Chapter 7 Seismic Design of RC Structures

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Seismic Design and Detailing of

Reinforced Concrete Structures


Based on Different Seismic Codes

• Capacity Design
Capacity
Design
Moment
Mn
My
Post-yield rigidity
Capacity
Post-cracking rigidity Design

Actual
Mcr Elastic rigidity Idealized

Curvature
Strong Column-Weak Beam Design
Manc Nominal moment
Capacity resistance of columns
Design under factored axial loads

M lpb M rpb
Probable moment
resistance of beams

Mbnc M nc   M pb
Formation of Plastic Hinges

Capacity
Design

Strong Column-Weak Beam Design


Beam Failure First-Preferred-Ductile Failure
Basic Principles of Design
Reinforced concrete structures are designed to
dissipate seismic induced energy through
inelastic deformations
Ve Ve = S(Ta) Mv IE W / (Rd Ro)

Ve /Rd
Ve /Rd Ro

D
Basic Principles of Design
Inelasticity results softening in the structure,
elongating structural period

S(T)

S1

S2

T1 T2 T
Basic Principles of Design

Capacity  Demand

It is a good practice to reduce seismic


demands, to the extent possible….

This can be done at the conceptual stage


by selecting a suitable structural system.
To reduce seismic demands…
 Select a suitable site with favorable soil conditions
 Avoid using unnecessary mass
 Use a simple structural layout with minimum
torsional effects
 Avoid strength and stiffness taper along the height
 Avoid soft storeys
 Provide sufficient lateral bracing and drift control by
using concrete structural walls
 Isolate non-structural elements
Seismic Amplification due to Soft Soil
Liquefaction
Liquefaction
Liquefaction
To reduce seismic demands…
 Select a suitable site with favorable soil conditions
 Avoid using unnecessary mass
 Use a simple structural layout with minimum
torsional effects
 Avoid strength and stiffness taper along the height
 Avoid soft storeys
 Provide sufficient lateral bracing and drift control by
using concrete structural walls
 Isolate non-structural elements
Use of Unnecessary Mass
Use of Unnecessary Mass
Use of Unnecessary Mass
Use of Unnecessary Mass
To reduce seismic demands…
 Select a suitable site with favorable soil conditions
 Avoid using unnecessary mass
 Use a simple structural layout with minimum
torsional effects
 Avoid strength and stiffness taper along the height
 Avoid soft storeys
 Provide sufficient lateral bracing and drift control by
using concrete structural walls
 Isolate non-structural elements
Effect of Torsion
Effect of Torsion
Effect of Torsion
Effect of Torsion
Effect of Torsion
Effect of Torsion
Effect of Torsion
Effect of Torsion
To reduce seismic demands…
 Select a suitable site with favorable soil conditions
 Avoid using unnecessary mass
 Use a simple structural layout with minimum
torsional effects
 Avoid strength and stiffness taper along the height
 Avoid soft storeys
 Provide sufficient lateral bracing and drift control by
using concrete structural walls
 Isolate non-structural elements
Effect of Vertical Discontinuity
Effect of Vertical Discontinuity
To reduce seismic demands…
 Select a suitable site with favorable soil conditions
 Avoid using unnecessary mass
 Use a simple structural layout with minimum
torsional effects
 Avoid strength and stiffness taper along the height
 Avoid soft storeys
 Provide sufficient lateral bracing and drift control by
using concrete structural walls
 Isolate non-structural elements
Effect of Soft Storey
Effect of Soft Storey
Effect of Soft Storey
Effect of Soft Storey
To reduce seismic demands…
 Select a suitable site with favorable soil conditions
 Avoid using unnecessary mass
 Use a simple structural layout with minimum
torsional effects
 Avoid strength and stiffness taper along the height
 Avoid soft storeys
 Provide sufficient lateral bracing and drift control by
using concrete structural walls
 Isolate non-structural elements
R/C Frame Buildings without Drift Control
Buildings Stiffened by Structural Walls
To reduce seismic demands…
 Select a suitable site with favorable soil conditions
 Avoid using unnecessary mass
 Use a simple structural layout with minimum
torsional effects
 Avoid strength and stiffness taper along the height
 Avoid soft storeys
 Provide sufficient lateral bracing and drift control by
using concrete structural walls
 Isolate non-structural elements
Short Column Effect
Short Column Effect
Seismic Design Requirements of
CSA A23.3 - 2004
Capacity design is employed…..
Selected elements are designed to yield
while critical elements remain elastic

