Chapter 7 Seismic Design of RC Structures
Chapter 7 Seismic Design of RC Structures
Chapter 7 Seismic Design of RC Structures
• Capacity Design
Capacity
Design
Moment
Mn
My
Post-yield rigidity
Capacity
Post-cracking rigidity Design
Actual
Mcr Elastic rigidity Idealized
Curvature
Strong Column-Weak Beam Design
Manc Nominal moment
Capacity resistance of columns
Design under factored axial loads
M lpb M rpb
Probable moment
resistance of beams
Mbnc M nc M pb
Formation of Plastic Hinges
Capacity
Design
Ve /Rd
Ve /Rd Ro
D
Basic Principles of Design
Inelasticity results softening in the structure,
elongating structural period
S(T)
S1
S2
T1 T2 T
Basic Principles of Design
Capacity Demand
Design for
Strength and Deformability
Load Combinations
Principal loads:
1.0D + 1.0E
Post-cracking rigidity
Actual
Mcr Elastic rigidity Idealized
Curvature
Flexural
Moment
Behaviour of R/C
Mn
0.75Mn
y u Curvature
Section Properties for Analysis as
per CSA A23.3-04
Beams Ie = 0.40 Ig
P
Columns α c 0.5 0.6 ' s 1.0
fc A g
Ie = acIg
Coupling Beams
without diagonal reinforcement Ave = 0.15Ag
Ie = 0.40 Ig
with diagonal reinforcement Ave = 0.45Ag
Ie = 0.25 Ig
Slab-Frame Element Ie = 0.20 Ig
Walls Ps Axe = awAg
α w 0.6 1.0
fc A g
'
Ie = aw Ig
Seismic Design Requirements of
CSA A23.3 - 2004
Chapter 21 covers:
Ductile Moment Resisting Frames (MRF)
Moderately Ductile MRF
Ductile Shear Walls
Ductile Coupled Shear Walls
Ductile Partially Coupled Shear Walls
Moderately Ductile Shear Walls
Ductile Moment Resisting Frame
Members Subjected to Flexure
Rd = 4.0 Pf ≤ Agf’c /10
c2
b w 0.3 h bw c2 x y
h d
bw 250mm x 3/4 h
y 3/4 h
x y n 4 d
bw
Beam Longitudinal Reinforcement
- - - -
Mr Mr > 1/4 Mr Mr
+ - + -
Mr > 1/2 Mr Mr > 1/2 Mr
+ -
Mr > 1/4 Mr
Top and Botom 2 bars continuous
Top and Bottom: 1.4bwd / fy ≤ r ≤ 0.025
Beam Transverse Reinforcement
No lap splicing within
this region c1
2d s2 d / 2
s1 50 mm db
h
Hoops Sirrups with Hoops
seismic hooks
n
s1 d / 4 s 1 8(d b ) long .bar
Wf
-
M pr M+pr
ln
hshort
hlong D
hshort ≥ 300 mm
D ≥ 300 mm
hshort / hlong ≥ 0.4
Longitudinal Reinforcement
r min = 1% r max = 6%
Strong Beam-Weak Column Design
Strong Beam-Weak Column Design
Strong Column-Weak Beam Design
Manc Nominal moment
resistance of columns
under factored axial loads
M lpb M rpb
Probable moment
resistance of beams
Mbnc M nc M pb
Column Confinement
Reinforcement
lo
Columns will be confined for improved
inelastic deformability
f'c
ρ s 0.4k p
fyh
Pf
kp
Po
Circular Spirals
Ag f'c
fyh 500 MPa ρs 0.45( 1)
Ac fyh
Column Confinement Reinforcement
Ag f'c
Ash 0.2knkp shc
Ach fyh
f' c
A sh 0.09 shc
fyh
Rectilinear Ties
Pf
kp kn n /(n 2)
fyh 500 MPa Po
a b
M col + M col
Vcol=
lu lu
+ -
M pr M pr Vcol
b
M col
Column Shear Strength
The factored shear need not exceed that
obtained from structural analysis under
factored load combinations with R dRo = 1.0
As
T2 = 1. 25 As fy C1 = T1
x x
A's
C2 = T2 T1 = 1. 25 A's fy
Ve
Vx-x = Ve - T2 - C1
Vx-x ≤ that obtained from frame analysis using RdRo = 1.0
Shear Resistance of Joints
Vj 2.2c f 'c A j
Vj 1.6c f 'c A j
Vj 1.3c f 'c A j
Transverse Reinforcement in Joints
Chapter 11
By D. Mitchell and P. Paultre
Six-Storey Ductile
Moment Resisting
Frame in Vancouver
•Rd = 4.0 and Ro = 1.7
•Site Classification C
(Fa & Fv = 1.0)
Interior columns: 500 x 500 mm
Exterior columns: 450 x 450 mm
Slab: 110 mm thick
Beams (1-3rd floors): 400 x 600 mm
Beams (4-6th floors): 400 x 550 mm
Material Properties
Concrete: normal density concrete with 30 MPa
Reinforcement: 400 MPa
Live loads
Floor live loads:
2.4 kN/m2 on typical office floors
4.8 kN/m2 on 6 m wide corridor bay
Roof load
2.2 kN/m2 snow load, accounting for parapets
and equipment projections
1.6 kN/m2 mechanical services loading in 6 m
wide strip over corridor bay
Dead loads
self-weight of reinforced concrete members
calculated as 24 kN/m 3
1.0 kN/m2 partition loading on all floors
0.5 kN/m2 mechanical services loading on all
floors
0.5 kN/m2 roofing
Wind loading
1.84 kN/m2 net lateral pressure for top 4 storeys
1.75 kN/m2 net lateral pressure for bottom 2
storeys
The fire-resistance rating of the building is
assumed to be 1 hour.
