BDwbU

Askx`vwi e¨emvq
4

f~wgKv
eªvþYevwoqv †Rjvi mivBj-bvwmibMi ms‡hvM mo‡K cwUqv wej I wZZvm b`xi Dci †mZz wbg©vY I iv¯Ív †givgZ
nIqvi ci G A‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vq eo ai‡bi cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| Av‡M bvwmibM‡ii gvbyl nwicyi-gvaecyi
n‡q XvKv-PÆMÖvg-wm‡jUmn †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b hvZvqvZ KiZ| GLb mivBj-bvwmibMi ms‡hvM mo‡Ki ag©Zx_©
NvU mviv eQi Kg©PÂj _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i el©vKv‡j ms‡hvM mo‡Ki `yB cv‡k cÖwZw`b nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl Av‡m
†mŠ›`h©¨ †`Lvi Rb¨| A_P Gi Av‡M mܨvi ci †mLv‡b †jvKRb cvIqv †hZ bv| Pv LvIqvi GKgvÎ GKwU †`vKvb
wQj, GLbI ZvB Av‡Q hv mܨvi ci eÜ _v‡K cÖvqkB| †m GjvKvi evwm›`v wek¦we`¨vj‡q weweG co–qv wZb eÜz
Bdivb, webq I Avwib weKvj †ejvq nuvU‡Z wM‡q Avwe¯‹vi Kij GZ gvby‡li wfo A_P fvj GKwU †`vKvb †bB
†hLv‡b A‡cÿvgvb †jv‡Kiv GKUz e‡m Pv †L‡Z cv‡i| wZb eÜz wm×všÍ wbj Zviv GLv‡b GKwU e¨emvq ïiæ Ki‡e|
†h‡nZz Zviv memgq _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv †mRb¨ Zv‡`i evj¨eÜz Rvwnb‡K mve©ÿwYK Askx`vi wn‡m‡e wb‡e| Zv‡`i
e¨emvq n‡e †gŠmygwfwËK| Z‡e GKwU ¯’vqx †`vKvb _vK‡e †mLv‡b gvbm¤§Z Pv Kwdmn cÖ‡qvRbxq mewKQz cvIqv
hv‡e| Zv‡`i Avkv Zv‡`i G D‡`¨vM G A‡ji D`xqgvb hyeK‡`i‡K fwel¨Z D‡`¨v³v n‡Z Aby‡cÖiYv †hvMv‡e|
Dc‡ii wZb eÜzi e¨emvwqK wm×v‡šÍ Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq| G BDwb‡U Avgiv Askx`vwi
e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨, MVb cÖYvjx, myweav I mxgve×Zv, Pzw³cÎ, we‡jvcmvabmn wewfbœ w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~ n
cvV-4.1 : Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi aviYv I ˆewkó¨
cvV-4.2 : Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi MVb, myweav I Amyweav
cvV-4.3 : Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi I Askx`vi‡`i cÖKvi‡f`
cvV-4.4 : Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ, welqe¯‘ I bgybv
cvV-4.5 : Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb c×wZ I wbeÜb bv Kivi cwiYvg
cvV-4.6 : Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab I Gi c×wZ
cvV-4.7 : Askx`vi‡`i †hvM¨Zv, evsjv‡`‡ki Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Ae¯’vb

cvV-4.1 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi aviYv I ˆewkó¨

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 Askx`vwi e¨emvq Gi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

Askx`vwi e¨emvq, mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq, wbw`©ó Askx`vwi e¨emvq, mwµq

Askx`vi, Pzw³cÎ, wbeÜb, Askx`vi‡`i †hvM¨Zv
g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

Askx`vix e¨emv‡qi aviYv

mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, G‡Ki AwaK e¨w³ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwˇZ †h e¨emvq MVb
K‡i Zv‡K Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j| e¨vcK A‡_©, Kgc‡ÿ `yB Rb Ges m‡e©v”P wekRb (e¨vswKs e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î
m‡e©v”P `kRb) e¨w³ gybvdv AR©b I Zv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eȇbi Rb¨ Pzw³e× n‡q †¯^”Qvq †h e¨emvq cÖwZôvb M‡o
†Zv‡j, Zv‡K Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j| 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBb †gvZv‡eK Askx`vwi e¨emvq MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ
I wbqwš¿Z nq| 1890 mv‡ji e„wUk Askx`vwi AvBb Abymv‡i gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ †hŠ_fv‡e cwiPvwjZ e¨emv‡q
KwZcq e¨w³i g‡a¨ we`¨gvb m¤cK©‡K Askx`vwi e‡j| 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 4 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h,
mK‡ji Øviv ev mK‡ji c‡ÿ GKR‡bi Øviv cwiPvwjZ e¨emv‡qi gybvdv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eȇbi wbwg‡Ë GKvwaK
e¨w³i g‡a¨ †h Pzw³e× m¤c‡K©i m„wó nq Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡K Askx`vi Ges mw¤§wjZfv‡e Zv‡`i e¨emvq‡K
Askx`vwi e¨emvq ejv nq|

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Ggb wKQz Dcv`vb I ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q hvi Rb¨ GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq Ges †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq
n‡Z Zv mn‡R Avjv`v Kiv hvq| wb‡P Askx`vwi e¨emvi ˆewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. GKvwaK m`m¨: AvBbMZfv‡e Pzw³ m¤cv`‡bi Rb¨ †hvM¨ GKvwaK m`m¨ wb‡q Askx`vwi e¨emvq ïiæ Kiv nq|
GLv‡b `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i Dcw¯’wZ Qvov Askx`vwi‡Z¡i m„wó n‡Z cv‡i bv|
2. m`m¨ msL¨v: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi m`m¨ msL¨v me©wb¤œ 2 Rb †_‡K m‡e©v”P 20 R‡bi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K|
e¨vsK e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î m`m¨ msL¨v 2 †_‡K 10 Rb nq|
3. Pzw³e× m¤cK©: Pzw³ n‡jv Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi g~j wfwË| Pzw³i gva¨‡g Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi m„wó nq|
Askx`vwi Pzw³ †gŠwLK, wjwLZ, wbewÜZ I AwbewÜZ n‡Z cv‡i|
4. cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY: Askx`vwi e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ mKj Askx`vi AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e mK‡ji
c‡ÿ GKRb Øviv Askx`vwi e¨emvq cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K|
5. g~jab mieivn: Pzw³ Abymv‡i Askx`viMY wbR wbR As‡ki Abycv‡Z e¨emvq ïiæi mgq ev cieZ©x‡Z g~jab
mieivn K‡i| Pzw³‡Z D‡jøL _vK‡j g~jab QvovI Askx`vi nIqv hvq|
6. jvf †jvKmvb eÈb: Giƒc e¨emv‡q AwR©Z jvf ev †jvKmvb NU‡j mKj Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ mgvbfv‡e eÈb
Kiv nq| Avi Pzw³‡Z hw` wKQz D‡jøL _v‡K Z‡e Pzw³ Abymv‡i jvf ev †jvKmvb eÈb n‡e|
7. `vq: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi `vq Amxg| Giƒc e¨emv‡qi `v‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi e¨w³MZfv‡e I
mgwóMZfv‡e `vqx _v‡K| †hgb- e¨emv‡q 10 jÿ UvKv `vq m„w ó n‡j, GKRb Askx`vi †`Dwjqv n‡jI Zvi `vq
Ab¨vb¨ Askx`viMb‡K enb Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. cvi¯cwiK wek¦vm: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Pzw³ cvi¯cwiK Av¯’v I wek¦v‡mi Dci cÖwZwôZ nq Ges e¨emv‡qi
mdjZv Gi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
9. AvBbMZ mËv: Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bq| Z‡e wbewÜZ n‡j A‡bK myweav cvIqv hvq| wKš‘
Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbewÜZ n‡jI †Kv‡bv AvBbMZ mËv m„wó nq bv| ZvB †`bv-cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ e¨emv‡qi
weiæ‡× gvgjv bv K‡i Askx`vi‡`i weiæ‡× gvgjv Kiv nq|
10. we‡jvcmvab: Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ Abv¯’v-Awek¦vm I we‡iva †`Lv w`‡j Askx`vwi e¨emvq we‡jvcmvab nq|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 46

