i s t i c a l l y e v a l u a t e t h e d i f f e r e n c e
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b e tw e e n m e a n s . I t was a ssu m e d t h a t t h e g r e a t e r t h e num ber o f
w ords, t h e g r e a t e r t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . The m a in f i n d i n g w as a
d i f f e r e n c e s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0 1 l e v e l o f c o n fid e n c e f a v o r i n g
t h e N e g ro v e r s i o n . The r e s u l t was i n t e r p r e t e d a s c o n f i r m i n g
t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t N egro s u b j e c t s i d e n t i f y m ore e a s i l y w i t h
N e g ro s t i m u l u s f i g u r e s ; c o n se q u e n tly th e s p e c i a l p i c t u r e s a re
b e s t f o r t h a t p a r t i c u l a r group.
One C r i t i q u e o f t h e Thompson S tu d y
i n a t h e o r e t i c a l c o n c e r n w i t h t h e TAT w h ic h i s b r o a d e r t h a n Thomp
s u c h a s : What i s t h e p r o v o c a t i v e n a t u r e o f t h e p i c t u r e ? I s th e re
a h a lo e f f e c t i n th e seq u en ce o f p i c t u r e s ? What i s t h e n a t u r e o f
t h e e f f e c t o f t h e t e s t s i t u a t i o n i t s e l f i n v o l v i n g t h e e x a m in e r and
th e su b je c t? ( p . 701) W ith t h e s e c o n c e r n s i n m in d t h e y w e re l e d
r e t i c a l r e a s o n s f o r f e e l i n g t h a t p r e s e n t a t i o n o f N egro s t i m u l u s
p i c t u r e s w o u ld i n c r e a s e s e l f - c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f t h e s u b j e c t , t h u s
I n t h e i r own e x p e r i m e n t t h e y seem t o h a v e f e l t t h a t s o c i o
w o r k in g w i t h S o u t h e r n N e g r o e s . In t h e i r d e sig n th e y fo rm u la te d
h y p o t h e s e s a r o u n d b o t h N o r t h e r n N e g r o e s and N o r t h e r n w h i t e s , t h e
r e s u l t s t o b e c o m p a re d w i t h T h o m p s o n 's d a t a on S o u t h e r n N e g r o e s .
d i v i d u a l c a r d s to t h e s u b j e c t s r a t h e r th a n u s e t h e l a n t e r n s l i d e
p ro je c tio n . In t h e i r f i r s t re p o rt th ey p re s e n te d t h e i r r e s u l t s
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
a s word, c o u n t , j u s t a s Thompson d id .. The r e s u l t s a r e r o u g h l y
1. N o r t h e r n N e g r o e s w i t h N egro e x a m in e r s p r o d u c e more t h a n
S o u t h e r n N e g ro e s u n d e r t h e same c o n d i t i o n s o f e x a m in e r
and m a te r ia ls .
2. N o r t h e r n N e g r o e s p r o d u c e more o n w h i t e t e s t m a t e r i a l w i t h
a N eg ro e x a m in e r t h a n do S o u t h e r n N e g r o e s .
3. N o r t h e r n N e g r o e s p r o d u c e m ore on N egro m a t e r i a l w i t h a
w h i t e a d m i n i s t r a t o r t h a n do S o u t h e r n N e g r o e s o n t h e same
m a t e r i a l w i t h N egro e x a m i n e r s .
On t h e b a s i s o f t h e s e r e s u l t s t h e y c o n c l u d e t h a t T h o m p s o n 's
h y p o t h e s i s m u st b e r e j e c t e d . I t i s im p lie d by t h e i r stu d y t h a t
1. th e u n c o n tr o lla b le e f f e c t s of th e s o c i o lo g i c a l v a r i a b le
i n h i s s u b j e c t s maJce T h o m p s o n 's c o n c l u s i o n s u n r e l i a b l e ,
2. th e e f f e c t s of t h e i n t e r p e r s o n a l v a r i a b l e s o f s u b j e c t and
e x a m in e r v i t i a t e T h o m p s o n 's c o n c l u s i o n .
H ence i t i s n o t i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s p e c i a l p i c t u r e s , p e r s e . a r e
b e s t f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r group p e r s e .
A n o th e r C r i t i q u e o f T h o m p so n 's E x p e rim e n t
S h e ld o n J . K o r c h i n , Howard E . M i t c h e l l , and J u l i a n M e l t z o f f
h a v e p r e s e n t e d d a t a i n w h ic h t h e s o c i a l c l a s s v a r i a b l e i n t h e s u b
n ific a n t.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
8
C o m p a riso n o f t h e R a t i o n a l e o f T h e s e T h r e e
S tu d ie s w ith th e P re se n t R esearch
B o th o f t h e s e s t u d i e s s h a r e w i t h t h e p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h a
c o n c e r n a b o u t t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f s p e c i a l TAT p i c
t u r e s f o r a p a r t i c u l a r g ro u p o f p e o p l e . The f o u r s t u d i e s d i f f e r
fro m o n e a n o t h e r i n t h e o r e t i c a l b a c k g r o u n d a n d e x p e r i m e n t a l d e s i g n .
a l o g i c a l c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e a b s e n c e o f s o c i o l o g i c a l t h e o r y con
h e u s e d a v a l u e ju d g m e n t i n p l a c e o f s c i e n t i f i c t h o u g h t r e g a r d i n g
t h e e x a m in e r. R i e s s e t a l . a r e a w a re o f t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f
s o c i a l v a r i a b i l i t y a s a r e H o r c h in e t a l . They d e m o n s t r a t e s u c h
v a r i a b i l i t y and t h e i r c r i t i c i s m o f t h e Thompson s t u d y i s p e r h a p s
v a lid .
The p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h s h a r e s w i t h R i e s s e t a l . t h e a w a r e
n e s s o f s o c i o l o g i c a l v a r i a b i l i t y a n d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e exam
i n e r - s u b j e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p w h e re N e g ro s u b j e c t s a r e c o n c e r n e d . The
a b r o a d c u l t u r a l v a r i a b l e s u c h a s N o r t h and S o u th a r e a s o f t h e
c o u n try . The c o n c e p t u a l e m p h a s is i n t h e p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h i s u p o n
t h e s o c i a l - p s y c h o l o g i c a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n o r s i t u a t i o n fo r m e d when
v a r i a b l e s o f r a c e i n t h e s t i m u l u s - p a t t e r n ( e x a m in e r a n d p i c t u r e s )
i n t e r a c t w i t h d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f p e r s o n a l i t y o r g a n i z a t i o n i n Negro
su b je c ts. The d i f f e r e n t t h e o r e t i c a l e m p h a s is h a s n e c e s s i t a t e d a
d iffe re n t e m p h a s is i n e x p e r i m e n t a l d e s i g n a n d r e s e a r c h p r o c e d u r e .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
9
R a t i o n a l e o f t h e P r e s e n t S tu d y
The g r e a t b u l k o f t h e o r y a n d r e s e a r c h e f f o r t i n t h e p r e s
e n t s t u d y h a s g one i n t o d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g t h e p o p u l a t i o n so t h a t
d e sig n o f t h e e x p erim en t i s s i m i l a r t o t h e d e s ig n o f R ie s s e t a l . ,
e x c e p t t h a t t h e y do n o t u t i l i z e t h e f a c t o r i a l s t r u c t u r e a n d t h e
p r e c is io n o f a n a ly s is of v a ria n c e te c h n iq u e . The l o g i c o f t h e
c i a l g roups i s : I f t h e t o t a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s o f s o c i a l and p s y c h o
l o g i c a l f a c t o r s a r e w h a t make t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n TAT r e s p o n s e , t h e n
The S o c i a l - P s y c h o l o g i c a l N a t u r e o f P e r c e p t i o n
T h is lo g ic r i s e s o u t o f th e w r i t e r ’ s i n t e r e s t i n p e rc e p
c e p t e d a s t h e k e y c o n c e p t , ,th e n t h e c o n d i t i o n s w h ic h b r i n g a b o u t
v a r i a t i o n i n p e r c e p t i o n and c o g n i t i o n a r e t h e f o c a l p o i n t o f an
ex p erim en t t e s t i n g t h e v a l i d i t y o f a s p e c i a l s e t o f TAT p i c t u r e s
f o r a p a r t i c u l a r s o c i a l g ro up . The s o c i a l p s y c h o l o g y f o r m u l a t e d
i n K rech and C r u t c h f i e l d (2 5 ) i s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e s o - c a l l e d
“ p r o j e c t i v e h y p o t h e s i s ” a s f o r m u l a t e d b y L. K. F r a n k .
I n e f f e c t t h i s h y p o t h e s i s s t a t e s t h a t a s i m p le s t i m u l u s
i s t r a n s f o r m e d by t h e m o t i v a t i o n a l t e n d e n c i e s o f p e r c e p t i o n i n t o
f o r m s o f c o g n i t i o n w i t h i n w h ic h t h e p e r s o n c a n b e h a v e o n h i s own
t e r m s r a t h e r t h a n on t e r m s o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s i m p u t e d t o t h e s t i m u
l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s fro m t h e e x t e r n a l f r a m e o f r e f e r e n c e ( 1 2 ) .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
10
Some a s s u m p t i o n s p r o v i d e d b y t h i s new s o c i a l p s y c h o l o g y
o f p e r c e p t i o n r e l e v a n t t o t h e p r e s e n t p r o b le m a r e :
1. The p e r c e i v e r w i l l r e s t r u c t u r e any s t i m u l u s u n t i l i t i s
i n s u c h a fo rm t h a t i t can h e a s s i m i l a t e d t o h i s a p p e r
c e p t iv e m ass.
2. S p e c i f i c f o c i o f n e e d , t e n s i o n an d o t h e r m o t i v a t i o n a l a s
p e c t s of t h e p e r s o n a l i t y d e te rm in e t h e s e l e c t i v e a s p e c t s
of p e rc e p tio n .
3. The i n t e r p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e e x a m in e r p r o v i d e s
t h e e m o t i o n a l b a c k g r o u n d on w h ic h p e r c e p t u a l p r o c e s s e s
w o rk .
4. The s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f t h e TAT s t i m u l u s , t h o u g h r e l e v a n t ,
i s l e s s i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e u s e t o w h ic h t h e t e s t i s p u t
t h a n i s k n o w le d g e o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw e e n t h e b e h a v
i o r a l p r o d u c t and t h e p e r s o n a l i t y d y n a m ic s fro m w h i c h i t
c o m es.
S o c i a l - P s y c h o l o g i c a l A s p e c ts o f t h e
T e s tin g S itu a tio n
The t h e o r e t i c a l q u e s t i o n o f t h e e f f e c t o f s o c i a l - p s y c h o
l o g i c a l f a c t o r s u p o n s t o r y - m a k i n g i s a ssu m e d t o b e a n s w e r e d a s
fo llo w s:
I n t h e i n t e r p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n e x a a i n e r a n d s u b
je c t, t h e s u b j e c t p e r c e i v e s o r a p p e r c e i v e s t h e e x a m in e r , c o n s c i o u s l y
o r u n c o n sc io u s ly , a c c o rd in g to t h e p e r c e p tu a l c a t e g o r i e s o r s t e r e o
ty p e s b u i l t i n to th e su b je c t* s p e r s o n a l i ty s t r u c t u r e by h i s p r e
v io u s s o c i a l e x p e rie n c e s . I n t h e c a s e o f H e g ro s u b j e c t s , t h e s e
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
11
c e i v i n g e i t h e r ^ a w h i t e e x a m in e r o r a N egro o n e . The a f f e c t i v e
t o n e s a c c o m p a n y in g t h e s e p e r c e p t i o n s w i l l f a l l a l o n g a c o n tin u u m
of g r e a te r o r le s s e r d is tu r b in g u n p le a sa n tn e ss . The a p p e r c e p t i v e
p r o c e s s e s assum ed t o be c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l ' s p e r
s o n a l i t y s t r u c t u r e a n d " n o r m a l" t o TAT s t o r y - m a k i n g w i l l b e v a r i
a b ly a f f e c t e d by t h e a f f e c t i v e to n e s o f t h e i n t e r p e r s o n a l r e l a
t i o n s h i p and p r o d u c t i v i t y w i l l c o r r e s p o n d in g ly b e en h an ced o r
c o n stric te d .
When t h e e x a m in e r i s a w h i t e p e r s o n . — Where t h e e x a m in e r
i s a w h ite p e rso n , th e c u l t u r a l d e f i n i t i o n o f th e r e l a ti o n s h i p
a s s u p e r - and s u b - o r d i n a t i o n i s t h e c o r e o f v a r y i n g d ynam ic p r o c
c re a te . I t i s assum ed t h a t f o u r a • p r i o r i p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f r e l a
t io n s h ip a r i s e out o f t h e a cc ep tan c e o r r e j e c t i o n o f th e c u l t u r a l
d e f i n i t i o n o f N e g ro -w h ite r e l a t i o n s :
a n d i n t h e a b s e n c e o f t h i s s o u r c e o f d i s t u r b a n c e may
t i o n / h a s o c c u r r e d m ost o f t e n i n t h e p a s t a n d i n t h e S o u th
w h e re p h y s i c a l f o r c e h a s made i t n e c e s s a r y . R ig id ity ,
s u p p r e s s i o n a n d c o n s t r i c t i o n a r e t h e a tm o s p h e r e o f t h i s
re la tio n s h ip .
re je c t i t . To t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e w h i t e p e r s o n h a s b a s e d
h i s p e r s o n a l s e c u r i t y u p o n t h e s u p p o r t g i v e n him b y t h e
c u l t u r a l d e f i n i t i o n , h e w i l l p e r c e i v e t h e N egro a s a p e r
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
13
i d s p e r s o n a l d y n am ics. On i d s p a r t , w h e re o b j e c t i v e
c o n d i t i o n s may h a v e m i l i t a t e d i n t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n ,
t h e N egro p a r t i c i p a n t h a s e i t h e r g i v e n fr e e d o m o f ex
p r e s s io n to h i s a c tu a l p o t e n t i a l i t i e s o r has m o b iliz e d
h i s e n e r g i e s i n c o m p e n s a to r y e f f o r t . T h is s i t u a t i o n i s
c e r t a i n to be c h a r a c t e r i z e d by h o s t i l i t y and d e f e n s i v e
n e s s and o t h e r p s y c h o l o g i c a l m a n e u v e rs c o v e r e d by t h e
r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n s made a v a i l a b l e t o e a c h i n d i v i d u a l by
h i s own a d a p t i v e t e c h n i q u e s . T h e s e he w i l l h a v e a c q u i r e d
s o c i a l c h a n g e i n A m e ric a , t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f v a r i a t i o n s
i n th e s e l i f e h i s t o r i e s a re s ta g g e r in g t o c o n c e iv e . As
t h e d e m o c r a t i c i d e o l o g y h a s becom e m ore w i d e l y a c c e p t e d ,
t h i s i n t e r a c t i o n a l p a t t e r n — i t s p a r t i c u l a r c o n t e n t a lm o s t
c e r t a i n to b e u n iq u e to t h e i n d iv id u a ls in v o lv e d — h as
p r o b a b l y becom e t h e m o st u s u a l o n e , e s p e c i a l l y i n m e t r o
p o l i t a n r e g io n s o f th e c o u n try r a t h e r th a n i n th e deep
c o n te n t o r th e l e v e l of aw areness, t h i s r e l a ti o n s h i p i s
p r i m a r i l y h o s t i l e and d e fe n s iv e .
H e re i t i s t h e w h i t e p e r s o n a l i t y who h a s e i t h e r r e l e a s e d
c e r t a i n p o t e n t i a l i t i e s w ith in h im se lf o r i s m o b iliz in g
c o m p e n s a to r y e n e r g i e s t o r e n o u n c e a p r i v i l e g e d s t a t u s .
He m u st d e a l w i t h t h e h o s t i l i t y a n d d e f e n s i v e n e s s o f o t h e r
w h i t e s a s w e l l a s o f t h e N egro who h a s f o u n d an e q u i l i b r i u m
in th e c o n v e n tio n a l d e f i n i ti o n o f h is s t a tu s . P erhaps
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
13
an d o t h e r s i n t e r e s t e d i n s o c i a l r e f o r m e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e
S o u th , b u t n o t e x c l u s i v e l y s o . I t i s made p o s s i b l e b y
p a t t e r n s o f s u b m i s s i o n a n d c o n v e n t i o n a l b e h a v i o r w h ic h
some N eg ro l i f e h i s t o r i e s h a v e n e c e s s i t a t e d . I t p ro b a b ly
i s a n a tm o s p h e r e o f t e n s i o n a n d a n x i e t y .
4. The f o u r t h p o s s i b i l i t y i s a r e j e c t i o n by b o t h p a r t i e s o f
th e c u lt u r a l d e f in itio n o f th e s i t u a t i o n . T h is p o s s i b i l i t y
p r e s u p p o s e s a d e ta c h m e n t f ro m t h e d a i l y l i f e o f t h e c u l
t y p e s , c o n s t i t u t e a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l p o r t i o n o f t h e po p u
f o r t h i s k i n d o f d e ta c h m e n t and t h e s e p e o p l e i n b o t h
g roups s u s ta in v a ry in g r e l a t i o n s to th e r e s t of s o c i e t y .
T h is t e r m c a r r i e s t h e c o n n o t a t i o n o f e m o t i o n a l d i s t u r b a n c e
p h e r e o f c r e a t i v e s p o n t a n e i t y ; i f s o , i t w o u ld b e i d e a l
f o r t h e TAT s i t u a t i o n . To j u d g e t h e c u l t u r a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s
o f t h e s e ty p e s i s a g r e a t e ssa y n o t t o be a tte m p te d h e r e .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
14
t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p a r e m in i m a l when N eg ro a n d w h i t e p e r
s o n a l i t i e s o f t h i s ty p e i n t e r a c t .
f o r a c o n c e r n w i t h t h e i n t e r p e r s o n a l a s p e c t s o f t h e TAT t e s t i n g
s e n s e way o f a v o i d i n g i t i s t o s u b s t i t u t e a N eg ro e x a m in e r f o r
t h i s m a n e u v e r i s no a s s u r a n c e t h a t t h e e x a m i n e r - s u b j e c t r e l a t i o n
s h i p i m m e d i a t e l y b ecom es c o n g e n i a l f o r s p o n t a n e o u s r e s p o n s e by
t h e N eg ro s u b j e c t .
The q u e s t i o n o f i n t e r p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n members
o f t h e N eg ro g r o u p h a s b e e n s u b j e c t e d t o som ew hat l e s s s t u d y t h a n
has i n t e r r a c i a l c o n ta c ts (3 6 , p . 5 7 ) . Some o f t h e s t u d i e s t h a t
o f r a c i a l s o l i d a r i t y t h a n i n m a k in g c l e a r w hat t h e p h e n o m e n a l
c o n te n ts of th e s e r e l a ti o n s a re l ik e l y to b e . At l e a s t o n e p r i n
c o n t e n t s o f i n t e r p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s w i t h i n t h e N e g ro g r o u p a r e
e v e n t u a l l y d o m in a t e d b y t h e p r o b le m o f t h e s t a t u s o f t h e g r o u p a s
a w h o le .
P r o b le m s o f a d j u s t m e n t t o t h e s t a t u s o f t h e g r o u p a s a
w h o le p r o v i d e b a s i s f o r i n t r a O g r o u p c o n f l i c t . One o f t h e c o n s e
of sta b le , c o n s i s t e n t , f a v o r a b l e m y th o lo g ie s ab o u t th e m se lv e s as
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
15 '
a g roup. The s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n i s s u c h t h a t t h e d o m in a n t g r o u p i s
i n a p o s i t i o n o f pow er p o l i t i c a l l y , e c o n o m ic a lly , i n t e l l e c t u a l l y ,
and p h y s i c a l l y . T h i s e n a b l e s t h e e t h n o c e n t r i c co m p o n e n ts o f t h e
d o m in a n t g ro u p n o t o n l y t o f o r m u l a t e b u t a l s o t o p r o m u l g a t e th e *
v a r i o u s s h a d i n g s o f u n f a v o r a b l e s t e r e o t y p e s o f t h e Negro p e o p l e
(2 1 , 2 8 , 3 3 ) . I n many s u b t l e p s y c h o l o g i c a l fo rm s t h e s t e r e o t y p e s
e n t e r i n t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a l p r o c e s s e s b y w h i c h Negro c h i l d r e n
a c h i e v e c o n c e p t s o f t h e m s e l v e s , t h e i r g r o u p , and t h e i r i d e n t i f i c a
i s q u i t e d a m a g in g t o t h e e f f o r t a f t e r s e l f - e s t e e m . T h i s phenom enon
h a s o c c u r r e d i n o t h e r m i n o r i t y g r o u p s an d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e
in c lu d e s b o th u n c o n sc io u s and o v e r t o p e r a tio n o f in d iv i d u a l h a te
a g a in st th e in d iv id u a l s e l f . The d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n s o f p e r s o n a l i t y
a d j u s t m e n t t o t h e p r o b l e m p o s e d by t h i s phenom enon i s a h e a t e d
s o u r c e o f c o n f l i c t i n i n t e r p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n N e g r o e s
(2 1 , 2 8 , 4 3 ) .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER I I I
G e n e r a l A s s u m p tio n s
Tne o r g a n i z a t i o n o f i d e a s a n d t h e o r i e s i n t h e a r e a s o f
p e r c e p t i o n a n d t h e s o c i a l p s y c h o l o g y o f t h e N egro g r o u p a d d u p
t o a d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h t h e t h e o r y u p o n w n ic h TAT p i c t u r e s h a v e
"been s e l e c t e d and a d a p t e d t o p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p s o f p e o p l e . In
p l a c e o f t h e a p p ro a c h e s c r i t i c i z e d , t h e a ssu m p tio n s f a v o r e d y i e l d
th e fo llo w in g g e n e ra l t h e s i s :
The TAT t e s t i n g s i t u a t i o n f u n c t i o n s a s a t o t a l s o c i a l -
p s y c h o l o g i c a l s i t u a t i o n w i t h i n w h ic h a p a r t i c u l a r p e r s o n a l i t y ..
s t r u c t u r e m a n i f e s t s i t s e l f w i t h m ore o r l e s s e a s e .
P a r t i c u l a r p r o p o s i t i o n w i t h i n t h i s a s s u m p t i o n w h ic h f i n d s
a m o d e l i n t h e c a s e o f t h e TAT w i t h N egro s u b j e c t s i s a s f o l l o w s :
The p e r s o n a l i t y s t r u c t u r e o f t h e N egro s u b j e c t i n t e r a c t s w i t h
t h e p e r c e p t i o n o f t n e s t i m u l u s p i c t u r e and t h e p e r c e p t i o n o f
t h e e x a m in e r t o p r o d u c e e f f e c t s u n i q u e t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r
a r e n o t (H y p o th esis I ) .
B a s i c t o a d e s i g n o f an e x p e r i m e n t t o t e s t t h i s h y p o t h e s i s
f o r a N egro p o p u l a t i o n i s t h e e f f o r t t o c o n t r o l h e t e r o g e n e i t y
w i t h i n t h e N egro p o p u l a t i o n . W ith in t h e t h e o r e t i c a l c o n te x t o f
t h i s s t u d y i t m u st b e a ssu m e d t h a t t h e i m p o r t a n t s o c i a l - p s y c h o -
16
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
17
l o g i c a l f a c t o r s t o be c o n tr o lle d a r e c o n ta in e d i n a s p e c ts of th e
p r o b le m o f -N e g ro -w h ite a d j u s t m e n t . I t was p o i n t e d o u t a b o v e t h a t
s e l f - h a t e i s c e n t r a l i n t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l a d j u s t m e n t o f -Negroes
i n t h i s p ro b lem . T h e r e fo r e , i t i s d e te rm in e d t h a t t h e r e l e v a n t
h e t e r o g e n e i t y w i t h i n t h e -Negro p o p u l a t i o n i s b e s t c o n t r o l l e d b y
an e f f o r t to ty p e h eg ro p e r s o n a l i t y s t r u c t u r e w ith r e g a r d t o i t s
A W o rkin g A s s u m p tio n a b o u t t h e D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n
o f S e l f - H a t e i n t h e -Negro Group
The b a s i c p r o p o s i t i o n s a b o u t t h e r e l a t i o n s o f N e g r o e s t o
t h e t o t a l s o c i e t y , when e f f o r t i s made t o i n t e g r a t e th em w i t h
th e o ry o f s e l f - h a t e . To t h e k n o w le d g e o f t h e w r i t e r , t h e r e a r e
s e v e r a l i n s t a n c e s of a p p ro ach t o t h i s id e a . T h ese a r e e i t h e r b i o
o th e r s o c ia l sc ie n c e re s e a rc h . T h e r e seem s t o e x i s t no p r i o r e f
f o r t t o make e x p l i c i t a p r e c i s e t h e o r y o f t h i s p r o c e s s ; For th e s e
r e a s o n s , t h i s t e n t a t i v e e f f o r t i s v ie w e d a s a n e x p l o r a t i o n a n d
t h e r e i s a w a r e n e s s o f many t e n u o u s g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s c o n t a i n e d i n
background f o r an e x p lo ra to ry e m p ir ic a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n . In th is
research i t i s f e l t t h a t any s i n c e r e e f f o r t a t a l l t o make p s y
c h o l o g i c a l d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n w i t h i n t h e N egro g r o u p i s a c o n t r i b u
tio n . The f a c t t h a t t h e t e n t a t i v e e f f o r t i s s u b o r d i n a t e d , a t t h i s
m om ent, t o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f a s t u d y o f t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f a
s p e c i a l TAT f o r N e g r o e s r e f l e c t s n o t a t a l l u p o n t h e m a j o r s i g
n i f i c a n c e o f t h e p r o b le m a s a r e s e a r c h v e n t u r e i n i t s own r i g h t :
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
18
1. A p s y c h o l o g ic a l ap p ro a ch t o t h e p ro b lem o f s e l f - h a t e i n
o f v a lu e fo rm a tio n w ith in th e p e rs o n .
