Exercise Number: 7

Title of the Exercise : CONTROL STRUCTURE

Date of the Exercise :

OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT

To create PL/SQL programs to implement various types of control structure.
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a) Facilities required to do the experiment:
Sl.No. Facilities Quantity
required
1 System 1
2 Operating System Windows
3 Front end
4 Back end Oracle11g
b) PL/SQL Syntax:
PL/SQL can also process data using flow of statements. The flow of control
statements are classified into the following categories.
• Conditional control –Branching
• Iterative control – looping
• Sequential control - Selection
BRANCHING in PL/SQL:
Sequence of statements can be executed on satisfying certain condition. If statements
are being used and different forms of if are:
1. Simple IF 2. If then else 3. Else if 4. Nested if
SELECTION IN PL/SQL (Sequential Controls)
1. Simple case 2. Searched case
ITERATIONS IN PL/SQL
Sequence of statements can be executed any number of times using loop construct. It is
broadly classified into:
1.Simple Loop 2. For Loop 3. While Loop
SIMPLE IF:
Syntax:
IF condition
THEN statement1;
statement2; END
IF;
IF-THEN-ELSE STATEMENT:
Syntax:
IF condition THEN
statement1;
ELSE
statement2;
END IF;
ELSIF STATEMENTS:
Syntax:
 IF condition1 THEN
statement1;
ELSIF condition2 THEN
statement2;
ELSIF condition3 THEN
statement3;
ELSE
statement;
END IF; NESTED IF:
Syntax:
IF condition THEN
statement1;
ELSE
IF condition THEN
statement2;
ELSE
statement3;
END IF;
END IF;
ELSE
statement3;
END IF;
SELECTION IN PL/SQL (Sequential Controls)

SIMPLE CASE
Syntax:
CASE SELECTOR
WHEN Expr1 THEN statement1;
WHEN Expr2 THEN statement2;
:
ELSE
Statement n;
END CASE;
SEARCHED CASE:
Syntax:
CASE
WHEN searchcondition1 THEN statement1;
WHEN searchcondition2 THEN statement2;
::
ELSE
statementn;
END CASE;
ITERATIONS IN PL/SQL

SIMPLE LOOP
Syntax:
LOOP
statement1; EXIT [
WHEN Condition];
 END
LOOP; Example: Declare
A number:=10;
Begin Loop a :=
a+25; exit when
a=250; end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(to_char(a));
end;
/
WHILE LOOP
Syntax
WHILE condition
LOOP statement1;
statement2;
END LOOP;
Example: Declare i
number:=0; j number:=0;
begin while i<=100 Loop
j := j+i; i
:= i+2;
end
loop;
dbms_output.put_line(‘the value of j is’ ||j);
end;
/
FOR LOOP
Syntax:
FOR counter IN [REVERSE]
LowerBound..UpperBound
LOOP
statement1;
statement2;
END
LOOP; Example:
Begin
For I in 1..2
Loop
Update emp set field = value where condition;
End loop;
End;
/
Q1: write a pl/sql program to swap two numbers
c) Procedure for doing the experiment:

Step
Details of the step
no.
1 Declare three variables and read variables through a and b
2 Swap the values of a and b using temporary variables
3 Display the swapped results
d) Program:
SQL>edit swapping.sql
declare a
number(10);
b
number(10);
c
number(10);
begin
dbms_output.put_line('THE PREV VALUES OF A AND B
WERE'); dbms_output.put_line(a); dbms_output.put_line(b);
a:=&a;
b:=&b;
c:=a;
a:=b;
b:=c;
dbms_output.put_line('THE VALUES OF A AND B ARE');
dbms_output.put_line(a);
dbms_output.put_line(b);
end;
e)output:
SQL> @ swapping.sql
19 /
Enter value for a:
5 old 6: a:=&a;
new 6: a:=5; Enter
value for b: 3 old
7: b:=&b;
new 7: b:=3;
THE PREV VALUES OF A AND B WERE
53
THE VALUES OF A AND B ARE
35
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Q2: Write a pl/sql program to find the largest of three numbers

c) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
Details of the step
no.
1 Read three numbers through a, b & c
2 Find the biggest among three using nested if statement
3 Display the biggest no as result
d)Program:
SQL>set server output on;
SQL>edit biggest.sql
declare a number; b
number; c number;
 begin a:=&a;
b:=&b; c:=&c; if
a>b then if a>c then
dbms_output.put_line ('biggest is:' ||to_char(a));
else
dbms_output.put_line('biggest is :'
||to_char(c)); end if; elsif b>c then
dbms_output.put_line('biggest is :' ||to_char(b));
else
dbms_output.put_line('biggest is :' ||to_char(c));
end if;
end;
e)output:
SQL>@biggest.sql
/
Enter value for a:
5 old 6: a:=&a;
new 6: a:=5; Enter
value for b: 5 old
6: b:=&b; new 6:
b:=8; Enter value
for c: 8 old 6:
c:=&c; new 6:
c:=4;
biggest is : 8

Q3: write a pl/sql program to find the total and average of 6 subjects and display the
grade c) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
Details of the step
no.
1 Read six numbers and calculate total and average
2 Find whether the student is pass or fail using if statement
3 Find the grade using nested elseif statement
4 Display the Grade, Percentage and Total of the student
d)Program:
SQL> edit grade.sql
declare java
number(10);
dbms
number(10); co
number(10); se
number(10); es
number(10); ppl
number(10); total
number(10); avgs
number(10); per
number(10);
begin
 dbms_output.put_line('ENTER THE
MARKS'); java:=&java; dbms:=&dbms;
co:=&co; se:=&se; es:=&es; ppl:=&ppl;
total:=(java+dbms+co+se+es+ppl);
per:=(total/600)*100;
if java<50 or dbms<50 or co<50 or se<50 or es<50 or ppl<50
then dbms_output.put_line('FAIL'); if per>75 then
dbms_output.put_line('GRADE A'); elsif per>65 and per<75
then dbms_output.put_line('GRADE B'); elsif per>55 and
per<65 then
dbms_output.put_line('GRADE C');
else
dbms_output.put_line('INVALID INPUT');
end if;
dbms_output.put_line('PERCENTAGE IS
'||per); dbms_output.put_line('TOTAL IS
'||total); end;
e)output:
SQL> @ grade.sql
31 /
Enter value for java: 80
old 12: java:=&java;
new 12: java:=80; Enter
value for dbms: 70 old
13: dbms:=&dbms; new
13: dbms:=70; Enter
value for co: 89 old 14:
co:=&co; new 14:
co:=89; Enter value for
se: 72 old 15: se:=&se;
new 15: se:=72; Enter
value for es: 76 old 16:
es:=&es; new 16:
es:=76; Enter value for
ppl: 71 old 17:
ppl:=&ppl;
new 17: ppl:=71;
GRADE A
PERCENTAGE IS 76
TOTAL IS 458
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Q4: Write a pl/sql program to find the sum of digits in a given

number c) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
Details of the step
no.
1 Read a number. Separate the digits using modular function
2 Sum the digits separated by mod function
 3 Display the sum of digits
d)Program:
SQL>edit sumofdigits.sql
declare a
number; d
number:=0;
sum1
number:=0;
begin a:=&a;
while a>0 loop
d:=mod(a,10);
sum1:=sum1+d;
a:=trunc(a/10);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('sum is'|| sum1);
end;
e)output:
SQL> @ sumofdigits.sql
16 /