Design for
Strength and Deformability
Load Combinations
Principal loads:
1.0D + 1.0E

And either of the following:


1) For storage occupancies, equipment areas and
service rooms:
1.0D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.25S

2) For other occupancies:


1.0D + 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.25S
Stiffness Properties for Analysis
 Concrete cracks under own weight of
structure
 If concrete is not cracked, then the structure
is not reinforced concrete (plain concrete)
 Hence it is important to account for the
softening of structures due to cracking
 Correct assessment of effective member
stiffness is essential for improved accuracy
in establishing the distribution of design
forces among members, as well as in
computing the period of the structure.
Flexural
Moment Behaviour of R/C
Mn
My
Post-yield rigidity

Post-cracking rigidity

Actual
Mcr Elastic rigidity Idealized

Curvature
Flexural
Moment
Behaviour of R/C

Mn

0.75Mn

Effective elastic rigidity


Actual
Idealized
(bi-linear)

y u Curvature
Section Properties for Analysis as
per CSA A23.3-04
Beams Ie = 0.40 Ig
P
Columns α c  0.5  0.6 ' s  1.0
fc A g
Ie = acIg
Coupling Beams
without diagonal reinforcement Ave = 0.15Ag
Ie = 0.40 Ig
with diagonal reinforcement Ave = 0.45Ag
Ie = 0.25 Ig
Slab-Frame Element Ie = 0.20 Ig
Walls Ps Axe = awAg
α w  0.6   1.0
fc A g
'
Ie = aw Ig
Seismic Design Requirements of
CSA A23.3 - 2004
Chapter 21 covers:
 Ductile Moment Resisting Frames (MRF)
 Moderately Ductile MRF
 Ductile Shear Walls
 Ductile Coupled Shear Walls
 Ductile Partially Coupled Shear Walls
 Moderately Ductile Shear Walls
Ductile Moment Resisting Frame
Members Subjected to Flexure
Rd = 4.0 Pf ≤ Agf’c /10
c2

b w  0.3 h bw  c2  x  y
h d
bw 250mm x  3/4 h
y  3/4 h
x y n  4 d
bw
Beam Longitudinal Reinforcement
- - - -
Mr Mr > 1/4 Mr Mr

+ - + -
Mr > 1/2 Mr Mr > 1/2 Mr
+ -
Mr > 1/4 Mr
Top and Botom 2 bars continuous
Top and Bottom: 1.4bwd / fy ≤ r ≤ 0.025
Beam Transverse Reinforcement
No lap splicing within
this region c1
2d s2  d / 2
s1 50 mm db
h
Hoops Sirrups with Hoops
seismic hooks

n
s1  d / 4 s 1  8(d b ) long .bar

s1  300 mm s 1  24(d b )hoop


Formation of Plastic Hinges
Beam Shear Strength
Plastic Hinge

Wf

-
M pr M+pr

ln

(Ve )left (Ve ) right


-
M pr + M+pr - Wf ln
Ve = +
ln 2
Beam Shear Strength
 The factored shear need not exceed that
obtained from structural analysis under
factored load combinations with R dRo = 1.0

 The values of q = 45o and b = 0 shall be used


in shear design within plastic hinge regions

 The transverse reinforcement shall be


seismic hoops
Ductile Moment Resisting Frame
Members Subjected to Flexure and
Significant Axial Load
Rd = 4.0 Pf > Agf’c /10

hshort

hlong D
hshort ≥ 300 mm
D ≥ 300 mm
hshort / hlong ≥ 0.4
Longitudinal Reinforcement

Design for factored axial forces


and moments using Interaction
Diagrams

r min = 1% r max = 6%
Strong Beam-Weak Column Design
Strong Beam-Weak Column Design
Strong Column-Weak Beam Design
Manc Nominal moment
resistance of columns
under factored axial loads