2. The v a r i e t y o f d i f f e r e n t g r o u p s a v a i l a b l e i n any s o c i e t y
t o e x e r t c o n t r o l s on i n d i v i d u a l s i s a c o n d i t i o n fro m w h ic h
r i s e s th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f u n iq u e n e ss and i n d i v i d u a l i t y in
t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l makeup o f a p e r s o n ev en th o u g h t h e r e
s u l t i s m e m b e rsh ip i n t h e t o t a l s o c i e t y . Members o f a
g r o u p a r e n o t c a r b o n c o p i e s o f one a n o t h e r . E ac h p e r s o n
3. An i d e a w h ic h o p e r a t e s t o w a r d a c l e a r l y i d e n t i f i a b l e a n d
i n t h e g r o u p c o n t r o l o f i n d i v i d u a l b e h a v i o r may h a v e a
m e a n in g f o r t h e " s e l f " o r p e r s o n a l i t y o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l
w h ic h v a r i e s fro m t h e s o c i a l l y d e f i n e d e n d . W ith r e g a r d
i d e a w h ic h o p e r a t e s t o r e s t r i c t h i s g r o u p b u t t o him i t
a s ne p e r c e i v e s i t . ^ e t i t c a n be i n f e r r e d by a n o b s e r v e r .
4. From e a r l y c h i l d h o o d , m em bers o f a m i n o r i t y g r o u p h a v e
b e e n s u b j e c t to p r o c e s s e s of r e s t r i c t i o n and i n h i b i t i o n
w h ic h t e n d t o make t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a n i n t e g r a t e d s e l f
a. T h o se p r o c e s s e s h a v e h a d t h i s e f f e c t b e c a u s e t h e n a
t u r e o f t h e s i t u a t i o n i s a m b i v a l e n t (3 3 , p p . 3 9 , 772,
794 f f j .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
19
b. A ll e v a l u a t i o n s o f t h e s e l f b o d i l y i n c o r p o r a t e d fro m
a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d s o t h e r s w h ich a r e r e w a r d i n g i n s o f a r
as th e y f a c i l i t a t e some g r o u p m e m b e r s h ip , b u t w h ic h
a r e d i s i n t e g r a t i n g i n s o f a r a s th e y p ro d u ce im p u lse s
t o b e h a v i o r s w h ic h a r e n e g a t i v e l y s a n c t i o n e d b y t h e
so c ie ty . From t h e i n t e r n a l f r a m e o f r e f e r e n c e , im
p u ls e s a lr e a d y p a r t of t h e s e l f a re seen a s h a rm fu l.
The i n t e g r i t y o f t h e s e l f r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e y b e ex
p e l l e d b u t s i n c e t h e y a r i s e fro m t h e s e l f t h e r e i s a
fu n d a m e n ta l c l e f t and th e b a s i s f o r am b iv ale n t a t t i
t u d e s to w a rd s th e s e l f .
5. T h is am b iv ale n ce to w a rd s t h e s e l f i s th e c e n t r a l p sy ch o
l o g i c a l p r o b le m o f m e m b e rs h ip i n a m i n o r i t y g r o u p .
a. As i n d i v i d u a l p e r s o n a l i t i e s , m i n o r i t y g r o u p m em bers
u t i l i z e t h e many p s y c h o l o g i c a l m e c h a n ism s d i s c o v e r e d
in o th e r p e r s o n a litie s in t h e i r quest fo r p e rs o n a l
te n c y .
c e n t r a l p s y c h o l o g i c a l p r o b l e m may be s e e n i n t h e f o r
m u la s e l f v s . o t h e r s , members o f a m i n o r i t y g r o u p m ust
r e s o l v e a p r o b le m w h ic h i s b e s t s e e n i n t h e f o r m u l a
s e lf v s. s e lf v s. o th e rs.
6. The t h e o r e t i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a s t u d y (3} p r o
v i d e s a b a s i s f o r c o m p r e h e n d in g t h e dynam ic p r o c e s s e s i n
v o l v e d i n an e t h n o c e n t r i c p a t t e r n o f r e s o lv in g th e s e l f
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
20
v s . o t h e r s p ro b lem ( th e a u t h o r i t a r i a n p e r s o n a l i t y } :
a. R e p r e s s i o n o f d e ep i n s t i n c t u a l i m p u l s e s i s a m a j o r
t e c h n i q u e and l e a d s t o b o t h a u t h o r i t a r i a n s u b m i s s i o n
and a u t h o r i t a r i a n a g g r e s s io n i n s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s w ith
o th e rs (3 , p . 228}. The s e l f s t r u c t u r e s t h e s o c i a l
w o r l d i n t o many g r o u p s o f p e o p l e w h ic h a r e i n r i g i d
h ie ra rc h ie s. A g g re ss io n to w a rd s groups above th e s e l f
i n th e h ie ra rc h y i s su p p ressed r ig id l y . A g g re ssio n
to w a rd s g ro u p s lo w er i n t h e h i e r a r c h y i s p e r m i t t e d
th ro u g h r i g i d p a tte r n s . T h ese p a t t e r n s o f h a n d l i n g
a g g r e s s i o n r e s u l t i n a c o n v e n t i o n a l i t y w h ic h d o e s
th e s o c ie ty . T h is i s a c c o m p a n ie d b y c y n i c i s m , w or
s h i p o f p o w e r, and a n u n d e r l y i n g d e s t r u c t i v e n e s s .
/
b. T h is r e p r e s s i o n e x te n d s th ro u g h t h e / s e x u a l a r e a and
c. The c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h i s i n s t i n c t u a l p a t t e r n f o r t h e
c o g n itiv e a re a s are te n d e n c ie s to s te r e o ty p e d th in k
t e r n a l w o r l d a n d an a c t i v e a n t i p a t h y t o w a r d s i n t r o -
v e r t i v e , i n t r a c e p t i v e m odes o f t h o u g h t .
d. T n e re i s r e a s o n t o s u s p e c t t h a t a n y / o r a l l i n d i v i d u a l s
s a t i s f y many o f t h e i r d e p e n d e n c y n e e d s t h r o u g h member
s h i p i n some g r o u p w hose p r o t o t y p e i s t h e f a m i l y a s
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
21
h a s b e e n a u t h o r i t a r i a n s u c h a s t o make any a g g r e s s i v e
i m p u l s e s ■coward t h e g r o u p f o r b i d d e n ( r e p r e s s e d ) , t b e n
a l l g r o u p s may come t o b e s e e n i n tw o c a t e g o r i e s , i . e « ,
t h o s e a g a i n s t whom a g g r e s s i o n i s f o r b i d d e n and t b o s e
a g a i n s t whom i t i s p e r m i t t e d .
b e r s o f m i n o r i t y g r o u p s a s w e l l a s i n t h e d o m in a n t g r o u p .
a. The f o r c e s i n t h e s o c i e t y a r e s u c h t h a t a m i n o r i t y
i n d i v i d u a l who h a s s u c h a p a t t e r n i s u n a b l e t o e x p r e s s
o f s e l f h a t e , t h e fu n d a m e n ta l c o n f l i c t i n t h e d e v e l - '
opm ent o f t h e c o n c e p t o f s e l f .
b. T h e r e f o r e we may p o s i t t h r e e o u tc o m e s o f e t h n o c e n t r i c
, d e v e lo p m e n t i n m embers o f m i n o r i t y g r o u p s :
(1) P e r s o n s i n whom t h e a u t h o r i t a r i a n p a t t e r n s a r e
n o t - w e l l d e v e l o p e d , who f o r m u l a t e r e l a t i v e l y w e l l
i n t e g r a t e d c o n c e p t s o f s e l f and o f o t h e r s — d e v e l
o p m en tal f a c t o r s i n t h e s e p e r s o n s have e n a b le d
th em t o deaL w i t h e t h n o c e n t r i c v a l u e s i n t h e so
c i e t y so t h a t s e l f h a t e i s m in im a l a n d t h e e f f e c t s
o f r e p r e s s io n nave n o t n e c e s s i t a t e d th e a u t n o r i -
t a r i a n p a tt e r n w ith i t s e th n o c e n tric id e o lo g y .
(2) P e r s o n s who h a v e i n c o r p o r a t e d t h e e t h n o c e n t r i c
v a l u e s o f t h e s o c i e t y b u t who h a v e s u p p r e s s e d t h e
e le m e n ts of s e l f h a te im p lie d a s a co n seq u en ce
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22
o f t h e i r b e i n g m embers o f a m i n o r i t y g r o u p . T h e se
p e r s o n s h a v e f o r m u la te d , a c h a u v i n i s t i c i d e o l o g y
a n d p r o f e s s g r e a t a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e i r own g r o u p
and r e j e c t i o n of o t h e r s . These p e rs o n s a r e h ig h
i n e le m e n ts o f t h e a u t h o r i t a r i a n p a t t e r n and t h e
e t h n o c e n t r i c i d e o l o g i c a l e x p r e s s i o n o f th e m . S e l f
h a te i s c o v e rt o r u n c o n sc io u s.
(3} P e r s o n s who, a s a r e s u l t o f t h e i n c o r p o r a t e d e t h
n o c e n tr ic v a lu e s , have n o t a d e q u a te ly d e a l t w ith
t h e b a s i c am b iv alen ce to w a rd s t h e s e l f . I n them
s e l f h a te i s o v e rt and h ig h a s w e ll a s th e a u th o r i
t a r i a n p a t t e r n w h ic h b r o u g h t i t a b o u t . These
p e o p le a re r e j e c t i n g o f s e l f and o t h e r s as w e l l.
An E m p i r i c a l T e s t o f t h e W orking A s s u m p tio n
It i s h y p o t h e s i z e d t i i a t t h e s e a s s u m p t i o n s w o u ld b e shown
t o h a v e some v a l i d i t y , even th o u g h n o t f i n a l l y e s t a b l i s h e d , i f th e
q u e stio n n a ire , t i t l e d C a l i f o r n i a P u b l i c O p in io n S u rv ey , y i e l d e d
p a t t e r n s o f i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n among F , E, a n d t h e s u b s c a l e s o f E
e x c e p tin g th e H s c a le , a s w ere fo u n d i n th e o r i g i n a l s tu d y .
The C a l i f o r n i a P u b l i c O p i n i o n S urv ey w a s a d m i n i s t e r e d t o
a p o p u l a t i o n o f 115 N egro m a l e s . An a p p r o a c h t o r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e
t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n o f Itfegro m a l e s i n t h e c i t y o f C h ic a g o was n o t
t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e c o u l d be f i l l e d o u t i n g r o u p s w i t h minimum o f
t i m e s p e n t c o l l e c t i n g th e m . T h i s a s p e c t w as j o i n e d t o t h e i n t e r e s t
i n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e n e s s b y s e l e c t i n g g r o u p s l i k e l y t o be s o c i a l
c la s s ty p e d . The f o l l o w i n g t a b u l a t i o n shows t h e g r o u p s i n c l u d e d
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23
a n d t h e n u m b e rs t h e y c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e p o p u l a t i o n :
C o l l e g e f r a t e r n i t y . . 11
I l l i n o i s T ech . . . . 10
R o o se v e lt C o lle g e . . 2
H in e s H o s p ita l . . . . 2
S p o rts m a n S o c i a l C lu b . 7
J . C. S o c i a l C lub . . 4
Cam era C lu b . .................... 5
F e d e r a l G le e C lu b . . 12
M id w e st T ra d e S c h o o l . 62
T o t a l . 115
The u s e o f t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e i s o b v i o u s l y r e l a t e d t o t h e
e d u c a tio n a l f a c to r . T h i s w as r e c o g n i z e d i n t h e o r i g i n a l s t u d y .
One m u st b e a b l e t o r e a d and u n d e r s t a n d t h e i t e m s . I t i s a ls o
t r u e t h a t t h r o u g h e d u c a t i o n one a c q u i r e s t h e v a l u e s and r a t i o n a l
i z a t i o n s o r o t h e r d e f e n s e s th ro u g h w h ich t h e b a s i c a t t i t u d e s a re
m ed iate d . The t r e a t m e n t o f t h i s p r o b le m b y L e v i n s o n i s f e l t t o b e
a d e q u a te and i t s c o n c l u s i o n i s a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e p r e s e n t H egro
t i o n i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n c o l l e c t e d i s d i f f e r e n t fro m t h a t p r e s e n t
lo w er c l a s s , i t b e c a m e a d e c i s i o n a s t o w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e i r edu
c a t i o n a l l e v e l e n a b l e d th e m t o c o m p re h en d n o t o n l y t h e i t e m s b u t
th e i n s t r u c t i o n s and te c h n iq u e o f r e g i s t e r i n g t h e i r a t t i t u d e s .
Many s u b j e c t s b e i n g s e n s i t i v e a b o u t t h e i r a b i l i t y t o r e a d a n d w r i t e
k e p t t h e m s e l v e s b u s y a n d g a v e no e v i d e n c e o f h a v i n g d i f f i c u l t y .
A fe w f o r m s w e re h a n d e d i n b l a n k . Some h a d v a r i o u s m i s u s e s o f
p l u s a n d m in u s ; f o r e x a m p le , a l l r e s p o n s e s w e re p l u s o r a l l w e re
m in u s . I n o t h e r c a s e s a l l w e re l * s o r 2 * s , e tc . In o th e r cases
t h e s u b j e c t p u t p l u s e s an d m in u s e s b e f o r e t h e p r o j e c t i v e q u e s t i o n s .
A g a in s t i l l o t h e r s re m e m b e rin g t h e v e r b a l i n s t r u c t i o n s , w r o t e
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
24
t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w e r e n o t s c o r e d f o r two r e a s o n s :
1 . They w e r e n o t s c o r a b l e .
2 . E v i d e n c e s o f e d u c a t i o n a l d i s a b i l i t y w e re so s t r o n g
t h a t t h e r e s e a r c h e r c o u l d h a v e no f e e l i n g t h a t t h e
i t e m s w e re g r a s p e d .
T h i s p r o c e d u r e c a u s e d 21 c a s e s o r 27 p e r c e n t o f t h e t c t a l p o p u
l a t i o n t o whom t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e w as a d m i n i s t e r e d t o b e th r o w n
out as i n v a l i d .
T h i s w as r e g r e t t e d a s sh o w in g a l o s s o f p e r s o n a l i t y d a t a
on t h e l o w e r c l a s s b u t w as a c c e p t e d a s u n a v o i d a b l e .
The w o rk in g p o p u l a t i o n f o r t h i s stu d y c o n s i s t e d , t h e r e
f o r e , o f 84 ITegro m a l e s d i s t r i b u t e d i n s o c i a l c l a s s e s a s f o l l o w s :
U p p e r1 51
M id d le 33
lo w e r 20
T o ta l 84
The r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h i s s t r a t i f i c a t i o n i s f e l t t o b e g o o d .
M r. S t . O l a i r e D r a k e , c o - a u t h o r o f B l a c k M e t r o p o l i s , w h e r e i n
W. L lo y d W a r n e r 's t e c h n i q u e s o f s o c i a l c l a s s s t r a t i f i c a t i o n w e re
i n t e n s i v e l y u s e d o n t h e Hegro p o p u l a t i o n i n C h ic a g o , c o o p e r a t e d
w ith th e r e s e a r c h . He s u p e r v i s e d t h e f o r m u l a t i o n o f a s o c ia l d a ta
s h e e t w h ic h w as a d m i n i s t e r e d w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e (A p p e n d ix 3 ;.
He a n d t h e r e s e a r c h e r , u s i n g c o n c e p t s o f s o c i a l s t r a t i f i c a t i o n
f a m i l i a r t o b o t h fro m p r e v i o u s w ork t o g e t h e r on t h e s t u d y j u s t
n o te d , c l a s s ty p e d th e in d iv id u a ls in d e p e n d e n tly . The a g r e e m e n t
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
25
was 8 ? p e r c e n t . T h e r e was a b s o l u t e a g re e m e n t i n 73 o u t o f 84
cases.
R e l e v a n t s o c i a l d a t a o n t h e w o r k in g p o p u l a t i o n a r e c o n
t a in e d i n th e fo llo w in g t a b l e :
TABLE 1
M e d ian
S o c ial M e d ian M e d ian R e sid en c e
C lass Humber Age E d u c a tio n i n C h ic a g o
U p o e r ............. 31 27 13 y r s . 11 y r s .
M i d d l e .......... 33 35 12 y r s . 12 y r s .
L o w er............. 20 29 10 y r s . 9 y rs.
T o ta l .
P o p u la tio n 84 31 11 y r s . 11 y r s .
T h i s w o r k in g p o p u l a t i o n i s by no m eans p r e s e n t e d a s a r e p
r e s e n t a t i v e sa m p le o f t h e N egro p o p u l a t i o n i n C h ic a g o . R e p re se n ta
t i v e n e s s i n t h e sa m p le i s n o t a c r u c i a l f e a t u r e o f t h i s r e s e a r c h .
S cores o f th e P o p u la tio n on th e C a li f o r n ia
P u b l i c O p i n i o n S u rv e y
The q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w e r e s c o r e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e Key t o
p e n d ix C ). O b v i o u s l y t h e E s c a l e s c o r e f o r t h i s g r o u p o f N eg ro
s u b j e c t s c o u l d n o t b e c o m p a re d w i t h E s c a l e s c o r e f o r t h e s t a n
i t e m s w e re rem o v e d , t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s w o u ld b e c o m p a r a b le a n d t h e
h y p o t h e s i s o f c o m p a r a b i l i t y w o u ld be b o r n e o u t i f t h i s E - m in u s -E
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
26
w i t h E n o t d e a l i n g w i t h t h e H egro g r o u p , an d t h a t t h e p o p u l a t i o n
r e s p o n d e d t h e same t o t h e s e s i x new i t e m s , 2 2 .3 7 w o u ld b e a d d e d
th e n be 7 4 .6 4 . F o r t h e s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n p o p u l a t i o n m ean, t h e mean
E s c o r e v a r i e s fro m g r o u p t o g r o u p w i t h a r a n g e o f 70 t o 8 0 . The
r a n g e f o r E. The s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f t h e s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n g r o u p s
r a n g e fro m 25 t o 30 f o r E. The s i g m a h e r e i s 1 7 . 0 8 .
On t h e F s c a l e , t h e o r i g i n a l s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n p o p u l a t i o n
t o be a p p l i c a b l e t o o u r g r o u p , o u r p o p u l a t i o n mean o f 1 4 0 . 6 3 c an
b e d i r e c t l y c o m p a re d . I t i s w e l l a b o v e t h e mean o f t h e s t a n d a r d i z a ^ -
t io n g ro u p s. E ven t h o u g h t h e s c a l e may b e t h e o r e t i c a l l y a p p l i c a b l e
to our p o p u la tio n , i t is im p o rta n t t o n o te t h a t th e c o l l e c t i o n o f
o ur p o p u la tio n in v o lv e d a c o n scio u s e f f o r t to in c lu d e in d iv id u a ls
w hose e d u c a t i o n w as a s m in i m a l a s p o s s i b l e . S i n c e we h a v e no con
h e n d t h e w r i t t e n f o r m o f t h e i t e m , t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h i s p op
u l a t i o n F s c o r e an d t h a t o f t h e s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n g r o u p s c o u l d be
w e ll be i n t e r p r e t e d a s f a l l i n g w i t h in t h e ran g e o f t h e s t a n d a r d i z a
i n F ig u re 1.
Ho e f f o r t i s made t o c o m p a re t h e K s c o r e s o f t h i s p o p u l a
t i o n w i t h t h e s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n g r o u p s b e c a u s e t h e i r m e a n in g s a r e
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
27
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
28
d i f f e r e n t f o x t h e tw o g r o u p s . A ls o w e know o f n o o t h e r e f f o r t t o
s t u d y N e g ro a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d s t h e i r own g r o u p w i t h i t e m s o f t h i s
s o r t w i t h w h ic h t h e s e s c o r e s c a n b e c o m p a re d . In F ig u re 2 th e
d i s t r i b u t i o n i s v e r y d i v e r g e n t fro m a n o r m a l o n e , w i t h a g r e a t
p i l i n g up o f s c o r e s to w a rd th e f a v o r a b le en d . W ith t h e s e s o r t s
o f i t e m s t h i s w o u ld be p r e d i c t e d , s i n c e few p e r s o n s w o u ld c o n
s c i o u s l y e x p r e s s t h e i r “s e l f h a t e , ” i f i t e x i s t e d , on a q u e s t i o n
n a ire of th is s o r t.
The c r u c i a l c o m p a r is o n b e tw e e n o u r p o p u l a t i o n a n d t h e
s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n g r o u p s i s t h e i n t e r - c o r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n F , E,
a n d t h e s u b s c a l e s o f E e x c l u d i n g W. For th e s t a n d a r d iz a ti o n groups
th e i n t e r - c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e a s fo llo w s^ :
F T o ta l E A-S N M
F .7 3 .5 3
T o ta l E .8 0 .9 0 .9 1
00•
o
A-S .7 4 .7 8
The s t r i k i n g f e a t u r e o f t h e s e i n t e r - c o r r e l a t i o n s i s t h e i r h e i g h t .
I t i s p o i n t e d o u t by t h e a u t h o r s t h a t t h e s e a r e raw c o r r e l a t i o n s
w h ic h i f c o r r e c t e d f o x a t t e n u a t i o n w o u ld a l l b e . 9 0 a n d o v e r . The
p o i n t i s made t h a t t h i s fe a tu re of th e s c a le s i s th e in d ic a tio n
t h a t t h e s e s c a l e s m e a s u r e a s t r u c t u r e d i d e o l o g y w h ic h r e f l e c t s a
b a s i c a u t h o r i t a r i a n p e r s o n a l i t y s t r u c t u r e (3 , p . 108).
The f o l l o w i n g i s t h e i n t e r - c o r r e l a t i o n p a t t e r n f o r o u r
p o p u la tio n :
F E m in u s N A-S M
F .8 0 .7 4 .7 3
E m in u s H .9 1 .9 2
A -3 .6 8
^ T h e s e d a t a a s s e m b l e d fro m d i f f e r e n t t a b l e s ( 3 , n o . 113
122, 263).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
29
S u b je c ts.
of 84 Negro
P o p u la tio n
05
to
Total
05
•
the
00
03
for
05
•
(A n ti-N e g ro )
01
01
05
•
CO
H
N Scores
05
o of
05
lO o to o lO ♦
01 CO l—l i—! c-
F i g ,2 —D istrib u tio n
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
30
The o p e r a t i o n o f re m o v in g Iff.from t h e E s c a l e i n t h i s c a s e h a s n o t
s e rv e d t o lo w e r t h e g e n e r a l p a t t e r n of h ig h i n t e r - c o r r e l a t i o n s
w h ic h w as f o u n d i n t h e s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n g r o u p .
The c o n c l u s i o n seem s w a r r a n t e d t h a t t h e s e s c a l e s f u n c t i o n
f o r t h e N e g ro g r o u p w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f v a r i a t i o n f o u n d f o r t h e
o r i g i n a l g r o u p s p r o v i d e d t h a t a t t e n t i o n i s p a i d t o t h e Iff s c a l e .
U se o f t h e N S c a l e i n T h is S tu d y
The s c o r e s o n t h e s e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s p r o v i d e a q u a n t i t a t i v e
b a s i s f o r d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g o u r p o p u l a t i o n on t h e b a s i s o f t h e g e n
e r a l th e o r y o f e th n o c e n tr is m and t h e a u t h o r i t a r i a n p e r s o n a l i t y
stru c tu re . I n v ie w o f t h e . t h e o r y o f s e l f h a t e f o r m u l a t e d a b o v e ,
i t seem s f e a s i b l e t o c o n s t r u e t h e N i t e m s i n t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e a s
m e a s u r e s o f t h e r e s p o n s e s o f t h e s e s u b j e c t s t o w a r d s t h e i r own
group. Where t h e y a c c e p t f a v o r a b l e s t a t e m e n t s t h e y r e g i s t e r s e l f
a c c ep tan c e . Where t h e y a c c e p t u n f a v o r a b l e s t a t e m e n t s t h e y r e g i s
t e r s e lf h a te .
The t h e o r y o f s e l f h a t e p o s i t e d t h r e e l o g i c a l t y p e s o f o r
g a n iz a tio n o f p e r s o n a lity s tr u c tu r e i n a m in o rity g ro u p . In th e
c a s e o f t h e N egro g r o u p t h e e m p i r i c a l t e s t o f t h e t h e o r y i s a v a i l
a b le i n t h e stu d y of th e i n t e r - c o r r e l a t i o n s o f th e s u b s c a le s o f
e th n o c e n tr is m a lo n g w ith t h e F s c a l e . That th e e th n o c e n tr ic s t r u c
t u r e e x i s t s i n t h e g r o u p i s s u g g e s t e d by t h e p a t t e r n o f i n t e r c o r
r e l a t i o n s shown a b o v e . The f o l l o w i n g a r e c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r o u r
p o p u la tio n of N w ith th e o th e r s c a le s :
N F .3 8
N E '.4 7
N A-S .4 8
N M - .3 8
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31
T h e se c o r r e l a t i o n s , t h o u g h s i g n i f i c a n t , a re u n ifo rm ly lo w e r th a n
th e o th e rs . Some o f t h e r e d u c e d s i z e o f t h e s e c o e f f i c i e n t s may
he a t t r i b u t e d to th e f a c t t h a t th ey a r e l i n e a r c o e f f i c i e n t s . The
N F c o r r e l a t i o n w as t e s t e d f o r l i n e a r i t y a n d i t was d i s c o v e r e d
t h a t th e sc a tte rg ra m b e st f i t t e d a cu rv e. The e t a c o e f f i c i e n t f o r
th is re la tio n s h ip is .5 8 . A f t e r i n s p e c t i o n i t was c o n c l u d e d t h a t
t h e same w o u ld b e t r u e o f t h e o t h e r t h r e e c o e f f i c i e n t s . In a ll
c a se s th e p i l i n g up of I s c o r e s t o w a r d s t h e low ( f a v o r a b l e ) end
o f t h e s c a l e t e n d e d t o i n c r e a s e t h e num ber o f c a s e s f a l l i n g i n t o
t h e u p p er l e f t hand q u a d ra n t, th u s ch an g in g t h e s t r a i g h t l i n e fu n c
t i o n in to a cu rv ed one. T h is i s r e a d i l y s e e n i n F i g u r e 3 . The
c l u s t e r i n g o f c a se s i n o n ly t h r e e o f th e q u a d ra n ts f i t s th e th e o
r e t i c a l e x p la n a tio n of th e s e l f - h a t e th e o ry . T h e re a r e some p e r
s o n a l i t i e s low i n F ( a u t h o r i t a r i a n s t r u c t u r e ) a n d low i n N ( a n t i -
N egro i d e o l o g y , Q u a d r a n t l ) ; t h e y a r e a c c e p t a n t o f t h e i r own
g r o u p , s e l f h a t e i s m in i m a l . O t h e r p e r s o n a l i t i e s low i n N ( a n t i -
N egro s e n t i m e n t s ) a r e h i g h i n F ( a u t h o r i t a r i a n s u s c e p t i b i l i t y ) ;
t h e s e p e r s o n s m u st s u p p r e s s t h e s e l f h a t e i n v o l v e d i n t h e i r s u s
c e p t i b i l i t y i n o r d e r t o e m b ra c e t h e i d e a s w h ic h make th em low i n
21, Q u a d ra n t 2 . D y n a m ic a l l y t h i s s u p p r e s s i o n i s a c o n d i t i o n o f
h e ig h te n e d s e n s i t i v i t y t o m a tte r s su g g e stin g r a c i a l a d ju s tm e n t.
