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Amiri Maximum Sum Element Orders of All Proper Subgroups of PGL2q

This document examines the maximum sum of element orders for all proper subgroups of the projective general linear group PGL(2,q). It proves that for odd q, the projective special linear group PSL(2,q) has the maximum sum, while for even q, the stabilizer of a point has the maximum sum. The proofs utilize known results about the structure of PGL(2,q) and its subgroups.

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51 views5 pages

Amiri Maximum Sum Element Orders of All Proper Subgroups of PGL2q

This document examines the maximum sum of element orders for all proper subgroups of the projective general linear group PGL(2,q). It proves that for odd q, the projective special linear group PSL(2,q) has the maximum sum, while for even q, the stabilizer of a point has the maximum sum. The proofs utilize known results about the structure of PGL(2,q) and its subgroups.

Uploaded by

maria-ionela Crasnean
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Bulletin of the Iranian Mathematical Society Vol. 39 No. 3 (2013), pp 501-505.

MAXIMUM SUM ELEMENT ORDERS OF ALL


PROPER SUBGROUPS OF P GL(2, q)

S. M. JAFARIAN AMIRI

Communicated by Jamshid Moori

Abstract. In this paper we show that if q is a power of a prime


p, then the projective special linear group P SL(2, q) and the stabi-
lizer of a point of the projective line have maximum sum element
orders among all proper subgroups of projective general linear group
P GL(2, q) for q odd and even respectively.

1. Introduction

P
Let G be a finite group. Define ψ(G) = g∈G o(g) where o(g) is the
order of g in G. The function ψ was firstly defined by Amiri, Jafarian
Amiri and Isaacs. In [1] authors proved that if G is a noncyclic group
of order n (positive integer), then ψ(G) < ψ(Cn ) where Cn is the cyclic
group of order n. In [2] the authors proved that the alternating group
An has maximum sum element orders among all proper subgroups of the
symmetric group Sn . In this paper we obtain similar result on all proper
subgroups of projective general linear group of dimension 2. Note that
if H1 and H2 are maximal subgroups of G with |H1 | < |H2 |, then it is
not necessary that ψ(H1 ) < ψ(H2 ). For example consider G = C12 × C3 ,
H1 = C12 and H2 = C6 × C3 .

MSC(2010): Primary: 20G40; Secondary: 20E28.


Keywords: Linear groups, maximal subgroups, element order.
Received: 22 September 2011, Accepted: 27 April 2012
∗Corresponding author
c 2013 Iranian Mathematical Society.

501
502 Jafarian Amiri

2. Preliminaries

We recall that the group P GL(2, q) is the group of all fractional linear
transformations
az + b
ta,b,c,d : z 
cz + d
of the projective line X = {∞} ∪ GF (q) where a, b, c, d ∈ GF (q) with
ad − bc 6= o.
First we quote two structural results which are used to deduce the
main results of this paper.

Proposition 2.1. (Dickson, [3]) Let G = P GL(2, q) with q = pf > 3


for some odd prime p. Then the maximal subgroups of G not containing
P SL(2, q) are:
(1) Cpf oCq−1 , that is , the stabilizer of a point of the projective line,
(2) D2(q−1) for q 6= 5,
(3) D2(q+1) ,
(4) S4 for q = p ≡ ±3(mod8),
(5) P GL(2, q0 ) for q = q0r with r an odd prime.

Proposition 2.2. (Dickson, [3]) Let q = 2f ≥ 4. Then the maximal


subgroup of P SL(2, q) are :
(1) C2f oCq−1 , that is , the stabilizer of a point of the projective line,
(2) D2(q−1) ,
(3) D2(q+1) ,
(4) P GL(2, q0 ) for q = q0r with r a prime and q0 6= 2.

Proposition 2.3. (Huppert, [4]) Let G = P SL(2, q) where q is a p-


power (p prime). Then
(1) a Sylow p-subgroup P of G is an elementary abelian group of
order q and the number of Sylow p-subgroup of G is q + 1,
(2) G contains a cyclic subgroup A of order q−1 2 such that NG (hui)
is a dihedral group of order q − 1 for every nontrivial element
u ∈ A,
(3) G contains a cyclic subgroup Bof order q+1 2 such that NG (hui)
is a dihedral group of order q + 1 for every nontrivial element
u ∈ B,
(4) the set {P x , Ax , B x |x ∈ G} is a partition of G.
Maximum sum element orders of all proper subgroups of P GL(2, q) 503

3. Main results
Lemma 3.1. ψ(P SL(2, q)) > (q 2 − 1)(q + 1).
Proof. It follows from Proposition 2.3 that
q(q + 1) q(q − 1)
ψ(P SL(2, q)) = (ψ(C q−1 ) − 1) + (ψ(C q+1 ) − 1)
2 2 2 2

+(q + 1)(q − 1)p + 1.


Since ψ(Cn ) > 2n for each positive integer n > 2,
q(q + 1) q(q − 1)
ψ(P SL(2, q)) > (q − 1) + (q + 1)
2 2

+(q − 1)(q + 1) = q(q 2 − 1) + (q 2 − 1) = (q 2 − 1)(q + 1).



