ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

EE241: ELECTRIC CIRCUITS I

SPRING 2023

LECTURES 4-6
CH2- BASIC ELECTRIC LOWS
OHM’S LOW & KIRCHHOFF’S LOWS
Dr. Mohammed A. Hassan
[email protected]
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Last Lecture: Basic Electric Quantities
1-

2-

3-

4-

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Last Lecture: Basic Electric Elements

Active Elements Passive Elements

Capacitor
Inductor
Independent Dependent Resistor
sources sources

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Home Work Set #1

HW 1 is posted on Black Board

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➢ Before we can begin analysis, we need a common language and framework
for describing circuits
➢ For this course, networks and circuits are the same

Circuit Connection (Network Configuration)

➢ Branch
➢ Node
➢ Loop

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Branches

How many branches in the circuit above? Answer: 7

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Nodes

How many nodes? How many essential nodes? Answer: 5, 3

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Nodes and Branches

Same circuit to the left ( 3 nodes and 5 branches)

• A node is usually indicated by a dot in the circuit.

• If a short circuit (connecting wire) connects two nodes, the

two nodes constitute a single node.
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Loops and meshes

a b c d

e
• A loop is a closed path formed by starting at a node, passing through a set of nodes, and returning to
the same node without passing through any node more than once

How many loops, and how many meshes? Answer: 6, 3

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Loops and meshes

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Series and Parallel elements

Exercise: Determine the number of branches and nodes in the circuits shown. Identify
which elements are in series and which are in parallel.
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Basic Circuit Lows

➢ Ohm’s Low
➢ Kirchhoff’s Lows
➢ KVL
➢ KCL

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Ohm’s Law

 Ohm’s law states that the voltage 𝑣 across a resistor is directly

proportional to the current 𝑖 flowing through the resistor.

 Mathematical expression for Ohm’s Law is as follows:

v = iR
 Two extreme possible values of R: 0 (zero) and  (infinite)
are related with two basic circuit concepts: short circuit and open circuit.

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Short Circuit as Zero Resistance

𝑉𝑆𝐶 = 0
𝑖𝑆𝐶 (Depends
on the CT.)

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Open Circuit

𝐼𝑂𝐶 = 0
𝑉𝑂𝐶 (Depends
on the CT.)

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More about Resistance

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Conductance and Power Dissipation
 Conductance (G) is the ability of an element to conduct
electric current; it is the reciprocal of resistance R and is
measured in mhos or Siemens.
1 i
G= =
R v
 The power dissipated by a resistor:

2
v
p = vi = i 2 R =
R
Note: Power in R is always positive (absorbed) and it is dissipated in the form of heat
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The i-v Graph for a Resistor

For a resistor, the plot of current versus voltage is a straight

line:
Ohm’s Low v = iR
v
OR, i = = Gv
R

In this example, the

slope is 4 A / 8 V or
0.5 Ω-1.

This is the graph for a

2 ohm resistor.

Excursive: plot the SC an OC lines on the above graph. 18

Resistance

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Resistor in reality:

(a) typical resistors (b) power resistor

(c) a 10 TΩ resistor (d) circuit symbol
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Resistor in reality
Color-Code& Values

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Resistor in reality:

Variable Resistors: (a) composition type (b) slider pot (c) circuit symbol
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Examples: Ohm’s low

Example 1

Practice Problem 1

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Example2: Ohm’s Law

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Example3: Ohm’s Law

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Example4: Ohm’s Law

13.53𝑉
𝑅4 = ≅ 4𝑘Ω
3.38𝑚𝐴

0.588𝑉
𝐼2 = − = −0.294 𝑚𝐴 = −294 𝜇𝐴
2𝑘Ω
𝑉6 = 1.61𝑚𝐴x6𝑘Ω = 9.66𝑉

𝑉2 = −3.38𝑚𝐴x2𝑘Ω = −6.76𝑉
10.59𝑉
𝐼8 = ≅ 1.324 𝑚𝐴
8𝑘Ω 26
Remember

 Basic Electric Quantities (𝑞, 𝑖, 𝑣, 𝐸, and 𝑝)

 Basic Electric Components (Voltage& Current sources, R)

 Basic Circuit Terminology (Branch, Node, Loop)

❑ Definition of Series and Parallel connections
 Basic Electric Lows
❑ Ohm’s low

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Main objective of Electric circuit analysis is to find unknown currents and voltages in the circuit

Basic Circuit Lows

➢ Ohm’s Low
➢ Kirchhoff’s Lows
➢ KVL
➢ KCL

Ohm’s low defines the relation between current and voltage within an element
Kirchhoff’s lows define the relation between currents (or, voltages) in different braches

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Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

N ≜ number of branches connected to node

𝑖𝑛 ≜ 𝑛𝑡ℎ current entering (or leaving) the node
We might consider entering currents as positive (leaving as negative ), or vice versa

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Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)- Alternative Form

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Kirchhoff’s Current Law for Boundaries

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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law - KVL

M ≜ number of branches in a loop

𝑣𝑚 ≜ 𝑚𝑡ℎ voltage (across mth element) in the loop
KVL can be applied clockwise or counter-clockwise around the loop. Either way,
the algebraic sum is zero

Alternative Form
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Example5: KVL

−10 − 𝑉2 + 𝑉8 = 0 𝑂𝑟, 𝑉8 = 10 + 𝑉2
−𝑉8 − 𝑉6 + 𝑉𝐼 = 0
−𝑉𝐼 − 𝑉3 + 𝑉4 = 0
−10 − 𝑉2 − 𝑉6 + 𝑉𝐼 = 0
−𝑉8 − 𝑉6 − 𝑉3 + 𝑉4 = 0
−10 − 𝑉2 − 𝑉6 − 𝑉3 + 𝑉4 = 0
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Example6 – Applying the Basic Laws (Ohm’s+Kirchhof’s)

