Layout ; Mount Pinned for loads Load support Buckling | bar Fixed support Backing wall with grid patterning Fig. 3.1 Layout WP 121 The unit comprises a frame to accommodate 4 buckling bars. The frame is provided with a white rear wall with printed grid to highlight the buckling pattern.‘Column and buckling ‘Object: - To study behavior of different types of columns and find Euler’s buckling load for each case. Apparatus: - Column Buckling Apparatus, Weights, Hanger, Dial Gauge, Scale, Verniar caliper. Diagram:- @ Both snes fixed (i) Both ends pinnee flv) Onesae Azedoterfee ‘Theory: -If compressive load is applied on a column, the member may fail either by crushing or by buckling depending on its material, cross section and length. If member is considerably long in comparison to its lateral dimensions it will failby buckling. If a member shows sigasof buckling the member leads to failurewith small increase in load, The load at which the member just buckles is called as crushing load. The buckling load, as given by Euler, can be found byusing following expression.PewEle Where, E = Modulus of Elasticity= 2 x 105 N/mm? for sicel T= Least moment of inertia of column section Le= cctive length of column Depending an support conditions, four cases may arise. The effective length for each ofwhich are given as: 1. Both ends are fixed le = L/2 2. One end is fixed and other is pinned le = L/V 2 3. Both ends are pinned le = L 4. One end is fixed and other is free le = 2L Procedure: + i) Pin a graph paper on the wooden board behind the column. ii) Apply the load at the top of columns increasing gradually. At certain stage of loading the columns shows abnormal deflections and gives the buckling load. iti) Not the buckling load for each of the four columns. iv) Trace the deflected shapes of the columns over the paper. Mark the points of change of curvature of the curves and measure the effective or equivalent length for each case separately. ¥) Calculate the theoretical effective lengths and thus buckling loads by the expressions given above and compare them with the observed values. Observation: - 1) Width of strip (mm) b = 2) Thickness of strip (mm) t = 3) Length of strip (mm) L = 4) Least moment of inertia T= beyi2° Euler case 1 2 E+ I Foyt = ————¥ ! 4.2 (4.1) ° Euler case 2 2 a Esl, Font = —a (42) L ¢ Euler case 3 7?.E-| crit = 3 (4.3) (0,7 -L) * Euler case 4 4.27 E-l, Frit = — (4.4) The modulus of elasticity E of steel is 210000N/mm?, For the rectangular cross section of 0,5mm x 42mm of the buckling bar, the area moment of inertia ly is: 3 p= bee (4.5) y 42Worksheet on the influence of the actual Tab. 6.1COMPRESSION TEST ON UTM. AIM:= compressive test on a given specimen OBJECT: To conduct compressive test of given specimen to determine the compressive strength APPARATUS: 1. Universal testing machine, 2. Compression pads, 3. Given specimen(clay brick) THEORY: Several ne and structure components such as columns and struts are subjected to compressive load in applications. These components are made of high compressive strength materials, Not all the materials are strong in compression. Several materials, which are good in tension, are poor in compression, Contrary to this, many materials poor in tension but very strong in compression. Cast iron is one such example. That is why determine of ultimate compressive strength is essential before using a material, is strength is determined by conduct of a compression test. Compression test is just opposite in nature to tensile test. Nature of deformation and fracture is quite different from that in tensile test. Compressive load tends to squeeze the specimen. Brittle materials are generally weak in tension but strong in compression. Hence this test is normally performed on cast iron, cement concrete etc. But ductile materials like aluminum and mild steel which are strong in tension, are also tested in compression.COMPRESSION TEST ON BRICK Breadth of the Brick, B= m Length of the Brick, L = m Formulae: Nimm? Where, W = Maximum Load N A = Area of the specimen =LxB = mm* L.= Length of the Brick m B = Breadth of Brick m Graph: Load Vs Elongation DESCRIPTION: Fix upper and lower pressure plates on the lower cross — head and lower table respectively. Place the specimen on lower compression plate. The specimen must be aligned exactly according to the marking on the compression plate order to give the complete cross-section the specimen a change to participate equally in the acceptance of load. Then adjusted to by lifting the lower table and perform the test in the same way as the tension test. TEST SET-UP, SPECIFICATION OF M/C AND SPECIMEN DETAILS: A compression test can be performed on UTM by keeping the test-piece on base block and3. N 9 2 @ moving down the central grip to apply load. It can also be performed on a compression testing machine, A compression testing machine shown in fig. it has two compression plates/heads, The upper head moveable while the lower head is stationary. One of the two heads is equipped with a hemispherical bearing to obtain. Uniform distribution of load over the test-piece ends. A load gauge is fitted for recording the applied load. SPECIMEN :- In cylindrical specimen, it is essential to keep h/d lity due to bucking action. Specimen size = h < 2d. for clay brick the specimen size should be 190 X 90 X 90 mm PROCEDURE 41. Place the specimen in position between the compression pads 2. Switch on the UTM Bring the drag indicator in contact with the main indicator. and balance it if necessary with the help of small balancing weights Operate (push) the button for driving the motor to drive the pump. Gradually move the head control ever in left hand direction till the specimen fails. Note down the load at which the specimen shears ‘Stop the machine and remove the specimen. }. Repeat the experiment with other specimensPRECAUTIONS 4. Place the specimen at center of compression pads 2. The specimen should be prepared in proper dimensions 3. Stop the UTM as soon as the specimen fails 4, Cross sectional area of specimen for compression test should be kept large as compared to the specimen for tension test: to obtain the proper degree of stability. 