M lpb M rpb
Probable moment
resistance of beams

Mbnc M nc   M pb
Column Confinement
Reinforcement
lo
Columns will be confined for improved
inelastic deformability

lo ≥ 1/6 of clear col. height

If Pf ≤ 0.5 c f’c Ag ; lo ≥ 1.5h


lo
If Pf > 0.5 c f’c Ag ; lo ≥ 2.0h
Columns connected to rigid members such as
foundations and discontinuous walls, or columns
at the base will be confined along the entire height
Poorly Confined Columns
Poorly Confined Columns
Well-Confined
Column
Column Confinement Reinforcement

f'c
ρ s  0.4k p
fyh
Pf
kp 
Po
Circular Spirals
Ag f'c
fyh  500 MPa ρs  0.45(  1)
Ac fyh
Column Confinement Reinforcement

Ag f'c
Ash  0.2knkp shc
Ach fyh
f' c
A sh  0.09 shc
fyh
Rectilinear Ties
Pf
kp  kn  n /(n  2)
fyh  500 MPa Po

n : No. of laterally supported bars


Spacing of Confinement
Reinforcement
 ¼ of minimum member dimension

 6 x smallest long. bar diameter

 sx = 100 + (350 – hx) / 3

Spacing of laterally supported longitudinal


bars, hx ≤ 200 mm or 1/3 hc
-
M+pr M pr a
Mcol Column Shear
Vcol
Strength

a b
M col + M col
Vcol=
lu lu

+ -
M pr M pr Vcol

b
M col
Column Shear Strength
 The factored shear need not exceed that
obtained from structural analysis under
factored load combinations with R dRo = 1.0

 The values of q ≥ 45o and b ≤ 0.10 shall be


used in shear design in regions where the
confinement reinforcement is needed

 The transverse reinforcement shall be


seismic hoops
Shear Deficient Columns
Shear Deficient Columns
Beam-Column Joints
Poor Joint Performance
Computation of Joint Shear
Ve

As
T2 = 1. 25 As fy C1 = T1
x x
A's
C2 = T2 T1 = 1. 25 A's fy

Ve

Vx-x = Ve - T2 - C1
Vx-x ≤ that obtained from frame analysis using RdRo = 1.0
Shear Resistance of Joints

Vj  2.2c f 'c A j

Vj  1.6c f 'c A j

Vj  1.3c f 'c A j
Transverse Reinforcement in Joints

 Continue column confinement


reinforcement into the joint

 If the joint is fully confined by four


beams framing from all four sides,
then eliminate every other hoop. At
these locations sx = 150 mm
Design Example
Six-Storey Ductile Moment Resisting Frame in Vancouver

Chapter 11
By D. Mitchell and P. Paultre
Six-Storey Ductile
Moment Resisting
Frame in Vancouver
•Rd = 4.0 and Ro = 1.7
•Site Classification C
(Fa & Fv = 1.0)
Interior columns: 500 x 500 mm
Exterior columns: 450 x 450 mm
Slab: 110 mm thick
Beams (1-3rd floors): 400 x 600 mm
Beams (4-6th floors): 400 x 550 mm
Material Properties
Concrete: normal density concrete with 30 MPa
Reinforcement: 400 MPa
Live loads
Floor live loads:
2.4 kN/m2 on typical office floors
4.8 kN/m2 on 6 m wide corridor bay
Roof load
2.2 kN/m2 snow load, accounting for parapets
and equipment projections
1.6 kN/m2 mechanical services loading in 6 m
wide strip over corridor bay
Dead loads
self-weight of reinforced concrete members
calculated as 24 kN/m 3
1.0 kN/m2 partition loading on all floors
0.5 kN/m2 mechanical services loading on all
floors
0.5 kN/m2 roofing
Wind loading
1.84 kN/m2 net lateral pressure for top 4 storeys
1.75 kN/m2 net lateral pressure for bottom 2
storeys
The fire-resistance rating of the building is
assumed to be 1 hour.
Gravity Loading
Design Spectral Response
Acceleration E-W Direction
Empirical: Ta = 0.075 (hn)3/4 = 0.76 s
Dynamic: T = 1.35 s but not greater than 1.5Ta = 1.14s
Design of Ductile Beam
Design of Ductile Beam
Design of Ductile Beam
Design of Ductile Beam
Design of Ductile Beam
Design of Ductile Beam
Design of Ductile Interior Column
Design of Ductile Interior Column
Design of Ductile Interior Column
Design of Ductile Interior Column
Design of Ductile Interior Column
Design of Ductile Interior Column
Design of Interior Beam-Column Joint
Design of Interior Beam-Column Joint
Design of Interior Beam-Column Joint
Ductile Shear Walls
Rd = 3.5 or 4.0 if hw / ℓw ≤ 2.0; Rd = 2.0
SFRS without irregularities:
Plastic hinge length:1.5 ℓw
 Flexural and shear reinforcement
hw required for the critical section
will be maintained within the
hinging region
Plastic
 For elevations above the plastic
Hinge
hinge region, design values will be
Length
increased by M r/Mf at the top of
ℓw hinging region
Ductile Shear Walls

