CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Vocabulary

1. Definition Of Vocabulary

Vocabulary is all about words. in sentence be found noun, verb,

adjective etc. They are a component of word, therfore to able make

sentence someone have getting of the words and vocabulary.

Vocabulary is so important, from vocabulary we can created a

sentence. According to Hiebert “vocabulary is knowledge of meaning

of words”1. Its mean that vocabulary is important in creatinon of

understanding in conversation.

Vocabulary is one of aspects language that must be learning

when students are learning a language, besides grammar and

pronunciation. Also vocabulary can be help the student in learning and

get easy to learning in the class. Its mean that to convey something so

necessary stock vocabulary.

Vocabulary is a stock of words used by person, class or

profession when they are learning a foreign language and expressing

the meaning or idea to construct sentence for communication. And

1
Elfrida H. Hiebert, Michael L. Kamil, Teaching and Learning Vocabulary,
(Mahwa, New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum associates, inc, 2006) p.3

12
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vocabulary is key of learning. Penny Ur defines that vocabulary can

defined, roughly, as the words we teach in the foreign language2. It

means that all words in foreign language that have been taught by

teachers in order that the students can use those word in sentences or

daily communication. It Also can help the student to more easy

understand in learning. Until the student get improve their ability.

Thornbury state that “vocabulary is word and word is a

microcosm of human consciousness”3. It means that word is a part of

vocabulary, everybody in this world can grow with the words because

the expansion and elaboration of vocabulary is something that extends

across a lifetime.

Hornby state that vocabulary is the total number of words in a

language; all the words known to a personor used in a particular book,

subject, etc; a list of words with their meaning, especially one that

accompanies a textbook4. According to Mohammad Reza that

vocabulary as a major component of language learning has been the

object of numereous stutides each of which has its own contribution to

2
Penny Ur, Acourse in Language Teaching, (United Kingdom: Cambridge
University Press, 1996), 60.
3
Scott Thornbury, How to Teach Vocabulary , (Longman: Education
Pearson Limited, 2002), p. 1
4
Homby, As, Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary, (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1995), 1331.
 14

the field5. Its mean that vocabulary is one asoect important in mastering

language and as a major componen of language.

From the statment above, the writer concludes that vocabulary

is a list of words that are essential elements for the individual speakers

that used to convey the meaning and communicate with each other in

formal language or international language. and Vocabulary is important

for people especially for students, teachers, and government. Because

they need it. And every year often present new word or vocabulary in

this world. Therefore, they are so imprtant to enrich vocabulary

mastery.

2. The Types of Vocabulary

vocabulary is the knowledge of meanings of words. What

complicates this definition is the fact that words come in at least two

forms: oral and print. Knowledge of words also comes in at least two

forms, receptive—that which we can understand or recognize—and

productive—the vocabulary we use when we write or speak.6

Elfrieda H. Hiebert and Michael L. Kamil classifies vocabulary

in two categories, they are:

5
Mohammad reza, “the effect of using vocabulary flash card on iranian pre-
university students’ vocabulary knowledge”, international educations stidies (3, june
2012),1.
6
Elfrieda H. Hiebert, Michael L. Kamil, Teaching and Learning Vocabulary
Mahwa, New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum associates, inc, 2006,3
15

1. Receptive Vocabulary is larger then production vocabulary. And,

as noted earlier, for beginner readers, oral vocabulary far outstrips

print vocabulary.

2. Productive Vocabulary is the set of words that an individual can

use when writing or speaking. They are words that are well-known

familiar and used frequently.

So, the difference respective and productive vocabulary is the

time when introduce that word that save it in brain is calling receptive

and the time when take that word from the brain to used we call it

productive.

Mentioning learning vocabulary is something more than

memorizing a list of words. learning vocabulary in elementary School

is usually still focused emotional on memorizing words, students are

asked to memorize a lot of words. But the students quickly forget the

word they have learn or memorized.

3. The Improtance Of Vocabulary

Vocabulary always become the esential part of english as a

foreign language. Every person who learn a language must learn the

the vocabulary of the language to make the learning process easier.

Without vocabulary mastery, learning a language becomes a very hard

thing to do and communication in second language cannot happen in

any meaningful way. Also its happen miscomunuication between

teacher and student. Edge (1993 : 27) state that knowing a lot of words

in foreign language are very important. Its mean that having or

knowing much of foreign language are very impotant because from

that we get easier in the translation of words or in english learning.

And it will help you on both. Its mean that by has a lot of knowing of

foreign we can describe the world or something which has corelation

with language, we can explain it easly. And if has more vocabulary we

can easly understand in language learning and can tranlate easly.

Vocabulary is an impotant aspect in our life. Nunan has also

argumed that vocabulary development is an important aspect of

language development and the research that has been conducted in

recent years is very exciting.7 its mean that development vocabulary is

an important aspect of language.