F i n a l l y , t h e r e i s t h e g r o u p h i g h i n F and h i g h i n N; t h e y a r e p e r
s o n s w hose b a c k g r o u n d s h a v e n o t e q u i p p e d them w i t h t h e a d a p t i v e
te c h n iq u e s f o r f ig h ti n g o f f th e d e s tr u c tiv e e f f e c t s of t h e i r sus
c e p t i b i l i t y t o t h e e t h n o c e n t r i s m o f t h e d o m in a n t g r o u p , Q u a d r a n t 3 .
I t w as d e c i d e d t h a t F i g u r e 3 p r o v i d e d a b a s i s f o r d i f f e r
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
32
Q2 Q3
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
F ig . 3
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
33
g a n i z a t i o n around, t h e c o r e o f a u t h o r i t a r i a n p e r s o n a l i t y s t r u c t u r e
w ith i t s e t h n o c e n t r i c id e o lo g y a s th e y b o th a p p ly t o t h e s i t u a t i o n
o f t h e N e g ro g r o u p i n A m erica* The h a n d i n e s s o f t h e q u a d r a n t s
f o r r e f e r r i n g t o th e t h r e e g ro u p s d ev elo p ed t h e h a b it o f r e f e r r i n g
t o th em a s Q l, 0,2, a n d Q3 r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e se sy m b o ls h a v e no
n e c e s s a r y r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h e o r e t i c a l l y im
p u t e d t o s u b j e c t s who f a l l i n t h o s e q u a d r a n t s .
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e P e r s o n a l i t y Types
t o t h e s t a t u s o f t h e N e g ro g r o u p . S t u d i e s h a v e p o i n t e d o u t how
p e r s o n a l i t y and a d j u s t m e n t t o t h e r a c e p r o b le m d e v e l o p s d i f f e r e n t l y
among t h e d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l c l a s s e s o f N e g r o e s ( 1 8 , 4 3 ) . The f o l
lo w i n g t a b l e t e n d s t o i l l u s t r a t e how t h i s p r i n c i p l e i s w o r k i n g
TABLE 3
• • • 1 11 . . . 1 11
02 1 8 3 1 8 3
Q3 6 6 • • • 5 7 • • •
The o u t s t a n d i n g f e a t u r e o f t h i s t a b l e i s t h e h i g h c o r r e l a
t i o n b e tw e e n s o c i a l c l a s s , e d u c a tio n , and th e s e th r e e p e r s o n a l i t y
g r o u p s Q1 ( n o n - a u t h o r i t a r i a n ) , Q2 ( a u t h o r i t a r i a n - p r o j e c t i v e ) , and
Q3 ( a u t h o r i t a r i a n - i n t r a p u n i t i v e ) . To a c e r t a i n e x t e n t t h i s c o r -
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
34
r e l a t i o n may b e a f u n c t i o n o f t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e t e c h n i q u e i n w h ic h
a n i n d e x t o s o c i a l c l a s s i n t h e N eg ro g ro u p i s w e l l known
T h a t t h e c o r r e l a t i o n i s n o t p e r f e c t s u g g e s t s t h a t s o m e th in g o t h e r
t h a n e d u c a t i o n i s a t w o rk . The e t h n o c e n t r i c v a l u e s a r e t o a c e r
t a i n e x t e n t p r o m u l g a t e d b y t h e s c h o o l s , b u t more o f t e n b y t h e fam
g r o u p e x p e r i e n c e s among N e g r o e s w o u ld a c c o u n t f o r t h e f a c t t h a t
many i n d i v i d u a l s o f low e d u c a t i o n a l a n d s o c i a l s t a t u s a c c e p t s t a t e
m e n ts w h ic h r e f l e c t e t h n o c e n t r i c v a l u e s r e g a r d i n g s e x , f a m i l y , a n d
a l s o f lo w e r e d u c a tio n and s o c i a l s t a t u s t o an e x te n t l e s s t h a n
e x p e c t e d by t h e c u r r e n t b e l i e f t h a t l i b e r a l p e r s o n s s t a r fro m t h e
w o r k in g c l a s s e s . The f i n d i n g i n t h i s g ro u p i s s i m i l a r t o t h e f r e
q u e n cy o f h i g h F s c o r e s i n a w o r k in g c l a s s g r o u p s t u d i e d b y t h e
C a li f o r n ia stu d y (3 , p . 2 6 7 ). The i m p l i c a t i o n i n t h e o r i g i n a l
stu d y i s t h a t th e a u t h o r i t a r i a n s t r u c t u r e i s somewhat d e e p e r t h a n
on e d u c a t i o n t h a n o t h e r g r o u p s d o , t h e s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b l e i s
t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n t h e amount o f e d u c a t i o n o r t h e s o c i a l
c la ss.
I n some p l a c e s a c a s e h a s b e e n made f o r t h e d i s i n t e g r a t i n g
e f f e c t s o f s e l f h a t e among N e g ro e s o f h i g h e d u c a t i o n a n d s o c i a l
s ta tu s (3 3 ). W h ile no s u c h c a s e s a p p e a r i n t h i s p o p u l a t i o n , t h e
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
35
a n d s o c i a l s t a t u s a p p e a r i n t h e m o st n o n - a u t h o r i t a r i a n g r o u p .
T h is h ig h c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n e d u c a tio n , so c ia l c la s s ,
and th e t h r e e p e r s o n a l i t y g ro u p s i s n o t f u l l y u n d e rs to o d , b u t
t h a t f a c t i s more i m p o r t a n t i n a s t u d y d i r e c t l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h
c o n s t r u c t i n g m ost v a l i d m e a su re m e n t o f p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s i n t h e
N eg ro g r o u p . D e s p ite th e g r e a t im p o rtan ce o f t h a t t a s k , i t is
s e c o n d a r y h e r e t o t h e i n t e r e s t i n t h e TAT. O ur c o n c e r n i s w i t h
a m eans o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g t h e g r o u p w i t h r e s p e c t t o a s p e c i f i c
p r o b le m on t h e b a s i s o f some i n d e x r e a s o n a b l y o b j e c t i v e a n d r e
p e a ta b le . The p r e s e n t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n a c c o m p l i s h e s t h a t o b j e c t i v e
t o an a c c e p t a b l e e x t e n t . The h i g h c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n e d u c a t i o n
and th e s e groups w i l l a c t u a l l y be u s e f u l s in c e i t w i l l p ro v id e
s u l t s do n o t show h i g h c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h e d u c a t i o n , t h e n we may
t h e o r i z e more c e r t a i n l y a b o u t t h e r e l e v a n c e o f t h e s o c i a l - p s y c h o
l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s im p u te d t o t h e g r o u p s .
R e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw e e n S o c i a l - P s y c h o l o g i c a l B a c k g r o u n d s
and t h e P r e s e n t P ro b le m : H y p o th eses
The s o c i o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s w h ic h h a v e g i v e n r i s e t o t h e
h e t e r o g e n e i t y o f t h e N egro p o p u l a t i o n h a v e a b e a r i n g u p o n t h e p r e s
It i s a s s u m e d t h a t g r o u p s Q l, Q£ a n d Q3 w i l l r e a c t d i f f e r
t h e s e s a r e d e d u c e d b e lo w .
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36
• The N o n - A u t h o r i t a r i a n Type
The g r o u p Q1 i s d e f i n e d a s n o n - a u t h o r i t a r i a n i n p e r s o n a l i t y
stru c tu re . T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t i t s b a s i c p a t t e r n s o f s e x and a g g r e s
s i o n a r e n o t r i g i d l y bou n d i n c o n v e n t i o n a l m o r a l s . P o te n tia litie s
t h e c o n t r o l o f a r e l a t i v e l y f l e x i b l e ego s t r u c t u r e . To t h e ex
t e n t t h a t o b j e c t i v e c o n d i t i o n s a r e a m e n a b le t o t h e i r c o n t r o l , t h e s e
j e c t s i n t h i s g r o u p a r e p r e s u m e d t o be l e s s i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e p r o
a n d a n t i s o r t s o f s t e r e o t y p e d a t t i t u d e s w h i c h h a v e a r i s e n i n Amer
i c a c o n c e rn in g r a c i a l a d ju s tm e n t. The c o g n i t i v e and p e r c e p t u a l
p r o c e s s e s o f t h i s group a re r e l a t i v e l y n o n - s te re o ty p e d . They w o uld
n o t te n d to p e rc e iv e r i g i d s o c ia l c a te g o r ie s . K a t n e r t n e y w o u ld
be e x p e c te d i n t h e i r s o c i a l p e r c e p t i o n to d i f f e r e n t i a t e and i n d i
v id u aliz e p e o p le and g ro u p s i n a c c o rd w i t h t n e o b j e c t i v e a t t r i b u t e s
o f tn o s e p e o p le . T n e s e i n d i v i d u a l s w o u ld b e e x p e c t e d t o r e a c t i n
i
th e p re s e n c e of N egro-ness o r w h ite -n e s s a c c o rd in g to id io s y n c r a tic
/
p a tte rn s . I n no c a s e i s t h e p e r c e p t i o n o f r a c i a l s i g n s e x p e c t e d
a n x i e t y w i t n w n ic n t n e i n d i v i d u a l c a n n o t c o p e . T h is g ro u p i s n o t
e x p e c te d t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e i n i t s r e s p o n s e b e t w e e n N e g r o - n e s s and
w h i t e - n e s s i n e i t h e r t e s t s o r e x a m i n e r s o r any of t n e i r c o m o in a -
tio n s ^ H y p o th e sis I I - A ) .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
37
The A u t h o r i t a r i a n - P r o j e c t i v e Group
The Q2 g r o u p i s by d e f i n i t i o n h i g h i n a u t h o r i t a r i a n com
p o n e n ts. The m o r a l p a t t e r n s o f t h e s o c i e t y h a v e i m p r e s s e d t h e s e
p e rs o n s w i t h r i g i d ty p e s o f c o n t r o l o v e r s e x u a l and a g g r e s s iv e
te n s io n s . These p e r s o n s a r e p ro n e to a f r e e - f l o a t i n g a n x ie ty
a r i s i n g from t h e i r r e p r e s s i o n s and n o t a c c e s s i b l e t o c o n s c i o u s
se lv e s, o t h e r s , a n d r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n p e o p l e i n g e n e r a l . T h e re
i s a deep l e v e l f r u s t r a t i o n a t t e n d i n g t h e s t r o p g a u t h o r i t a r i a n
c e p t i b l e t o n e g a t i v e s t e r e o t y p e s r e g a r d i n g t h e m s e l v e s w h ic h a r e
made c u r r e n t i n t h e s o c i e t y by a u t h o r i t a r i a n p a t t e r n s i n t h e dom
in a n t group. T h is s i t u a t i o n p o s t u l a t e s a c o n d i t i o n o f s e l f h a t e .
H ow ever, i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f a n a d a p t i v e ego s t r u c t u r e , t h e a n t i -
/
, / i n t r a c e p t i v e a n d p r o j e c t i v e c o m p o n e n ts do n o t p e r m i t t h i s s e l f
h a te t o be a c c e p t a b l e . C o n se q u e n tly , a r e a c t i o n f o r m a tio n i s p r e
s e n t e d i n t h e fo rm o f t h e a c c e p t a n c e o f h i g h l y f a v o r a b l e s t e r e o
t y p e s o f t h e m s e l v e s and h o s t i l i t y to w a rd s t h e o u t g ro u p . T h e se
p e rs o n s a r e e x p e c te d t o be h ig h ly s e n s i t i v e to H e g ro -n ess and
w h ite -n e ss. T h e i r r e s p o n s e s a r e e x p e c t e d t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e tw e e n
b o t h t h e e x a m in e r s a n d t h e t e s t s . I t i s h y p o th e s iz e d (H y p o th esis
II -B ) t h a t p r o d u c t i v i t y i n t h i s group f o r th e c o m b in atio n s o f
t e s t s and e x a m in e r s w i l l h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g r a n k o r d e r fro m g r e a t e r
to le s s e r:
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
38
The A u t h o r i t a r i a n - I n t r a p u n i t i ve G roup
The Q3 g r o u p i s s i m i l a r t o t h e Q2 g r o u p i n t h a t i t s au
n o t c o n t r i b u t e d t o w a r d s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a d a p t i v e ego s t r u c t u r e s .
T h e i r s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o s t e r e o t y p e h a s i n c l u d e d t h e e le m e n t o f
s e l f h a t e o v e r w h ic h t h e y h a v e r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e c o n tro l. They
a r e u n a b le t o d efen d th e m se lv e s a g a i n s t s e l f - d e r o g a t o r y f e e l i n g s .
T hey a r e e q u a l l y u n a b l e t o c o n t r o l t h e p r o j e c t i o n o f h o s t i l i t y
upon o th e r s . A n x i e ty i s e a s i l y a r o u s e d an d i t s c o n tr o l id io s y n
tim e s t u r n i n g in w a rd i n m a s o c h is tic d y s p h o r ia .
T h e s e p e r s o n s , l i k e t h e Q2’ s , a r e e x p e c t e d t o be h i g h l y
b o t h p i c t u r e s i s e x p e c t e d t o be e q u a l l y t h r e a t e n i n g . H o w ev er, t h e
N e g ro e x a m in e r i s e x p e c t e d t o g i v e th e m s u f f i c i e n t se c u rity th a t
t h e y w i l l d i s c r i m i n a t e b e tw e e n t h e t e s t s a n d p r o d u c e a g r e a t e r
q u a n t i t y f o r t h e N eg ro p i c t u r e s t h a n f o r t h e w h i t e p i c t u r e s . It
i s h y p o t h e s i z e d ( H y p o t h e s i s I I - C ) t h a t t h e r a n k o r d e r o f t h e com
b i n a t i o n s o f t e s t s a n d e x a m in e r s fro m g r e a t e r t o l e s s e r w i l l b e
a s fo llo w s f o r t h i s group:
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39
P r o d u c t i v i t y w i l l h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g r a n k o r d e r fro m m ost
ty p e s (H y p o th esis I I I - 3 ) :
Rank C o m b in a tio n s
1 (M-TAT) (W) (Q l)
2 (T-TAT) (N) (Q l)
3 (T-TAT) (N) (Q2)
4 (M-TAT) (N) (Q l)
5 (M-TAT) (W) (OR)
6 (T-TAT) (N) <Q3)
7 (M-TAT) (55 iQ2)
8 (M-TAT) (N) (Q3)
S f\r m am \ / ttt \ f r*rz \
U -iiiJLJ \ H j \ Q o j
10 (T-TAT) (W) (Q l)
11 (T-TAT) (W) (Q2)
12 (T-TAT) (W) (Q3)
R e l a t i v e P r o d u c t i v i t y o f t h e G ro u p s
The p o s t u l a t e d d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n t h e g r o u p s i m p l y d i f f e r
e n t i a l r e s p o n s e s t o t h e TAT t a s k p e r s e . The g r e a t e r a c c e p t a b i l i t y
o f i n t r a c e p t i v e a c t i v i t y i n t h e n o n - a u t h o r i t a r i a n Ql g r o u p , t h e
s t r o n g d e f e n s i v e p r o j e c t i v i t y o f t h e Q2 g r o u p , and t h e i n t r a p u n i -
t i v e a s p e c t s o f t h e Q3 g r o u p s u g g e s t t h e f o l l o w i n g h y p o t h e s i s a b o u t
Rank Group
1 Ql
2' Q2
3 Q3
H ow ever, t h e g e n e r a l h y p o t h e s i s i m p l i e s t h a t t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s w i l l
n o t be s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t b e c a u s e o f i n t e r a c t i o n e f f e c t s
(H y p o th esis I I I - A ) .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
40
D i f f e r e n t i a l R esponses i n th e
D e p en d e n t V a r i a b l e s
T h e r e i s no a c c e p t a b l e t h e o r y a v a i l a b l e t o t h e r e s e a r c h e r
b e i n c r e a s e d by d e e p p s y c h o d y n a m ic p r o c e s s e s o t h e r t h a n i d e n t i f i
c a tio n , s u c h a s d e f e n s i v e m a n e u v e rs t o c o n c e a l t h e i n a d m i s s a b l e
e m o tio n a lity . (2) A lso t h e num ber o f w o rd s may h a v e a d i r e c t c o n
n e c t i o n w i t h w o rd f l u e n c y w h ic h h a s b e e n v ie w e d by some a s a te m
p e ra m e n ta l d i s p o s i t i o n . (3 ) A ls o i t i s d i r e c t l y a s s o c ia te d w ith
e d u c a tio n a l s t a tu s .
F a c to rs a s s o c ia te d w ith a l l th r e e of th e s e re a so n s a re
o p e r a t i n g i n t h e TAT p r o c e d u r e , b u t no t h e o r y i s a t hand f o r r e
s t o r y i s a r e s u l t a n t o f a l l t h e s e and p e rh a p s o t h e r s . On t h i s
p ly to th is v a ria b le . A lth o u g h t h e h y p o t h e s e s a p p l y t o a v e r a g e
nu m b er o f w o rd s i n a g e n e r a l way, w i t h o u t s p e c i f i c t h e o r e t i c a l
i m p l i c a t i o n s , t h e y a p p l y more s p e c i f i c a l l y t o t h e o t h e r t h r e e d e
pendent v a ria b le s .
H eeds, P r e s s , and D e f e n s i v e n e s s a r e s o c o n c e i v e d t h a t s p e
c i f i c h y p o th eses can b e s t a t e d c o n ce rn in g t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o
t h e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . These h y p o th e s e s a r e a s fo llo w s :
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
41
1. D e f e n s i v e n e s s w i l l be n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h W ords,
j e c t , t h e f e w e r Words o r N e e d s o r P r e s s u n d e r a l l e x p e r i
m en tal c o n d itio n s .
2. N e ed s and P r e s s , r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e dy nam ic c o n t e n t o f t h e
s t o r i e s , w i l l r e f l e c t th e em o tio n al c lim a te o f th e t e s t i n g
Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER IV
In d ep en d en t V a ria b le s
H a v in g d i f f e r e n t i a t e d t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f Hegro s u b j e c t s
w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e g e n e r a l t h e o r e t i c a l h y p o t h e s i s , i t w as p o s s i b l e
t o d e s i g n an e x p e r i m e n t t o t e s t t h a t h y p o t h e s i s . The aim o f th e -
d e s i g n b e i n g t o t e s t t h e i d e a t h a t i t i s b e t t e r t o v ie w t h e TAT
i s t o a t t r i b u t e e f f i c a c y t o a s i n g l e t e s t , t h e n e x t s t e p w as t o
a c h i e v e v a r i e t y i n t h e s o c i a l - p s y c h o l o g i c a l f i e l d by a n a t t e m p t
to v ary th e i n te r p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p .
The E x a m in e rs
I t was p o s s i b l e f o r t h e r e s e a r c h e r t o s e c u r e t h e c o o p e r a
t i o n o f a f r i e n d w hose home i s i n T e x a s . He s p e a k s w i t h w h at i s
He i s a c l i n i c a l p s y c h o l o g i s t w hose i n t e r e s t i n t h i s p r o b l e m i s
h i g h a n d g a v e v e ry f r e e l y o f h i s t i m e i n d i s c u s s i o n s a b o u t t h e
r o l e 6 o f e x a m in e r s i n t h e t e s t i n g s i t u a t i o n . J o i n t l y we r e a c h e d
a c o n s e n s u s t h a t f o r e x p e r i m e n t a l p u r p o s e s i t w o u ld b e b e t t e r t o
l i m i t t h e i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h t h e s u b j e c t s a s much a s p o s s i b l e so
t h a t a n a p p r o a c h w o u ld b e made t o r u l i n g o u t a l l v a r i a b l e s o f p e r
s o n a l i t y i n t h e e x a m in e r e x c e p t t h a t o f t h e i r r a c i a l d i f f e r e n c e .
F o r e x a m p le , i t was o b v i o u s t o b o t h o f u s t h a t a s p e c t s s u c h a s
42
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
to n e o f v o ic e , g e s tu r e s , en erg y l e v e l , d r e s s , and a h o s t o f o t h e r
p o s s i b l e v a r i a b l e s m ig h t h a v e m e a n i n g f u l e f f e c t s u p o n t h e s u b j e c t s .
We r e a l i z e d t h a t n o t h i n g c o u l d b e d o n e a b o u t su c h t h i n g s i n t h i s
e x p erim e n t. H ow ever, o u r c o n s c i o u s a t t e m p t t o e l i m i n a t e d e e p e r
e x p r e s s i o n s o f o u r p e r s o n a l i t i e s w o u ld b e g r e a t l y a u g m e n te d by
w o r k in g o u t a common s e t o f i n s t r u c t i o n s . T h e s e i n s t r u c t i o n s w e re
d e s i g n e d t o i n c l u d e a minimum o f t a l k i n g w i t h t h e s u b j e c t s . A lso
t h e i n t e r c h a n g e b e t w e e n u s d e v e l o p e d i n s t r u c t i o n s w h ic h we e a c h
c o u l d g i v e w i t h a maximum o f e a s e , s e l f c o n f i d e n c e , and c o n s i d e r a
tio n f o r th e s u b je c t.
U nder t h e s e c o n d it i o n s , we f e l t t h a t t h e o b j e c t i v e f e a t u r e s
o f t h e e x a m in e rs c o u ld be re d u c e d to t h e i r d i f f e r e n t s k i n c o l o r s ,
p l u s t h e l a r g e num ber o f u n c o n t r o l l a b l e a s p e c t s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e .
Our b e l i e f was t h a t t h e u n c o n t r o l l a b l e s w o u ld b e t a k e n c a r e o f a s
be th e s o c ia l p e rc e p tio n o f t h e i r s k in c o lo r s , one w h i t e a n d t h e
o t h e r N e g ro .
O th e r In d ep e n d en t V a ria b le s
The i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s i n t h e d e s i g n a r e (1 ) t h e Exam-
w i t h w h i t e a n d N e g ro p e o p l e i n th em r e s p e c t i v e l y , i n c l u d i n g t h e
make e a c h c a r d i n t h e new s e r i e s i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g
one i n t h e M u rr a y s e r i e s i n a l l r e s p e c t s o t h e r t h a n r a c e , i t i s
p o s s i b l e t o assum e t h a t h e s u c c e e d e d a n d f o r e x p e r i m e n t a l p u r p o s e s
ig n o re ’ th e d if f e r e n c e i n o rd e r to n o te th e v a r i a b i l i t y i n th e
with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
44
e f f e c t s o f t h e common c o n t e n t s ; t h i s s t u d y i s n o t p r i m a r i l y con
s t r u c t u r e s o f t h e s u b j e c t s , g r o u p s Q l, Q2, a n d Q3.
The c r u c i a l f e a t u r e o f t h e d e s i g n i s t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t
th e c o m b in atio n s of th e s e t h r e e in d ep e n d en t v a r i a b l e s , i n a d d itio n
t o b e i n g i n t e r a c t i o n s o f s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e , a r e e x a m p le s
o f th e in te r a c tio n of s o c ia l and p sy c h o lo g ic a l f a c t o r s . It is
i n h e r e n t i n t h e a s su m e d t h e o r e t i c a l m e a n in g o f s o c i a l p e r c e p t i o n
t h a t N e g rb a n d w h i t e p e r s o n s , w h e t h e r i n a c t u a l i t y o r i n p i c t u r e s ,
w i l l b e d i f f e r e n t l y p e r c e i v e d by t h e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f p e r s o n a l
ity stru c tu re .
P r o c e d u r e i n t h e E x p e r im e n t
A f te r th e 84 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w ere c o l l e c t e d and t r e a t e d a s
d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , i t w as d e c i d e d t o a s s i g n s u b j e c t s a t random t o
e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o l l o w i n g dp s i g n :
TABLE 3
P e r s o n a l i t y Types QX Q2 Q3
Examine r s T e s ts
W h ite M-TAT n n n
T-TAT n n n
N egro M-TAT n n n
T-TAT n n n
N o te : n w as s e t e q u a l t o 3 a s a c o m p ro m ise
w ith f e a s i b i l i t y , 3 b e in g n e c e s s a ry f o r a
w i t h i n - g r o u p v a r i a n c e a n d more t h a n t h r e e t a x
in g th e c a p a b ility of c a rry in g out th e e x p e ri
m ent .