Wall thickness in the plastic hinge:

hw tw ≥ ℓu / 14 but may be limited to


ℓu / 10 in high compression regions
Plastic
ℓu
Hinge
Length Because walls are relatively thin
members, care must be taken to
ℓw prevent possible instability in
tw plastic hinge regions
Ductile Shear Walls
Ductile Shear Walls
Ductile Shear Walls
Effective flange width:

ℓf
ℓf ≤ ½ distance to adjacent wall web
ℓf ≤ ¼ of wall height above the section
Wall
Reinforcement
Plastic Hinges Other Regions
Distributed Reinforcement in Each Direction
Amount r ≥ 0.0025 r ≥ 0.0025
Spacing ≤ 300 mm ≤ 450 mm
Concentrated Reinforcement
Where @ends and @ends
corners
Amount As ≥ 0.015 bwlw As ≥ 0.001 bwlw
(at least 4 bars) As ≤ 0.06 (A)be As ≤ 0.06 (A)be
Hoops Confine like Like non-
columns seismic
columns
Ductile Shear Walls
 Vertical reinforcement outside the plastic
hinge region will be tied as specified in
7.6.5 if the area of steel is more than
0.005Ag and the maximum bar size is #20
and smaller

 Vertical reinforcement in plastic hinge


regions will be tied as specified in 21.6.6.9 if
the area of steel is more than 0.005A g and
the maximum bar size is #15 and smaller
Ductile Shear Walls

 At least two curtains of reinforcement will


be used in plastic hinge regions, if:

Vf  0.18c f Acv
'
c
Where;
Acv : Net area of concrete section bounded by
web thickness and length of section in the
direction of lateral force
Ductile Shear Walls

For buckling prevention, ties shall be provided


in the form of hoops, with spacing not to
exceed:

 6 longitudinal bar diameters

 24 tie diameters

 ½ of the least dimension of of the member


Ductility of Ductile Shear Walls
Rotational Capacity, qic> Inelastic Demand, qid

D f Ro Rd  D f  w
q id   0.004
 w 
 hw  
 2  hw

  cu  w 
q ic    0.002  0.025
 2c  ℓw/2

y cu
ℓw
Ductility of Ductile
Shear Walls

D f Ro Rd  D f  w
q id   0.004
 w 
 hw  
 2 

  cu  w 
q ic    0.002  0.025
 2c 
Ductility of Ductile Shear Walls
Ps  Pn  Pns  a  f Af
'
c 1 c c
a1 b 1cfc'b w
Ductile Coupled Walls
Mtotal = M1 + M2 + P x
E.Q. If P x  2/3Mtotal
Coupled Wall

If P x < 2/3Mtotal
Partially
Coupled Wall
M1 M2
P x P
Ductility of Ductile Coupled
Walls
Rotational Capacity, q ic> Inelastic Demand, q id

D f Ro Rd
q id   0.004
hw

  cu  w 
q ic    0.002  0.025
 2c 
ℓw: Length of the coupled wall system
ℓw: Lengths of the individual wall segments
for partially coupled walls
Ductility of Coupling Beams
Rotational Capacity, qic> Inelastic Demand, qid

 D f Ro Rd   cg
q id   
 hw   u
qic = 0.04 for coupling
beams with diagonal
reinforcement as per
21.6.8.7
qic = 0.02 for coupling beams without
diagonal reinforcement as per 21.6.8.6
Coupling Beams with Diagonal
Reinforcement
Wall Capacity @ Ends of Coupling
Beams
 Walls at each end of a coupling beam shall be
designed so that the factored wall moment
resistance at wall centroid exceeds the
moment resulting from the nominal moment
resistance of the coupling beam.
 If the above can not be achieved, the walls
develop plastic hinges at beam levels. This
requires design and detailing of walls at
coupling beam locations as plastic hinge
regions.
Shear Design of Ductile Walls
Design shear forces shall not be less than;