According to Betts vocabulary development is an important

component in reading comprehension and the other areas of academic

performance, instructional designs place much emphasis on practices

7
David Nunan, Practical English Language Teaching Young Learners.
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005), p.122
17

which provide direct, explicit experience with words in the context of

comprehension and content instruction8.

Acording to statment above, writer conclude that vocabulary is

important in learning language and mastering vocabulary will facilitate

someone in using language communication, by has a lot of words or

vocabulary the person can easly in english learning, and can explain

something with good words, and can translate foreign easly.

4. Vocabulary Mastery

According to Risqi Ekanti states mastery is the ability to use

one of knowledge.9It means mastery is the ability to combine skill and

knowledge in one certain area. Also someone has a great skill at

something.

vocabulary is words in foreign language used to express

meaning form of symbols of group of letter in single or more than one

word.

From defines above, the writer take conclution that mastery is

the ability to use one of knowledge and vocabulary is words in foreign

8
Betts in Martha Rapp Haggard, The Vocabulary Self Collection Strategy:
Using Student Interest and World Knowledge to Enhance Vocabulary Growth.
“Jurnal of Reading, Vol. 29, No. 07, (April 1986), 634.
9
Riski Ekanti Ayuningtyas Palupi, Enriching Vocabulary Masteryusing
Using Short Text “a thesis of Vocabulary” (june 2010), 11
 18

language used to express meaning form of symbols of group of letter

in single or more than one word. So, the vocabulary mastery can be

constructed to combine skill or knowledge of words that used to

express meaning, in a single or more than one word.

5. The Technique in teaching vocabulary

Vocabulary is the first step important in learning language, but

for teaching vocabulary is not easy to do. Teacher should facilitate

vocabulary by good teaching strategies to help learners figure out

meanings on their own. Teaching vocabulary is one of good ways of

developing students’ language vocabulary, and one of the good ways

to enrich students’ vocabulary. Besides, Richards states that teaching

of vocabulary is an essential part of a language course. 10 Its mean that

teaching vocabulary is important essential for the students which begin

in learning language. Because it will help them in learning . learning

vocabulary may not be learned all at once but doing continuous. By

using the vocabulary in daily activities. Because the basic of the people

has forget charact eristic. And learning it by continious way will

help them to memorize it. Factual, learners are often unable to gain

10
Jack C Richards, et all, Methodology in Language Teaching (Malaisyia :
person education, 2010), 256
19

new words while reading or listening activity because of their

limitation in their vocabulary knowledge. For overbuild in teaching

vocabulary, teacher can add a variety technique while teaching in the

classroom. According to Brown, teaching is guiding and facilitating

learning, enabling the learner to learn, setting the conditions for

learning. Your understanding of how the learner learns will determine

your philosophy of education, your teaching style, your approach,

methods and classroom techniques.11 Its mean that to be a good

teacher, the person must be creative, skill and knowledge, with his

creative he can create the new situation leaning until situation learning

be more productive and compotable and by his skill he can convey the

explain clearly and get choosing the words. And by his knowledge he

can share it to his student.

Therefore to create the productive and interesting in learning

vocabulary, teacher have to creatively to make material more

interesting. According to Ruth and Stuart say “ there are many

techniques of vocabulary teaching. There are visual aids, verbal

explanation, and contextual gueswork12

11
H. Douglas, Brown, Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, (New
York:Longman, 2007), p.8
12
Ruth Gairm and Stuart Redman, Working with Word : Guide to Teaching
and learning Vocabulary, (New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003), 73
 20

1. Visual Aids

In this technique, the teacher can use paper or short story or picture

or sound or slide show and white board in teaching vocabulary. As

long that equipment or media can improve and enrich vocabulary

mastery.

2. Verbal explanation

In this technique, the teacher can explain can explain the meaning

of the words. A teacher should select and provide words based on

students’ mastery. This efficient way to explain unknown words.

3. Contextual guesswork

In this technique, the students learn vocabulary using a text. The

students learn to understand the meaning of the word.

From several techniques above the writer use in this research by

visual aids because the writer use short story. The students are more

interest and quickly to understand when the teacher explains the

contain of short story and they get new some vocabularies from that

short story. Beside it, the students are happy in process learning.
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6. The Strategies In Learning Vocaluary

To be mastery english, the person must ability to convey

clearly what he say. Therefore, he need much stock of vocabulary.

Beacuse vocabulary is one important aspect in english and by much

stock of vocabulary the person is easier to choose the words to convey

it.

To be mastery in vocabulary, the students have much stock of

vocabulary and ability to convey it clearly. Sometimes, the students has

much stock of vocabulary but he can not to convey clearly and

sometimes, the students has a good pronouciation but he do not has

much stock of vocabulary. Morerever, the person do not has much

stock of vocabulary and he do not has good pronounciation.