\
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
45
The q u e s t i o n o f e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n t r o l g r o u p s m ust a r i s e i n t h i n k i n g
i n g e a c h s u b j e c t t o be h i s own c o n t r o l : he a d m i n i s t e r e d b o t h M-TAT
and T-TAT t o t h e sam e s u b j e c t . T h is made i t n e c e s s a r y f o r him t o
d e a l w i t h t h e t i m e f a c t o r , t h u s d e v o t i n g s t a t i s t i c a l l a b o r t o an
a r t i f a c t o f t h e d e s ig n n o t r e l a t e d t o t h e p ro b lem o th e r w is e . A lso
i n t r a - s u b j e c t c o n t r o l i n c r e a s e s t h e l a b o r i n a n o t h e r way: t h e num
b e r o f v a r i a b l e s w h ic h c a n b e d e a l t w i t h i n t h i s c o n t r o l m u st b e
A f t e r 12 sub j e c t s fro m e a c h Q g r o u p w e re a s s i g n e d t o t e s t
i n g g r o u p s a s i n d i c a t e d , f o u r a l t e r n a t e s w e r e s e l e c t e d a t random
4Z
f o r e a c h Q g r o u p i n a n t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t some o f
t h e p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t s s e l e c t e d c o u l d n o t be s e c u r e d f o r t h e t e s t
in g s e s s io n s . I n t h e e n d , i t p r o v e d t h a t t h i s p r e c a u t i o n w as h e l p
fu l. I n f o u r i n s t a n c e s a l t e r n a t e s had t o be u s e d . Two s u b j e c t s
le f t th e c ity .
The s u b j e c t s h a d b e e n i n f o r m e d when t h e y f i l l e d o u t t h e
q u e s tio n n a ir e t h a t a r e s e a r c h " in s o c i a l p sy c h o lo g y r e g a rd in g o p in
w e re a s k e d t h e i r p e r m i s s i o n t o c a l l u p o n th em f o r a n o t h e r e x e r c i s e
t i o n o f t h e i r s c o r e s on t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e . The e x p e r i e n c e o f ad
m i n i s t e r i n g t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e w as n o t g r e a t l y d i f f e r e n t f ro m t h a t
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
46
o f th e C a lif o r n ia p e o p le . The s c h o o l g r o u p s a n d t h e w o r k in g c l a s s
g r o u p ( f ro m a t r a d e s c h o o l ) i m m e d i a t e l y e x p r e s s e d i n t e r e s t a n d co
o p e ra tio n . J£any i n d i v i d u a l s d e s i r e d t o t a l k f u r t h e r . By n o t i n g
r e s e a r c h e r g o t t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h i s d e s i r e t o t a l k w as a g e n u
in e p e rs o n a l i n t e r e s t a r i s i n g out o f c u r i o s i t y about th e m se lv e s.
One g r o u p , u p o n l e a r n i n g t h a t t h e r e s e a r c h e r w o rk e d f o r V e t e r a n s
A d m in is tra tio n , e x p r e s s e d o p e n ly t h e s u s p i c i o n t h a t t h e r e s e a r c h e r
th e le ss, t h e p r o p o s a l t o p e r f o r m a n o t h e r t a s k w as g e n e r a l l y a c
w e re c o n t a c t e d b y t e l e p h o n e and a t t e m p t s made t o se t d a te s f o r
te s tin g .
The a c t u a l c a r r y i n g o u t o f t h e t e s t i n g w as g r i e v o u s l y b e
b e e n t o a s s e m b l e g r o u p s o f n i n e a t one t i m e . T h is d i d n o t w o rk
out at a l l . I n t h e end e a c h e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p r e q u i r e d t h r e e
m e e t i n g s w h e r e i t w as p o s s i b l e t o secu re th r e e s u b je c ts . I n one
c a s e a s i n g l e s u b j e c t was e s p e c i a l l y d i f f i c u l t . I n o r d e r to a s s u r e
h i s w o rk in g i n a group s e t t i n g , a n o t h e r f r i e n d o f t h e two e x a m i n e r s
been fo r t h e o th e r s o f h i s g roup.
The g r e a t e s t d i f f i c u l t i e s o c c u r r e d i n s e c u r i n g t h e Q2 a n d
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
47
Q3 g r o u p s , e s p e c i a l l y t h e Q3 g r o u p . From t i m e t o t im e i t occurred
t o t h e r e s e a r c h e r t h a t , t h e m o t i v a t i o n a l f a c t o r s w h ic h c a u s e p e o p l e
t o b r e a k p r o m i s e s , h a v e i n c i d e n t s o c c u r t o th em w h ic h i n t e r f e r e
w i t h t h e i r c o m m itm e n ts , a n d o t h e r w i s e seem t o b e u n r e l i a b l e a r e
i n t i m a t e l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h d o in g r e s e a r c h w i t h human b e i n g s . “C o l
t e r s t h a t make f o r t h e c o m f o r t and f e e l i n g w i t h i n t h e r e s e a r c h e r
t h a t h e i s f r e e from a n x ie ty about t h e r e s e a r c h . T h is th o u g h t
c r e a t e d a renew ed d e s i r e to c a p tu r e t h i s v a r i a b l e f o r t h e p r e s e n t
w e r e i n f a c t h a r r a s s e d b y r e q u i r e m e n t s o f j o b s and f a m i l y e n t a n g l e
m e n ts a n d t h a t some r e w a r d f o r t h e g i v i n g o f t h e i r t i m e w as i n o r
d er. Such p e o p l e w e r e o f f e r e d $ 3 .0 0 f o r t h e t e s t i n g s e s s i o n by
c a u s e t h e s u b j e c t becam e i n d i g n a n t a n d a s s e r t e d t h a t h e e n j o y e d
d o i n g t h i n g s f o r s t u d e n t s who w e r e g o i n g t o b e n e f i t t h e w h o le human
race. He l a t e r a d d e d t h a t h e was e s p e c i a l l y p r o u d o f “h i s p e o p l e
/ /
who w e re t r y i n g t o be so m e b o d y ." I n t h e e n d money was g i v e n t o 8
s u b j e c t s , o f whom o n l y 2 w e re n o t Q3 p e o p l e . A ll t h e o t h e r s gave
t h e i r t i m e a n d e x p r e s s e d s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h h a v i n g d o n e s o a n d w ere
i n t e r e s t e d i n f i n d i n g o u t how t h e r e s e a r c h t u r n e d o u t . I n many
i n s t a n c e s , w h e re t h e s u b j e c t s a r e s t u d e n t s , t h i s p r e s e n t s t u d y c a n
th em . I n a l l in s ta n c e s th e r e s e a r c h e r i s d e s ir o u s o f g iv in g th e
im p o rt o f th e stu d y to a l l o f th e i n t e r e s t e d s u b j e c t s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
48
Tlie T e s t i n g P r o c e d u r e
o t h e r , n e c e s s i t a t i n g no comment by t h e e x a m in e r o n c e t h e b e g i n n i n g
by t h e S o u th P a r k Community C e n t e r . T h is l o c a t i o n was s e l e c t e d
t o c a u s e a minimum o f t r a v e l i n g f o r t h e s u b j e c t s , an i m p o r t a n t
i t e m s i n c e t h e y w e re e x p e c t e d t o g i v e t h e i r t i m e . I t w as p o s s i b l e
t o b l a c k o u t t h e room i n d a y l i g h t a n d p r o v i d e w r i t i n g l i g h t by .
j u s t a b l e i n h e i g h t ; i t w as a r r a n g e d a t a b o u t o n e f o o t a b o v e t h e
h e a d s o f s i t t i n g men a n d a t e i g h t f e e t d i s t a n c e fro m t h e n e a r e s t
su b je c t. F u l l v ie w o f t h e p i c t u r e was a v a i l a b l e t o e a c h s u b j e c t
w ith o u t o b s tr u c tio n .
S i n c e t h e s u b j e c t s w e r e t o b e r e q u i r e d t o w r i t e t h e i r own
s t o r i e s , p a d s o f l i n e d p a p e r w e re p l a c e d , i n a d v a n c e o f t h e i r a r
riv a l, on t h e l a r g e t a b l e a t w h ic h t h e y w e r e t o s i t . A ls o p e n c i l s ,
s h a r p e n e d a t b o t h e n d s t o make e r a s u r e i m p o s s i b l e , w e re p l a c e d
a lo n g sid e o f th e p ad s.
The f o l l o w i n g i n s t r u c t i o n s w e re a g r e e d u p o n b y t h e tw o ex
a m i n e r s a s b e i n g a m in im a l s t a t e m e n t r e q u i r e d t o g i v e t h e n e e d e d
te s tin g se t:
You a r e g o i n g t o b e shown 11 p i c t u r e s . We w an t y o u t o t r y
t o make u p s t o r i e s a b o u t t h e s e p i c t u r e s . You c a n do t h i s , e v e n
t h o u g h y o u may n o t c o n s i d e r y o u r s e l f a s t o r y - w r i t e r , b y t r y i n g
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
49
t o t e l l w h a t t h e p e o p l e a r e t h i n k i n g and f e e l i n g an d w h a t t h e y
a r e t r y i n g t o d o . T ry to i n c l u d e t h r e e p a r t s , t e l l i n g w h a t
h appened b e f o r e t h e p i c t u r e , what i s h a p p e n in g i n th e p i c t u r e ,
a n d how i t i s g o i n g t o come o u t . We d o n ’ t w a n t you t o t r y t o
w r i t e g o o d gram m ar and s p e l l i n g . That i s n o t im p o r ta n t. The
p i c t u r e w i l l be shown y ou f o r 5 m i n u t e s . At t h e e n d o f 3 m in
u t e s y o u w i l l be w a rn e d "Two m i n u t e s a r e l e f t . " You w i l l t h e n
n e e d t o f i n i s h and s t o p when I s a y s t o p . So d o n ’t b o t h e r t r y
in g t o e r a s e o r change w hat you have w r i t t e n . I f you w r i t e
s o m e th i n g you d o n ' t w ant down t h e r e , j u s t d ra w a l i n e t h r o u g h
i t a n d go o n . Are t h e r e an y q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h i s ? You may
num ber y o u r s t o r i e s 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , e t c . L e t 's t r y t h i s one.
The e x p e r i e n c e w as t h a t t h i s i n s t r u c t i o n w as g e n e r a l l y
s i g n o f t h e s t u d y r e q u i r e d no i n q u i r y , t a l k a f t e r t h e w r i t i n g was
c o m p l e t e d was o f a s o c i a l n a t u r e ; h o w e v e r, t h e r e was c o n s i d e r a b l e
i n t e r e s t i n e x p r e s s i n g how h a r d i t was t o make s t o r i e s on c e r t a i n
p ic tu re s. A few s u b j e c t s e x p r e s s e d a w a r e n e s s o f t h e c o n n e c t i o n
b e tw e e n t h e i r s t o r i e s an d t h e m s e l v e s . I n s e v e r a l i n s t a n c e s w here
t h e r e s e a r c h e r was d e l i v e r i n g s u b j e c t s t o t h e i r homes a f t e r w a r d ,
he i n q u ir e d ab o u t t h e p e o p le i n t h e p i c t u r e s . In fo u r in s ta n c e s
n e s s t h a t t h e y w e re i n t e n d e d t o be c o l o r e d p e o p l e . At t h i s p o i n t
th e r e s e a r c h e r r e g r e t t e d t h a t he had n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s ig n e d a
s t u d y o f t h i s p e r c e p t u a l phenom enon.
T r e a tm e n t o f t h e S t o r i e s : M e asu rem en t
o f D ependent V a ria b le s
The s t o r i e s w e re t y p e d i n d i v i d u a l l y on s e p a r a t e s h e e t s
t h e w r i t e r a n d a r r a n g e d i n random o r d e r . T h is guarded^, a g a i n s t
r e l i a b l e m e a s u re m e n t o f P r o d u c t i v i t y (3 v a r i a b l e s ) and D e fe n s iv e
n ess (a 4 th v a r ia b le ) . P r o d u c t i v i t y w as d e f i n e d a s (1) l e n g t h o f
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50
A v e ra g e Number o f Words p e r S t o r y
r a n d o m iz e d f o r t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n .
S c o r i n g of N e e d s a n d P r e s s
i t i s t h e o r e t i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h e p s y c h o a n a l y t i c s y s te m , i t ap
p e a l e d t o t h e r e s e a r c h e r a s b e s t s u i t e d t o c o m p re h e n d in g t h e dynam
i c s o f t h e p r o d u c t i o n w h i l e a t t h e same t i m e r e d u c i n g t h e d a t a t o
'c o u n ta b l e u n i t s . (2 ) C o n f i d e n c e i n i t s u s a b i l i t y i n t h e r e s e a r c h
i s c o n f e r r e d by th e f a c t t h a t i t s a u th o r d e v e lo p e d i t in c o n n e c tio n
w i t h t h e same s t u d y o f e t h n o c e n t r i s m fro m w h ic h t h e b a s i s o f t h e
p r e s e n t r a t i o n a l e w as b o r r o w e d ( 4 ) .
A f o r t u n a t e c i r c u m s t a n c e was t h a t a c o l l e a g u e o f t h e r e
, W orking s e p a r a t e l y , b o t h p e r s o n s l e a r n e d t h e w h o le sch em e. In a
s e r i e s o f c o n f e r e n c e s two t y p e s o f d a t a w e re s c o r e d by th em j o i n t l y .
r e c t i n g a n d d i s c u s s i n g s h a r p e n e d t h e g r a s p o f t h e sc h em e .
F i n a l l y , s a m p le s o f i n t e r v i e w a n d TAT d a t a w e re s c o r e d by
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
51
TABLE 4
A greem ent
Abso P ar No
lu te tia l (D S core
J u d g e ..J u d g e
I t ems J ' H No. Q *
P No. 1° No. 1o No. 1°
In te rv ie w m a te ria ls :
no. of pages 10
n o . o f s c o r i n g s 33 23 21 21 91
n o . v a r i a b l e s 107 95 87 74 71 21 20 6 5 5 5
TAT s t o r i e s :
n o . of s t o r i e s — 6
no. v a ria b le s 45 45 39 ■ 39 82 1 3 5 13 . . . ••
R e g a r d i n g t h e p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h , t h e a s s u m p t io n i s t h a t
t h i s l e v e l o f r e l i a b i l i t y , w h ile n o t a p p ro x im atin g th e p r e c i s i o n
p o s s i b l e i n o b j e c t i v e t e s t s o r p h y s i c a l m e a s u r e m e n ts , i s s u f f i c i
e n t l y h i g h t o make t h e r e s u l t s g e n e r a l l y r e p e a t a b l e , r e m o v in g them
from t h e r e a l m o f p u r e l y s u b j e c t i v e a s s e r t i o n .
e r ’ s a b i l i t y t o u s e t h e schem e i n i n d e p e n d e n t a g re e m e n t w i t h an
o t h e r c o m p e te n t s c o r e r . The r e s e a r c h e r s c o r e d e a c h o f t h e 396
s t o r i e s c o m p le te ly . T h e r e i s no c h e c k u p o n t h e o b j e c t i v i t y o f
s c o r i n g on any o f t h e s e s t o r i e s . T h e r e was t h e s a f e g u a r d a g a i n s t
u n c o n sc io u s v i o l a t i o n s i n th e f a c t t h a t th e s t o r i e s w ere u n i d e n t i
f i e d e x c e p t f o r a c o m p le x code and w e r e s c o r e d i n a r a n d o m i z e d
P r e s s w e re c o u n t e d a s r e s u l t s i n t h i s s t u d y . They w e re c o u n t e d
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52
f o r e a c h s t o r y an d t h e t o t a l t a b u l a t e d on w ork s h e e t s .
A W orking C o n c e p t i o n o f N eeds a n d P r e s s
The N eed s a r e v i e w e d a f a n t a s i e d e x p r e s s i o n s o f m o t i v a
p s y c h o lo g ic a l n a tu re in th e s t o r i e s .
s u b je c t to ex p re ss h is p sy c h o lo g ic a l n a tu re i n th e s t o r i e s , th e
P r e s s h a v e t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f sh o w in g t h e s e t e n d e n c i e s o p e r a t i n g
i n g u p o n h im . I n a sense th e P re ss i s a le s s d i r e c t e x p re ssio n
o f th e p e r s o n a l i ty , p erh ap s an e x p re ss io n o f d e fe n s iv e tr e n d s .
I t w as h o p e d t h a t t h i s c o n c e p t i o n o f N e ed s and P r e s s c o u l d
b e b ro u g h t t o b e a r upon t h e t e s t i n g s i t u a t i o n , g i v i n g a m ore p s y
c h o l o g i c a l l y r e l e v a n t and s e n s i t i v e i n d e x t o e x p e r i m e n t a l v a r i a
t i o n s t h a n t h e co u n t of w o rd s. I t w as r e c o g n i z e d t h a t num ber o f
th e v a r ia b le s a p p re c ia b ly d i f f e r e n t .
D e fe n s iv e n e s s
I t se e m e d d e s i r a b l e t o h a v e a d i r e c t m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e
Nt h e s t o r i e s . I t was a s su m e d t h a t d e f e n s i v e n e s s o n t h e p a r t o f
t h e s u b j e c t w o u ld r e s u l t i f an y a s p e c t o f t h e s i t u a t i o n m o b i l i z e d
h o s tility , a n x i e t y , o r any i m p u l s e s w h i c h t h e s u b j e c t c o u l d n o t
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
53
e x p r e s s i n t h e s i t u a t i o n i n a way a c c e p t a b l e t o h i s ego s t r u c t u r e .
The d e f e n s i v e n e s s w ou ld b e t h e s u b j e c t ' s e f f o r t t o h i d e o r c o v e r
th e s t o r i e s .
I t w as d e c i d e d t o c o n s t r u c t a s c a l e t o m e a s u r e t h i s d e
ogy t r a i n e e s a t H in e s H o s p i t a l w e r e a s k e d t o s c a l e t e n s to rie s in
c o n s e n s u s was t h a t t h e c u e s t o d e f e n s i v e n e s s w e re n e v e r t h e same
t h e y h a d a c t u a l l y u s e d w e re c o l l e c t e d and t h e q u e s t i o n o f d e f i n i
s t o r y w as a s p e c i a l c o n c e p t . (2 ) A f a c u l t y member, tw o members
o f t h e p sy c h o lo g y s t a f f i n t h e M e n t a l H ygiene C l i n i c , and f o u r
t r a i n e e s t h e r e , w e r e p r e s e n t e d f i v e TAT s t o r i e s a n d i n t e r v i e w e d a s
t o how much t h e s e s t o r i e s r e v e a l e d o r c o n c e a l e d a b o u t t h e p e r s o n
f i n e d l i s t o f 18 c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w as p r e s e n t e d t o 8 j u d g e s , a l l
g ra d u a te s tu d e n ts of c l i n i c a l p sy c h o lo g y , w ith i n s t r u c t i o n s to
i n t e r p r e t th ro u g h th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c .
Use o f K e n d a l l * 8 W (2 0 , p . 8 0 ) fo u n d t h e a v e r a g e r a n k c o r
r e l a t i o n among t h e s e e i g h t j u d g e s t o be . 7 4 , a r e a s o n a b l y h i g h and
q u i t e s i g n i f i c a n t a g r e e m e n t (A p p e n d ix F ) . Two o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s -
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
54
t i c s , w hose d i s p e r s i o n w as c o n s i d e r e d t o o g r e a t , w ere d i s c a r d e d .
n e ss in d e x . The p o s s i b i l i t y o f c o n v e r t i n g t h e s e r a n k s t o s t a n d a r d
s c o r e s was c o n s i d e r e d h u t d i s c a r d e d on t h e g r o u n d t h a t t h e s c a l e
v a l u e s w e re so few t h a t r a n k s w o u ld n o t d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y fro m
norm al ( 1 5 ) .
R e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e d e f e n s i v e n e s s i n d e x . — A random s a m p le
o f 50 s t o r i e s from t h e d a t a w ere s e l e c t e d f o r s t u d y o f t h e r e l i a
and i f a g i v e n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c w e re p r e s e n t t o i n d i c a t e t h e f a c t
(A p p e n d ix ). The r e s e a r c h e r a l s o p e r f o r m e d t h e same s c o r i n g .
When t h e s c o r i n g was c o m p l e t e d , t h e r e s e a r c h e r a s s i g n e d t h e p r o p e r
v a l u e s t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and a v e r a g e d them f o r e a c h s t o r y .
Rank c o r r e l a t i o n s o f a v e r a g e v a l u e p e r s t o r y w e re c o m p u te d . The
r e s e a r c h e r ’ s v a l u e s c o r r e l a t e d .5 3 w i t h one j u d g e and .4 9 w i t h t h e
o th e r. T h e s e c o e f f i c i e n t s w e r e r e c o g n i z e d t o be low a s c o m p a red
w ith a c c e p t a b l e c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r o b j e c t i v e t e s t i n g b u t w ere f e l t
t o b e a c c e p t a b l e i n d i c a t o r s of r e l i a b i l i t y w i t h ju d g m e n ts o f t h i s
p r e s e n t e d t o tw o m em bers o f t h e p s y c h o l o g y s t a f f a t H i n e s H o s p i t a l .
They w e r e a s k e d t o r a n k t h e s t o r i e s from m o st t o l e a s t d e f e n s i v e
n e s s ; th e y w ere t o l d t h a t c r i t e r i a f o r d e f e n s iv e n e s s w ere b e in g
s o u g h t and t h e r e f o r e t h e y s h o u l d u s e w h a t e v e r i d e a s t h e y c h o s e .
The r e s e a r c h e r s c o r e d t h e same s t o r i e s u s i n g t h e s c a l e d c h a r a c
1
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55
t a k e n b e tw e e n t h e r e s e a r c h e r ’ s r a n k i n g s and t h o s e o f t h e j u d g e s .
T h e s e c o e f f i c i e n t s w e r e .5 3 i n one c a s e and .4 8 i n t h e o t h e r .
The c o n s i s t e n c y o f t h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s i n t h e two
d i f f e r e n t t e s t s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h i s s c a l e was m a x im a lly r e l i a b l e
f o r t h i s t y p e o f ju d g m e n t w i t h i n t h e p r a c t i c a l l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e
stu d y . The r e l i a b i l i t y w a s s u f f i c i e n t t o g i v e c o n f i d e n c e t h a t
I n t h i s c a s e a l s o t h e r e i s no c h ec k u p o n t h e s c o r i n g o f
a l l t h e s t o r i e s o t h e r th a n th e c o d in g and r a n d o m iz a tio n .
T h i s m e a s u r e , n o t b e i n g v ie w e d a s p r o d u c t i v i t y , was i n
te n d e d to r e f l e c t d i r e c t l y t h e em o tio n al e f f e c t s o f th e e x p e r i
a n d s e c u r i t y p e r m i t t e d f r e e d o m and s p o n t a n e i t y . T h is i m p l i e s a
n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n d e f e n s i v e n e s s a n d p r o d u c t i v i t y .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER V
RESULTS
The q u a n t i t a t i v e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y a r e p r e s e n t e d a s
F o r e a c h o f t h e t h r e e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s t h e mean f r e q u e n c y o f
v a r ia b le s and a l l t h e i r i n te r a c t io n s .
The e x p e r i m e n t i s d e s i g n e d a n d t h e v a r i a n c e i s a n a l y z e d
f o r th e p u rp o se of t e s t i n g th e s i g n i f ic a n c e o f th e in d ep e n d en t
v a r i a b l e s and t h e i r i n t e r a c t i o n s a s s o u r c e s o f d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e
I
mean f r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s *
/ '
Mean Number o f Words p e r S t o r y p e r I n d i v i d u a l
w o rd s p e r s t o r y p e r i n d i v i d u a l . The t e s t s by t h e m s e l v e s , t h e ex
a m i n e r s by t h e m s e l v e s , a n d t h e p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s b y t h e m s e l v e s
of th e b a s is fo r th e e v a lu a tio n o f th e s ig n if ic a n c e o f th e p erso n
i s a s i g n i f i c a n t i n t e r a c t i o n o f p e r s o n a l i ty ty p e w i t h b o th t e s t s
56
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57
TABLE 5
T e s t M eans:
M-TAT 5 2 .5 1 0 .6 9 .4 7 .3 8
T-TAT 4 9 .8 1 0 .8 9 .5 7 .1 8
E x a m in e r M eans: *
Whit e 4 9 .9 1 0 .0 7 .9 7 .4 7
N egro 5 2 .4 1 1 .4 1 1 .4 7 .1 0
P e rso n a lity -
Type M eans: *
Ql 6 3 .1 1 3 .1 1 0 .0 7 .3 7
Q2 4 9 .7 1 0 .8 9 .9 6 .8 2
<23 4 0 .6 8 .3 8 .5 7 .6 5
T by E M eans: * a a
(M-TAT)(W) 5 7 .5 1 1 .2 9 .2 7 .1 6
(M-TAT)(N) 4 6 .6 1 0 .0 9 .7 7 .6 0
(T-TAT)(W) 4 2 .5 7 .2 7 .6 7 .7 7
(T-TAT)(Iff) 5 7 .1 1 2 .9 1 1 .4 6 .5 9
T bv P M eans: a
(M-TAT)(Ql) 7 1 .5 1 3 .3 9 .8 7 .4 3
(M-TAT)(Q2) 4 7 .4 1 0 .2 1 0 .0 6 .8 3
(M-TAT)(Q3) 3 8 .7 7 .8 8 .5 7 .8 9
(T -T A T )(Q l) 5 4 .8 1 2 .3 1 0 .2 7 .3 1
(T-TAT)(Q2) 5 2 .1 1 1 .5 9 .8 6 .8 3
(T-TA T)(Q 3) 4 2 .5 8 .7 8 .5 7 .4 1
E by P M eans: * a
(W) (Q l) 7 0 .6 1 4 .5 9 .2 7 .2 5
(W)(Q2) 4 4 .7 8 .8 8 .3 7 .5 3
(W) Q3 3 4 .9 6 .7 7 .7 7 .5 3
(W )(Q l) 5 5 .6 1 1 .7 1 0 .9 7 .3 3
(N )(Q 2) 5 4 .8 1 2 .3 1 1 .5 6 .1 2
(N )(Q 3) 4 6 .S 9 .8 S. 3 7 .6 9
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58
Independent D ep en d en t V a r i a b l e s
V a ria b le s
and T h e i r Av. No. T o t a l No. T o t a l No. D e fe n siv e
C o m b in a tio n s o f Words o f N eeds of P ress n e ss Index
T b y E by P M eans: ***
(M-TAT)(W) (Q l) 7 8 .8 1 5 .7 1 0 .0 6 .8 9
(M-TAT)(W)(Q2) 5 1 .7 1 1 .0 9 .0 7 .3 6
(M-TAT)(W)(Q3) 4 1 .9 7 .0 8 .7 7 .2 4
(M-TAT) (N )(Q 1) 6 4 .2 1 2 .0 9 .7 7 .9 8
(M-TAT)(N)(Q2) 4 3 .2 9 .3 1 1 .0 6 .2 9
(M-TAT) (N )(Q 3) 3 5 .5 8 .7 8 .3 8 .5 3
(T -T A T )(W )(Q l) 6 2 .5 1 3 .3 9 .2 7 .6 1
(T-TAT)(W )(Q2) 3 7 .7 6 .7 8 .3 7 .7 0
(T-TAT)(W )(Q3) 2 7 .2 6 .3 8 .7 8 .0 1
(T-TAT) (N ) ( Q l 4 7 .0 1 1 .3 1 2 .0 7 .0 1
i **> r \
(T -T A T )(N )(Q 2) 6 6 .4 1 6 .3 lO .U 5 .9 5
(T-TAT) (N)(Q3) 5 7 .8 1 1 .0 1 0 .3 6 .7 9
♦ ♦ ♦ E f f e c t s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .0 0 1 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e .