Find 𝑽𝟐 , 𝑽𝟔 , and 𝑽𝑰

𝐼 = 5𝑚𝐴

First, using KCL (or, basic definition of series connection),

𝐼=5mA
Then, using Ohm’s low Practice problem:
𝑉2 = 𝐼x𝑅2 = 5𝑚𝐴x2𝑘Ω = 10𝑉 for the above circuit, calculate
𝑉6 = 𝐼x𝑅6 = 5𝑚𝐴x6𝑘Ω = 30𝑉 the power in each element and
Finally, using KVL
verify power conservation rule
−10 − V2 − 𝑉6 + 𝑉𝐼 = 0
𝑉𝐼 = 10 + V2 + 𝑉6 = 10 + 10 + 30 = 50𝑉
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Example7 – Applying the Basic Laws
+ −32𝑉 −

Find 𝒊𝒐 , and 𝒗𝒐
− 32𝑉 +
−8𝑚𝐴 96𝑉

First, using Ohm’s low

𝑣𝑜 = − 6𝑘Ω 𝑖𝑜

Then, using KVL

−12 + 4kΩ 𝑖𝑜 + 2𝑣𝑜 − 4 − 𝑣𝑜 = 0 48𝑉
−16 + 4kΩ 𝑖𝑜 + 𝑣𝑜 = 0
−16 + 4kΩ 𝑖𝑜 − 6𝑘Ω 𝑖𝑜 = 0
−16 + 4kΩ 𝑖𝑜 − 6𝑘Ω 𝑖𝑜 = 0 Practice problem:
16𝑉
𝑖𝑜 = −
2𝑘Ω
= −8𝑚𝐴 for the above circuit, calculate
the power in each element and
Finally, substituting back in the first equation (Ohm’s low) verify power conservation rule
𝑣𝑜 = − 6𝑘Ω −8𝑚𝐴 = +48𝑉
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Example8 – Applying the Basic Laws
Find current 𝒊𝒐 and voltage 𝒗𝒐 in the following circuit.

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Example9 – Applying the Basic Laws

Find 𝑰𝟕 , 𝑰𝟑 , 𝑰𝟐 , 𝑽𝟑 and 𝑽𝑰

𝐼2 = 5𝑚𝐴 (1)

Using KCL and eq(1), 𝐼3 = 𝐼7 + 𝐼2 = 𝐼7 + 5𝑚𝐴 (2)

Using KVL on Loop 1, −10 + 70𝑘Ω 𝐼7 + 30𝑘Ω 𝐼3 = 0 (3)

Substituting form (2) in (3), −10 + 70𝑘Ω 𝐼7 + 30𝑘Ω (𝐼7 +5𝑚𝐴) = 0 (4)

Solve (4) to find I7, 100𝑘Ω 𝐼7 = (10 − 150)𝑉 >> 𝐼7 = −1.4𝑚𝐴 (5)

Substituting form (5) in (2), 𝐼3 = 𝐼7 + 𝐼2 = 3.6𝑚𝐴 (6)

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Example10 – Applying the Basic Laws

Find 𝑰𝟕 , 𝑰𝟑 , 𝑰𝟐 , 𝑽𝟑 and 𝑽𝑰

Using Ohm’s low and (6), 𝑉3 = 30𝑘Ω 𝐼3 = 108𝑉 (7)

Using KVL on Loop 2, −VI + 20𝑘Ω 5𝑚𝐴 + 𝑉3 = 0 (8)

Solving (8) results in VI, VI = 100 + 108 = 208𝑉 (9)

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Resistors in Series

Resistors in Series add

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Resistors in Parallel

Conductance in parallel add

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Resistors in Parallel

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Voltage Divider Rule

Voltage is divided by same ratio of resistors

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Current Divider Rule

Current is divided by opposite ratio of resistor

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Example 11- Series and Parallel Resistors

Find Req.

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Example 12- Series and Parallel Resistors
Find Req.
9//18 → (9X18)/(9+18)=6
5//20 → (5X20)/(5+20)=4

(1+4)//20 → (5X20)/(5+20)=4

Req=8+6//(4+2)=8+(6X6)/(6+6)=11 Ω

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Practice problem

Req=3+[(2+4)//(2+3//6)+9=14.4 Ω

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Resistor Network - Comments

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2.7 Y-Δ Transformation
The following resistors form a Delta (Δ):
❑

❑ The following resistors form a Wye (Y):

❑ Every Δ network is functionally equivalent to Y

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2.7 Y-Δ Transformation

Delta -> Star Star -> Delta

Rb Rc R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R1 = Ra =
( Ra + Rb + Rc ) R1

Rc Ra R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R2 = Rb =
( Ra + Rb + Rc ) R2

Ra Rb R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R3 = Rc =
( Ra + Rb + Rc ) R3

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Example 13: Y-Δ Transformation

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Practice problem: Y-Δ Transformation

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Example 14: Δ-Y Transformation

How do we find the equivalent resistance of the following

network? Convert a Δ to a Y

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Example 14: Δ-Y Transformation

use the Δ to Y
equations

use standard serial and parallel

combinations

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Example 15: Y-Δ Transformation
Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab and use it to find current 𝑖.
Transforming the middle Wye

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Example 15: Y-Δ Transformation
Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab and use it to find current 𝑖.
OR, Transforming the upper Delta

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Practice Problem – Delta-Wye Transformation
For the bridge network in the following figure, find 𝑅𝑎𝑏 and 𝑖.

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End of Lecture

Questions?

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