Here we state the main result about the proper subgroups of P GL(2, q)
when q is odd.
Theorem 3.2. Let G = P GL(2, q) where q is a p-power and p is an
odd prime. Then ψ(P SL(2, q) > ψ(H) for every proper subgroup H of
G different from P SL(2, q), the projective special linear group.
Proof. We may clearly assume that H is a maximal subgroup of P GL(2, q)
since every proper subgroupH of G is contained in a maximal sub-
group M of G and ψ(H) ≤ ψ(M ). If q = 3, then P GL(2, 3) ∼ = S4
and P SL(2, 3) ∼= A4 . Therefore the result is valid by [2].
If q > 3, then H is isomorphic with one of the groups (1)-(5)in Propo-
sition 2.1. Therefore we consider the following cases:
Case 1: Suppose that H = Cpf oCq−1 . Then H is soluble and Cq−1 is
a Hall subgroup of H. Therefore subgroups of order q − 1 are conjugate
and each element that its order is a divisor of q − 1, lies in one of such
conjugates. Since CH (x) = Cpf for every nonidentity x ∈ Cpf , we have
[
H = Cpf (∪y∈C f K y )
p

where K is a cyclic subgroup of H of order q − 1. Thus


ψ(H) ≤ (q − 1)p + qψ(Cq−1 ) < (q − 1)p + q(q − 1)2

< (q − 1)(q + 1) + q(q − 1)(q + 1)


and so ψ(H) < ψ(P SL(2, q)) by Lemma 3.1.
504 Jafarian Amiri

Case 2: Suppose that H = D2(q−1) . Then we have


ψ(H) = ψ(Cq−1 ) + 2(q − 1) < (q − 1)2 + 2(q − 1)

= q 2 − 1 < ψ(P SL(2, q)).


Case 3: Suppose that H = D2(q+1) . Then again we have
ψ(H) = ψ(Cq+1 ) + 2(q + 1) < (q + 1)2 + 2(q + 1)
= (q + 1)(q + 3) < (q + 1)(q 2 − 1) < ψ(P SL(2, q)).
Case 4: Suppose that H = S4 . Since every element of S4 has order at
2
most 4, ψ(S4 ) < 24.4 = 96. If q ≥ 5, then |P SL(2, q)| = q(q 2−1) ≥ 5.24
2
and so
5.24
ψ(P SL(2, q)) ≥ 2|P SL(2, q)| ≥ 2 > 96 > ψ(S4 ).
2
Case 5: Suppose that H = P GL(2, q0 ) for q = q0r with r an odd
prime. Then the maximum order element in P GL(2, q0 ) is q0 +1. There-
fore
ψ(P GL(2, q0 )) < |P GL(2, q0 )|(q0 + 1) = q0 (q02 − 1)(q0 + 1)
≤ (q03 − 1)(q03 − 1)(q03 + 1)

= (q06 − 1)(q03 − 1).


Since q = q0r ≥ q03 , we have
ψ(P GL(2, q0 ) < (q 2 − 1)(q + 1) < ψ(P SL(2, q)
by Lemma 3.1. The proof is complete. 
Lemma 3.3. ψ(C2f o Cq−1 ) ≥ 3q 2 − 4q − 1 where 2f = q.
Proof. We have
ψ(C2f o Cq−1 ) = 2(q − 1) + 1 + qψ((Cq−1 ) − 1)

≥ 2q − 1 + 3q(q − 2) = 3q 2 − 4q − 1.

For q even we have SL(2, q) ∼= P SL(2, q) and GL(2, q) ∼= SL(2, q) ×
∼
Cq−1 , hence P GL(2, q) = P SL(2, q). Our main result in this case is :
Theorem 3.4. Let G = P SL(2, q) such that q = 2f ≥ 4 for a positive
integer f . If H is a proper subgroup of G, then ψ(H) 6 ψ(C2f o Cq−1 ).
Maximum sum element orders of all proper subgroups of P GL(2, q) 505

Proof. We may suppose that H is a maximal subgroup of P SL(2, q). By


Proposition 2.2 we have following cases :
Case 1: If H = D2(q−1) , then
ψ((D2(q−1) ) = ψ(Cq−1 ) + 2(q − 1) ≤ (q − 1)2 + 2(q − 1) =
q 2 − 1 ≤ 2q 2 + (q 2 − 4q) − 1.
Thus the result follows from Lemma 3.3.
Case 2: If H = D2(q+1) , then we have
ψ(H) = ψ(Cq+1 ) + 2(q + 1) ≤ q(q + 1) − 1 + 2q + 2
= q 2 + 3q + 1 ≤ q 2 + 8q − 4q − 1 ≤ 3q 2 − 4q − 1.
It follows from Lemma 3.3 that ψ(H) < ψ(C2f o Cq−1 ).
Case 3: If H = P GL(2, q0 ) as in case (3) in Proposition 2.2, then
ψ(P GL(2, q0 )) < |P GL(2, q0 )|(q0 + 1)

= q0 (q02 − 1)(q0 + 1) ≤ 2q(q − 1) ≤ 3q 2 − 4q − 1


and the proof is complete by Lemma 3.3.


References
[1] H. Amiri, S. M. Jafarian Amiri and I. M. Isaacs, Sums of element orders in finite
groups, Comm. Algebra 37 (2009), no. 9, 2978–2980.
[2] H. Amiri and S. M. Jafarian Amiri, Sum of element orders of maximal subgroups
of the symmetric group, Comm. Algebra 40 (2012), no. 2, 770–778.
[3] L. E. Dickson, Linear Groups: With an Exposition of the Galois Field Theory,
W. Magnus Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1958.
[4] B. Huppert, Endliche Gruppen I, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-New York, 1967.

Seyyed Majid Jafarian Amiri


Department of Mathematics, University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran
Email: sm− [email protected], sm− [email protected]
and [email protected]

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