♦ E f f e c t s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .0 5 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e .
aE f f e c t s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e . 1 0 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e .
TABLE 6
S ource SS df V a ria n ce F
T e s t s .................................. 6 7 .5 1 1 6 7 .5 1 • • «
E x a m i n e r s ......................... 5 2 .5 6 1 5 2 .5 6
P e rs o n a lity T y p e s ... 2 ,8 0 4 .3 0 2 1 ,4 0 2 . 1 5 1 4 0 2 .1 5 -
T b y E .............................. 1 ,3 3 5 .9 1 1 1 ,3 3 5 .9 1 2 0 2 8 .5 1 6 .9 1 *
T by P ............................. 1 ,1 5 6 .0 5 2 5 7 8 .0 3 2!9 9 a
E by P .............................. 1 ,6 5 3 .5 4 2 8 2 6 .7 7 4 .2 8 *
T by E by P .................. 4 ,0 5 7 .0 7 2 2 ,0 2 8 .5 1 1 0 .4 9 * * *
W i t h i n ................................ 4 ,6 4 0 .4 7 24 1 9 3 .3 5
T o ta l... 1 5 ,7 6 7 .4 1 35
* * * E f f e c t s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .0 0 1 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e .
$
E f f e c t s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .0 5 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e .
a3y g r a p h i c i n t e r p o l a t i o n P = .0 6 7 .
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59
i s c o n s id e re d a p ro p e r e r r o r term f o r e v a lu a tin g th e d if f e r e n c e s
i n p e r s o n a l i t y m eans. T h i s e x p e r i m e n t i s n o t d e s i g n e d so t h a t t h e
t h i s u s a g e w ould assu m e t h a t t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s so e v a l u a t e d
w e re s e l e c t e d a t ra n d o m ; t h i s i s n o t t r u e o f t h e s e p e r s o n a l i t y
ty p e s.
T h e r e f o r e , i n t h e s t r i c t s e n s e i n w h ic h E dw ards i s t h i n k i n g ,
th e in te r a c tio n in t h i s e x p e r im e n t c a n n o t b e u s e d t o e v a l u a t e t h e
p e r s o n a l i t y m ea n s. On t h e o t h e r h a n d , a l t h o u g h t h e s e t y p e s w e re
n o t s e l e c t e d a t random , t h e y a r e h y p o t h e t i c a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d so t h a t
o f p e r s o n a l i t y o r g a n i z a t i o n among Megro s u b j e c t s a r e c e r t a i n l y c o n
c e iv a b le , t h e i r c o n c e p t i o n w ould r e q u i r e a f r a m e o f r e f e r e n c e d i f
f e r e n t f ro m t h e o n e i n u s e i n t h i s e x p e r i m e n t . On t h i s b a s i s t h e
d i f f e r e n c e i n v a r i a n c e b e tw e e n p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s i s e v a l u a t e d w i t h
th e i n t e r a c t i o n o f p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s , e x a m in e rs, and t e s t s a s t h e
e r r o r te rm ; a n d no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i s f o u n d b e tw e e n t h e p e r
s o n a lity ty p e s.
T h e r e i s no s e n s e i n w h ic h t h e o t h e r i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s ,
te s ts , and e x a m in e r s c an b e t h o u g h t t o b e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f a l l
b e u s e d w i t h e i t h e r o f th em o r w i t h an y s i m p l e i n t e r a c t i o n i n w h ic h
th ey p a r t i c i p a t e . The w i t h i n c e l l s v a r i a n c e , or t h e v a r i a n c e con
t r i b u t e d by r a n d o m i z e d e r r o r and i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s , m u st b e
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60
u s e d t o e v a l u a t e th e sim p le i n t e r a c t i o n s . A ll t h e sim p le i n t e r
i n t e r a c t i o n o f t e s t s and p e r s o n a l i t y ty p e s , f o r t h i s i n t e r a c t i o n
T he t r i p l e i n t e r a c t i o n o f t e s t s , e x a m in e rs, and p e r s o n
a l i t y ty p e s i s h i g h ly s i g n i f i c a n t , P = .0 0 1 .
C o m p a ris o n o f Means
T h e s e r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e a v e r a g e num ber o f w o r d s
p r o d u c e d i n e a c h s t o r y h a s no d i r e c t a n d s i m p le r e l a t i o n s h i p t o
a ny one o f t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s c o n t r o l l e d i n t h i s e x p e r i
we taM e i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e f f e c t s o f t h e i n t e r
a c t i o n s o f a l l t h r e e v a r i a b l e s , no s i n g l e p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e p r o
d u c e s a n a v e r a g e num ber o f w o rd s p e r s t o r y w h ic h i s l a r g e r o r
s m a l l e r t h a n t h a t p r o d u c e d b y any o t h e r p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e .
T hese r e s u l t s show t h a t i t i s t h e c o m b i n a t i o n s o f t h e
a n d e x a m i n e r s w h e re t h e r a c e i s t h e same i n b o t h , t h e e f f e c t ( 5 7 .5
a n d 5 7 . 1 ) i s an a v e r a g e num ber o f w o rd s p e r s t o r y h i g h e r t h a n t h e
g r a n d mean ( 5 1 . 1 ) a l t h o u g h n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y s o . T h ese c o m b in a
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
61
TA3LE 7
E x am in e r
Test W h ite N egro
M-TAT 5 7 .5 4 6 .6
T-TAT 4 2 .5 5 7 .1
i s l o w e r t h a n t h e . 0 5 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e ; by t h i s c r i t e r i o n s u c h
a d i f f e r e n c e c o u l d o c c u r by c h a n c e . However, t h e r e s u l t w i l l b e
v ie w e d a s s i g n i f i c a n t s i n c e t h e g e n e r a l p r e c i s i o n o f t h i s e x p e ri
m ent i s n o t so k e e n a s t o w a r r a n t u s e o f a r a z o r - s h a r p c u t - o f f
p o in t.
T a b l e 6 shows t h a t t h e v a r i a n c e s o f t h e t e s t s by p e r s o n
a l i t y t y p e s do n o t a p p r o x i m a t e t h e .0 5 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e . How
n i f i c a n c e by so g r e a t a q u a n t i t y t h a t i t i s m e a n i n g l e s s t o p r e s e n t
t h e m e a n s. T a b l e 8 show s t h e m ea n s f o r t h e v a r i o u s c o m b i n a t i o n s
TABLE 8
T est Ql Q2 Q3
M-TAT 7 1 .5 4 7 .4 3 8 .7
T-TAT 5 4 .8 5 2 .1 4 2 .5
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62
of th e t e s t s and t h e p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s .
The s u g g e s t i o n i n t h i s t a b l e i s t h a t t h e M-TAT e l e v a t e s
t e s t tw o o f t h e g r o u p s show l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e ; f o r M-TAT i t i s Q2
a b l y s m a l l e r t h a n Q l. F o r t h e T-TAT i t i s Ql a n d Q2 w h ic h d i f f e r
I f t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s w ere a c c e p te d a s s i g n i f i c a n t , th e r e s u l t
w o uld i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e l e a s t e t h n o c e n t r i c and l e a s t a u t h o r i t a r i a n
group, Q l, i s s t i m u l a t e d t o h i g h e r p r o d u c t i o n o f w o r d s ( 7 1 . 5 ) t h a n
t h e o t h e r g r o u p s ( 4 7 . 4 and 3 8 .7 ) b y t h e M u rra y o r w h i t e p i c t u r e s .
c r e a s e p r o d u c t i o n o f w o r d s i n t h e more e t h n o c e n t r i c Q3 g r o u p , i t s
av erage (4 2 .5 ) i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t fr o m t h e mean o f t h e
Q3 g r o u p ( 3 8 . 7 ) p r e s e n t e d w i t h M^-TAT. Where t e s t s a n d p e r s o n a l i t y
ty p e s a r e co n cern ed , i t apps a r s t h a t t h e o u t s t a n d i n g e f f e c t i s t h e
e t h n o c e n t r i c Q l g r o u p i n t e r a c t s w i t h t h e M urray p i c t u r e s .
It c a n b e s e e n b y e x a m in in g T a b l e s 8 a n d 9 t h a t t h e - p a t
t e r n o f m eans f o r t h e e x a m in e r b y p e r s o n a l i t y i n t e r a c t i o n i s sim i
l a r t o t h e one f o r t e s t s a n d p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s . The d i f f e r e n c e i s
TABLE 9
E x am in er Ql Q2 Q3
W h ite 7 0 .6 4 4 .7 3 4 .9
N egro • 5 5 .6 5 4 .8 4 6 .6
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63
t h a t T a b l e 6 shows t h e l a t t e r i n t e r a c t i o n t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t b e y o n d
th e .0 5 l e v e l o f c o n fid e n c e . A common e x p e r i m e n t a l f e a t u r e o f
t h e s e tw o i n t e r a c t i o n s i s t h a t b o t h t e s t s a n d e x a m in e r s a r e r e p r e
two p a t t e r n s o f means i s t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l r e s p o n s e s o f t h e t h r e e
p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s t o w h i t e a s o p p o s e d t o N e g ro s t i m u l a t i o n , d i s
r e g a r d i n g t h e o b v i o u s f a c t t h a t i n one c a s e t h e ra c ia l d iffe re n c e
i s i n t h e p e r s o n o f t h e e x a m in e r a n d i n t h e o t h e r c a s e i s i n t h e
p e o p le i n t h e p i c t u r e s . T h is r e s u l t i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e re s p o n s e
t h e w h i t e e x a m in e r i s t h e o n l y mean w h ic h i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r
e n t fro m a l l t h e o t h e r s . The Q l g r o u p i s s t i m u l a t e d t o g r e a t e r
p r o d u c t i o n o f w o rd s by t h e w h i t e e x a m in e r j u s t a s by t h e w h i t e
p ic tu re s.
t h e 12 c o m b i n a t i o n s o f t h e 3 i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . Where t h e
M urray t e s t i s c o n c e r n e d , t h e tw o m eans f o r t h e Ql g r o u p ( 7 8 . 8
and 6 4 .2 ) a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r th a n a l l th e o t h e r s . When t h e
o t h e r s a r e r a n k e d , t h e r e a r e no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n
TABLE 10
M-TAT T-TAT
r*
Ql ,Q2 Ql Q2 Q3
W h ite 7 8 .8 5 1 .7 4 1 .9 6 2 .5 3 7 .7 2 7 .2
N e g ro 6 4 .2 4 3 .2 3 5 .5 4 7 .0 6 6 .4 5 7 .8
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
64
a d ja c e n t m eans. Thus i t i s t h e Ql g ro u p w i t h e i t h e r e x a m in e r f o r
w h ic h t h e M u rra y t e s t h a s a c r i t i c a l i m p o r t a n c e i n t h e d i r e c t i o n
e i t h e r e x a m in e r . I t i s e s p e c i a l l y m arked f o r t h e w h i t e o ne h u t
c o m p a r is o n o f t h e tw o e x a m in e r s f o r Ql on t h e M u rra y t e s t shows
t h e w h i t e e x a m in e r t o h a v e a mean w hich i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r
t h a n t h a t o f t h e N egro e x a m in e r ( 7 8 .8 a n d 6 4 . 3 ) .
T h e re seem s t o he some r e v e r s a l o f t h e s e e f f e c t s w h e re
g r e a t e r p r o d u c t i v i t y f o r t h e w h i t e e x a m in e r t h a n f o r t h e N e g r o .
But i n t h i s c a s e t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n a c o m b i n a t i o n o f Ql g r o u p
a n d t h e w h i t e e x a m in e r ( 6 2 . 5 ) a n d t h e Q2 a n d Q3 g r o u p s c o m b in e d
w i t h N egro e x a m in e r ( 6 6 . 4 a n d 5 7 . 8 ) c o u l d b e c h a n c e d i f f e r e n c e s .
A n o th e r a p p a r e n t r e v e r s a l i s t h e f a i l u r e o f t h e Ql N egro e x a m in e r
c o m b i n a t i o n t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r t h a n Q2 a n d Q3 w h i t e ex
a m in e r c o m b i n a t i o n .
Summary o f R e s u l t s f o r t h e A n a l y s i s o f t h e
A v e ra g e Number o f Words p e r S t o r y
1. ^ e i t h e r t e s t s n o r e x a m in e rs n o r p e r s o n a l i t y ty p e s a r e s i g
n i f i c a n t s o u r c e s o f v a r i a n c e i n t h e a v e r a g e number o f w o rd s
r e a c h t h e .0 5 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e .
2. The p a r t i c u l a r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s which th e t e s t s , e x a m in e rs,
n i f i c a n t s o u r c e s o f v a r i a n c e i n t h e a v e r a g e number of words
o n e a n o t h e r , a t t h e .0 0 1 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
65
3. The m o st p r o d u c t i v e c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s t h e one i n v o l v i n g
t h e w h i t e e x a m i n e r w i t h t h e M-TAT a n d t h e Ql p e r s o n a l i t y
group. I t s m ean , h o w e v e r, i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t
f ro m f o u r o t h e r c o m b i n a t i o n s :
T-TAT w i t h N egro e x a m in e r a n d Q2 g r o u p .
M-TAT w i t h N eg ro e x a m in e r a n d Ql g r o u p .
T-TAT w i t h w h i t e e x a m in e r and Ql g r o u p .
4. The s i m p l e i n t e r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s
a m in e r i s w h i t e and t h e p i c t u r e s a r e N e g r o .
b. The e f f e c t o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f t e s t s a n d p e r s o n a l i t y
t y p e s i s d i f f e r e n t f o r t h e tw o t e s t s . The p e r s o n a l i t y
t y p e s r e s p o n d s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t l y t o t h e M-TAT.
T h e i r r e s p o n s e s t o t h e T-TAT do n o t d i f f e r s i g n i f i
c a n tly .
c. The e f f e c t o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f e x a m i n e r s a n d p e r
s o n a l i t y t y p e s i s d i f f e r e n t f o r t h e two e x z m i n e r s .
The p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s r e s p o n d s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t l y
t o t h e w h i t e e x a m in e r . The e f f e c t i s t h a t w h i t e s t i m u
l a t i o n , w h e t h e r i n e x a m in e r o r i n t h e p i c t u r e s , i n
c r e a s e s p r o d u c t i v i t y o f w o rd s i n t h e Ql g r o u p b u t does
not o th e rw ise a f f e c t th e p e r s o n a lity ty p e s .
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66
Number o f N eeds p e r I n d i v i d u a l
I n s p e c t i o n o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e num ber o f n e e d s p e r
i n d i v i d u a l r a i s e d some q u e s t i o n a b o u t i t s n o r m a lc y and t h e p o s s i
b ility , th e re fo re , t h a t t h e v a r i a n c e fro m g r o u p t o g r o u p m ig h t n o t
b e h o m o g e n e o u s. I f s u c h w ere t h e c a s e , a b a s i c a s s u m p t i o n o f an
a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e t e c h n i q u e w o u ld b e v i o l a t e d a n d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s
w o uld b e n e c e s s a r y . T h e r e f o r e B a r t l e t t ’ s t e s t f o r h o m o g e n e ity o f
d i f f e r e n c e s i n v a r i a n c e fro m g ro u p t o g ro u p w as l i k e l y d u e t o
chance. I t w as p o s s i b l e t o an ali'-ze t h e v a r i a n c e i n t h e d i s t r i b u
t i o n o f t h e num ber o f n e e d s e x p r e s s e d p e r i n d i v i d u a l w i t h o u t r e
i n T ab le 11.
TABLE 11
S ource SS df V a ria n c e F
T e s t s ................................ .4 4 1 3 .2 2
E x a m i n e r s ...................... 1 8 .7 8 1 1 8 .7 8 1 .2 0
P e r s o n a lity T y p e s .. 1 4 3 .1 7 2 7 1 .5 8 4 .5 9 *
T by E ........................... 6 4 .0 0 1 6 4 .0 0 4 .1 1 *
T b y P ........................... 8 .1 7 2 4 .0 9
E by P ........................... 8 3 .3 8 2 4 1 .9 1 2]s9 b
T b y E b y P ............... 4 3 .9 5 2 2 1 .9 8 „ 1 .4 1
W i t h i n ........................... 3 7 4 .3 3 24 1 5 .6 0 • • •
T o ta l.. . . 736.2-2 35
♦ E ffe c ts s ig n if ic a n t a t th e .0 5 l e v e l o f c o n f id e n c e ,
^ y g r a p h ic i n t e r p o l a t i o n P = .0 5 6 .
^By g r a p h i c i n t e r p o l a t i o n P = . 0 9 9 .
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67
t h e e f f e c t s o f a l l t l i r e e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s , d o es n o t e v e n ap
p ro ach. s i g n i f i c a n c e a t t h e .0 5 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e . T h e r e i s no
c o m b in a tio n s o f e x a m in e rs, t e s t s , a n d p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s w h ic h
c o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n c a u s e d by c h a n c e .
S i m i l a r l y , two o f t h e s i m p l e i n t e r a c t i o n s h av e no s i g n i f
a m i n e r s w i t h p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s do n o t h a v e s i g n i f i c a n c e i n t h e
d i f f e r e n c e s among th em r e s p e c t i v e l y .
n i f i c a n t a t a l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e w h ic h i s r o u g h l y (by g r a p h i c
in te rp o la tio n ) .0 5 6 .
Among t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s , o n ly t h e p e r s o n a l i t y
ty p e s have s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s . T h e re i s n o d i f f e r e n c e b e
tw e e n t h e t e s t s o r b e tw e e n t h e e x a m in e r s w h ic h c o u l d n o t h a v e come
about by chance.
Oomoari s o n s
T a b l e 13 show s t h e m ea n s o f t h e c o m b i n a t i o n s o f t e s t s and
TABLE 13
M-TAT 1 1 .3 1 0 .0
T-TAT 7 .3 1 3 .9
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68
m i n i s t e r s t h e N egro p i c t u r e s .
j a c e n t m eans a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t , a lth o u g h th e d i f f e r
e n c e b e t w e e n Q2 a n d Q3 i s l a r g e . Q1 i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r t h a n
Q3.
TABLE 13
01 1 3 .1
Q2 1 0 .3
Q3 8 .3
Summary o f R e s u l t s f o r Number
o f N eeds p e r I n d i v i d u a l
1. The c o n f i g u r a t i o n s c r e a t e d b y i n t e r a c t i o n o f a l l t h r e e
in d ep en d en t v a r i a b l e s a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t s o u rc e s o f
v a r i a n c e i n t h e num ber o f n e e d s p e r i n d i v i d u a l .
2. Among t h e s i m p l e i n t e r a c t i o n s o n l y t h e c o m b i n a t i o n s o f
t e s t s a n d e x a m i n e r s make a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e . The
e x a m in e r a d m i n i s t e r s t h e T-TAT.
n e e d s t h a n t h e Q3 g r o u p , b u t n o n e o f t h e o t h e r p o s s i b l e
c o m p a r i s o n s show a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
69
Humber o f P r e s s p e r I n d i v i d u a l
The a n a l y s i s o f t h e v a r i a n c e o f P r e s s i s p r e s e n t e d i n
T ab le 14. I t i s shown t h a t t h e t r i p l e i n t e r a c t i o n i s n o t a s i g
TABLE 14
Source SS df V a ria n c e F
T e s t s ................................ .0 3 1 .0 3 • • •
E x a m i n e r s ...................... 4 3 .3 5 1 4 2 .3 5 5 .6 0 *
P e r s o n a l i t y T y p e s .. .1 4 3 .0 7 • • •
T b y E ................. •------ 3 6 .6 9 1 2 6 .6 9 3 .5 4 a
T b y P ........................... 1 7 .3 0 2 8 .6 5 1 .1 5
E b y P ........................... 3 1 .4 3 2 1 0 .7 1 1 .4 2
T by E b y P ............... 3 7 .8 5 3 1 8 .9 3 2 .5 1
W i t h i n ........................... 1 8 0 .6 7 24 7 .5 4
T o t a l .......... 3 7 3 .9 7 35
♦ E f f e c t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .0 5 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e ,
^y g r a p h ic i n t e r p o l a t i o n P = .0 7 3 .
t h e c o m b i n a t i o n s o f e x a m in e r s and t e s t s a p p r o a c h s i g n i f i c a n c e ;
c a u s e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t among t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s o n l y t h e
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70
TABLE 15
A v e rag e Number
of P ress
Examine r per P erson
W h ite 7 .9
Negro 1 1 .4
C o m p a r is o n s
T a b l e 16 show s t h e m eans f o r t h e c o m b i n a t i o n s o f t e s t s
d i f f e r i n a m ou nts w h ic h c o u ld b e due t o c h a n c e e x c e p t i n g t h e d i f
f e r e n c e b e tw e e n e x a m i n e r s on t h e T-TAT. In th is e x c e p tio n th e
P r e s s p e r i n d i v i d u a l t h a n t h e w h ite e x am in e r. H ow ever, i n t h e
are s ig n ific a n t ( s e e T a b le 1 7 ) .
TABLE 16
M-TAT 9 .2 9 .7
T-TAT 7 .6 1 1 .4
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71
TABLE 17
E x am in e r Q1 Q2 Q3
W h ite 7 .2 5 7 .5 3 7 .6 3
N egro 7 .3 3 6 .1 2 7 .6 9
D e fe n siv e n e s s S cores
B a r t l e t t ' s t e s t show ed t h a t t h e r a w d e f e n s i v e n e s s s c o r e s
s c o r e s i s shown i n T a b l e 1 8 .
TABLE 18
S ource SS df V a ria n c e F
T e s t s ................................ .0 9 5 6 1 .0 9 5 6 1 .1 6
E x a m i n e r s ...................... .0 0 1 7 1 .0 0 1 7 • • •
P e r s o n a l i t y T y p e s .. .0 4 7 5 2 .02 3 7 • • •
T by E ........................... .0 5 0 5 1 .0 5 0 5 • • •
T by P ........................... .0 4 8 0 2 .0 2 4 0 « • *
E by P ........................... .3 3 9 1 2 .1 7 2 3 2 .1 0
T by E by P ............... .0 5 7 6 2 . 0256 • • •
W i t h i n ............................. 1 .9 7 0 0 24 .0 8 2 1 * • •
T o t a l ............. 2 .6 1 0 0 35
a By g r a p h i c i n t e r p o l a t i o n P - .1 7 .
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72
As i n d i c a t e d i n T a b l e 1 8 , n e i t h e r t h e i n t e r a c t i o n s n o r t h e
i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s show s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a n c e .
D i f f e r e n t i a l R esponses R e f le c te d i n
t h e D epend ent V a r i a b l e s
The r a t i o n a l e o f d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s s t a t e d t h a t t h e a v e r
ag e num ber o f w o rd s p e r s t o r y w as a r e s u l t a n t o f d y n a m ic , te m p e r a
l a t e d t o h a v e s p e c i f i c dynam ic p r o c e s s e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h th e m .
T a b l e 19 shows t h e o c c u r r e n c e s o f s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a n c e s
show s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a n c e s o n l y i n t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s ,
TABLE 19
A v e ra g e
Number o f D ef e n -
Source o f V a ria n c e Words N eeds P ress siv e n e ss
T e s t s .................................... • • • • »»
E x a m i n e r s ........................... ••• , . , .0 5
P e r s o n a l it y T y p e s .. . . ♦ • • .0 5 •••
T by E ................................ .0 5 .0 5 6 .0 7 3
T by P ................................ .0 6 7 ••• • • •
E b y P ................................ .0 5 .0 9 9 • • • .1 7
T b y E b y . P ...................... .0 0 1 « • •
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73
a l l t h e v a r i a b l e s i s t h a t n o n e o f them r e f l e c t t e s t s a s s o u r c e s
o f w o rd s i s m o st a f f e c t e d b y t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n t r o l s o f t h i s
e x p erim e n t, d e f e n s i v e n e s s l e a s t a f f e c t e d , a n d t h e t e s t s h a v e no
im p o rta n c e i n t h i s s tu d y as e x p e r im e n ta l f a c t o r s .
P r o d u c t-m o m e n t i n t e r - c o r r e l a t i o n s among t h e d e p e n d e n t
v a r i a b l e s w e r e c o m p u te d . T h e s e a r e shown i n T a b l e 2 0 . The r a n k
o rd e r of th e v a r i a b l e s i n term s o f s i z e of c o r r e l a t i o n w ith a i l
o th e r v a r i a b le s i s a s fo llo w s:
Rank V a ria b le
1 D e fe n s iv e n e s s
2 H eeds
3 Words
4 P ress
The h y p o t h e s i s a b o u t d e f e n s i v e n e s s i s b o r n e o u t . It
c o r r e l a t e s n e g a t i v e l y an d h i g h l y w i t h t h e o t h e r d e p e n d e n t v a r i
a b le s.