 Shear corresponding to the development of


probable moment capacity of the wall or the
wall system

 Shear resulting from design load combinations


with RdRo = 1.0

 Shear associated with higher mode effects


Shear Design of Ductile Walls
Shear design will conform to the requirements of
Clause 11. In addition, for plastic hinge regions;

 If qid ≥ 0.015 Vf ≤ 0.10c f’cbwdv

 If qid = 0.005 Vf ≤ 0.15c f’cbwdv

 For qid between the above two values, linear

interpolation may be used


Shear Design of Ductile Walls
For plastic hinge regions:

 If qid ≥ 0.015 b0

 If qid ≤ 0.005 b ≤ 0.18

 For qid between the above two values, linear

interpolation may be used


Shear Design of Ductile Walls
For plastic hinge regions:

 If (Ps + Pp) ≤ 0.1 f’cAg q  45 o

 If (Ps + Pp) ≥ 0.2 f’cAg q ≥ 35 o

 For axial compression between the above

two values, linear interpolation may be

used
Moderately Ductile Moment
Resistant Frame Beams
(Rd = 2.5)

- - - -
Mr Mr > 1/5 Mr Mr

+ - + -
Mr > 1/3 Mr Mr > 1/3 Mr
+ -
Mr > 1/5 Mr
Moderately Ductile Moment
Resistant Frame Beams
c1
2h s2  h / 2
s1 50 mm db
h
Stirrups detailed as Stirrups Stirrups detailed as
hoops hoops

n
s1  d / 4 s 1  8(d b ) long .bar

s1  300 mm s1  24(d b )hoop


Moderately Ductile Moment
Resistant Frame Columns
Marc Factored moment
resistance of columns

M lnb M rnb
Nominal moment
Column design forces resistance of beams
need not exceed those
determined from factored
load combinations using
b
M rc M rc   M nb
RdRo = 1.0
Moderately Ductile Moment
Resistant Frame Columns
lo
Columns will be confined for improved
inelastic deformability

lo ≥ 1/6 of clear col. height

lo ≥ h lo
lo ≥ 450 mm
Spacing of Confinement
Reinforcement
 1/2 of minimum column dimension

 8 x long. bar diameter

 24 x tie diameters

Crossties or legs of overlapping hoops shall


not have centre-to-centre spacing exceeding
350 mm
Column Confinement Reinforcement

f'c
ρ s  0.3k p
fyh
Pf
kp 
Po
Circular Hoops
Ag f'c
fyh  500 MPa ρs  0.45(  1)
Ac fyh
Column Confinement Reinforcement

Ag f'c
Ash  0.15k nkp shc
Ach fyh
f' c
A sh  0.09 shc
fyh
Rectilinear Ties
Pf
kp  kn  n /(n  2)
fyh  500 MPa Po

n : No. of laterally supported bars


Beam Shear Strength

Wf

-
Mn M+n

ln

(Ve )left (Ve ) right


- +
Mn + Mn - Wf ln
Ve = +
ln 2
Beam Shear Strength

The factored shear need not exceed


that obtained from structural analysis
under factored load combinations with

RdRo = 1.0
Computation of Joint Shear
Ve

As
T2 = As fy C1 = T1
x x
A's
C2 = T2 T1 = A's fy

Joint shear
Ve
associated with
nominal resistance
of beams Vx-x = Ve - T2 - C1
Joint Shear
Joint shear associated with nominal
resistances of the beams and the
columns will be computed and the
smaller of the two values will be used
The joint shear need not exceed that
obtained from structural analysis under
factored load combinations with
RdRo = 1.0
Shear Resistance of Joints in
Moderately Ductile Frames

Vj  2.2c f 'c A j

Vj  1.6c f 'c A j

Vj  1.3c f 'c A j
Transverse Reinforcement in Joints
 Longitudinal reinforcement shall have a
centre-to-centre distance not exceeding
300 mm and shall not be cranked within
the joint

 Transverse reinforcement shall be


provided with a maximum spacing of 150
mm
Moderately Ductile Shear Walls

 Wall thicknesses will be similar to those of


ductile shear walls, except;