Learning vocabulary is not easy and not difficult. Because

everyone whose memorize vocabularies sometimes easy to memorize it

and easy go. Therefore, there are steps to learn vocabulary :

 Help yourself to learn by learning associated word together

 Picture and diagram can help you learn.

 Organizing vocabulary notebook 13

13
Michael McCharty and Felicity O’dell, English vocabulary in use (New
York :Cambridge iniversity press),P.4.
 22

From it, the writer concluded that to learn vocabulary and to

enrich students’ vocabulary necessary the good strategies in process

learning.

B. Short Story

1. Definition Of Short Story

One of the literatures is short story. According to MacMillan,

“Short story is a brief work of prose narrative”14. It means that short

story is a short prose narrative that usually can be read in short time. In

other word, the reader does not need much time to comprehend what

the short story tells about.

Meanwhile, According to mario klarer, “ short story, a concise

form of fiction”15 it is clear that short story is a simple literary text

which can be considered to be used as material in learning language

because of its distinctive features.

Meanwhile, Lazar said that “Short story is a work of fiction. It

tells one event in a very concentrated way, describes something at

moment of crisis, introduces people who are told do not really exist,

14
MacMillan Literature Series, Introducing Literature, Signature Edition,
(New York : Glencoe/McGrowhill 1985), P.53
15
Mario Klarer, an intoduction to literaterary studies ( USA And Canada :
rountledge),P.12
23

has plot and characters who are somehow connected with each

other.”16

Based on statment above. The writer conclude that short story

is a fiction of narrative which has shorter or brief of plot then novel.

2. The Procedures of Teacing By Using Short Story

Procedure Teachers’ Activity Students’ Activity

Step 1: Create the group for Doing the teacher

students. instruction

Step 2 : Write some Pay the voaccabulay

vocabularies on the which wroten on the

board. board by teacher

Step 3 : Describe the mean of Pay attention to

that vocabularies one teachers explanation.

by one throuht After that answer or

explanation or translate it.

picture.

Step 4: Give text of short Read and Scan the

16
Gillian Lazar, Literature and Language Teaching: A guide for teachers and
trainers, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 73.
 24

story to students and short story that is

ask them to read it. give by the teacher.

Step 5 : Give five quastions The students think

for the student which and answer it on their

has corelation with book.

the text of short

story.

Step 6 : Request to every The student explain

group to delegate short story in front

their member to of students

explain short story.

3. The Advantage of Short Story

According to Jesus And Sagrario in their book, there are some

advantages of using short stories, they are :

a. The divelopment of listening skilll possibly the most

important of these skills. Is listening for gist which involves

listening for the main idea or plot without necessary

understanding everything. Other skill such as listening for

specific information can also be developed through stomies.

b. The acquisition of new vocabulary most of language in

stories is perfecly contextualised and it is usually repeated

more than once so that the listening the meaning. If

additional information is also given to help learner with the

comprehension of the story (as with visual aids for

example) the introduction of new words need not be a hug

tusk. The grammatical structures included in the story

should be seen mainly as formal expression appropriate

because they appear frequently in stories in appropriate

context.

c. The development of the child’s lierary competence by that

we mean the child’s ability to understand and enjoy

literature which involves a range of strategies and skills

acquired over the child’s life mainly through extensive

reading activities. It can be said that the use of stories

introduces the child’s not only to stylististic conventions

such as reported speech, metaphor, emphasis etc, but also to

narrative conventions such as the time space relationship of

event, repetition, ellipsis, etc.

d. The communicative exchange involved in stories story

telling is an activity which requires a certain level of

interaction between the storyteller and the audience and

between the individual listeners. The storyteller can obtain

the collaboration of the audience at several point during the

story. For example, by asking the listeners to guess the

ending of the story by getting them to suggest an alternative

ending, by opinion etc, interaction with an adult in a shared

context. Storytelling fits into this interaction framework.

-the adult in this case is the teacher and the shared context

is the story.

e. Motivation if the stories is interesting enough and it is told

in appearing way, and in general anything to do with factors

affect the emotion, considered crucial in an learning

process.

f. Stimulation and development of the imagination the

interactive nature of the story. Recreating of scenes and

characters and ideas in the story mean that few other

activities can encourage the child’s creativity and

inventiveness in the way that storytelling can17.

From short story method the writer can take the advantage from it,

they are :

a. The students can develop their listening because to

understand the story telling the student should listen

correctly.

b. The student can improving and to enrich their vocabulary

mastery because by using short story the student found some

new vocabulary.

c. Study by using Short story is an activity interactive .

d. Short story gives motivation.

e. Short story gives opportunity to student to play their

imagination.

17
Juan Jesus Zaro And Sagrario Salaberi, Handbooks For The English
Classroom, Storytelling (Between Townroads : Macmilan Publisher, 1995),2.