TABLE 20
A v e ra g e
Number o f Def e n -
Words N eeds P ress siv e n e s
A v e ra g e num ber o f
w o r d s ................................ ••• .6 8 .3 9 - .3 7
N e e d s ..................................... .6 8 .3 2 - .6 6
P r e s s ..................................... .3 9 .3 2 . .. - .5 7
CO
co•
D e f e n s i v e n e s s ................. - .3 7 -.5 7 •• • •
i
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74
The r e s u l t s o f t h e s t u d y t e s t t h e s p e c i f i c h y p o t h e s e s .
T hese, ta k e n to g e t h e r , a r e th e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e g e n e r a l h y p o th
he ju d g ed f i r s t and H y p o th e sis I , t h e s ta te m e n t o f t h e g e n e r a l
h y p o th e s is , w i l l he e v a lu a te d l a s t a s y n th e s is of a l l t h e r e s u l t s .
H y p o t h e s i s I I - A . — The Q l, o r n o n - a u t h o r i t a r i a n , g r o u p w i l l
n o t r e s p o n d d i f f e r e n t i a l l y i n any o f t h e c o m h i n a t i o n s . As a g en
e r a l i s a t i o n t h i s h y p o t h e s is h o ld s a t an a c c e p t a h l e l e v e l o f con
e x c e p t one i n s t a n c e a t t h e .0 0 1 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e . The Q l, o r
n o n - a u t h o r i t a r i a n , g ro u p resp o n d ed d i f f e r e n t i a l l y to t h e v a rio u s
p e r s to ry i s th e dependent v a r ia b le . The c o m b i n a t i o n o f w h i t e
p i c t u r e s a n d t h e w h i t e e x a m in e r s t i m u l a t e d t h i s g r o u p t o t h e o n l y
s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t p r o d u c t i v i t y among any o f t h e c o m p a r is o n s
b e tw e e n c o m b i n a t i o n s . T a b l e 21 show s t h e means f o r t h e s e c o m b in a
tio n s .
TABLE 21
C o m b in a tio n Mean
(M—TAT)(W )(Ql) 7 8 .8 7 8 .8 -6 4 .2 = 1 4 .6
6 4 .2 6 4 .2 -6 2 .5 = 1 .7
6 2 .5 7 8 .8 -4 7 .0 = 3 1 .8 *
4 7 .0 6 4 .2 -4 7 .0 = 1 7 .2
* S i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .0 5 l e v e l .
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75
I t i s t r u e t h a t o n t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e , N e e d s , t h e Ql
t b e a v e r a g e o f t h e Q3 g r o u p o v e r a l l t h e r e p l i c a t i o n s i n a quan
t i t y w h ic h i s n o t l i k e l y ( . 0 5 l e v e l of c o n f i d e n c e ) t o h a v e o c
c u r r e d by ch an ce. H ow ever, t h i s i s an o v e r a l l d i f f e r e n c e . F or
H y p o t h e s i s I I - B . — The Q2, o r a u t h o r i t a r i a n - p r o j e c t i v e , g
t h e f o l l o w i n g r a n k o r d e r fro m m o st t o l e a s t :
The e x p e r i m e n t show s t h ^ t t h e Q2 g r o u p d i d r e s p o n d d i f f e r
t h e r e s u l t s c o u l d h a v e o c c u r r e d by c h a n c e f o r a l l t h e d e p e n d e n t
v a r i a b l e s e x c e p t Words w h e re t h e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t a t
t h e .0 0 1 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e . T h e r e i s t h u s some c o n f i d e n c e t h a t
th e h y p o th e s is i s b orne o u t. T a b le 22 show s t h e r a n k o r d e r o f
c o m b in atio n s. I t i s s u g g e s t i v e t h a t t h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e fro m
t h e h y p o t h e s i s i s t h e r e v e r s a l o f r a n k s 2 a n d 3 i n Words a n d
N eeds.
H y p o t h e s i s I I - C . — The Q3, o r a u t h o r ! t a r i a n - i n t r a p u n i t i v e ,
d i f f e r e n t i a l l y i n t h a t t h e N egro e x a m in e r a n d t h e N egro p i c t u r e s
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76
TABLE 22
1 (T -T A T )(N )(Q 2) 6 6 .4
2 (M-TAT)(W)(Q2) 5 1 .7
3 (M-TAT)(N)(Q2) 4 3 .2
4 (T-TAT) (W) (Q2) 3 7 .7
N e ed s
1 (T -T A T )(N )(Q 2) 1 6 .3
2 (M-TAT)(W)CQ2) 1 1 .0
3 (M-TAT)(N)(Q2) 9 .3
4 (T-TAT)(W)(Q2) 6 .0
P ress
1 (T -T A T )(N )(Q 2) 1 2 .0
2 (M-TAT)(N)(Q2) 1 1 .0
3 (M-TAT) (W)(Q2) 9 .0
4 (T -T A T )( ¥ ) (Q3) 8 .3
D e f e n s i v e n e s s ( L e a s t t o M ost]
1 (T -T A T )(N )(Q 2) 5 .9 5
2 (M-TAT)(N)(Q2) 6 .2 9
3 (M-TAT)(W)(Q2) 7 .3 6
4 (T-TAT)(W)(Q2) 7 .7 0
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77
c o m b in atio n s w i l l be as fo llo w s:
The r e s u l t s a r e m ore e q u i v o c a l f o r t h i s h y p o t h e s i s t h a n
i n t h e f i r s t tw o . The h y p o t h e s i s i s b o r n e o u t a t t h e . 0 1 l e v e l
o f c o n f i d e n c e w h e re Words a r e c o n c e r n e d . F o r N e ed s a n d P r e s s t h e
d i r e c t i o n i s as h y p o th e siz e d , b u t t h e r e s u l t s a re n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y
e x p e c te d d i r e c t i o n . A lth o u g h t h i s p a r t i c u l a r r e s u l t i s p r o b a b l y
a c h a n c e o c c u r r e n c e , t h e i n c r e a s e i n D e f e n s i v e n e s s f o r t h e N egro
e x a m in e r w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d f u r t h e r b e lo w .
We h a v e some c o n f i d e n c e t h a t t h i s h y p o t h e s i s h o l d s f o r
H y p o th e sis I I I - A . — T here w i l l n o t b e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r
e n c e s f o r any o f t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s p e r s e m e a s u r e d by an y
o f t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s (m ain e f f e c t s ) .
T h i s h y p o t h e s i s i s p a r t i a l l y b o rn s o u t ( s e e T a b l e 19 a b o v e ) .
The n u l l h y p o t h e s i s i s r e j e c t e d a t t h e .0 5 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e i n
o n ly tw o o u t o f t h e tw e lv e p o s s i b i l i t i e s . Two o u t o f t h e f o u r
c e r n e d a r e N eeds a n d P r e s s . F o r N e ed s t h e p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s make
a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e ; t h e Ql g r o u p p r o d u c i n g a s i g n i f i c a n t l y
l a r g e r num ber o f N e ed s t h a n t h e Q3 g r o u p . F o r p r e s s t h e e x a m in e r s
make a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e , s i g n i f i c a n t l y more P r e s s a r e p r o
d u c e d f o r t h e N egro e x a m in e r t h a n f o r t h e w h i t e .
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78
TABLE 23
R e s u l t s f o r W ordsa
1 (T-T A T )(N )(Q 3) 5 7 .8
2 (M-TAT) (W) (Q3) 4 1 .9
3 (M-TAT)(N)(Q3) 3 5 .5
4 (T-TAT)(W)(Q3) 2 7 .2
R e s u lts f o r N eeds0
1 (T-TA T)(N )(Q 3) 1 1 .0
2 (M-TAT)(N)(Q3) 8 .7
3 (M-TAT)(W)(Q3) 7 .0
4 (T-TAT)(W)(Q3) 6 .3
R e s u l t s f o r P r e s s 13
1 (T -T A T )(N )(Q 3) 1 0 .3
2 (M-TAT)(W)(Q3) 8 .7
3 (M-TAT) (N)(Q3) 8 .3
4 (T-TAT)(W)(Q3) 6 .7
R e s u l t s f o r D e f e n s i v e n e s s ( f r o m l e a s t t o m o s t)13
1 (T-TA T)(N )(Q 3) 6 .7 9
2 (M-TAT) (W) (0.3) 7 .2 4
3 (T-TAT)(W)(Q3) 8 .0 1
4 (M-TAT) (N)(Q3) 8 .5 3
S i g n i f i c a n t a t .0 5 l e v e l ,
^ o t sig n ific a n t.
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79
H y p o t h e s i s I I I - B . — T h e re w i l l b e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s
th e t o t a l c o n f ig u r a tio n w i l l be as fo llo w s:
Rank Symbol
1 (M-TAT)( ¥ ) (Q l)
2 (T-TAT) (N)(Q1)
3 (T-TAT) (II) (Q2)
4 (M-TAT)(IT)(Ql)
5 (M-TAT) (II) (Q2)
6 (T-TA T)(N )(Q 2)
7 (M-TAT) (II) (Q2)
8 (M-TAT) (ll) (Q3)
9 (M-TAT)(W)(Q3)
10 (T-TA T)(W H Q l)
11 'T-TAT)(W )(Q3)
12 T-TAT) (W)(Q3)
T h i s h y p o t h e s i s i s p r o v e d i n t h e c a s e o f a v e r a g e nu m ber
a d i f f e r e n c e w h ic h i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e . 0 1 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e .
As shown i n T a b l e 2 4 , t h e r e i s a r a n k c o r r e l a t i o n o f . 7 4 b e t w e e n
h y p o th e s is and t h e r e s u l t s .
TABLE 24
H y p o th e sis I I I - B R e s u l t s f o r Words
Rank Symbol Rank Symbol Means
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80
H y p o t h e s i s I . — The g e n e r a l h y p o t h e s i s i s a s f o l l o w s : The
t o t a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e t e s t i n g s i t u a t i o n ox c o m p lex c o m p o n e n ts
o f i t w i l l be s i g n i f i c a n t s o u r c e s o f d i f f e r e n c e i n a l l t h e d e p en d
e n t v a r i a b l e s , w hereas s p e c i f i c in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s w i t h i n i t
The r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y do n o t p r o v i d e any e v i d e n c e f o r
r e j e c t i n g th e g e n e ra l h y p o th e sis o f th e r e s e a r c h . On t h e c o n t r a r y
th e re is su ffic ie n t e v id e n c e t o w a r r a n t t h e a ssu m p tio n t h a t th e
h y p o th e s is i s c o r r e c t . F o r e x a m p le , t h e f i n d i n g t h a t t h e t r i p l e
to d isp ro v e th e h y p o th e s is . I n e v a lu a tin g a l l th e s e r e s u l t s ta k e n
t o g e t h e r , we m ust c o n s i d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g f a c t s :
1. Humber o f v /o rd s i s v ie w e d a s a r e s u l t a n t o f a l l f a c t o r s
a r e v ie w e d a s r e s u l t s o f s p e c i f i c p s y c h o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s .
c is e w h ile th e r e l i a b i l i t y o f th e o th e r s i s lo w .
T h e se f a c t s p e r m i t t h e a rg u m e n t t h a t a v e r a g e num ber o f
Words i s a b e t t e r i n d e x t h a n any o f t h e o t h e r s i n g l e m e a s u r e s .
Hence m ore c o n f i d e n c e m ig h t b e p l a c e d i n i t s p o s i t i v e f i n d i n g
th a n i n th e n e g a tiv e fin d in g s of th e o th e rs . T h i s a rg u m e n t i s
n o t s t r o n g e n o u g h t o c o n s i d e r t h e h y p o t h e s i s c o n c l u s i v e l y demon
A n o th e r a rg u m e n t i n s u p p o r t o f t h e g e n e r a l h y p o t h e s i s i s
t h e e x t e n t t o w h ic h s p e c i f i c h y p o t h e s e s d e d u c e d fro m i t a r e shown
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81
to be c o r r e c t. A l l o f th e m a r e i n r e a s o n a b l e c o n f i d e n c e shown t o
be e s s e n t i a l l y c o r r e c t , d e s p ite th e f a c t t h a t th e p r e d i c t i o n s
w e re a m is s a t one p o i n t o r a n o t h e r . I n v ie w o f t h e s u p p o r t o f
c o n fid e n ce i n th e g e n e r a l h y p o th e se s, th e s e f a i l u r e s o f p r e d i c
t i o n a r e v ie w e d a s m e t h o d o l o g i c a l s h o r t c o m i n g s . The c o r r e c t i o n s
s e e n a s v a l u a b l e s u g g e s t i o n s f o r m ore c r u c i a l f u t u r e i n v e s t i g a
t i o n o f - t h i s a s s u m p t i o n i m p o r t a n t t o u s e o f t h e TAT a n d p r o j e c t i v e
te stin g .
The c o n c l u d i n g ju d g m e n t i s t h a t t h e p r e s e n t r e s u l t s a d d e d
t o t h o s e o f R i e s s e t a l . a n d H o r c h in e t a l . a r e p r e s u m p t i v e em-
ft
p i r i c a l e v id e n c e a g a in s t t h e a ssu m p tio n t h a t s p e c i a l t e s t s are
r e q u i r e d f o r p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p s e x c e p t i n a h i g h l y s p e c i a l w ay.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER 711
A n a l y s i s o f t h e P r o b le m
S t a te m e n t o f t h e P ro b le m
S t a t e m e n t s b y M u r ra y , H e n ry , a n d Thompson a l r e a d y men
t i o n e d ( p a g e s 1 - 2 ) c a n b e su m m a riz e d a n d p a r a p h r a s e d a s f o l l o w s :
and r a c i a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n s u b j e c t s p r e s e n t p e c u l i a r p r o b l e m s
o f TAT a d m i n i s t r a t i o n an d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . T h ese p r o b l e m s a r e
t h o u g h t t o o c c u r b e c a u s e r e s p o n s e p o t e n t i a l i t i e s i n t h e su b
j e c t s v a ry a c c o rd in g to th e s e ty p e s of d i f f e r e n c e s . It is
f o r e l i c i t i n g t h e d e s i r e d q u a l i t y and q u a n t i t y o f f a n t a s y ma
te ria l.
From t h i s t y p e o f r a t i o n a l e i t f o l l o w s t h a t t h e p r o b l e m
is "What k i n d s o f p i c t u r e s a r e b e s t a d a p t e d t o e l i c i t f a n t a s y ma
t e r i a l fro m e a c h g r o u p ? "
Thompson p r e s e n t e d a s p e c i f i c a n s w e r t o t h e q u e s t i o n r e
g a r d i n g t h e N egro g r o u p . T h is a n s w e r h a s b e e n u n s a t i s f a c t o r y t o
b e e n i n t e r e s t e d i n t e s t i n g w h e t h e r Thom pson’ s a n s w e r i s i n f a c t
c o rre c t. They c o n c l u d e t h a t i t i s n o t.
The w r i t e r h a s f e l t t h a t i t i s i n s u f f i c i e n t t o d e m o n s tra te
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83
t h a t any p a r t i c u l a r a n s w e r i s w r o n g . T h is p r o c e d u r e l e a v e s t h e
p r o b le m u n t o u c h e d , f o r t h e p o s s i b i l i t y r e m a in s t h a t , a lth o u g h
t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r p i c t u r e s may be shown t o f a i l o f t h e i r p u r p o s e ,
o t h e r p i c t u r e s m ig h t be f o u n d w h ic h w i l l s e r v e a s a n sw e r t o t h e
q u e stio n . The w r i t e r h a s f e l t t h a t e v en i f " b e s t ad ap ted " p i c
t u r e s w e re f o u n d , t h e o r i g i n a l p r o b l e m s w o u ld r e m a i n .
T h e r e i s an e le m e n t o f s c i e n t i f i c s t r a t e g y i n v o l v e d i n
t h i s m a t t e r w h ic h t o u c h e s upo n t h e p h i l o s o p h y o f s c i e n c e . The
q u e s tio n i s w h e th er or n o t th e p r e s s i n g need f o r a p r a c t i c a l so lu
t i o n s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d t o f o r f e i t t h e s o u n d e r s o l u t i o n b a s e d on
o b je c tiv e th e o r e tic a l v a lu e s.
T h i s q u e s t i o n seem s t o h a v e a r i s e n many t i m e s w h e re p r o
cerned. I t h a s b e e n m o st f r e q u e n t l y a n s w e r e d i n f a v o r o f t h e im
m ed iate p r a c t i c a l p s y c h o lo g ic a l t a s k . F o r e x a m p le , i n R o r s c h a c h
p r o c e d u r e many r e s p o n s e s s u c h a s i n f l a t e d r e c o r d s a n d s e x u a l a n d
a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n s e s may o c c u r i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e i n t e r p e r s o n a l
r e l a t i o n w ith th e t e s t e r (38) s t i l l t h e p r a c t i c e i s t o i n t e r p r e t
th e m a s i m p o r t a n t c o n t i n u i n g e l e m e n t s o f t h e d y n am ic s t r u c t u r e o f
th e s u b je c t because such i s th e pu rp o se o f th e t e s t i n g .
I t i s f e l t t h a t t h i s p r o c e d u r e i s i l l u s o r y , b u t n o t on
t h e b a s i s o f any d i c h o to m y o f t h e o r y a n d p r a c t i c e w h ic h f a v o r s
th e o ry . I t i s s e e n as i l l u s o r y b e c a u s e o f th e b e l i e f t h a t th e
b e s t s o l u t i o n o f a p r a c t i c a l p r o b le m i s i m m e d i a t e l y t h e b e s t s o l u
t i o n o f a t h e o r e t i c a l o ne a rd v i c e v e r s a .
I n th e p r e s e n t c o n n e c tio n , th e a p p li c a t io n o f t h i s p r i n
c i p l e i m p l i e s t h a t an i n a d e q u a t e t h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e p r o b
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84
le m s i n v o l v e d i n t e s t i n g s p e c i a l g ro u p s o f p e o p le w i l l d e f e a t t h e
p r a c t i c a l e n d o f m ost e f f e c t i v e l y t e s t i n g th e m . F o r e x a m p le , i t
i s s u s p e c t e d i n t h e s t u d i e s o f H i e s s e t a l . and H o r c h in e t a l . t h a t
T h i s w o u ld d e f e a t t h e p r a c t i c a l e n d .
A q u a l i t a t i v e p e r u s a l o f some o f t h e p r o t o c o l s i n t h e
p re s e n t re s e a rc h len d s su p p o rt to t h i s id e a . S e v e ra l o f t h e sub
j e c t s w r o t e s t o r i e s w h ic h a r e c l e a r l y e x p r e s s i o n s o f t h e i r a t t i
t u d e s to w a rd s th e r a c e p ro b lem ( s e e p . 6 a n d A pp en d ix E ) . If
t h i s be t r u e , t h i s k i n d o f a r e s p o n s e may b e a v a l i d i n d e x t o t h e
s i t u a t i o n a l a d a p t a t i o n ; b u t i t i s a l e s s v a l i d in d e x t o th e p e r
s o n a l i t y d y n a m ic s , a l t h o u g h t o v a r y i n g d e g r e e s i t i s an i n d e x t o
b o th . A n o th e r way o f s t a t i n g t h i s n o t i o n i s a s f o l l o w s : I t may
b e t h a t t h e T-TAT i s more v a l i d l y an i n s t r u m e n t f o r i n v e s t i g a t i n g
t h e s p e c i f i c r a c i a l a d ju stm e n t t h a n i t i s an i n s t r u m e n t f o r i n
v e s t i g a t i n g t o t a l p e r s o n a l i t y d y n a m ic s .
t o a p a r t i c u l a r group f o r e l i c i t i n g f a n t a s y m a t e r i a l , t h e q u e s tio n
w o u ld r e m a i n I s t h i s m a t e r i a l t h e b e s t f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f d i a g
n o s i n g p e r s o n a l i t y d y n a m ic s?
It se e m s , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e a ssu m p tio n t h a t s p e c i a l
t e s t s a r e r e q u i r e d m u st b e c a l l e d i n t o s u s p i c i o n b e c a u s e i t i s not
f r u i t f u l i n s o l u t i o n s t o t h e o r i g i n a l p ro b lem .
R e s t a t e m e n t o f t h e P r o b le m
It a p p e a rs t h a t p s y c h o lo g is ts have fo u n d p r o j e c t i v e t e s t s
t o be v a l u a b l e , t h e TAT p a r t i c u l a r l y so, b e c a u se th ey p r e s e n t a
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85
p s y c h o l o g i c a l t a s k w h ic h i s an o p t i m a l s i t u a t i o n f o r t h e s u b j e c t
c o m ing d e f e n s i v e and s o d i s t o r t i n g t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t i t i s u s e
le s s.
We m u s t a c c e p t t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e r e s p o n s e p o t e n t i a l i
t i e s o f i n d i v i d u a l s a r e d i f f e r e n t fro m p e r s o n t o p e r s o n . T here
f o r e we m u st a c c e p t t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e TAT a n d e t h e r p r o j e c
t i v e t e c h n i q u e s may h a v e v a r i a b l e e f f e c t i v e n e s s f o r d i f f e r e n t p e r
(when t h e y d o ) when p r e s e n t e d w i t h a d u l t p i c t u r e s ? Or f e m a l e s
j e c t s b lo ck ?
It is e n t i r e l y p r o p e r f o r b o th t h e o r e t i c a l and p r a c t i c a l
p r o g r e s s t o a ssum e a n s w e r s t o t h e s e q u e s t i o n s a n d t e s t th e m . But
q u e s t i o n s t o b e a s k e d w h ic h a r e b e t t e r t h a n o t h e r s . To assum e t h a t
t h e s e q u e s t i o n s axe a n s w e r e d b y s i m p l e r e f e r e n c e t o t h e s t i m u l u s
q u a l i t i e s o f t h e p i c t u r e s l e a d s t o t h e a s k i n g o f a q u e s t i o n w h ic h
may be u n f r u i t f u l b e c a u s e s i g n i f i c a n t d e t e r m i n i n g f a c t o r s a r e n o t
in c lu d e d in th e fo rm u la tio n .
The a l t e r n a t e a s s u m p t i o n i s t h a t i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s
a r e th e u n iq u e r e s u l t a n t s of th e i n t e r a c t i o n o f p e r s o n a l i t y and
t i a l o f a n i n d i v i d u a l a n d p e r m i t s t h e i n c l u s i o n o f any o r a l l f a c
t o r s re le v a n t to th e q u e stio n .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
86
The p r o b le m s i n v o l v e d when c h i l d r e n , I n d i a n s , o r N e g ro e s
g i v e i r r e l e v a n t o r d i s t o r t e d r e s p o n s e s o r b l o c k t o TAT p i c t u r e s
i s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n s o c i a l - p s y c h o l o g i c a l b a c k g r o u n d f a c t o r s
a n d t h e p r o c e s s o f m a k in g a TAT s t o r y ?
An a n sw e r t o t h i s q u e s t i o n i s s u g g e s t e d i n t h e e x t e n t t o
w h ic h t h e g e n e r a l h y p o t h e s i s o f t h i s stu d y i s d e m o n s tra te d i n th e
r e s u l t s of th e e x p erim e n t.
M eaning o f t h e G e n e r a l H y p o t h e s i s i n Terms
o f t h e P r e s e n t E x p e r im e n t
s i t u a t i o n c o n ta in s ( l ) an i n t e r p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p in v o lv in g t h e
s u b j e c t a n d t h e e x a m i n e r , w h ic h i s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e s o c i e t y ;
(2) a p e r c e p t u a l - c o g n i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p in v o lv in g t h e s u b j e c t and
th e p ic tu re s , d e t e r m i n e d m a i n l y by t h e p e r s o n a l i t y o r g a n i z a t i o n
of th e s u b je c t; and (3) a p r o d u c t i o n r e l a t i o n s h i p , t h e o r g a n i z e d
s t r u c t u r e o f t h e s u b j e c t i n w h ic h h e (a ) o r g a n i z e s t h e TAT t a s k
c r e a t e d by t h e e x a m in e r a n d t h e p i c t u r e s , (c) u n d e rg o e s an a p p e r
The g e n e r a l h y p o t h e s i s m eans t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n i n g o f t h e
p e r s o n i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n r e l a t i o n s h i p w i l l b e d e t e r m i n e d by t h e
c o m b in ed e f f e c t s o f t h e i n t e r p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p , t h e p e r c e p t u a l -
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
87
c o n stric t i t . The e x p l a n a t i o n s o f f e r e d f o r t h e s e f a c i l i t a t i n g a n d
p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s and c o n c e p t s o f p e r c e p t u a l - c o g n i t i v e o rg a n iz a ^ -
tio n .
E x p l a n a t o r y C o n c e p ts
some o f t h e c o n c e p t s w h ic h r e f e r t o t h e e m o t i o n a l c l i m a t e w i t h i n
w h ic h i n t e r p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s t a k e p l a c e . In d iv id u a ls in i n t e r
p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s a r e m o tiv a te d by f e e l i n g s w h ich , e n s e m b le ,
c re a te th e c lim a te . I n d i v i d u a l m o t i v a t i o n s i n i n t e r p e r s o n a l con
s t r i c t t h e s t o r y m a k in g . The p a r t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l w i l l p e r c e i v e
w a rm th a n d c o o p e r a t i v e n e s s o r t e n s e and t h r e a t e n i n g a c c o r d i n g t o
t h e c o g n i t i v e s t r u c t u r e w h ic h he b r i n g s t o t h e s i t u a t i o n . The
t a s k o f o r g a n iz in g t h e p e r c e p tio n o f th e s i t u a t i o n i s d e te rm in e d
b y t h e ego s t r u c t u r e o f t h e s u b j e c t . T h is p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e s i t u a
t i o n w i l l d e te rm in e h i s re s p o n s e . I f he p e r c e i v e s a H egro o r w h i t e
who m u st b e c o m p e te d w i t h , f e a r e d , or g u ard ed a g a i n s t , h is p ro d u c
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83
such e f f e c t s , t h e p r o d u c tio n w i l l h e a f f e c t e d (4 6 ).