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Dc‡ii cv‡Vi Av‡jv‡K wb‡Pi DwjøwLZ welq¸‡jv Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) wn‡m‡e we‡kølY Kiæb|
/wkÿv_© xi KvR Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨ we‡kølY
1. AvBbMZ eva¨evaKZv
2. gvwjKvbv n¯ÍvšÍi
3. wm×všÍ MÖnY
4. Aemvqb
5. Amxg`v‡qi BwZevPK w`K

mvims‡ÿc
 GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi mxgve×Zv I Amyweavmg~n `~i Kivi j‡ÿ¨B g~ jZ: Askx`vwi e¨emvq M‡o I‡V|
 G‡Ki AwaK e¨w³ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwˇZ †h e¨emvq MVb K‡i, Zv‡K Askx`vwi
e¨emvq e‡j|
 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBb †gvZv‡eK Askx`vwi e¨emvq MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq|
 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 4 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mK‡ji Øviv ev mK‡ji c‡ÿ GKR‡bi Øviv
cwiPvwjZ e¨emv‡qi gybvdv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eȇbi wbwg‡Ë GKvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ †h Pzw³e× m¤c‡K©i m„wó
nq Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡K Askx`vi Ges mw¤§wjZfv‡e Zv‡`i e¨emvq‡K Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j|
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi `vq cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi e¨w³MZfv‡e I mgwóMZfv‡e enb K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v KZRb?
(K) 10 (L) 20
(M) 30 (N) 40
2| e¨vswKs Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v KZRb?
(K) 10 (L) 20
(M) 30 (N) 40
3| KZ mv‡ji AvBb Øviv Askx`vwi e¨emvq cwiPvwjZ nq?
(K) 1890 (L) 1932
(M) 1991 (N) 2001
4| Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q cwiPvjbvq wbhy³ me©wb¤œ e¨w³i msL¨v KqRb?
(K) 1 (L) 2
(M) 3 (N) 4

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 47

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-4.2 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi MVb, myweav I Amy weav

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 Askx`vwi e¨emvq Gi MVb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi myweavejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Amyweav¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†UªW jvB‡mÝ, D‡`¨v³v, bgbxq, we‡klvqY

g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

Askx`vix e¨emv‡qi MVb

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi MVb cÖYvjx A‡bK mnR cÖK…wZi| Giƒc e¨emvq MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î AvBbMZfv‡e Pzw³
m¤cv`‡bi †hvM¨ GKvwaK e¨w³ Askx`vwi Pzw³i wfwˇZ Giƒc e¨emvq MVb K‡i| GLv‡b GKvwaK e¨w³ ej‡Z
mvaviY e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î me©wb¤œ 2 Rb †_‡K m‡e©v”P 20 Rb e¨w³‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| e¨vsK e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î
m‡e©v”P 10 Rb _vK‡Z cv‡i| Pzw³ Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi g~j wfwË| Pzw³i kZ©mv‡c‡ÿ e¨emvq cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z
n‡q _v‡K| e¨emvq ïiæi mgq Askx`viMY g~jab mieivn K‡ib| Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Pzw³ wjwLZ nIqvi †Kv‡bv
Avek¨KZv †bB| Z‡e fwel¨Z weev` Gov‡bvi Rb¨ Giƒc Pzw³ wjwLZ Ges Av‡iv AwaK mZK©Zvi Rb¨ wbewÜZ
n‡Z cv‡i| †`‡ki AvBb Abymv‡i Giƒc e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ †UªW jvB‡mÝ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| Askx`vwi e¨emvq MV‡bi
†ÿ‡Î ¯^vfvweKfv‡e †h avivevwnKZv AbymiY Kiv nq Zv wb‡¤œ cÖevn wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK D‡`¨v³v e¨emvq ¯’vc‡bi aviYv m„wó
g~jab mieivn, e¨emvq cwiPvjbv, jvf-ÿwZ eÈb, bZzb
Askx`vi †hvM`vb BZ¨vw` wel‡q Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ Pzw³
m¤úv`b (Pzw³ †gŠwLK ev wjwLZ)
Pzw³cÎ wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bq
Askx`viMY KZ…©K g~jab mieivn
¯’vbxq KZ…©c‡ÿi wbKU †_‡K †UªW jvB‡mÝ msMÖn
Askx`vwi e¨emvq ïiæ
Askx`vwi e¨emvq MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î mywbw`©ó AvBbMZ eva¨evaKZv bv _vKvq e¨w³ ev ¯’vb‡f‡` Gi MVb cÖYvjx‡Z
cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq|
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi myweav
GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi †P‡q Askx`vwi e¨emvq e„n`vKvi| Avm‡j GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi mxgve×Zv AwZµg
Kivi Rb¨B Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi cÖPjb N‡U‡Q| ZvB G e¨emvq msMV‡bi myweavB †ewk| wb‡P Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi
myweav¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. mnR MVb: G e¨emvq 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi Aax‡b n‡jI, e¨emvq ¯’vc‡b †Zgb †Kv‡bv AvBwb
eva¨evaKZv †bB| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ e¨emvq MV‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ mg‡SvZvq DcbxZ n‡jB G e¨emvq msMVb
MVb Kiv hvq|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 48

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

2. mgwš^Z g~jab: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi BwZevPK w`K n‡jv mgwš^Z g~ jab| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i g~ja‡bi
mgš^‡q e¨emvq m¤úªmviY AwaK mnRZi nq|
3. `ÿ cwiPvjbv: e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ Askx`vi‡`i wewfbœ `ÿZv I AwfÁZv _v‡K| d‡j Askx`vwi
e¨emvq msMVb `ÿfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e nq|
4. mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póv: Askx`vwi e¨emvq msMV‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡K Askx`viB e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK I cwiPvjK| ZvB
wb‡R‡`i ¯^v‡_© cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi AvšÍwiKfv‡e e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq wb‡Ri Ae`vb iv‡L| d‡j Gi Dbœqb
mywbwðZ nq|
5. SuywK eÈb: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi mxgvnxb `vq mKj Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ eÈb Kiv nq| d‡j cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi
e¨w³MZfv‡e I mw¤§wjZfv‡e mZK© _vKvi †Póv K‡i|
6. mw¤§wjZ wm×všÍ: mvaviYZ: GKK wm×všÍ n‡Z †hŠ_fv‡e M„nxZ wm×všÍ DËg n‡q _v‡K| Askx`vwi e¨emvq
msMV‡b mw¤§wjZ wm×všÍ cÖwZôv‡bi m¤úªmvi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i|
7. mnR FY cÖvwß: GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi c‡ÿ e¨vsK ev Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi FY cvIqv hZ KwVb, Askx`vwi
e¨emv‡qi c‡ÿ Zv ZZUvB mnR n‡q _v‡K| KviY Askx`vi‡`i †hŠ_ cÖqvm BwZevPK welq wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
8. we‡klvq‡Yi myweav: Askx`vwi e¨emvq we‡klÁ‡`i mgš^‡q MwVZ nq| GRb¨ G e¨emvq we‡klvq‡Yi myweav
†fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j mdjZv AR©b m¤¢e nq|
9. mxgvnxb `v‡qi c‡ivÿ myweav: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q `vq Amxg nIqvq mKj Askx`vi e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq AZ¨šÍ
mZK© _v‡K| d‡j e¨emv‡q mvdj¨ Av‡m|
10. bgbxq: G e¨emv‡qi GKwU BwZevPK w`K n‡jv Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³c‡Îi wewfbœ aviv mn‡RB
cwieZ©b Kiv hvq| d‡j cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Lvc LvIqv‡bv mnR nq| G bgbxqZvi my‡hvM e¨emv‡q
mdjZv Av‡b|
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Amyweav
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wewfbœ myweavi cvkvcvwk A‡bK¸‡jv AmyweavI cwijwÿZ nq| cvi¯úwiK wek¦vm G e¨emv‡qi
g~j wfwË| †h †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y G wek¦vm fvO‡Z cv‡i| ZLb e¨emv‡q bvbv mgm¨v nq| Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi
Amyweav¸‡jv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. mxgvnxb `vq: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Askx`vi‡`i `vq mxgvnxb| e¨emv‡qi `vq ïay Askx`vi‡`i g~jabB bq,
e¨w³MZ m¤úwˇKI `vqe× K‡i| d‡j A‡b‡KB Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q †Zgb Drmvn cvq bv|
2. AwbwðZ ¯’vwqZ¡: ¯’vwq‡Z¡i AwbðqZv Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi GKwU eo Amyweav| Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ gZwe‡iva,
g„Zz¨, †`DwjqvZ¡, gw¯Í®‹ weK…wZ BZ¨vw` †h †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y G e¨emvq we‡jvcmvab n‡Z cv‡i|
3. A-n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ gvwjKvbv: †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡b †hgb †kqvi‡nvìviMY mn‡RB †kqvi wewµ K‡i gvwjKvbv
n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡ib, Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Askx`viMY Zv cv‡ib bv| G Rb¨ A‡b‡KB G e¨emv‡q wewb‡qvM
Ki‡Z Pvq bv|
4. †MvcbxqZvi Afve: GKgvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi ¯^Z¡vwaKvix †hfv‡e e¨emv‡qi †MvcbxqZv eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡i,
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Zv m¤¢e nq bv|
5. wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wej¤^: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q †h †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ mKj Askx`vi‡`i m¤§wZi cÖ‡qvRb| hv
LyeB kÖg I mgq mv‡cÿ e¨vcvi| d‡j A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wej¤^ nq|
6. AcPq: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Z`viwK, iÿYv‡eÿY I wbqš¿‡Y GK gvwjKvbvi g‡Zv AvšÍwiKZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq
bv| ÒmK‡ji `vwqZ¡ A_©vr Kv‡iv `vwqZ¡ bvÓ-G †ev‡ai Kvi‡b G e¨emv‡q AcPq nq|
7. Av¯’vi Afve: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi AvBbMZ c„_K mËv bv _vKvq Gi ¯’vwqZ¡ AwbwðZ| d‡j G e¨emv‡qi
mv‡_ mswkøó wewfbœ cÿmg~‡ni Av¯’vi Afve _v‡K|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 49