5. Take reading carefully. The compressive strength of given specimen = ------- N/mm?ow EXPERIMENT NO.2 ~*~ » ~ ~~ v v ~ . 3 Compressive Test © 1. Objective: To study the behavior of the given material under Compressive load andto determine the following: © Modulus of elasticity © Percentage Decrease in length © Percentage Increase in area 2. Principle: Ductile materials attain a Bulge or a Barrel shape after reaching themaximum compression load. No fracture takes place and there is change in cross-section and compression value remains the same on reaching the maximum load. For brittle materials, there will be no change in the cross- sections or height of the specimen due to the compression load. On reaching the maximum compression load, the specimen suddenly fractures as shown in » > ; © Maximum Compressive strength or ultimate stress > » ) the Fig. h t | | \ | | | | n{ | \ 1 | psa el! +} Barrel or Bulge shape 4 atte Aucute © J al maximum oad vee Butte Fractie "after test Z Before test Fig 31 (a) Ductile material Fig 34 (b) Buitle material {e.9 Cast Iron) (e.g Mild Steel, Brass, Aluminium, etc)Ss efi// M2COPE EE aed neal neta eee eee es en ae eee On © © 2 3. Apparatus Required: Universal Testing machine, Dial gauge, Vernier caliper and scale. 4. Theory: are compression a is just opposite to tension test, with regard to . However, there are certain practical difficul i Seeamaes pl ficulties which may induce They are: "Difficulty in applying truly axial load. There is always a tendency of the specimen to bend in addition toContraction. To avoid these errors, usually the specimen for thistest shall be short inlength (not more than 2 time the diameter) In a compression test, stress - strain curve is drawn up to the elastic limit of proportionality. Metals have approximately the same modulus of elasticity as in tension test. The curve, for ductile materials, continues almost without limit as there is no fracture of the material due to its ductility and cross sectional area increases continuously with increase in load. The specimen will shorten and bulge out. Compression test is mainly used for testing brittle materials such as cast iron, concrete etc. Brittle materials commonly fail along a diagonal plane due to shearing. Ay T iid [] LECCE ME Cvobde odbbe FxrFEELELELLELELELLSE compressive load (or stess) plastic deformation elastic ——> compression(or strain) deformation Toughness Brittle fracture Ductile fracture 5. Experiment setup: A mechanism for a compressive test for small specimens is part of the base unit, Cylindrical materials with a diameter of 10mm and a length of 10 mm to 30mm made of plastics can be used as samples (31).e« EES OOBUbHE EEE EE? “ The ie between ession die (30) is inserted in the compression area of the devi bY the wp srosshead (6) and bottom crossbar (8). The compression d ‘held ¢ compression piece (2a). oe The specimen ( 31) is pl crossbar. ) is placed on the compression plate (23) on the bottom 2a A an | 30 - aa? we 6. Procedure: The original dimensions of the specimen like original dia., gauge length etc. is to be measured. Place the selected specimen between the compression die and the compression piece. Carefully lower the compression die onto the specimen by turning the handwheel so that the compression die get slightly touches with specimen. Set the trailing pointer on the force gauge to zero. The compression specimen is subject to a load slowly and steadily by turning the handwheel and the application of force should be stretched out over a period of 5 - 10 min.» ee ee we ee ee Le. 15 Observe the compressive specimen and if the compressive strength is reached at the moment the first crack appears then stop the experiment, Note down the test load from the trailing pointer. Turn the handwheel fully open and remove the specimen from the compression piece. Then calculate the yield stress, modulus of rigidity, Ultimate strength, fracture strength. Draw the load shortening diagram and stress strain diagram. Repeat the same procedure for different materials. When using the WP 300.20 data acquisition system (optional) Clamp the displacement sensor against the counter plate with a Measurement section of approximate 8 to 10 mm and secure with knurled screw. Connect the couplers of displacement sensor and load cell with data acquisition box which is then connected to PC. Launch the software on the PC and select the compressive test on the start menu. Go to the settings on the view menu and put the detail of specimen on the dialogue box. If some valves displayed on the test screen then click on tare button and set all the valves zero. Now our test is ready to perform. Increases the load slowly on the specimen avoid abrupt or jerky application of load. Test screen show us continuously applied force and deflection of specimen and also show stress strain graph continuously. When the first crack on the specimen occur either stop the experiment or mark on this point on stress compression diagram and then using sigma db button on the test screen for continue until complete destruction. Print out the graph and test report also. Repeat the same procedure for different materials.EEE SEROEOOCECCEE v7 Observation and calculations: | Compression | Stress ] Strain | Young’s Alin mm | N/mm | | Modu T3000 ~ 31 ~| 0.538 —_ [9500 [14.28 14.05 [0.549 Final dimension of specimen: 11mm*24mm*34mm % decrease in length = see x 100 3-26 y199 % = 14.05 N/mm?