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Gate Performance Characteristics and Parameters

The document discusses various performance characteristics and parameters of logic gates, including timing diagrams, propagation delay, rise and fall times, fan-in, and fan-out. Timing diagrams show signal values over time. Propagation delay is the time it takes for a signal change at the inputs to propagate to the outputs, accounting for individual gate delays along the critical path. Fan-in refers to the number of inputs a gate can have, while fan-out is the number of gates an output can drive. Buffers can be used to increase fan-out by amplifying signals but also increase propagation delay.

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637 views7 pages

Gate Performance Characteristics and Parameters

The document discusses various performance characteristics and parameters of logic gates, including timing diagrams, propagation delay, rise and fall times, fan-in, and fan-out. Timing diagrams show signal values over time. Propagation delay is the time it takes for a signal change at the inputs to propagate to the outputs, accounting for individual gate delays along the critical path. Fan-in refers to the number of inputs a gate can have, while fan-out is the number of gates an output can drive. Buffers can be used to increase fan-out by amplifying signals but also increase propagation delay.

Uploaded by

Anup Jalota
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GATE PERFORMANCE

CHARACTERISTICS AND
PARAMETERS
For: CSE, II Sem

By: Tarannum Parvin


CHARACTERISTICS OF LOGIC GATES
1. Timing diagram: Shows the logic values of signals in a circuit versus time

2. Waveform: The shape of a signal over a period of time

Example: timing diagram of an AND gate (with zero delay)


CHARACTERISTICS OF LOGIC GATES
3. Gate delay: A change in the inputs of a gate causes a change in its outputs. However, the change in the
output signal is not instantaneous.
There is a small delay between an input signal change and an output signal change, called gate delay.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LOGIC GATES
4. Propagation delay: In a given circuit, each gate has a delay The circuit has a propagation delay between
inputs and outputs. The propagation delay is computed along the critical path.

To compute the propagation delay, start at the inputs:


1. Delay at each gate output = Maximum input delay + Gate delay
2. Propagation delay of a circuit = maximum delay at any output

Computing the maximum circuit delay:


Consider the following circuit with 8 inputs and 2 outputs
• Delay of a 2-input AND gate = 2 ns
• Delay of a 3-input AND gate = 3 ns
• Delay of a 2-input OR gate = 2 ns
• Delay of a 3-input OR gate = 3 ns
CHARACTERISTICS OF LOGIC GATES
5. Rise-time and Fall-time-:
In logic simulators, a waveform is drawn as an ideal wave.
• The change from 0 to 1 (or from 1 to 0) is instantaneous.
• In reality, a signal has a non-zero rise-time and fall-time.
• Time taken to change from 10% to 90% of High voltage (and vice versa).
CHARACTERISTICS OF LOGIC GATES
6. Fan-in: The fan-in is the number of inputs to a gate

Example: a 3-input AND gate has a Fan-in of 3


• Logic gates with a large fan-in tend to be slow.
• Increasing the Fan-in of a gate increases the gate delay.

For example, a 3-input AND gate has a higher delay than a 2-input AND gate made with the same technology
Using logic gates with higher fan-in is useful when reducing the depth (number of levels) of a logic circuit.

7. Fan-out: The number of load gates connected to the output of driving gate. In digital circuits, it is common for the
output of one gate (called driver gate) to be connect to the inputs of several load gates The fan-out of a gate is
the number of gate inputs it can feed.
There is a limit on the maximum fan-out of a gate.

The output of a driver gate can supply a limited amount of


current. Each input of a load gate consumes a certain amount of
current. Therefore, the driver gate can only feed a limited number
of load gates.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LOGIC GATES
8. Increasing the Fan-out with a buffer gate:
• Buffer Gate
- Output f = Input x

• Buffer provides drive capability


- Used to amplify an input signal
- High current output
- Increases the Fan-Out

• Buffer gate increases the propagation delay of a circuit

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