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

iwng I Zvi `k eÜz wg‡j GKwU Mv‡g©›Um KviLvbv ¯’vcb Ki‡Z Pvq| D³
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) e¨emvqwU Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ cv‡Vi Av‡jv‡K wKfv‡e MVb Kiv hv‡e Zv eY©bv Kiæb|
/wkÿv_© xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
 Askx`vwi e¨emvq mn‡R MVb Kiv hvq|
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Askx`vi‡`i mwµq AskMÖnY _v‡K|
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q mKj Askx`vi‡`i gZ cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM _v‡K|
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Askx`vi‡`i e¨w³MZ bvg, h‡ki Kvi‡Y mybvg e„w× †c‡q _v‡K|
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Askx`vi‡`i `vq Amxg/mxgvnxb|
 ¯’vwq‡Z¡i AwbðqZv Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi GKwU eo Amyweav|
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Askx`viMY gvwjKvbv n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi me©wb¤œ m`m¨ msL¨v n‡jv-
(K) 1 Rb (L) 2 Rb
(M) 3 Rb (N) 4 Rb
2. mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v KZ Rb?
(K) 10 Rb (L) 20 Rb
(M) 30 Rb (N) 40 Rb
3. e¨vswKs e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v n‡jv-
(K) 10 Rb (L) 20 Rb
(M) 30 Rb (N) 40 Rb
4. g~jab QvovI Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î Avek¨K n‡jv-
(K) `vq (L) Pzw³cÎ
(M) cvi¯úwiK wek¦vm (N) Pzw³cÎ wbeÜb
5. Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Pzw³c‡Îi †ÿ‡Î-
(i) wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bq; (ii) we‡iv‡ai m¤¢vebv n«vm cvq; (iii) gybvdv e„w× cvq|
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 50

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-4.3 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi I Askx`vi‡`i cÖKvi‡f`

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 Ask`vwi e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Askx`vi‡`i †kÖwYwefvM eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mxgve× Askx`vwi e¨emvq, Hw”QK Askx`vwi e¨emvq, wbw`©ó †gqv`x Askx`vwi

g~L¨ kã (Key Words) e¨emvq, wbw`©ó jÿ¨‡Kw›`ªK Askx`vwi e¨emvq, NygšÍ ev wbw®Œq Askx`vi,
bvggvÎ Askx`vi, AvcvZ`„wó‡Z Askx`vi, mxwgZ Askx`vi, AvPi‡b AbywgZ
Askx`vi, mwµq Askx`vi, bvevjK Askx`vi|

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f`

†gqv`, wbw`©ó jÿ¨, `vq cÖf„wZi Dci wfwË K‡i Askx`vwi e¨emvq wewfbœ iKg n‡q _v‡K| wb‡¤œ
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

Askx`vwi e¨emvq

mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq mxgve× Askx`vwi e¨emvq

Hw”QK Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbw`©ó Askx`vwi e¨emvq

wbw`©ó †gqv`x Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbw`©ó jÿ¨‡Kw›`ªK Askx`vwi e¨emvq

wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wewfbœ cÖKvi‡f` wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
(K) mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq
Askx`vwi e¨emvq ej‡Z mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq‡KB †evSv‡bv nq| mK‡ji c‡ÿ GKR‡bi Øviv cwiPvwjZ
e¨emv‡qi gybvdv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eȇbi wbwg‡Ë GKvwaK e¨w³ Amxg `vq en‡bi k‡Z© Pzw³e× n‡q †h e¨emvq MVb
K‡i Zv‡K mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j| Giƒc Askx`vwi e¨emvq‡K wb‡Pi `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
1. Hw”QK Askx`vwi e¨emvq
Giƒc e¨emv‡qi ¯’vqxZ¡ Askx`v‡ii B”Qvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| †Kv‡bv Askx`vwi Pzw³c‡Î Askx`viiv e¨emv‡qi
¯’vwqZ¡ Kvj I †gqv‡`i mxgvbv wba©viY bv Ki‡j Zv‡K Hw”QK Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 51