Gravity Loading
Design Spectral Response
Acceleration E-W Direction
Empirical: Ta = 0.075 (hn)3/4 = 0.76 s
Dynamic: T = 1.35 s but not greater than 1.5Ta = 1.14s
Design of Ductile Beam
Design of Ductile Beam
Design of Ductile Beam
Design of Ductile Beam
Design of Ductile Beam
Design of Ductile Beam
Design of Ductile Interior Column
Design of Ductile Interior Column
Design of Ductile Interior Column
Design of Ductile Interior Column
Design of Ductile Interior Column
Design of Ductile Interior Column
Design of Interior Beam-Column Joint
Design of Interior Beam-Column Joint
Design of Interior Beam-Column Joint
Ductile Shear Walls
Rd = 3.5 or 4.0 if hw / ℓw ≤ 2.0; Rd = 2.0
SFRS without irregularities:
Plastic hinge length:1.5 ℓw
Flexural and shear reinforcement
hw required for the critical section
will be maintained within the
hinging region
Plastic
For elevations above the plastic
Hinge
hinge region, design values will be
Length
increased by M r/Mf at the top of
ℓw hinging region
Ductile Shear Walls
ℓf
ℓf ≤ ½ distance to adjacent wall web
ℓf ≤ ¼ of wall height above the section
Wall
Reinforcement
Plastic Hinges Other Regions
Distributed Reinforcement in Each Direction
Amount r ≥ 0.0025 r ≥ 0.0025
Spacing ≤ 300 mm ≤ 450 mm
Concentrated Reinforcement
Where @ends and @ends
corners
Amount As ≥ 0.015 bwlw As ≥ 0.001 bwlw
(at least 4 bars) As ≤ 0.06 (A)be As ≤ 0.06 (A)be
Hoops Confine like Like non-
columns seismic
columns
Ductile Shear Walls
Vertical reinforcement outside the plastic
hinge region will be tied as specified in
7.6.5 if the area of steel is more than
0.005Ag and the maximum bar size is #20
and smaller
Vf 0.18c f Acv
'
c
Where;
Acv : Net area of concrete section bounded by
web thickness and length of section in the
direction of lateral force
Ductile Shear Walls
24 tie diameters
D f Ro Rd D f w
q id 0.004
w
hw
2 hw
cu w
q ic 0.002 0.025
2c ℓw/2
y cu
ℓw
Ductility of Ductile
Shear Walls
D f Ro Rd D f w
q id 0.004
w
hw
2
cu w
q ic 0.002 0.025
2c
Ductility of Ductile Shear Walls
Ps Pn Pns a f Af
'
c 1 c c
a1 b 1cfc'b w
Ductile Coupled Walls
Mtotal = M1 + M2 + P x
E.Q. If P x 2/3Mtotal
Coupled Wall
If P x < 2/3Mtotal
Partially
Coupled Wall
M1 M2
P x P
Ductility of Ductile Coupled
Walls
Rotational Capacity, q ic> Inelastic Demand, q id
D f Ro Rd
q id 0.004
hw
cu w
q ic 0.002 0.025
2c
ℓw: Length of the coupled wall system
ℓw: Lengths of the individual wall segments
for partially coupled walls
Ductility of Coupling Beams
Rotational Capacity, qic> Inelastic Demand, qid
D f Ro Rd cg
q id
hw u
qic = 0.04 for coupling
beams with diagonal
reinforcement as per
21.6.8.7
qic = 0.02 for coupling beams without
diagonal reinforcement as per 21.6.8.6
Coupling Beams with Diagonal
Reinforcement
Wall Capacity @ Ends of Coupling
Beams
Walls at each end of a coupling beam shall be
designed so that the factored wall moment
resistance at wall centroid exceeds the
moment resulting from the nominal moment
resistance of the coupling beam.