Q5: write a pl/sql program to display the number in reverse order

c)Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
Details of the step
no.
1 Read a number. Separate the digits using modular function
2 Reverse the digits separated by taking remainder from mod function
3 Display the reverse of the digits
d)Program:
SQL>edit reverse.sql
declare a
number; rev
number; d
number; begin
a:=&a; rev:=0;
while a>0 loop
d:=mod(a,10);
rev:=(rev*10)+d
; a:=trunc(a/10);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('no is'|| rev);
end;
e)output:
SQL> @ reverse.sql
16 /
Enter value for a: 536
old 6: a:=&a;
new 6: a:=536;
no is 635
 PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Q6: Write a PL / SQL program to check whether the given number is prime or not
c) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
Details of the step
no.
1 Read the number
2 Using mod function find the given number is prime or not
3 Display the result

d)Program:
SQL>edit prime.sql
declare
a number; c number:=0; i number;
begin
a:=&a;
for i in 1..a loop
if mod(a,i)=0
then c:=c+1; end
if; end loop; if
c=2 then
dbms_output.put_line(a ||'is a prime number');
else
dbms_output.put_line(a ||'is not a prime
number'); end if; end;
e)output:
SQL> @ prime.sql
19 /
Enter value for a:
11 old 6: a:=&a;
new 6: a:=11;
11is a prime number
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Q7: Write a PL/SQL program to find the factorial of a given number
c) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
Details of the step
no.
1 Read a number for calculating factorial value.
2 Calculate the factorial of a given number using for loop
3 Display the factorial value of a given number.

d)Program: SQL>edit
fact.sql declare n
number; f number:=1;
begin n:=&n;
for i in
1..n loop
 f:=f*i; end
loop;
dbms_output.put_line('the factorial is'|| f);
end;
e)output:
SQL> @ fact.sql
12 /
Enter value for n:
5 old 5: n:=&n;
new 5: a:=5; the
factorial is 120
Q8: write a pl/sql
code block to
calculate the area
of a circle for a
value of radius
varying from 3 to
7. Store the
radius and the
corresponding
values of
calculated area in
an empty table
named areas,
consisting of two
columns radius
& area c)
Procedure for
doing the
experiment:
Step
Details of the step
no.
1 Create a table named areas with radius and area
2 Initialize values to pi, radius and area
3 Calculate the area using while loop. Display the result.

d)Program:
SQL> create table areas(radius number(10),area number(6,2));
Table created.
PROGRAM
declare
pi constant number(4,2):=3.14; radius
number(5):=3; area number(6,2);
begin while radius<7 loop
area:=pi*power(radius,2); insert
into areas values(radius,area);
radius:=radius+1
; end loop; end;
e)output:
SQL> @ AREAOFCIRCLE.SQL
13 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> SELECT * FROM AREAS;
RADIUS AREA
---------- ----------
3 28.26
4 50.24
5 78.5
6 113.04

Q9: write a PL/SQL code block that will accept an account number from the user, check if
the users balance is less than minimum balance, only then deduct rs.100/- from the
balance.
This process is fired on the acct table.
c) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
Details of the step
no.
1 Develop a query to Create the table acct and insert values into them
2 Develop a PL/SQL program to read the account number.
Check the balance for the account no. check if the users balance is less than
3
minimum balance, only then deduct rs.100/- from the balance
4 Update the balance changes into the acct table.

d)Program:
SQL> create table acct(name varchar2(10),cur_bal number(10),acctno number(6,2));
SQL> insert into stud values('&sname',&rollno,&marks);
SQL> select * from acct;
ACCTNO NAME CUR_BAL
---------- ---------- ----------
777 sirius 10000
765 john 1000
855 sam 500 353
peter 800 declare
mano number(5);
mcb
number(6,2);
minibal constant
number(7,2):=1000.00; fine
number(6,2):=100.00; begin
mano:=&mano;
select cur_bal into mcb from acct where acctno=mano;
if mcb<minibal then
update acct set cur_bal=cur_bal-fine where
acctno=mano; end if; end;

e)output:
SQL> @ BANKACC.sql
 13 /
Enter value for mano: 855
old 7: mano:=&mano;
new 7: mano:=855;
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

f)Result:
Thus the above creation of PL/SQL programs to implement various types of control
structure was successfully executed.