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

2. wbw`©ó Askx`vwi e¨emvq

Askx`vwi e¨emvq hLb wbw`©ó †gqv` ev wbw`©ó jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ MwVZ nq Zv‡K wbw`©ó Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j|
Giƒc e¨emvq‡K Avevi `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
(i) wbw`©ó †gqv`x Askx`vwi e¨emvq Ges
(ii) wbw`©ó jÿ¨‡Kw›`ªK Askx`vwi e¨emvq
(L) mxgve× Askx`vwi e¨emvq
†h Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q mKj Askx`v‡ii `vq Amxg _v‡K bv ev GK ev GKvwaK Askx`v‡ii `vq mxgve× _v‡K,
Zv‡K mxgve× Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j| mxwgZ `vqwewkó Askx`vi e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
Askx`vi‡`i cÖKvi‡f`
Askx`vix e¨emv‡qi mKj Askx`v‡ii `vq-`vwqZ¡ I ÿgZv mgvb nq bv| ZvB `vq-`vwqZ¡ Abyhvqx Askx`vi‡`i
wb¤œwjwLZ fv‡e fvM Kiv hvq:
1| mvaviY ev mwµq Askx`vi: †h Askx`vi e¨emv‡q g~ jab wewb‡qvM K‡i, Kvievi cwiPvjbvq mwµqfv‡e
AskMÖnY K‡i Ges e¨emv‡qi †`bvi Rb¨ †hŠ_fv‡e `vqx _v‡K, Zv‡K mvaviY ev mwµq Askx`vi e‡j| G ai‡bi
Askx`vi e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Pzw³ Abyhvqx cvwikÖwgK cvq|
2| wbw®Œq Askx`vi: †h mKj Askx`vi Pzw³ Abyhvqx e¨emv‡q g~jab mieivn K‡i wKš‘ e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq
mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i bv Zv‡K wbw®Œq Askx`vi e‡j| G RvZxq Askx`vi mvaviY Askx`vi‡`i gZ jvf-
‡jvKmvb cvq|
3| bvggvÎ Askx`vi: †h Askx`vi e¨emv‡q †Kvb g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i bv Ges e¨emvq cwiPvjbvqI AskMÖnY
K‡i bv Z‡e Pzw³ Abyhvqx jv‡fi Ask cvq ev A‡_©i wewbg‡q Zvi bv‡gi mybvg e¨env‡ii AbygwZ †`q Zv‡K bvg
gvÎ Askx`vi e‡j| e¨emv‡qi †`bvi Rb¨I bvggvÎ Askx`vi `vqe× n‡e|
4| AvcvZ `„wó‡Z Askx`vi: †Kvb Askx`vi e¨emvq †_‡K Aemi MÖnY Kivi ci hw` g~jab Zz‡j bv †bq Ges Gi
wewbg‡q gybvdvi cwie‡Z© my` †fvM K‡i Zv‡K AvcvZ `„wó‡Z Askx`vi e‡j| Giv Avm‡j e¨emv‡qi gvwjK ev
Askx`vi bq, Giv FY`vZv|
5| mxwgZ Askx`vi: Pzw³ Abyhvqx e¨emv‡q †Kvb Askx`v‡ii `vq cÖ`Ë g~jab Øviv mxgve× n‡j ev mKj
Askx`v‡ii m¤§wZµ‡g †Kvb bvevjK‡K myweav cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Askx`vi wnmv‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î Abyiƒc
Askx`vi‡K mxwgZ Askx`vi e‡j| Giv e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z ev e¨emvq we‡jvc mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv|
6| Kg©x Askx`vi: †h e¨w³ Askx`vix e¨emv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i bv wKš‘ wbR¯^ kÖg I `ÿZv e¨q K‡i Ges
wewbg‡q jvf-ÿwZ‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i Zv‡K Kg©x Askx`vi e‡j|
7| AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi: Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 2(1) aviv g‡Z, †Kvb e¨w³ e¨emv‡q Askx`vi bv n‡qI hw`
†gŠwLK K_vevZ©v, †jLv ev Ab¨ †Kvb AvPi‡Yi Øviv wb‡R‡K e¨emv‡qi Askx`vi e‡j cwiPq †`q Z‡e Zv‡K
AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi e‡j| †KD hw` H Askx`v‡ii Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q e¨emv‡q FY †`q ev Pzw³ K‡i Zvn‡j
Zvi Rb¨ AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi `vqx _vK‡e|
8| cÖwZe× Askx`vi: hw` e¨emv‡qi †Kvb ev mKj Askx`vi †Kvb e¨w³‡K e¨emv‡qi Askx`vi wn‡m‡e cwiPq †`q
Ges D³ e¨w³ Zv †R‡bI †gŠbZv Aej¤^b K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K cÖwZeÜ Askx`vi e‡j| G‡`i `vqI AvPi‡Y AbywgZ
Askx`vi‡`i gZ|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 52

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvims‡ÿc
 Askx`vwi e¨emvq ej‡Z mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq‡KB †evSv‡bv nq|
 mK‡ji c‡ÿ GKR‡bi Øviv cwiPvwjZ e¨emv‡qi gybvdv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eȇbi wbwg‡Ë GKvwaK e¨w³
Amxg `vq en‡bi k‡Z© Pzw³e× n‡q †h e¨emvq MVb K‡i Zv‡K mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j|
 †h Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi mKj Askx`v‡ii `vq Amxg bv _v‡K ev GK ev GKvwaK Askx`v‡ii `vq mxgve×
_v‡K, Zv‡K mxgve× Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j|
 Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ n‡jv GKvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ m¤cvw`Z Askx`vwi welqK m¤§wZi `wjj|
eZ©gvb wkÿv_© x wn‡m‡e Avcwb †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi †Kvb& ai‡bi Askx`vi n‡Z Pvb,
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) Zvi c‡ÿ hyw³ †`Lvb|
/wkÿv_© xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
 †h Askx`viMY e¨emv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM Ges mwµqfv‡e cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡ib, Zviv mwµq
Askx`vi|
 †h Askx`vi e¨emv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡ib bv Ges cwiPvjbvqI Ask †bb bv, gybvdvi wewbg‡q ïaygvÎ
wb‡Ri bvg e¨env‡ii AbygwZ †`b, wZwb bvggvÎ Askx`vi|
 Pzw³ Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii `vq mxgve× n‡j wZwb mxwgZ Askx`vi|
 †h mKj e¨w³ e¨emv‡qi Askx`vi bv n‡qI †gŠwLK K_vevZ©v I AvPvi-AvPi‡Y Askx`vi wn‡m‡e cwiPq
†`b, wZwb AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. Pzw³c‡Î e¨emv‡qi †gqv` D‡jøL Kiv nq bv Ggb Askx`vwi e¨emvq n‡jv-
(K) wbw`©ó Askx`vwi (L) Hw”QK Askx`vwi
(M) mxwgZ `vq Askx`vwi (N) Amxg `vq Askx`vwi|
2. wbw`©ó Askx`vwi e¨emvq KZ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K?
(K) `yB (L) wZb
(M) Pvi (N) cuvP
3. †gŠmygx c‡Y¨i e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ MwVZ Askx`vwi wb‡Pi †Kvb †kÖwYfz³?
(K) mxwgZ `vq Askx`vwi (L) mvgwqK Askx`vwi
(M) wbw`©ó Askx`vwi (N) Hw”QK Askx`vwi
4. GKwU weªR wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ MwVZ Askx`vwi e¨emvq †Kvb ai‡bi?
(K) Hw”QK Askx`vwi (L) wVKv`vwi Askx`vwi
(M) wbw`©ó †gqvw` Askx`vwi (N) wbw`©ó jÿ¨‡Kw›`ªK Askx`vwi
5. Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi MVbZš¿ n‡jv-
(K) mnR MVb cÖYvjx (L) cvi¯úvwiK wek¦vm
(M) Pzw³cÎ (N) ¯§viKwjwc

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 53

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-4.4 Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ, welqe¯‘ I bgybv

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Pzw³cÎ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Pzw³c‡Îi welqe¯‘i aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Pzw³c‡Îi bgybv AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

we‡iva wb®úwË, we‡jvc mvab, Askx`vi‡`i AemiMÖnb

g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ
Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ n‡jv GKvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ m¤cvw`Z Askx`vwi welqK m¤§wZi `wjj| evsjv‡`†k
envj 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 5 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Askx`vwi m¤cK© m„wó nq Pzw³ †_‡K, mvgvwRK
gh©v`v †_‡K bq| Askx`vi‡`i g~ja‡bi AbycvZ, jvf-ÿwZ eȇbi AbycvZ, Askx`vi‡`i `vwqZ¡, AwaKvi,
cvwikªwgK, e¨emvq cwiPvjbv c×wZ, FY MÖnY, we‡iva wb®cwË cÖf…wZ hveZxq welq Pzw³c‡Î D‡jøL Kiv nq| Pzw³
†gŠwLK, wjwLZ ev wbewÜZ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Pzw³ †h ai‡bi †nvK bv †Kb Askx`vwi e¨emvq ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ Pzw³
Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK; Z‡e Zv wjwLZ nIqvq evÃbxq| GRb¨ Pzw³B Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi g~jwfwË|
Askx`vwi Pzw³c‡Îi welqe¯‘
Pzw³c·K Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi g~jwfwË wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| fwel¨‡Z Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ hv‡Z †Kv‡bv we‡f`
ev gZwe‡iva m„wó bv nq Ges e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq †Kv‡bv RwUjZv bv N‡U †mRb¨ Pzw³c‡Î wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq
D‡jøL _v‡K| mvaviYZ Pzw³c‡Î wb‡¤œv³ welq¸‡jv D‡jøL _v‡K:
1. Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q bvg I wVKvbv;
2. e¨emv‡qi cÖK…wZ, D‡Ïk¨ ev ¯’vwqZ¡;
3. e¨emv‡qi Kvh©Kvj ev ¯’vwqZ¡;
4. Askx`vi‡`i bvg, wVKvbv I †ckv;
5. e¨emv‡qi †gvU g~ja‡bi cwigvY;
6. cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi‡`i cÖ`Ë g~ja‡bi cwigvY I cwi‡kva c×wZ;
7. e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi wbqgvewj;
8. †h mKj Askx`vi cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e e¨emvq cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb Zv‡`i cwiwPwZ;
9. e¨emv‡q jvf-‡jvKmvb eÈb c×wZ;
10. Askx`vi‡`i `vwqZ¡, ÿgZv I AwaKvi;
11. e¨emv‡qi Avw_©K eQi ïiæ I †kl mgq;
12. †h e¨vs‡K wnmve †Lvjv n‡e Zvi bvg, wVKvbv I wnmv‡ei aib;
13. e¨vs‡Ki wnmve cwiPvjbvKvix e¨w³M‡Yi bvg;
14. bZzb Askx`vi MÖnY I cyivZb Askx`v‡ii we`v‡qi wbqgvewj;
15. e¨emv‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b Ab¨Î n‡Z FY MÖnY c×wZ;
16. Askx`v‡ii g„Zz¨‡Z Zuvi Ask wba©viY, msiÿY I cwi‡kva c×wZ;
17. Askx`vi‡`i AemiMÖnY I ewn®‹v‡ii c×wZ;
18. fwel¨Z we‡iva †`Lv w`‡j Zvi gxgvsmv c×wZ;