E x p la n a tio n o f R e s u lts
I n t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e r e s e a r c h i t was e x p e c t e d t h a t e f
f e c t s o f more o r l e s s f a c i l i t a t i o n w o u ld o c c u r o n l y i n t h e c a s e s
o f t h e Q2 and Q3 g r o u p s a n d t h a t t h e e x a m in e r s w ou ld p l a y t h e m ain
ro le in th is e ffe c t. The r e a s o n i n g b e h i n d t h e e x p e c t a t i o n w as a s
fo llo w s:
cause o f i t s assu m ed n o n - a u t i s t i c , n o n - s t e r e o t y p e d , u n
p r e j u d i c e d b a c k g r o u n d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e Hegro a n d w h i t e
p e rc e p tio n s.
2. S i n c e b o t h t h e Q2 a n d Q3 g r o u p s p o s s e s s d i s p o s i t i o n s t o
a u tistic s te re o ty p e d d i s t o r t i o n s o f r a c i a l p e rc e p tio n , th e y
w o u ld make d i f f e r e n t i a l r e s p o n s e s . The Q2 a n d Q3 g r o u p s
w o u ld t e n d t o b e c o n s t r i c t e d i n t h e c a s e o f t h e w h i t e ex
a m in er. U n a b le t o d e a l w i t h t h e a n x i e t y i n v o l v e d i n com
m e n t i n g u p o n t h e p e r c e i v e d c o n f l i c t w i t h h im , t h e s e s u b j e c t s
w o u ld d e f e n d t h e m s e l v e s b y c o n s t r i c t i n g t h e q u a n t i t y and
q u a l i t y o f t h e s t o r i e s t h e y m ade.
The r e s u l t s o f t h e s t u d y i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i s t h i n k i n g must
be re v is e d , f o r tw o r e a s o n s :
1. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e r o l e o f t h e w h ite e x a m in e r i n c o n s t r i c t
i n g t h e Q2 a n d Q3 g r o u p s , we h a v e t h e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e
Hegro e x a m in e r h a s a s i m i l a r r o l e w i t h t h e s e two g r o u p s
when he i s a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e w h i t e p i c t u r e s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
2. The Ql g r o u p d o e s i n f a c t d i f f e r e n t i a t e i n i t s resp o n se
(M-TAT)(W) i s e x t r e m e l y f a c i l i t a t e d (mean 7 8 .8 w o rd s o f
g r a n d mean 5 1 .1 w o r d s ) .
T h is r e s u l t i s c o n t r a r y t o e x p e c t a t i o n a n d r e q u i r e s ex
r e e p o n s e w as a v e r y r i g i d u s e o f t h e o p e r a t i o n a l d e f i n i t i o n . Such
r i g i d u s e was c o n t r a d i c t o r y t o t h e c o n c e p t o f t h e n o n - a u t h o r i t a r i a n
ty p e . I t i s p o s t u l a t e d t h a t t h e n o n - a u t h o r i t a r i a n t y p e i s n ot
ste re o ty p e d , is not p re ju d ic e d . I t f o l l o w s from t i n s t h a t t h e
g r o u p w i l l n o t d i f f e r e n t i a t e on t h e b a s i s o f s t e r e o t y p e d p e r c e p t u a l -
d o e s n o t c o n s t r i c t Q l.
Thus t h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g r e s p o n s e o f t h e Ql i s n o t b a s i c
by t h e n o t i o n t h a t i t i s t h e t o t a l s i t u a t i o n w h ic h d e t e r m i n e s t h e
resp o n se . Ag i n d i c a t e d a b o v e , i t d o e s n o t h o l d t h a t t h e w h i t e ex
a m in e r p e r s e c o n s t r i c t s Ql a n d Q2, f o r t h e N e g ro e x a m in e r a l s o
c o n s t r i c t s th e m . So i n t h i s in sta n c e , i t w i l l not h o ld t h a t th e
Ql g ro u p i s n o n - d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g i n i t s r e s p o n s e ; i t i s shown t h a t
t h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i s n o t o f an e t h n o c e n t r i c b a s i s .
T here i s a g e n e r a l s ta te m e n t p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e t o t a l con
t h e m ore e t h n o c e n t r i c s u b j e c t s o c c u r s when r a c e o f e x a m in e r a n d
j e c t s when t h e r a c e o f e x a m in e r a n d r a c e o f f i g u r e i s t h e sam e.
with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
90
E x p la n a tio n o f th e P r i n c ip l e
A p e r s o n a l i t y may be v ie w e d a s a r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e e q u i l i b
riu m a c h i e v e d i n t h e p e r s o n ’ s e f f o r t s t o b a l a n c e h i m s e l f w i t h i n
h i s own b o u n d a r i e s and w i t h t h e w i d e r b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e c u l t u r a l
m i l i e u w ith w h ic h he m in g le s a s h is l i f e h is to r y u n fo ld s i t s e l f .
P r a c t i c a l l y a l l p e r s o n s g ro w n t o n o r m a l a d u l t h o o d i n .Amer
i c a a r e a w a re o f t h e N e g r o - w h i t e p r o b l e m . B ecause o f t h e i r p a r
t i c i p a t i o n i n a c u l t u r e i n w h ic h t h i s i s s u c h a c r u c i a l m a t t e r ,
m embers o f b o t h g r o u p s h a v e d e v e l o p e d a t t i t u d e s , ste re o ty p e s, or
a re i n f i n t e l y v a r i o u s , b u t i n a l l c a s e s th e y a r i s e out o f t h e i n
t e r a c t i o n o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l and h i s s o c i e t y . These a d a p t a t i o n s ,
f o r m embers o f b o t h g r o u p s , c a n b e c o m p re h e n d e d i n t e r m s o f t h e
c o n c e p t o f e t h n o c e n t r i s r a and t h e i m p l i e d p e r s o n a l i t y s t r u c t u r e .
The a s p e c t o f e t h n o c e n t r i s m m o st r e l e v a n t i n t h e im m e d ia te c o n n e c
i s t h a t e t h n o c e n t r i c p e r s o n s p e r c e i v e i n r i g i d p a t t e r n s w h ic h a r e
d i s t u r b e d when p e r c e p t u a l o r g a n i z a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d by t h e o b j e c t i v e
c e p t u a l f i e l d i s h o m o g en e o u s, t h e y a r e n o t d i s t u r b e d . When i t i s
n o t h o m o g e n e o u s, t h e r e o r g a n i z i n g e ffo rt re q u ire d i s d is tu rb in g .
The s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h t h e e x a m in e r a n d t h e p i c t u r e ma
to race. P e r c e p t u a l - c o g n i t i v e p r o c e s s e s n e e d e x p en d l e a s t e f f o r t
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91
d u c tiv ity i s f a c i li t a t e d .
On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e s i t u a t i o n i n w h ic h r a c e o f e x a m in e r
a n d r a c e o f p i c t u r e s d i f f e r p r e s e n t s an i n h o m o g e n e i t y w h ic h m u st
m e n t, t h e y a r e p r e s e n t e d w i t h a h e t e r o g e n e i t y w h ic h i n v o l v e s t h e i r
l e a r n e d t o c o n t r o l o n l y i n t h e a u t h o r i t a r i a n m a n n e r. The t e c h
n iq u e i s c o n s t r i c t i o n .
i s s t i l l p re se n t. E n e rg y i s r e q u i r e d so t h e r e i s no e s p e c i a l l y
h e ig h te n e d f a c i l i t a t i o n . However t h e s e l f b r o u g h t i n t o f o c u s i s
a r o u s e d , so t h e r e i s no c o n s t r i c t i o n .
c ip le : How i s i t t h a t N egro e x a m i n e r s a n d w h i t e e x a m in e r s c a n p a r
t i c i p a t e t h e same way i n t h i s e f f e c t s i n c e t h e y a r e so d i f f e r e n t ?
N e g ro s u b j e c t s who w i l l c e r t a i n l y v i e w them d i f f e r e n t l y ?
T h i s s t u d y i s a t t e m p t i n g t o show t h a t n e i t h e r t e s t s -per s e
n o r e x a m in e r s p e r s e make a d i f f e r e n c e . The a c t u a l s o c i a l - p s y c h o
l o g i c a l s i t u a t i o n , p o s i t e d by d a t a fro m s o c i a l s c i e n c e s , i n d i c a t e s
th e p o t e n t i a l d is t u r b a n c e o f N e g ro -w h ite r e l a t i o n s a s w e ll a s th e
t h a t N e g ro -N e g ro r e l a t i o n s c a r r y t h e sam e p o t e n t i a l i t y . T h erefo re
we a r e d i r e c t e d t o s e a r c h f o r f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s .
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92
E x p la n a tio n o f O th e r R e su lts
The r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y a r e e x p l a i n a b l e i n t e r m s o f t h e
p e r c e p t i o n o f r a c i a l l y hom ogeneous a n d in h o m o g e n eo u s t e s t i n g s i t u
a t i o n s by p e r s o n s w i t h ego s t r u c t u r e s o r g a n i z e d i n t h r e e d i f f e r e n t
1. How ho m o geneou s w h i t e s t i m u l a t i o n f a c i l i t a t e s t h e Ql
g r o u p . — The i n d i v i d u a l s i n t h i s g r o u p show a t e n d e n c y t o b e p e r
s o n s f o r whom o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r e d u c a t i o n a n d h i g h e r s o c i a l s t a t u s
have b e en g r e a t e r th a n p e rs o n s i n th e o t h e r g ro u p s. T h is f a c t im
p l i e s t h a t t h e y may h a v e d e v e l o p e d a d a p t a t i o n s t o t h e i r r a c i a l
s t a t u s d i f f e r e n t fro m p e r s o n s i n t h e o t h e r g r o u p s . It i s tr u e th e y
w h ic h t h e y l i v e . But t h e i r h i g h e r s o c i a l a n d e d u c a t i o n a l s t a t u s
h as p ro v id e d u n iq u e o p p o r t u n it i e s f o r h a n d lin g t h e s e d is a d v a n ta g e s .
They c a n p r a c t i c e a v o i d a n c e . T h e ir i n t e r r a c i a l c o n ta c ts a re l i k e l y
They h a v e r e a s o n f o r s t r o n g e r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h w h i t e s
th an o th e r gro u p s. It is e a s i e r f o r them t o s u p p r e s s t h e n e g a t i v e
a sp e c ts of t h e i r r a c i a l s ta tu s .
I n a l a r g e r c o n t e x t t h e s e f a c t s may be p a r t o f t h e r o o t s
o f i n t r a - g r o u p c o n f l i c t i m p l y i n g t h a t t h e s e p e r s o n s may b e t e n d i n g
research , h o w e v e r, do n o t p o i n t t o t h e a r o u s a l o f c o n f l i c t s i n t h e s e
p e r s o n s by t h e N egro e x a m i n e r . T h e r e a r e no d a t a i n t h i s r e s e a r c h
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93
w h ic h i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s e p e r s o n s e v e n p e r c e i v e d t h e d a r k e x a m in e r
f o r t h d e n i a l s t h a t t h e T-TAT p i c t u r e s c o n t a i n e d N e g r o e s , a l t h o u g h
t h e s u b j e c t s r e c o g n i z e d t h e f a c t when i t w as p o i n t e d o u t t o th em .
The i n d i c a t i o n i s s t r o n g t h a t t h e s e p e r s o n s , a l o n g w i t h
t h e i r n e g a t i v e r a c i a l e x p e r i e n c e s , h a v e i n c o r p o r a t e d , t h r o u g h edu
c a t i o n a l a n d o t h e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s , t h e v a l u e s of t h e t o t a l s o c i e t y .
The n o n - e t h n o c e n t r i c v a l u e s i n t h e s o c i e t y w o u ld b e e x p e c t e d t o
h a v e a g r e a t e r v a l e n c e f o r th em s i n c e t h e s e v a l u e s p r o m is e e s c a p e
t h e w h i t e s t i m u l a t i o n i s i n b o t h e x a m in e r a n d p i c t u r e s , t h e y h a v e
no r e m i n d e r o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e s t i m u l u s p a t t e r n a n d
th e m se lv e s. I t i s c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e hom ogeneous w h i t e s t i m u l a t i o n
t a l s o c i e t y w h ic h a r e p r e s e n t i n t h i s g r o u p a n d th e r e s u l t i s f a
c ilita tio n .
3. How t h e hom ogeneous Negro s t i m u l a t i o n f a c i l i t a t e s t h e
QZ a n d Q.3 g r o u p s a n d t h e w h i t e e x a m in e r c o n s t r i c t s th em on t h e
T-TAT. — 3 o t h t h e s e g r o u p s a r e p e o p l e w i t h l e s s e r s o c i a l o p p o r t u n i
t o b e s t r i v i n g t o im p ro v e t h e i r l o t i n w ays w h ic h t h e Q3 p e o p l e
a l l y p r o u d t h a t i t was n o t i n t e r e s t e d i n g i v i n g d a n c e s ; i t w as p r e
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94
w o u ld b o l d , i t w ould s e e n t h a t t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s c r e a t e d b y t e n
d e n c i e s i n t h e Q2 p e o p l e t o r e s i s t t h e n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s (ste re o
ty p e s) of t h e i r r a c i a l s t a t u s and t e n d e n c i e s o f Q3 p e o p l e t o s u f f e r
them p a s s i v e l y . E f f o r t s i n c h i l d t r a i n i n g by m o b i l e N e g r o e s t o
c o u n te r a c t u n f a v o r a b le s t e r e o t y p e s a r e w id e ly p o in te d o ut ( 3 3 ).
A lso t e n d e n c i e s t o g r e a t e r v i o l e n c e i n f a m i l y l i f e a n d p r i m a r y
g r o u p c o n t a c t s h a s b e e n p o i n t e d o u t a s a dynam ic c o n s e q u e n c e o f
t h e im p o te n ce o f lo w e r c l a s s e s o f N egroes i n t h e f a c e o f t h e i r
ra c ia l situ a tio n .
For b o th g ro u p s, th e n , a s t i m u l u s p a t t e r n w h ic h b r o u g h t
t h e s e l f i n t o f o c u s w o u ld b e a r o u s i n g s t r o n g t e n s i o n s , e ffe c ts,
a n d s t r i v i n g s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y r e l a t e d t o TAT s t o r y m a k in g . The
t o o r g a n i z e a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n a s t i m u l u s p a t t e r n w h ic h t h e y
h a v e a t e n d e n c y t o p e r c e i v e a s w h i t e a n d t h e m s e l v e s w h ic h t h e y
m u st p e r c e i v e a s N e g r o .
T h e s e a r e i n d i v i d u a l s who r e v e a l e d t h e i r s e n s i t i v i t y t o
s o c i a l p e r c e p tio n s e i t h e r i n th e s t o r i e s th e m se lv e s o r i n th e in
N eg ro p e o p l e .
S in c e t h e r a c i a l p e r c e p t i o n s o c c u rre d i n th e f a c i l i t a t i o n
w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e y o c c u r r e d i n t h e hom ogeneous w h i t e s t i m u l u s
c o n f i g u r a t i o n , o r w h e th er th e y o c c u r r e d i n th e s i t u a t i o n o f w h ite
e x a m in e r a n d N egro p i c t u r e s . T h e r e i s no i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t h e y
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
95
o c c u r r e d i n t h e hom og en eo us w h i t e s i t u a t i o n , b u t t h e y may h a v e
o c c u r r e d s i n c e t h e r e w as no d e s i g n e d s e a r c h f o r th e m . T hey d i d
o c c u r i n t h e w h i t e e x a m in e r - N e g r o p i c t u r e s i t u a t i o n .
T hese f a c t s r a i s e a q u e s t io n ab o u t t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e
la tio n causes. I s t h e r e a d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e e t h n o c e n t r i c
p e r c e p t i o n s i n t h e s i t u a t i o n w h e re t h e y a r e f a c i l i t a t e d and t h e
s i t u a t i o n w h e re t h e f i e l d i s in h o m o g e n eo u s? A re a d in g of ty p ic a l
s t o r i e s su g g e sts a g re a t d if f e r e n c e . From t h e s i t u a t i o n o f a l l
A p p e n d ix E, 2 - 2 5 , 1 2 M -2 5 ). Where t h e w h i t e e x a m in e r was p r e s e n t ,
t h e h o s t i l i t y w as m ore s u b t l y e x p r e s s e d o r w hat m ig h t b e c o n s i d e r e d
a r e a c t i o n - f o r m a t i o n was p r e s e n t e d ( s e e A p p e n d ix E, 2 - 5 , 2 - 1 9 ) .
T h r e e s u g g e s t i o n s em erge fr o m t h i s e x p l a n a t i o n : (1 ) The
TAT e x p l o r e s f a n t a s i e s a b o u t t h e r a c e p r o b le m , (2 ) a N e g ro e x a m in e r
f r e e s th e s e s u b je c ts to ex p ress t h e i r a tt i tu d e s , (3) w i t h t h i s
e x a m in e r i s w h i t e . In c lu d e d in t h i s e x p l a n a t i o n a r e t h e tw o sub
g r o u p s . — T h is f a c t seem s t o b e b e s t e x p l a i n e d b y t h e t h e o r y a b o u t
h i g h e r s o c i a l s t a t u s , t h e i r a c c e p t a n c e o f '’l i b e r a l " p o i n t s o f v ie w
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
96
a l l ad d t o t h e l i k e l i h o o d t h a t t h e s e p e r s o n s w o u ld a c c e p t t h e
TAT t a s k . F i v e o f t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s w e re i n f o r m e d from c a s u a l
k n o w le d g e a b o u t t h e g e n e r a l n a t u r e o f p r o j e c t i v e t e s t s . S u sp icio n
a b o u t r e v e a l i n g t h e m s e l v e s w a s m in i m a l .
A w e a k n e s s i n t h e e x p l a n a t i o n i s t h e m e t h o d o l o g i c a l con
s i d e r a t i o n t h a t th e d e p th p s y c h o lo g ic a l a s p e c t s o f th e l i v i n g p e r
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s u c h a s w e re u s e d i n t h e C a l i f o r n i a s t u d y may b e
schem e a s o ne o f t h e t e c h n i q u e s s h a r e s somewhat i n t h i s p o w e r.
P e r h a p s t o t o o l a r g e an e x t e n t t h e b l i n d s c o r i n g o f a p r o t o c o l
i s d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e w o rd s w r i t t e n t h e r e . T h is l e a v e s t h e p o s s i
b i l i t y t h a t t h e s c o r i n g o f H eeds i n t h i s c a s e h a s an 'unknown l o a d i n g
o f e d u c a t i o n a l a c h i e v e m e n t o r w o rd f l u e n c y .
N e v e rth e le s s t h i s r e s u l t h e ig h te n s th e c o n fid e n ce t h a t th e
p e r s o n a l i t y t y p i n g was a d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i m p o r t a n t t o t h e p u r p o s e
of th e stu d y .
4. How D e f e n s i v e n e s s i s n o t r e s p o n s i v e t o e x p e r i m e n t a l
v a r i a t i o n s . — An a t t e m p t m ust b e made t o e x p l a i n t h e f i n d i n g t h a t
t h e i n d e x o f D e f e n s i v e n e s s d i d n o t show any d i f f e r e n c e s i n v a r i a n c e
s c a l e i t w as h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t t h e f a c i l i t a t i n g and c o n s t r i c t i n g
e f f e c t s o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s i t u a t i o n s w o u ld s t i m u l a t e t h e s u b j e c t
e ith e r to e x p r e s s o r i n h i b i t h i s a f f e c t s an d m odes o f e x p r e s s i o n ;
t h e aim w as t o m e a s u re t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e s e p r o c e s s e s i n t h e s t o
rie s. S i n c e t h e s t o r y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s c a l e d c an b e shown t o h a v e
a re a so n a b ly h ig h r e l i a b i l i t y , th e f a i l u r e o f th e m easure t o r e
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97
th e s c a l i n g o p e ra tio n . As c a n b e s e e n by e x a m in in g t h e D e f e n s i v e
n e s s s c a l e , t h e o p e r a t i o n a l d e f i n i t i o n of D e fe n siv e n e ss i s b a s e d
a s much u p o n p s y c h o l o g i s t s ’ e s t i m a t e s o f t h e i r i n t e r p r e t i v e a b i l
(see
The i d e a a r i s e s t h a t t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s a n d t h e c h a r a c t e r
i s t i c s t h e m s e l v e s a l l r e f l e c t a n i n t e r e s t i n how much o f t h e s u b
w h at t h e s c a l e m e a s u r e s may b e t h a t i t m e a s u r e s t h e s u b j e c t ’ s
D e f e n s i v e n e s s a g a i n s t t h e TAT t a s k i t s e l f . I f th is is tru e , it
i s a m easure o f a h ig h ly i n d i v i d u a l t h i n g , s h o w in g t h e s u b j e c t ’ s
reaso n to th in k th a t i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n w ould b e a f f e c t e d by t h e
e x p e rim e n ta l v a r ia b le s . The e f f o r t t o a c h i e v e r a p p o r t by b o t h
e x a m in e r s w o u ld t e n d t o h e l p m i t i g a t e any e f f e c t s t h e v a r i a b l e s
m ig h t h a v e on t h i s m e a s u r e .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER V I II
CONCLUSION
S nT n raa-ry
The P r o b le m
An i n v e s t i g a t i o n w as d e s i g n e d t o t e s t t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t
s p e c i a l s e t s o f TAT p i c t u r e s a r e m o st e f f e c t i v e f o r t e s t i n g p a r
w i t h N egro s u b j e c t s .
An a l t e r n a t e a s s u m p t i o n w as p r o p o s e d i n w hich t h e d e t e r
t h e t o t a l s i t u a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n u p o n any s i n g l e e l e m e n t . The
s ta te m e n t o f th e a ssu m p tio n i s as f o llo w s :
The TAT t e s t i n g s i t u a t i o n f u n c t i o n s a s a t o t a l s o c i a l -
p s y c h o l o g i c a l s i t u a t i o n w i t h i n w h ic h a p a r t i c u l a r p e r
s o n a l i t y s t r u c t u r e m a n i f e s t s i t s e l f w i t h more o r l e s s
ease.
An e x p e r i m e n t was d e s i g n e d t o t e s t t h e f o l l o w i n g h y p o t h e
w i t h t h e p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e s t i m u l u s p i c t u r e and t h e p e r c e p t i o n
o f t h e e x a m in e r t o p r o d u c e e f f e c t s u n i q u e t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a
tio n .
98
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99
D e s ig n
The d e s i g n was a f a c t o r i a l o n e i n w h ic h t h e e f f e c t s o f
t h r e e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s and t h e i r c o m b i n a t i o n s c o u l d b e s t u d i e d
i n fo u r dependent v a r ia b le s . The i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s w e r e :
2. E x a m in e rs (lle g ro and w h i t e )
p ro je c tiv e , and a u t h o r i t a r i a n - i n t r a p u n i t i v e )
The d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s w e r e :
1. P ro d u c tiv ity :
c. T o t a l num ber o f P r e s s p e r i n d i v i d u a l .
2. D e fe n s iv e n e s s: c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s t o r i e s s c a l e d ac
p e r s o n a l i t y w as p e r m i t t e d .
P rocedure
A p r e - s t u d y was c o n d u c t e d t o f i n d o u t w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e
q u e s t i o n n a i r e o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a P u b l i c O p i n i o n S tu d y c o u l d b e u s e d
i n t h e a t t e m p t t o t y p e H egro p e r s o n a l i t i e s a c c o r d i n g t o e t h n o c e n -
s u c h u s e was p o s s i b l e . The o p e r a t i o n f o r i d e n t i f y i n g t h e t h r e e
p o e t i o l a t e d t y p e s w as c a r r i e d o u t .
T w elve m ost e x tr e m e c a s e s o f e a c h t y p e w e r e ra n d o m ly a s
s i g n e d t o one o f f o u r e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p s :
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100
1. W hite e x a m in e r a d m i n i s t e r i n g 2i-TAT
2. W hite e x a m in e r a d m i n i s t e r i n g T-TAT
3. N egro e x a m in e r a d m i n i s t e r i n g M-TAT
4. N egro e x a m in e r a d m i n i s t e r i n g T-TAT
The 11 p i c t u r e s i n e a c h t e s t w e re a d m i n i s t e r e d by s c r e e n p r o j e c t i o n
and s ta n d a rd iz e d i n s t r u c t i o n s . S u b j e c t s w r o t e t h e i r own s t o r i e s .
T r e a tm e n t o f D a ta
E ach s t o r y was t y p e d up o n a h a l f s h e e t a n d l e f t u n i d e n t i
Words w e re c o u n t e d . N e ed s a n d P r e s s w ere s c o r e d a c c o r d i n g t o th e
A m easure o f r e l i a b i l i t y was s o u g h t f o r e a c h v a r i a b l e .
S c o r i n g o f N eed s a n d P r e s s w as i n a c c e p t a b l e a g r e e m e n t w i t h a compe
t e n t ju d g e. The D e f e n s i v e n e s s i n d e x w as c o n s t r u c t e d and t h e r e l i a
b ility c o e f f i c i e n t s on tiro fo rm s o f t e s t w e r e . 5 3 w i t h o n e j u d g e
a n d .4 9 w i t h a n o t h e r j u d g e . T h is w a s a c c e p t e d a s sh o w in g t h e r e
s e a r c h e r ’ s c a p a c i t y t o do t h e s c o r i n g i n r e a s o n a b l e a g r e e m e n t w i t h
an o u ts id e c r i t e r i o n . The c o d i n g a n d r a n d o m i s a t i o n s a f e g u a r d e d
a g a i n s t h a lo e f f e c t s and u n c o n s c io u s v i o l a t i o n s o f t h e s c o r i n g
ru le s.
R e su lts
1. The i d e a t h a t t h e c o u n t i n g o f w o rd s w as a t o t a l l y i n a d e
q u a t e i n d e x o f t h e s o c i a l - p s y c h o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s was d i s
pro v ed . C o r r e l a t i o n o f t h i s m e a s u r e w i t h N e e d s, P r e s s ,
and D e fe n s iv e n e s s w as h i g h e r th a n e x p e c te d . The a s s u m p -
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
1G1
t i c n t h a t a l l o f t h e s e w o u ld c o r r e l a t e n e g a t i v e l y w i t h
t h e a s s u m p t i o n a b o u t t h e tro rd c o u n t , more i n t e r p r e t i v e
w e i g h t was g i v e n t o r e s u l t s in th is v a r ia b le th a n in th e
o th e rs.