ℓu / 10 ℓu / 14 ℓu / 14 ℓu / 20

 Ductility limitation will be similar to that


for ductile walls with minimum rotational
demand as 0.003.
Moderately Ductile Shear Walls

 Distributed horizontal reinforcement ratio


shall not be less than 0.0025 in the vertical
and horizontal directions

 Concentrated reinforcement in plastic


hinge regions shall be the same as that for
ductile walls, except the tie requirements
are relaxed to those in Chapter 7
Shear Design of Moderately Ductile
Walls
Design shear forces shall not be less than the
smaller of;

 Shear corresponding to the development of


nominal moment capacity of the wall or the
wall system

 Shear resulting from design load combinations


with RdRo = 1.0
Shear Design of Moderately Ductile
Walls

 Vf ≤ 0.1 cf’cbwdv

 b  0.1

 q = 45o
Good Book in Ductile Design
Design Example
Ductile Core-Wall Structure in Montreal

Chapter 11
By D. Mitchell and P. Paultre
Twelve-Storey Ductile
Core Wall Structure
in Montreal

•E-W: Rd = 4.0 and Ro = 1.7

•N-S: Rd = 3.5 and Ro = 1.6

•Site Classification D

(Fa = 1.124 & Fv = 1.360)


Design Spectral Response
Acceleration N-S Direction
Empirical: Ta = 0.05 (hn)3/4 = 0.87 s
Dynamic:
T = 1.83 s but not greater than 2Ta = 1.74s
Torsion of Core Wall
Torsional Sensitivity

Bx  max / ave
Max BNS = 1.80
Max BEW = 1.66
Max B > 1.7
irregularity
type 7
Seismic and Wind Loading
Diagonally Reinforced Coupling Beam
Wall Reinforcement Details
Factored Moment Resistance E-W
Factored Moment Resistance N-S
Squat Shear Walls
hw / ℓw ≤ 2.0; Rd = 2.0
 The foundation and diaphragm components
of the SFRS shall have factored resistances
greater than the nominal wall capacity.
 The walls will dissipate energy either;
 through flexural mechanism, i.e., V @
Mn is less than Vr,
 or, through shear mechanism, i.e., V @
Mn is more than Vr.
In this case: Vr  0.2 f'c bwd v
Squat Shear Walls
The distributed reinforcement:
 rh ≥ 0.003 rv ≥ 0.003
 Use two curtains of reinforcement if
Vf  0.18λφc f'c bwd v
 At least 4 vertical bars will be tied with
seismic hooks and placed at the ends
and at junctions of intersecting walls
over 300 mm wall length with r ≥ 0.005.
Squat Shear Walls
Shear Design
 Vf ≤ 0.15 c f’cbwdv

 b=0 q = 300 to 450

 Vertical reinforcement required for shear:


Ps
ρ v  ρhcot θ 
2

φs f y A g
where; rh : required horizontal steel
Conventional Construction
Rd = 1.5
Buildings with Rd = 1.5 can be designed as
conventional buildings. However, detailing
required for nominally ductile columns will be
used unless;
 Factored resistances of columns are more
than those for framing beams
 Factored resistances of columns are greater
than factored loads based on RdRo =1.0
 IEFaSa(0.2) < 0.2
Walls of Conventional Construction
Walls can be designed as conventional walls.
However, the shear resistance will be greater
than the smaller of;

 the shear corresponding to factored


moment resistance,

 the shear computed from factored loads


based on RdRo =1.0.
Frame Members not Considered Part
of the SFRS

Frames that are not part of SFRS, but “go for


the ride” during an earthquake shall be
designed to accommodate forces and
deformations resulting from seismic
deformations.
Frame Members not Considered Part
of the SFRS

Frames that are not part of SFRS, but “go for


the ride” during an earthquake shall be
designed to accommodate forces and
deformations resulting from seismic
deformations.
References
 Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and
Masonry Buildings:T.Paulay and MJN.Priestly-
1992
 Design of concrete structures, by A H Nilson
 Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design by
Macgregor and Wight
 CSA A23.3 - 2004
 ACI 318-14
 ES2-2015 (EN1992-1)
 ES8-2015 (EN1998-1)
153
Thank You

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