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 54

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

19. we‡jvcmva‡bi c×wZ;

20. Pyw³c‡Îi evB‡i Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv we‡iva †`Lv w`‡j Zvi wb®úwË c×wZ|
Askx`vwi Pzw³c‡Îi bgybv
AvR 20 Rvbyqvix 2017 iweevi, mKvj 10 Uvq wb‡¤œv³ cÿmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †gmvm© Ôiƒcvwj †UªWvm©Õ bv‡g GKwU
Askx`vwi e¨emvq MV‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎwU m¤úvw`Z I ¯^vÿwiZ n‡jv| G Pzw³c‡Îi mKj cÿ
evsjv‡`‡ki AvB‡b mvevjK I Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨| Pzw³c‡Îi cÖ‡Z¨K cÿ Rb¥m~‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK|
†gmvm© Ôiƒcvwj †UªWvm©Õ Gi Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ
cÖ_g cÿ wØZxq cÿ
†gv: kwdKzj Bmjvg †gv: Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`
wcZv-g„Z kg‡mi Avjx wcZv-g„Z wMqvm DwÏb †kL
MÖvg- †g‡niPÛx MÖvg- †QvU ebMÖvg DËi cvov
WvKNi- cÙv AvevwmK GjvKv WvKNi- mcyiv
_vbv- †evqvwjqv _vbv- †evqvwjqv
†Rjv-ivRkvnx †Rjv-ivRkvnx

Z…Zxq cÿ PZz_© cÿ
wZwgi Kzgvi cvj mygbv LvZzb
wcZv-gjq cvj wcZv- †gv: Avãyj gwR`
MÖvg- ZvjvBgvwi MÖvg- wgR©vcyi
WvKNi- KvRjv WvKNi- we‡bv`cyi
_vbv- gwZnvi _vbv- gwZnvi
†Rjv-ivRkvnx †Rjv-ivRkvnx

Pzw³c‡Îi welq I kZ©vewj

µ. e¨emv‡qi bvg †gmvm© Ôiƒcvwj †UªWvm©Õ
1. e¨emv‡qi cÖK…wZ I D‡Ïk¨ e¨emvqwU e„nËi ivRkvnx GjvKvq Drcvw`Z nv‡Z ˆZwi e¨vM
mieivnKvix cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e cÖv_wgKfv‡e KvR Ki‡e Ges fwel¨‡Z
mKj c‡ÿi m¤§wZµ‡g Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv m„Rbkxj e¨emvq cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| e¨emv‡qi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv AR©b n‡jI gvbm¤§Z cY¨
Drcv`b I mieivn Gi mvgvwRK D‡Ïk¨|
2. e¨emv‡q wVKvbv mv‡ne evRvi, ivRkvnx|
3. e¨emv‡qi Kvh©Kjvc ïiæ G Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi ZvwiL †_‡K A_©vr AvR 20 Rvbyqvix 2017 iweevi
†_‡K e¨emvq Kg©KvÐ ïiæ n‡q‡Q e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
4. e¨emv‡qi Kvh©mxgvbv eZ©gv‡b e¨emvq Kg©KvÐ ivRkvnx †Rjv‡Z cwiPvwjZ n‡e| fwel¨‡Z Gi
AvqZb mviv †`‡k Qwo‡q hv‡e|
5. g~jab cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq g~ja‡bi cwigvY n‡e Pvi jÿ UvKv| fwel¨‡Z cÖ‡qvR‡b
Askx`viM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K AwZwi³ A_© Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
6. A_© D‡Ëvjb cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi e¨w³MZ cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨emvq †_‡K m‡e©v”P 5,000.00
UvKv D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
7. e¨e¯’vcbv I cwiPvjbv mKj Askx`vi e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| cÖ‡Z¨K
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 55
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

µ. e¨emv‡qi bvg †gmvm© Ôiƒcvwj †UªWvm©Õ

Askx`vi ch©vqµ‡g e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvj‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡eb|
8. cvwikÖwgK e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvj‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨ 5,000.00 UvKv K‡i m¤§vbx
cv‡eb| e¨emvq mvaviY Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡cÖvß e¨w³
3,000.00 UvKv K‡i cv‡eb|
9. e¨vs‡Ki bvg I wnmve e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi ¯^v‡_© ivRkvnx K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK, mv‡ne evRvi kvLvq
cwiPvjbv GKwU PjwZ wnmve †Lvjv n‡e| cÖ_g cÿ I PZz_© c‡ÿi †hŠ_ ¯^vÿ‡i
e¨vsK wnmve cwiPvwjZ n‡e|
10. Pzw³ I KvMRc‡Î ¯^vÿi`vb cÖwZôv‡bi c‡ÿ Pzw³ I KvMRc‡Î ¯^vÿi Kivi `vwqZ¡ wØZxq I Z…Zxq
c‡ÿi Dci †hŠ_fv‡e b¨¯Í _vK‡e|
11. wnmveKvj cÖwZ eQi evsjv bee‡l©i cÖ_g w`b 1 ˆekvL †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ˆP‡Îi †kl
w`b ch©šÍ cwiPvwjZ n‡e|
12. bZzb Askx`vi MÖnY cÖwZôv‡b e„nËi ¯^v‡_© mKj c‡ÿi m¤§wZµ‡g bZzb Askx`vi MÖnY Kiv
hv‡e|
13. Askx`viM‡Yi AemiMÖnY wZb gv‡mi †bvwU‡k †Kv‡bv Askx`vi e¨emvq †_‡K AemiMÖnY Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
14. Askx`v‡ii g„Zz¨ †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii g„Zz¨ n‡j Aci Askx`viM‡Yi m¤§wZµ‡g g„Z e¨w³i
DËivwaKvix ev g‡bvbxZ cÖwZwbwai mv‡_ e¨emvq Pvwj‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
15. k‡Z©i cwieZ©b e¨emv‡qi e„nËi ¯^v‡_© m`m¨M‡Yi me©m¤§Z gZvg‡Zi wfwˇZ Pzw³c‡Îi
†h †Kv‡bv aviv cwieZ©b I cwigvR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
16. we‡jvcmvab †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmva‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j 1932 mv‡ji
Askx`vwi AvBb Abyhvqx we‡jvc mvab Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z n‡e|
Avgiv Pzw³c‡Îi DcwiD³ avivmg~ n †¯^”Qvq, ¯^Áv‡b, my¯’ kix‡i Askx`vi wn‡m‡e MÖnY I cvj‡b cÖwZkÖæwZe× n‡q
AvR 20 Rvbyqvix 2017 iweevi, mKvj 10 Uvq wb‡¤œv³ mvÿxM‡Yi mvg‡b ¯^vÿi Kijvg|
µ. mvÿxM‡Yi bvg ¯^vÿi µ. Askx`viM‡Yi bvg ¯^vÿi
1. Kv‡kg 1. †gv: kwdKzj Bmjvg
2. kvgxg Avn‡g` 2. †gv: Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`
3. Avn‡g` Kwei 3. wZwgi Kzgvi cvj
4. iwÄZ †cvÏvi 4. mygbv LvZzb