2. The t w e l v e d i f f e r e n t c o m b i n a t i o n s showed s i g n i f i c a n t d i f
i n no c a s e , a l t h o u g h e x a m i n e r s and p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s d i d
f o r P r e s s a n d N eeds r e s p e c t i v e l y .
3. The Q l, o r n o n - a u t h o r i t a r i a n , g ro u p was f a c i l i t a t e d by t h e
c o m b i n a t i o n o f M-TAT a n d t h e w h i t e e x a m in e r . I t w as n o t
e r o r any o t h e r c o m b i n a t i o n .
4. The Q2 and Q3 g r o u p s , a u t h o r i t a r i a n - p r o j e c t i v e a n d a u t h o r i -
t a r i a n - i n t r a p u n i t i v e , w e re f a c i l i t a t e d b y t h e N e g ro exam
b i n a t i o n of w h i t e e x a m in e r a n d t h e M-TAT, b u t t h e y w e re
c o n s t r i c t e d b y t h e N egro e x a m in e r a n d t h e M-TAT.
5. O ver a l l g r o u p s , a g e n e r a l r e s u l t p r e s e n t e d i t s e l f : When
r a c e o f e x a m in e r and r a c e o f p i c t u r e s a r e t h e sam e, r e g a r d
l e s s o f w h ic h r a c e , p r o d u c t i v i t y i s f a c i l i t a t e d . When
c o n stric te d .
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102
C o n c lu s io n s
S o c ia l-P sy c h o lo g ic a l E ffe c ts
T h is s tu d y h a s s u p p o r te d th e assu m p tio n t h a t t h e i n t e r
a c t i o n o f s o c i a l - p s y c h o l o g i c a l f o r c e s c o u ld he d e m o n s t r a b l e . Al
t h o u g h i t was n o t e x p e c t e d i n a d v a n c e , t h e p r i n c i p l e o f r e l a t i o n
s h i p b e tw e e n r a c i a l l y hom ogeneous o r r a c i a l l y h e t e r o g e n e o u s p e r
c e p t u a l f i e l d s t o t h e p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e i s d e d u c i b l e fro m m o d ern
c o n c e p t s o f p e r c e p t i o n and s o c i a l p s y c h o l o g y . T h a t t h e r e s u l t w as
so c l e a r l y p r e s e n t e d s u g g e s t s t h e s c i e n t i f i c f r u i t f u l n e s s o f t h e
ap p ro ach .
The T e s t i n g S i t u a t i o n
The s u g g e s t i o n i s t h a t t h e c o n c e p t o f t h e t e s t i n g s i t u a t i o n
a s a s o c i a l - p s y c h o l o g i c a l f i e l d m ig h t b e a p p l i c a b l e t o p r o j e c t i v e
t e s t s o t h e r t h a n TAT. The r e c e n t f i n d i n g s t h a t R o r s c h a c h e x a m in e r s
h a v e c o n s i s t e n t e f f e c t s u p o n p a t i e n t s o r t h a t women e x a m i n e r s h a v e
e f f e c t s o n R o r s c h a c h p r o t o c o l s d i f f e r e n t fro m men m ig h t a l l b e
fru itfu lly s tu d ie d w ith t h i s c o n c e p t.
The A s s u m p tio n o f S p e c i a l T e s t s
f o r P a r t i c u l a r Groups
T h i s s t u d y h a s a t t e m p t e d t o show t h a t t h e t e s t p r o d u c t s
t i o n of th e t e s t s i t u a t i o n . I f th is is tru e , th e g e n e ra lity of
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
d o e s any t e s t work b e s t ? "
by th e o p e ra tio n o f s o c ia l- p s y c h o lo g ic a l v a r i a b l e s i n th e t o t a l
s i t u a t i o n ? — t h e a n sw e r p r o v i d e d by t h e s t u d y se em s t o b e a s f o l l o w s
When t h e s o c i a l - p s y c h o l o g i c a l v a r i a b l e s i n t h e t o t a l situ a
t u a l - c o g n i t iv e p ro c e s s e s re g a rd in g t h a t a sp ec t a re not p r e s e n te d
w i t h a n e x t e r n a l s o u r c e o f d i s t u r b a n c e and p e r s o n a l i t y p r o c e s s e s
o f m a in i n t e r e s t t o t h e TAT c a n b e o b s e r v e d i n i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c
t i v i t y ; b u t when t h e s o c i a l - p s y c h o l o g i c a l v a r i a b l e s i n t h e f i e l d
a re h e te ro g en e o u s re g a rd in g a p a r t i c u l a r a s p e c t, a d istu rb a n c e of
e q u ilib riu m i s s e t u p w h ic h i s a s much a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e s i t u a
t i o n a s t o t h e p e r s o n a l i t y o f t h e subj e c t and n o t a t a l l a t t r i b u
t a b l e t o a s i n g l e a s p e c t o f t h e s i t u a t i o n such a s a t e s t fo rm .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX A
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
T h i s i s a s t u d y o f w h at t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c t h i n k s a b o u t
a num ber o f s o c i a l q u e s t i o n s . The b e s t a n s w e r t o e a c h
s t a t e m e n t b e lo w i s y o u r - p e r s o n a l o p i n i o n . We h a v e t r i e d
t o c o v e r many d i f f e r e n t p o i n t s o f v i e w . You may f i n d
y o u r s e l f a g r e e i n g s t r o n g l y w i t h some o f t h e s t a t e m e n t s ,
d i s a g r e e i n g j u s t a s s t r o n g l y w i t h t h e o t h e r s , and p e r h a p s
u n c e rta in about o th e rs . W hether you a g r e e o r d i s a g r e e
w i t h any s t a t e m e n t , y o u c a n b e s u r e t h a t many o t h e r p e o p l e
f e e l t h e same way t h a t you d o .
Mark e a c h s t a t e m e n t i n t h e l e f t m a r g i n a c c o r d i n g t o how
much you a g r e e o r d i s a g r e e w ith i t . p l e a s e m ark e v e r y
o n e . W r i t e i n + 1, + 2 , + 3; o r - 1, - 2 , o r - 3 , d e
p e n d i n g on how y o u f e e l i n each case.
- 1:
1 I AGREE A LITTLE - 1: I DISAGREE A LITTLE
1-2 : I AGREE PRETTY MUCH - 2: I DISAGREE PRETTY MUCH
1-3 : I AGREE VERY MUCH - 3: I DISAGREE VERY MUCH
1. Human n a t u r e b e i n g w h a t i t i s , t h e r e w i l l a lw a y s b e w ar
and c o n f l i c t .
2. O b e d ie n c e a n d r e s p e c t f o r a u t h o r i t y a r e t h e m ost i m p o r t a n t
v i r t u e s c h il d r e n sh o u ld l e a r n .
3. Z o o t s u i t e r s p r o v e t h a t when p e o p l e o f t h e i r t y p e h a v e t o o
much money a n d f r e e d o m , t h e y j u s t t a k e a d v a n t a g e a n d c a u s e
tro u b le .
4. I t i s up t o t h e g o v e rn m e n t t o make s u r e t h a t e v e r y o n e h a s
a s e c u r e j o b a n d a go o d s t a n d a r d o f l i v i n g .
5. Ho w e a k n e s s o r d i f f i c u l t y c a n h o l d u s b a c k i f we h a v e
enough w i l l p o w er.
.6. N e g r o e s h a v e t h e i r r i g h t s , b u t i t i s b e s t t o k e e p th em i n
t h e i r own d i s t r i c t s a n d s c h o o l s and t o p r e v e n t t o o much
c o n ta c t w ith w h ite s .
7. S c i e n c e h a s i t s p l a c e , b u t t h e r e a r e many i m p o r t a n t t h i n g s
t h a t c a n n e v e r p o s s i b l y b e u n d e r s t o o d b y t h e human m in d .
8. E v e r y p e r s o n s h o u l d h a v e c o m p l e t e f a i t h i n some s u p e r
n a t u r a l p o w e r w h o se d e c i s i o n s he o b e y s w i t h o u t q u e s t i o n .
9. One t r o u b l e w i t h J e w i s h b u s i n e s s men i s t h a t t h e y s t i c k
t o g e t h e r a n d p r e v e n t o t h e r p e o p l e fro m h a v i n g a f a i r
chance in c o m p e titio n .
105
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106
.13. A p e r s o n who h a s b a d m a n n e r s , h a b i t s a n d b r e e d i n g c a n
h a r d l y e x p e c t t o g e t a lo n g w ith d e c e n t p e o p le .
.14. F n a t t h e y o u t h n e e d s m ost i s s t r i c t d i s c i p l i n e , r u g g e d
d e t e r m i n a t i o n , and t h e w i l l t o w ork a n d f i g h t f o r f a m i l y
and c o u n try .
.15. I t w o u ld b e a m i s t a k e e v e r t o h a v e N e g r o e s f o r f o r e m e n
and l e a d e r s o v e r W h ites.
.18. I c a n h a r d l y im a g in e m y s e l f m a r r y i n g a Je w .
22. An i n s u l t t o o u r h o n o r s h o u l d a lw a y s b e p u n i s h e d .
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107
m ore t h e n m ere i m p r i s o n m e n t ; s u c h c r i m i n a l s o u g h t t o h e
p u b l i c l y w h ip p e d or w o r s e .
28. I n a new t a x p ro g ra m i t i s e s s e n t i a l n o t t o r e d u c e t h e
incom e t a x e s o n c o r p o r a t i o n s and w e a l t h y i n d i v i d u a l s .
29. P e o p l e c an b e d i v i d e d i n t o two d i s t i n c t c l a s s e s : th e
weak and t h e s t r o n g .
30. C e r t a i n r e l i g i o u s s e c t s who r e f u s e t o s a l u t e t h e f l a g
s h o u l d b e f o r c e d t o c o n fo rm t o su ch a p a t r i o t i c a c t i o n ,
o r e l s e be a b o lis h e d .
31 . T h e r e i s h a r d l y a n y t h i n g l o w e r t h a n a p e r s o n who d o e s n o t
f e e l a g r e a t l o v e , g r a t i t u d e , and r e s p e c t f o r h i s p a r e n t s .
36. The t r o u b l e w i t h l e t t i n g Je w s i n t o a n i c e n e i g h b o r h o o d
i s t h a t t h e y g r a d u a l l y g i v e i t a t y p i c a l J e w i s h a tm o s
p h ere.
39. F i l i p i n o s a re a l l r i g h t i n t h e i r p l a c e , b u t th e y c a r r y
i t t o o f a r when t h e y d r e s s l a v i s h l y and go a r o u n d w i t h
w h ite g i r l s .
40 . T h ere s h o u l d be some u p p e r l i m i t , s u c h a s $ 2 5 ,0 0 0 p e r
y e a r , on how much any i n d i v i d u a l c a n e a r n .
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108
43. I f p e o p l e w o u ld t a l k l e s s a n d w ork m o re , e v e r y b o d y w o u ld
be b e t t e r o f f .
AA' The t r u e A m e ric a n way o f l i f e i s d i s a p p e a r i n g s o f a s t
t h a t f o r c e may b e n e c e s s a r y t o p r e s e r v e i t .
45. To e n d p r e j u d i c e a g a i n s t J e w s , t h e f i r s t s t e p i s f o r t h e
Je w s t o s i n c e r e l y t r y to g e t r i d o f t h e i r h a r m f u l a n d
irrita tin g fa u lts.
49. No s a n e , n o r m a l , d e c e n t p e r s o n c o u l d e v e r t h i n k o f h u r t
in g a c lo s e f r i e n d or r e l a t i v e .
52. F a m i l i a r i t y b r e e d s c o n te m p t.
53. I t i s e s s e n t i a l f o r l e a r n i n g o r e f f e c t i v e w ork t h a t o u r
t e a c h e r s o r b o s s e s o u t l i n e i n d e t a i l w h at i s t o b e done
a n d e x a c t l y how t o go a b o u t i t .
54. T h e r e i s s o m e th i n g d i f f e r e n t a n d s t r a n g e a b o u t J e w s ; i t ' s
h a r d t o t e l l w h a t t h e y a r e t h i n k i n g and p l a n n i n g , a n d
w hat m akes th em t i c k .
_55. Some l e i s u r e i s n e c e s s a r y b u t i t i s g oo d h a r d w o rk t h a t
m akes l i f e i n t e r e s t i n g a n d w o r t h w h i l e .
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109
The f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s g i v e you a c h a n c e t o e x p r e s s
y o u r i d e a s and o p i n i o n s i n y o u r own way. P l e a s e a n s w e r
th em a l l AS FULLY AS P 0 S S I3IE .
2. We a l l h a v e i m p u l s e s and d e s i r e s w h ic h a r e a t t i m e s h a r d t o
c o n t r o l , b u t w h ich we t r y t o k e e p i n c h e c k . What d e s i r e s do
you o f t e n h a v e d i f f i c u l t y i n c o n t r o l l i n g ?
3. What g r e a t p e o p l e , l i v i n g o r d e a d , do y o u a d m i r e m ost?
5. What do y o u c o n s i d e r t h e w o r s t c r i m e s a p e r s o n c o u l d commit?
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110
7. I f y o u knew y ou h a d o n l y s i x m o n th s to l i v e b u t c o u l d do j u s t
a s y o u p l e a s e d d u r i n g t h a t p e r i o d , how would you sp e n d y o u r
tim e ?
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APPENDIX B
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
1 . Sex_______ D a te o f B i r th .____________ P l a c e o f B i r t h
D a te yo u f i r s t came t o C h ic a g o t o l i v e ___________
Number o f B r o t h e r s ____________Number o f S i s t e r s __
2 . What i s y o u r j o b and. w h a t do you do on i t ? ______
3 . L i s t t h e d i f f e r e n t j o b s y o u h a v e h e l d s i n c e you f i r s t s t a r t e d
w o r k in g f u l l t i m e — fro m t h e f i r s t one t o t h e p r e s e n t o n e ;
4 . I f t h e r e w e r e n o t h i n g i n t h e w o r ld t o s t o p y o u from g e t t i n g
t h e t r a i n i n g a n d t h e j o b , w h a t work w o u ld y o u do? G ive f i r s t
seco n d , and t h i r d c h o ic e s , ( l )
(3) (37 " ' ............................... ...............
5 . W r i t e i n t h e num ber o f t h e h i g h e s t g r a d e w n ic h you an d t h e
members o f y o u r f a m i l y h a v e f i n i s h e d . W rite i n 0 , 1, 2, 3, 4
5 , 6 , 7, 8 , 9 , 1 0 , 11, 1 3, o r m ore t h a n 1 2 .
Y o u r s e l f ___________ W ife o r h u s b a n d ___________ F a t h e r __________
M o th e r_______________ B r o t h e r s _________________ S i s t e r s _ _ ___________
6 . What j o b s a r e t h e members o f y o u r f a m i l y h o l d i n g o r d i d h o l d
when t h e y w e re w o rk in g ? W ife o r h u s b a n d _______________________
F a t h e r ____________________________M o th e r_______________________________
B r o t h e r s ________________________________________________________________
S i s t e r s _________________________________________________________________
7 . W r i t e i n t h e name a n d a d d r e s s e s o f t h e c h u r c h e s w h ic h you a n d
t h e m embers o f y o u r f a m i l y a t t e n d .
Y o u r s e l f ________________________________________________________________
W ife o r h u s b a n d _______________________________________________________
F a t h e r __________________________________________________________________
M o th e r__________________________________________________________________
S i s t e r s _________________________________________________________________
B r o t h e r s ________________________________________________________________
8 . W r i t e i n how o f t e n y o u a n d t h e members o f y o u r f a m i l y a t t e n d
ch u rch . W rite i n n e v e r , se ld o m , o f t e n , e v e ry Sunday.
Y o u r s e l f ______________ W ife o r h u s b a n d _____
F a t h e r _______________ M o th e r_________________ S i s t e r s _______________ _
B r o t h e r s ______________________________________________________________ _
9 . I n t h e l i n e s w i t h t h e t y p e s o f s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s l i s t e d on
t h e f o l l o w i n g p a g e , w r i t e i n t h e names o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s
t o w h ic h you and y o u r f a m i l y b e l o n g . I f n o n e , w r i t e i n n o n e .
112
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113
L o dges o r
S o c ie tie s
P o litic a l
O r g a n iz a tio n s
C iv ic
O rg a n iz a tio n s
Labor
U n io n s
ITe i ghbo r ho o a
O rg a n iz a tio n s
O th er
K in d s
1 0 . T h in k a b o u t how yo u s p e n d y o u r l e i s u r e t i m e . L is t th e th in g s
y o u h a v e b o u g h t t o r e a d i n t h e l a s t s i x m o n t h s : _________________
L i s t t h e t h i n g s y o u r e a d e v e n t h o u g h y o u may n o t buy th e m :
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APPENDIX C
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TABLE 25
F E S c a le
Subj e c t S c a le T o ta l A-S . N M TT_,wi nne«*T 'I
1 150 72 25 10 37 62
2 100 14 13 11 25 38
3 122 43 12 .9 22 34
4 108 43 12 12 19 31
5 132 40 14 7 29 33
6 108 44 13 6 25 38
7 136 38 6 6 26 32
8 108 45 11 7 27 38
9 120 33 9 10 14 23
10 107 37 7 7 23 30
11 130 61 18 7 36 54
12 182 80 30 13 37 67
13 127 61 16 12 33 49
14 160 76 26 14 36 62
15 140 53 15 e 32 47
IS 178 85 26 7 52 78
1? 176 90 26 18 46 72
18 113 49 14 8 27 41
19 134 53 13 12 28 41
20 124 42 12 6 24 36
21 159 68 21 13 34 55
22 138 66 82 9 25 57
23 160 64 17 6 41 58
24 183 68 24 6 38 62
25 122 55 13 18 24 37
26 179 84 31 13 40 71
27 123 26 12 6 8 20
28 187 85 27 32 26 53
29 79 38 10 12 16 26
30 ■ 155 66 14 19 33 47
31 157 85 27 17 41 68
32 146 56 19 6 31 50
33 158 59 20 10 29 49
34 146 66 20 9 37 57
35 130 44 14 8 22 36
36 147 77 29 9 39 68
37 127 35 9 6 20 29
38 156 80 34 12 34 68
39 157 63 19 19 25 44
40 108 51 10 12 29 39
115
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116
E S c a le
F
Sub j e c t S c a le T o ta l A-S N M E -m inus-N
41 103 34 9 8 17 26
42 88 28 8 6 14 22
43 41 20 6 6 8 14
44 132 70 24 18 28 52
45 124 48 11 8 29 40
46 103 35 11 6 18 29
47 107 41 10 6 25 35
48 138 49 10 6 33 43
49 135 61 23 10 28 51
50 62 27 8 6 13 21
51 144 89 24 30 35 59
52 173 109 36 23 50 86
53 175 64 21 7 36 57
54 182 91 34 8 49 83
55 127 89 24 27 38 62
56 140 77 30 6 41 71
57 192 102 36 17 49 85
58 175 84 34 13 37 71
59 140 54 1? 12 25 42
60 127 83 33 21 29 62
61 152 72 38 11 33 61
62 150 94 24 24 4? 70
63 162 81 22 17 42 64
64 153 81 29 20 32 61
65 155 65 24 17 24 48
66 191 124 37 37 50 87
67 170 71 31 9 31 62
68 137 75 32 6 37 69
69 15? 75 21 16 36 5?
70 164 102 35 26 41 76
71 169 92 31 19 42 73
72 117 93 25 24 44 69
73 173 96 39 14 43 82
74 147 62 18 8 36 54
75 182 69 24 1? 28 52
76 13? 62 14 11 3? 51
77 160 64 28 6 30 58
78 153 64 18 12 34 52
79 151 85 29 26 30 59
80 139 79 20 17 42 62
81 140 74 29 9 32 65
82 126 62 14 12 36 50
83 127 65 18 14 33 51
84 121 45 8 8 29 37
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APPENDIX D
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INSTRUOTI OH'S
The f o l l o w i n g a r e a l i s t o f p o s s i b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
TAT s t o r i e s . T h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e o f two k i n d s :
f o r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h ic h a r e s e e n i n t h e u s e o f
l a n g u a g e and c o n t e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h ic h a r e i n f e r
r a b l e fro m t h e m e a n in g s i n t h e s t o r y . Some o f t h e f o l
lo w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s may b e c o n s i d e r e d c o m b i n a t i o n s
o f t h e s e twro k i n d s .
I t i s assum ed t h a t e a c h s t o r y w i l l i l l u s t r a t e a t l e a s t
on e and p o s s i b l y s e v e r a l o f t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Ex
am in e e a c h s t o r y and p l a c e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e l e t t e r - s y m b o l
f o r e a c h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c d i s c o v e r e d a l o n g t h e b o tto m o f
th e s h e e t.
A. The w r i t e r d e s c r i b e s c h a r a c t e r s who e n g a g e i n f a n t a s y a c t i v i
t i e s i n th e s t o r i e s .
C. The w r i t e r d e n i e s n e e d s a n d f e e l i n g s o f t h e c h a r a c t e r s h e
d e sc rib e s. Ex. "He d o e s n o t show any r e s p e c t . ’1
F. The e x p r e s s i o n s o f t h e w r i t e r r e v e a l t h a t h e i s e v a l u a t i n g
th e n e e d s, e t c . , o f t h e c h a r a c t e r s he i s d e s c r i b i n g .
H. The w r i t e r d e s c r i b e s t h e p i c t u r e w i t h o u t t e l l i n g a b o u t t h e
f e e l i n g s , t h o u g h ts , o r r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw ee n t h e p e o p le .
J. C h a r a c t e r s a r e d e s c r i b e d who show i m p o t e n c e , o r p a s s i v i t y
or in a b ility .
K. The ’w r i t e r e n d s s t o r i e s w i t h b a n a l , P o l l y a n n a - l i k e e n d i n g s .
L. The w r i t e r s t a t e s t h a t a c h a r a c t e r i n h i s s t o r y i s p l a y i n g
a ro le .
118
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119
M. Tlie w r i t e r u s e s t h e q u e s t i o n f o r m t o e x p r e s s i d e a s .
K. The w r i t e r a v o i d s p e r s o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e f e a t u r e s
in th e sto ry .
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APPENDIX E
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STORY 3 -2 5
STORY 2 - 1 9
I h a v e c h o s e n t o u s e t h e p i c t u r e a s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e and
s y m b o l ic o f a n a s p e c t o f t h e N egro i n t h e A m e ric an S o u t h . The
y o u n g e r woman ( f o r e g r o u n d ) l o o k s a h e a d t o r a c i a , l and p e r s o n a l de
v e lo p m e n t w i t h a v iew t o w a r d s a c a d e m ic p r e p a r a t i o n ( e i t h e r h e r
s e l f o r t h e y o u t h ) w h i l e t h e o t h e r woman l o o k s t o h e r c h i l d a n d
t h e man t o h i s f i e l d s .
STORY 2 - 5
B e f o r e t h e N egro h a d b e g a n t o in v a d e t h e w o r l d o f e d u c a t i o n
t h e i r l o t w as o n l y l a b o r f o r t h e g a i n s o f o t h e r p e o p l e . A fte r th e
a d v e n t o f f r e e d o m a n d o p p o r t u n i t y w e re b e g i n n i n g " t o a p p e a r t h e
y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n w e re f r e e t o o b t a i n t h e s e o p p o r t u n i t i e s . T h is
g i r l i s o n h e r way t o s c h o o l a n d i n t h e b a c k g r o u n d we s e e a f a t h e r
o r b r o t h e r a n d N o t h e r w o rk in g t h i s show s t h e o l d s i t u a t i o n o f t h e
Negro w i t h l i m i t e d o p p o r t u n i t y and t h e new N egro w i t h t h e c h a n g e
to
121
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122
STORY 12M-25
C h a r l e y l a y p r o s t r a t e o n t h e h o s p i t a l bed.. H is t h o u g h t s
r e e l e d a r o u n d a n d a ro u n d i n h i s b e f u d d l e d b r a i n . What h a d h e done
t o d e s e r v e t h i s t e r r i b l e b e a t i n g h e h a d s u f f e r e d from h i s to w n s
p e o p le .
C h a r l e y h a d l i v e d i n t h i s s m a l l tow n o f C e n t e r v i l l e , G e o r g i a
e v e r s i n c e h e c o u l d rem em b er. He h a d grow n u p w i t h w h i t e a n d b l a c k
fo lk s. Now t h e s e same w h i t e f o l k s w e re b e a t i n g him & t r y i n g t o
k i l l him b e c a u s e t h e y s a i d he h a d t r i e d t o r a p e a w h i t e woman.
G o o d n e ss knows C h a r l e y w o u ld n ’ t do a t h i n g l i k e t h a t . A ll
h e h a d s a i d was "Hya B a b e ," t o l i t t l e Mary A n n - t h e w h i t e g i r l n e x t
door.
The p r e a c h e r b e n t o v e r C h a r l e y and p r a y e d . " L o rd , h a v e
m erc y on t h i s c o l o r e d m a n 's s o u l — he d i d n ’ t do n o t h i n ' , L o r d . "
C h a rle y d i e d t h a t n i g h t .
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APPENDIX P
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TABLE 26
C n a ra c te ris tic s
Judges A B C D F G H I J K L H N 0 P X
1 10 4 6 13 15 14 2 16 9 1 11 7 5 12 3 8
TA
2 16 3 6 11 7 9 1 12 4 15 10 5 8 2 13
3 8 5 12 14 13 15 1 16 9 4 7 6 3 10 2 11
4 16 2 12 14 13 8 1 15 6 4 11 5 10 7 3 9
5 11 4 9 13 7 12 1 16 10 5 8 6 2 15 3 14
6 13 2 10 12 15 I S 3 14 8 4 11 6 5 7 1 9
r»
f IS 4 14 12 15 11 1 8 9 3 10 7 5 13 2 6
8 14 2 7 8 16 10 4 15 12 1 9 5 6 13 3 11
124
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LIST OF REFERENCES
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12?
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