If the above can not be achieved, the walls
develop plastic hinges at beam levels. This
requires design and detailing of walls at
coupling beam locations as plastic hinge
regions.
Shear Design of Ductile Walls
Design shear forces shall not be less than;
used
Moderately Ductile Moment
Resistant Frame Beams
(Rd = 2.5)
- - - -
Mr Mr > 1/5 Mr Mr
+ - + -
Mr > 1/3 Mr Mr > 1/3 Mr
+ -
Mr > 1/5 Mr
Moderately Ductile Moment
Resistant Frame Beams
c1
2h s2 h / 2
s1 50 mm db
h
Stirrups detailed as Stirrups Stirrups detailed as
hoops hoops
n
s1 d / 4 s 1 8(d b ) long .bar
M lnb M rnb
Nominal moment
Column design forces resistance of beams
need not exceed those
determined from factored
load combinations using
b
M rc M rc M nb
RdRo = 1.0
Moderately Ductile Moment
Resistant Frame Columns
lo
Columns will be confined for improved
inelastic deformability
lo ≥ h lo
lo ≥ 450 mm
Spacing of Confinement
Reinforcement
1/2 of minimum column dimension
24 x tie diameters
f'c
ρ s 0.3k p
fyh
Pf
kp
Po
Circular Hoops
Ag f'c
fyh 500 MPa ρs 0.45( 1)
Ac fyh
Column Confinement Reinforcement
Ag f'c
Ash 0.15k nkp shc
Ach fyh
f' c
A sh 0.09 shc
fyh
Rectilinear Ties
Pf
kp kn n /(n 2)
fyh 500 MPa Po
Wf
-
Mn M+n
ln
RdRo = 1.0
Computation of Joint Shear
Ve
As
T2 = As fy C1 = T1
x x
A's
C2 = T2 T1 = A's fy
Joint shear
Ve
associated with
nominal resistance
of beams Vx-x = Ve - T2 - C1
Joint Shear
Joint shear associated with nominal
resistances of the beams and the
columns will be computed and the
smaller of the two values will be used
The joint shear need not exceed that
obtained from structural analysis under
factored load combinations with
RdRo = 1.0
Shear Resistance of Joints in
Moderately Ductile Frames
Vj 2.2c f 'c A j
Vj 1.6c f 'c A j
Vj 1.3c f 'c A j
Transverse Reinforcement in Joints
Longitudinal reinforcement shall have a
centre-to-centre distance not exceeding
300 mm and shall not be cranked within
the joint
ℓu / 10 ℓu / 14 ℓu / 14 ℓu / 20
Vf ≤ 0.1 cf’cbwdv
b 0.1
q = 45o
Good Book in Ductile Design
Design Example
Ductile Core-Wall Structure in Montreal
Chapter 11
By D. Mitchell and P. Paultre
Twelve-Storey Ductile
Core Wall Structure
in Montreal
•Site Classification D
Bx max / ave
Max BNS = 1.80
Max BEW = 1.66
Max B > 1.7
irregularity
type 7
Seismic and Wind Loading
Diagonally Reinforced Coupling Beam
Wall Reinforcement Details
Factored Moment Resistance E-W
Factored Moment Resistance N-S
Squat Shear Walls
hw / ℓw ≤ 2.0; Rd = 2.0
The foundation and diaphragm components
of the SFRS shall have factored resistances
greater than the nominal wall capacity.
The walls will dissipate energy either;
through flexural mechanism, i.e., V @
Mn is less than Vr,
or, through shear mechanism, i.e., V @
Mn is more than Vr.
In this case: Vr 0.2 f'c bwd v
Squat Shear Walls
The distributed reinforcement:
rh ≥ 0.003 rv ≥ 0.003
Use two curtains of reinforcement if
Vf 0.18λφc f'c bwd v
At least 4 vertical bars will be tied with
seismic hooks and placed at the ends
and at junctions of intersecting walls
over 300 mm wall length with r ≥ 0.005.
Squat Shear Walls
Shear Design
Vf ≤ 0.15 c f’cbwdv
φs f y A g
where; rh : required horizontal steel
Conventional Construction
Rd = 1.5
Buildings with Rd = 1.5 can be designed as
conventional buildings. However, detailing
required for nominally ductile columns will be
used unless;
Factored resistances of columns are more
than those for framing beams
Factored resistances of columns are greater
than factored loads based on RdRo =1.0
IEFaSa(0.2) < 0.2
Walls of Conventional Construction
Walls can be designed as conventional walls.
However, the shear resistance will be greater
than the smaller of;