Avcbvi GjvKvq Pvi eÜz wg‡j GKwU nvievj Ily‡ai e¨emvq ïiæ Ki‡eb- G g‡g©
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) KvíwbK Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ GKwU Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|
/wkÿv_© xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
 Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ n‡jv GKvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ m¤cvw`Z Askx`vwi welqK m¤§wZi `wjj|
 Pzw³ †gŠwLK, wjwLZ ev wbewÜZ n‡Z cv‡i|
 Pzw³B Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi g~j wfwË|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 56

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. Askx`vwi e¨emvq cÖwZôvb wbeÜb Kiv nq †Kvb& Awd‡m?
(K) wbe܇Ki Awdm (L) wefvMxq Kwgkbv‡ii Awdm
(M) †WcywU Kwgkbv‡ii Awdm (N) wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb
2. Askx`vwi e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi wbeÜb KvRwU K‡ib-
(K) †iwR÷vi (L) gnvcwiPvjK
(M) Kwgkbvi (N) cwiPvjK
3. 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 58 avivq Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †Kvb& wel‡qi D‡jøL Av‡Q?
(K) Pzw³cÎ (L) MVb cÖYvjx
(M) wbeÜb (N) we‡jvcmvab
4. Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbe܇bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb-
(i) cÖwZôv‡bi bvg
(ii) cÖavb Awd‡mi wVKvbv
(iii) e¨emv‡q D‡Ïk¨
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 57

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-4.5 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb c×wZ I wbeÜb bv Kivi cwiYvg

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb bv Kivi cwiYvg we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cwiYvg, AwbewÜZ e¨emvq

g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb c×wZ

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb ej‡Z miKvi KZ©…K wbhy³ wbeÜb Awd‡m cÖwZôv‡bi bvg ZvwjKvfz³ Kiv‡K
†evSvq| Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nqwb| Z‡e wbewÜZ e¨emvq AwbewÜZ e¨emvq
A‡cÿv A‡bK †ewk myweav †c‡q _v‡K| wbewÜZ Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †h †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Aci Askx`vi ev
cÖwZôv‡bi weiæ‡× Pzw³ n‡Z D™¢‚Z AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv AwbewÜZ e¨emvq cÖwZôvb Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbewÜZ n‡j Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡× cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ 100
UvKvi AwaK cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ cvëv AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi e¨emvq cÖwZôvb Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| ¯^v_© Av`v‡qi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Aci Askx`vi ev e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi weiæ‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
myZivs ejv hvq, wbewÜZ e¨emvq †h‡nZz AwbewÜZ e¨emvq †_‡K †ewk AvBwb my‡hvM myweav †fvM K‡i, ZvB
Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbewÜZ nIqv fv‡jv| Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbeÜb Kivi mgq Av‡e`b c‡Î wb‡”i welq¸‡jv
AšÍf©z³ Ki‡Z nq| h_v:
1. Askx`vwi cÖwZôv‡bi bvg;
2. cÖavb Awd‡mi wVKvbv;
3. kvLv Awdm _vK‡j Zvi wVKvbv;
4. e¨emvq ïiæi Kvh©Kvj;
5. e¨emv‡qi D‡Ïk¨;
6. Askx`vi‡`i bvg, wVKvbv I †ckv;
7. Askx`vi wnmv‡e cÖwZôv‡b †hvM`v‡bi ZvwiL;
8. e¨emv‡qi †gqv` msµvšÍ Z_¨ (hw` _v‡K)|
Av‡e`bcÎwU mKj Askx`viM‡Yi ¯^vÿi hy³ K‡i Rgv`vb Kivi ci wbeÜK Awdm Zv cixÿv wbixÿv K‡i mš‘ó
n‡j wbeÜK ewn‡Z e¨emvq‡K ZvwjKvfz³ I bw_fz³ K‡ib|
Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbeÜb bv Kivi cwiYvg ev djvdj
Aci Askx`v‡ii weiæ‡× gvgjv: Askx`vwi e¨emvq hw` wbewÜZ bv nq ev wbewÜZ eB‡q Askx`v‡ii bvg D‡jøL bv
_v‡K Zvn‡j Aci †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii weiæ‡× Pzw³‡Z DwjøwLZ AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| aviv-
69(1)
AwaKvi Av`v‡q Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡× gvgjv: wbewÜZ bv n‡j Pzw³‡Z DwjøwLZ AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Aci †Kv‡bv
Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡×I gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| aviv-69(2)

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 58

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

`vwe Av`v‡q Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡× cvëv gvgjv: Z…Zxq †Kv‡bv cÿ hw` AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi cÖwZôvb ev
Askx`vi‡`i weiæ‡× gvgjv `v‡qi K‡i, ïay AwbewÜZ nevi Kvi‡Y evw`c‡ÿi weiæ‡× cvëv cvIbv `vwe Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| aviv-69(3)
100 UvKvi †ewk cvIbv Av`vq: AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi cÖwZôvb Z…Zxq †Kv‡bv c‡ÿi weiæ‡× 100 UvKvi †ewk cvIbv
Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

†gmvm© Ô†mvbvjx †UªWvm©Õ bvgK GKwU mxwgZ Askx`vwi dvg© 50,000 UvKv Abv`vqx
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) FY Av`v‡q mÿg n‡jv| Gi c‡ÿ hzw³ w`‡q e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
/wkÿv_© xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb ej‡Z miKvi KZ©…K wbhy³ wbeÜb Awd‡m cÖwZôv‡bi bvg ZvwjKvfz³ Kiv‡K
†evSvq|
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nqwb| Z‡e wbewÜZ e¨emvq AwbewÜZ e¨emvq A‡cÿv
A‡bK †ewk myweav †c‡q _v‡K|
 wbewÜZ Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †h †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Aci Askx`vi ev cÖwZôv‡bi weiæ‡× Pzw³ n‡Z D™¢‚Z
AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv AwbewÜZ e¨emvq cÖwZôvb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbewÜZ n‡j Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡× cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 100 UvKvi AwaK cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ cvëv AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi e¨emvq cÖwZôvb Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡×
gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbe܇bi Rb¨ Av‡e`bc‡Îi mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRbxq KvMRcÎ Rgv †`qvi ci wbeÜK Zv
cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i wbeÜb eB‡Z ZvwjKvfz³ I bw_fz³ K‡ib|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbe܇bi d‡jÑ
(i) AvBbm¤§Zfv‡e `wjjiƒ‡c ¯^xK…wZ cvq
(ii) ev¯Íe Aw¯ÍZ¡ jvf K‡i
(iii) SzuwK n«vm cvq
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
2. 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 69(1), 69(2), 69(3) bs avivq wb‡¤œi †Kvb welqwUi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q?
(K) Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡× gvgjvi K_v (L) †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi Kivi welq
(M) evwl©K mvavib mfvi ZvwiL wba©vib (N) G‡RÛv ewnfz©Z †Kvb welq Av‡jvPbvq Avbv

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 59

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-4.6 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab I Gi c×wZ

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvc mvab, Av`vjZ KZ©„K we‡jvcmvab, weÁwßi Øviv

we‡jvcmvab
g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab ej‡Z e¨emv‡qi welq-m¤cwË I †`bv cvIbvi mvwe©K wb®cwˇK
†evSvq| Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 39 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mKj Askx`v‡ii ga¨Kvi Askx`vwi m¤c‡K©i wejyw߇K
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab e‡j|

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmva‡bi c×wZ

wb‡P Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmva‡bi c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. Pzw³ Abymv‡i we‡jvcmvab
Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 40 aviv Abymv‡i mKj Askx`v‡ii m¤§wZµ‡g ev Askx`vi‡`i ga¨Kvi m¤cvw`Z Pzw³ Abymv‡i
G e¨emvq we‡jvcmvab NU‡Z cv‡i|
2. eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvcmvab
Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 41 aviv Abymv‡i wb‡”i `yÕwU Ae¯’vq Askx`vwi e¨emvq eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvcmvab N‡U|
(K) mKj Askx`vi ev GKRb e¨ZxZ mKj Askx`vi GK mv‡_ †`Dwjqv e‡j †NvwlZ n‡j; ev
(L) †Kv‡bv NUbv Øviv Askx`vwi e¨emvq cwiPvjbv A‰ea n‡q co‡j|
3. we‡kl NUbv mv‡c‡ÿ we‡jvcmvab
Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 42 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Askx`vi‡`i ga¨Kvi Pzw³ mv‡c‡ÿ wb‡”i †h †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vq Giƒc
e¨emv‡qi we‡jvc NU‡Z cv‡i:
(K) wbw`©ó †gqv‡`i Rb¨ e¨emvq MwVZ n‡q _vK‡j Ges D³ mgq DËxY© n‡j;
(L) c~e© wba©vwiZ e¨emv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ c~iY n‡q †M‡j;
(M) †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii g„Zy¨ n‡j;
(N) †Kv‡bv Askx`vi †`Dwjqv e‡j †NvwlZ n‡j|
4. weÁwßi Øviv we‡jvcmvab
Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 43 aviv Abymv‡i B”Qvaxb Askx`vwii †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Ab¨vb¨ mKj Askx`vi‡K wjwLZ
weÁwßi Øviv e¨emv‡qi we‡jv‡ci B”Qv cÖKvk Ki‡j Giƒc e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab NU‡e|
5. Av`vjZ KZ©…K we‡jvcmvab
Av`vj‡Z e¨emvq ev Askx`v‡ii wel‡q †Kv‡bv gvgjv Kiv n‡j ev e¨emvq f‡½i Av‡e`b Ki‡j Askx`vwi AvB‡bi
44 aviv Abymv‡i wb‡”i †h †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y Av`vj‡Z e¨emvq f‡½i wb‡`©k w`‡Z cv‡i:-
(K) †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii gw¯Í®‹ weK…wZ NU‡j;
(L) †Kv‡bv Askx`vi KZ©e¨ cvj‡b wPiZ‡i Amvg_¨© we‡ewPZ n‡j;

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 60

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

(M) †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii Am`vPiY Øviv e¨emvq ÿwZmvab n‡e e‡j g‡b n‡j;
(N) †Kv‡bv Askx`vi B”QvK…Zfv‡e Pzw³ kZ© f½ Ki‡j;
(O) †Kv‡bv Askx`vi e¨emv‡qi Zuvi c~Y© Ask Z…Zxq c‡ÿi wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡j|
Dc‡i DwjøwLZ KviY¸‡jv QvovI Av`vjZ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv hyw³hy³ I b¨vqm½Z Kvi‡Y Askx`vwi e¨emvq
we‡jvcmva‡bi Av‡`k w`‡Z cv‡i|

nvbœvb, gvbœvb I Av`bvb mgcwigvY g~ jab w`‡q GKwU Askx`vwi e¨emvq M‡o
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) †Zv‡j| cvwievwiK †`bvi Rb¨ Av`bvb Av`vjZ KZ…©K †`Dwjqv †NvwlZ nIqvq
/wkÿv_© xi KvR
e¨emvqwUi Aemvqb N‡U| wKš‘ cvwievwiK `vq cwi‡kv‡a ïay nvbœv‡bi e¨w³MZ
m¤úwË †µvK Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î nvbœvb †Kvb& ai‡bi Askx`vi Ges wKfv‡e
e¨emvqwU we‡jvcmvab NU‡e Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab ej‡Z e¨emv‡qi welq-m¤cwË I †`bv cvIbvi mvwe©K wb®cwˇK
†evSvq|
 Askx`vwi e¨emvq Pzw³ Abymv‡i, eva¨Zvg~jK, we‡kl NUbv mv‡c‡ÿ, weÁwß Øviv, Av`vjZ KZ…©K
we‡jvcmvab n‡Z cv‡i|
 Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 40 aviv Abymv‡i mKj Askx`v‡ii m¤§wZµ‡g ev Askx`vi‡`i ga¨Kvi m¤cvw`Z Pzw³
Abymv‡i G e¨emvq we‡jvcmvab NU‡Z cv‡i|
 Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 41 aviv Abymv‡i mKj Askx`vi ev GKRb e¨wZZ mKj Askx`vi †`Dwjqv †NvwlZ n‡j;
ev †Kv‡bv NUbv Øviv Askx`vwi e¨emvq cwiPvjbv A‰ea n‡q co‡j|
 Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 42 avivq we‡kl NUbv mv‡c‡ÿ Askx`vwi e¨emvq we‡jvc NU‡Z cv‡i|
 Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 43 aviv Abymv‡i B”Qvaxb Askx`vwii †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Ab¨vb¨ mKj Askx`vi‡K
wjwLZ weÁwßi Øviv e¨emv‡qi we‡jv‡ci B”Qv cÖKvk Ki‡j Giƒc e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab NU‡e|
 Av`vj‡Z e¨emvq ev Askx`v‡ii wel‡q †Kv‡bv gvgjv Kiv n‡j ev e¨emvq f‡½i Av‡e`b Ki‡j Askx`vwi
AvB‡bi 44 aviv Abymv‡i Zv we‡jvcmvab n‡Z cv‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.6
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. mvaviYZ Askx`vwi e¨emvq KZfv‡e we‡jvcmvab NU‡Z cv‡i?
(K) 3 (L) 4
(M) 5 (N) 6
2. weÁwß Øviv we‡jvcmvab n‡q _v‡K †mwU †Kvb& ai‡bi Askx`vwi e¨emvq?
(K) Hw”QK (L) mxwgZ `vq
(M) wbw`©ó †gqvw` (N) wbw`©ó cÿ †Kw›`ªK

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 61

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-4.7 Askx`vi‡`i †hvM¨Zv, evsjv‡`‡ki Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Ae¯’vb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 Askx`vi‡`i †hvM¨Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡k Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Ae¯’vb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Askx`vi‡`i †hvM¨Zv
g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

Askx`vi‡`i †hvM¨Zv
Avgv‡`i g‡b cÖkœ RvM‡Z cv‡i †h, †Kv‡bv e¨w³i cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab _vK‡jB wZwb Kx Askx`vwi e¨emvq
ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Zvn‡j Askx`vwi e¨emvq Ki‡Z bZzb wK Avi †hvM¨Zv jvM‡e? wkÿv_©x eÜzMY G‡ÿ‡Î GKUy
wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡e †h, Askx`vwi e¨emvq ïiæ Ki‡Z †M‡j Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq| ZvB †Kv‡bv e¨w³i hw` Pzw³cÎ
m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zv bv _v‡K, Zvn‡j wZwb †Kv‡bv Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Askx`vi n‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
Askx`vwi e¨emvq wb‡RB cÖwZôvb, ZvB Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i bv|
Avevi bvevjK ev Aciv‡a `ÐcÖvß e¨w³ivI Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| miKvwi wewa-wb‡la Abyhvqx cÖRvZ‡š¿i
Kg©PvwiMY †Kv‡bv e¨emv‡q †hvM`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ †Kv‡bv we‡`wk bvMwiK mvaviYfv‡e Pzw³
m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Av`vjZ KZ…©K †`Dwjqv †NvwlZ e¨w³I Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i bv|
myZivs evsjv‡`‡k Kvh©Ki 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡b †h †Kv‡bv cÖvß eq¯‹ e¨w³ hvi eqm 18 eQi ev Zvi
E‡aŸ© hw` wZwb gvbwmKfv‡e my¯’ nb Ges Avw_©Kfv‡e †`Dwjqv bv nb Zvn‡j Askx`vi ev m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡ib|

evsjv‡`‡ki Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Ae¯’vb

1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBb Øviv evsjv‡`‡k Askx`vwi e¨emvq MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq| G AvB‡bi
Aax‡b †h †Kv‡bv mvevjK, my¯’ gw¯Í¯‹m¤úbœ e¨w³ ev e¨w³eM© Askx`vwi e¨emvq MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Askx`vwi
e¨emvq n‡jv gybvdv jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ Pzw³e× m¤ú‡K©i gva¨‡g MwVZ GK ai‡bi
e¨emvq| †hLv‡b Zviv mK‡j A_ev Zv‡`i ga¨ †_‡K GKRb mevi c‡ÿ D³ e¨emvqwU cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|
AvBb Abyhvqx Giƒc e¨emvq MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î me©wb¤œ m`m¨ msL¨v 02 (`yB) Rb Ges m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v mvavi‡Yi
†ÿ‡Î 20 (wek) Rb Ges e¨vswKs e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î 10 (`k) Rb cÖ‡qvRb| Askx`viMY cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZvi
wfwˇZ †gŠwLK ev wjwLZ Pzw³i gva¨‡g G e¨emvq cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †gŠwLK Pzw³i AvBbMZ wfwË bv
_vKv‡Z Pzw³ wjwLZ nIqvB †kÖq| AvBbMZ myweav jv‡fi Rb¨ wjwLZ Pzw³ wbewÜZ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq MVb Kiv hZUv mnR, Askx`vwi e¨emvq MVb Kiv ZZUv mnR bq| Z‡e e„n`vqZb e¨emv‡q
AwaK g~ja‡bi Afve c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Askx`vwi e¨emvq MV‡bi cÖeYZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Avgv‡`i †`‡k mv¤úªwZKKv‡j
e¨vsK e¨emvq, Mv‡g©›Um LvZ cÖf…wZ Askx`vwii wfwˇZ M‡o DV‡Q|
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi mdjZv wbf©i K‡i m`m¨M‡Yi cvi¯úvwiK Av¯’v-wek¦vm, mg‡SvZv, mn‡hvwMZv I `jxq
Kg©Kv‡Ði MwZkxjZvi Dci| Ab¨w`‡K, m`m¨M‡Yi g‡a¨ cvi¯úvwiK g‡bvgvwjb¨, Awek¦vm, Ø›Ø, A‡hvM¨Zv,
`vwqZ¡nxbZv I e¨emv‡qi cÖwZ Ag‡bv‡hvM, m‡e©vcwi ¯^vaxb‡PZv g‡bvfv‡ei Afve mviv we‡k¦ Askx`vwi e¨emvq
cÖwZôv I cÖmv‡ii c‡ÿ eo evav| d‡j we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki b¨vq evsjv‡`‡kI Askx`vwi e¨emvq †Zgb RbwcÖqZv

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 62

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| ZvQvov wb‡Ri ˆbc~Y¨ I m„RbkxjZv cÖ`k©‡bi †h my‡hvM GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡q Av‡Q
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Zv Abycw¯’Z| ejv evûj¨ e¨emvwqK †h Ávb I cÖwkÿY wb‡q e¨emvq ïiæ Ki‡Z nq †m iKg
my‡hvM I ms¯‹…wZ Avgv‡`i mgv‡R GLbI M‡o D‡Vwb| Ab¨w`‡K e„n`vqZb e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q cÖvß
g~jab h‡_ó bq, hv †Kv¤úvwb e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î †ek mnR I AbyK~j| Avevi `vq I †jvKmvb en‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K
Askx`vi‡K mK‡ji `vq en‡bi weo¤^bv †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨ A‡b‡KB G RvZxq e¨emv‡q Avm‡Z AbvMÖn
cÖKvk K‡i| AvB‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K c„_K Aw¯ÍZ¡ bv _vKvq Z…Zxq cÿ †hgb e¨w³, e¨vsK, wegv ev FY`vbKvwi
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv G RvZxq e¨emv‡qi cÖwZ Av¯’v ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| Zv m‡Ë¡I Avgv‡`i †`‡k Askx`vwi e¨emvq M‡o
DVvi cÖeYZv †gvUvgywU fvj| G mKj Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Ae¯’vb GK gvwjKvbv ev †hŠ_g~jabx
e¨emvq ev mgevq mwgwZi †P‡q Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e `~e©j I Kg RbwcÖq|

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Askx`vi nIqvi †hvM¨Zv I A‡hvM¨Zv wb‡Pi Q‡K c„_Kfv‡e

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) wjwce× Kiæb|
/wkÿv_© xi KvR †hvM¨Zv A‡hvM¨Zv
 
 
 

mvims‡ÿc
 evsjv‡`‡k Kvh©Ki 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡b †h †Kv‡bv cÖvß eq¯‹ e¨w³ hvi eqm 18 eQi ev Zv E‡aŸ©
hw` wZwb gvbwmKfv‡e my¯’ nb Ges Avw_©Kfv‡e †`Dwjqv bv nb Zvn‡j Askx`vi ev m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡ib|
 Avgv‡`i †`‡k Askx`vwi e¨emvq M‡o DVvi cÖeYZv †gvUvgywU fvj| Z‡e wewfbœ KviY we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv
hvq evsjv‡`‡k Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Ae¯’vb GK gvwjKvbv ev †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq ev mgevq mwgwZi †P‡q
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e `~e©j I Kg RbwcÖq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.7
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. evsjv‡`‡k cÖvßeq¯‹ nIqvi eqm n‡jv-
(K) AvVv‡iv (L) Dwbk
(M) wek (N) GKzk
2. †`Dwjqv n‡jv †mB e¨w³ whwb-
(K) mvRvcÖvß (L) FY cwi‡kv‡a Aÿg
(M) Askx`vi nIqvi A‡hvM¨ (N) AcÖvß eq¯‹
3. Askx`vi nIqvi †hvM¨Zv n‡jv-
(i) cÖvß eq¯‹; (ii) my¯’ gw¯Í¯‹; (iii) †`Dwjqv|
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 63

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

4. Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb-

(i) my¯’ gw¯Í¯‹; (ii) †`Dwjqv; (iii) cÖvß eq¯‹|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
1. †mŠif ¯^í cyuwR wb‡q XvKvi avgwÛ‡Z GKwU Lvev‡ii †`vKvb †`q| Lvev‡ii gvb DbœZ Ges Pvwn`v _vKvq Zvi
†`vKv‡bi mybvg GjvKvq `ªæZ Qwo‡q c‡o| eQi †k‡l †m ebvbx‡Z Av‡iKwU Lvev‡ii †`vKvb †Lvjvi wm×všÍ
†bq Ges cyuwR mieiv‡ni Rb¨ Zvi eÜz gwbi‡K Pzw³i gva¨‡g e¨emv‡q wb‡q Av‡m|
K. †Kvb& ai‡bi cÖwZôvb wbeÜbcÎ cvIqvi ci ciB e¨emvwqK Kvh©µg Avi¤¢ Ki‡Z cv‡i?
L. ¯’vqx g~jab ej‡Z Kx †evSvq e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. †mŠi‡fi cÖ_g ch©v‡qi e¨emv‡qi aibwU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. gwb‡ii AskMÖn‡Yi d‡j †mŠi‡fi e¨emv‡qi c~e©ve¯’vi mv‡_ eZ©gvb Ae¯’vi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Kiæb|
2. wek¦we`¨vjq Rxe‡bi wZb eÜz jyrdzi, †ejvj I iweb GK‡Î GKwU e¨emvq Ki‡e e‡j Pzw³e× n‡jv| wZbRb
mgcwigvY g~ jab wb‡q e¨emvq ïiæ K‡i| jyrdzi I iweb e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡jI †ejvj
AskMÖnY K‡i bv| †ejvj †`‡ki evB‡i covïbv Ki‡Z hv‡e e‡j Zvi `vqI Zvi g~ja‡bi mgvb e‡j mevB
GKgZ nq|
K. Askx`vwi e¨emvq Kx?
L. mwµq Askx`vi ej‡Z Kx eySvq e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. wZb eÜz cÖwZwôZ e¨emvq msNUbwU †Kvb ai‡bi Askx`vix e¨emvq msNUb e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. Rbve jyrdi KZ©„K e¨emv‡q msNwUZ mKj Kg©Kv‡Ði `vq Kx Rbve †ejvj‡K enb Ki‡Z n‡e?

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.1 t 1. L 2. K 3. L 4. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.2 t 1. L 2. L 3. K 4. L 5. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.3 t 1. L 2. K 3. M 4. N 5. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.4 t 1. K 2. L 3. M 4. M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.5 t 1. N 2. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.6 t 1. M 2. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.7 t 1. K 2. L 3. N

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 64