CQ Amateur Radio July 2023

Propagaton: The Summer Anomaly, p.
92
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EDITORIAL STAFF
Richard S. Moseson, W2VU, Editor announcements
Sabrina Herman, KB3UJW, Associate Editor
Susan Moseson, Editorial Consultant
JULY
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA — The Murgas ARC will hold its Firecracker Hamfest starting at 8:00
Kent Britain, WA5VJB, Antennas a.m., Saturday July 1 at the Postal Employees Picnic Grounds, 1500 Roberts Valley Road. Contact: Terry
Martin Butera, PT2ZDX / LU9EFO, At-Large Snyder, WB3BKN. Website: <http://www.W3uu.org>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (717) 979-
Gerry L. Dexter, The Listening Post 9515. Talk-in 147.075 (123).
Joe Eisenberg, KØNEB, Kit-Building PLAINS, PENNSYLVANIA — The Harrisburg Radio Amateurs Club will hold its Murgas Hamfest and
John Ferguson, K3PFW, Emergency Communications Computerfest starting at 8:00 a.m., Sunday July 2 at the Polish American Veteran’s Club, 2 South Oak
Trent Fleming, N4DTF, VHF Plus Street. Contact: Herb Krumich, K2LNS. Website: <http://murgasarc.org>. Email: <[email protected]>.
Tomas Hood, NW7US, Propagation Phone: (570) 829-2695. Talk-in 146.61 PL 82.5. VE Exams.
John Kitchens, NS6X, Mobiling CAMILLUS, NEW YORK — The Radio Amateurs of Greater Syracuse will hold its Roger’s RAGS Hamfest
from 7:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. on Saturday July 8 at the Camillus Elks Lodge, #2367, 6117 Newport Road.
John Langridge, KB5NJD, MF/LF Operating
Contact: Jeryl Wright, NK2C. Website: <http://ragsclub.org>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (315) 727-
Anthony Luscre, K8ZT, Ham Radio Explorer
2762. Talk-in 146.91/31 pl 103.5. VE Exams.
Irwin Math, WA2NDM, Math’s Notes
ERIE, PENNSYLVANIA — The Wattsburg Wireless Association will hold its NW PA Hamfest starting at
Joe Moell, KØOV, Homing In
7:00 a.m. on Saturday, July 8 at the Greene Township Municipal Building, 9333 Tate Road Room 114.
Steve Molo, KI4KWR, Awards Contact: Larry Kemmler, KC3JBR. Website: <http://www.wattsburg-wireless.us/>. Email: <lkemmler@
Eric Nichols, KL7AJ, Analog Adventures yahoo.com>. Phone: (814) 881-2689. Talk-in 147.315 CTCSS 186.2. VE exams.
Ron Ochu, KOØZ, Learning Curve MANSFIELD, OHIO — The Intercity Amateur Radio Club will hold its Mansfield Trunkfest 2023 on Saturday,
Jeff Reinhardt, AA6JR, Magic in the Sky July 8 at the Richland Co. Fairgrounds, 740 N. Home Road. Contact: Danny Bailey, W8DLB. Website:
Scott Rought, KA8SMA, QRP <http://iarc.club>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (567) 899-3881. Talk-in 146.940 PL. 71.9.
Don Rotolo, N2IRZ, Digital MILTON, FLORIDA — The Milton Amateur Radio Club will hold its 2023 Milton Hamfest starting at 3:00
Bob Schenck, N2OO, DX p.m. to 8:00 p.m., on Friday July 7 and 8:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. on Saturday July 8 at the Santa Rosa County
Tim Shoppa, N3QE, Contesting Auditorium, 4530 Spikes Way. Contact: Charles Tow, KN4VGY. Website: <http://miltonarc.org>. Email:
Jason Togyer, W3MCK, Spurious Signals <[email protected]>. Phone: (850) 554-2109. Talk-in 146.700 CTCSS 100. VE Exams.
Gordon West, WB6NOA, Short Circuits NORTH BEND, NEBRASKA — The Pioneer Amateur Radio Club will hold its 25th Annual Flea Market
Wayne Yoshida, KH6WZ, The Ham Notebook from 8:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. on Saturday July 8 at the North Bend City Auditorium, 741 North Main Street.
Contact: Richard Mehaffey, KBØARZ. Website: <http://www.k0sw.org>. Email: <[email protected]>.
AWARD MANAGEMENT Phone: (402) 719-7342. Talk-in 146.67/07 MHz (100 Hz) or 443.900/+5 MHz. VE testing.
Brian Bird, NXØX, USA-CA Custodian ORLANDO, FLORIDA — The Conway Baptist Church will hold its K4KDI Summer Tailgate 2023 start-
Steve Bolia, N8BJQ, WPX Award ing at 8:00 a.m. on Saturday July 8 at the South Conway Rd. Baptist Church, 6099 South Conway Rd.
Jose Castillo, N4BAA, WAZ Award Contact: Jack Moyer, K4KDI. Website: <http://k4kdi.square.site>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone:
Keith Gilbertson, KØKG, CQ DX Award (407) 443-1963.
OAK CREEK, WISCONSIN — The South Milwaukee Amateur Radio Club will hold its WI9SM Swapfest
CONTEST MANAGEMENT from 7:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. on Saturday July 8 at the American Legion Post 434, 9327 S. Sheppard Ave.
Andy Blank, N2NT, CQ 160 Meter Contest Contact: Karen Burris, KC9WQJ. Website: <http://WI9SM.org>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (414)
578-0492. Talk-in 146.910 -offset PL 127.3.
John Dorr, K1AR, CQWW DX Contest
ROSEVILLE, MINNESOTA — MAGIC will hold its MAGIC Tailgate from 8:00 a.m. to noon on Saturday
JK Kalenowsky, K9JK, CQ VHF Contest
July 8 at the Galilee Lutheran Church, 145 N. McCarrons Blvd. Contact: George Lavallee, NØSBU. Website:
Ed Muns, WØYK, CQ RTTY Contests
<https://tinyurl.com/4ptn3syb>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (651) 429-5948. Talk-in 145.170 100. VE
Joseph “Bud” Trench, AA3B, CQWW WPX Contest
Exams.
Mark Wohlschlegel, WC3W, CQ DX Marathon SALISBURY, NORTH CAROLINA — The Rowan County Amateur Radio Society will hold its Firecracker
Hamfest time TBA on Saturday July 8 at the Salisbury Civic Center, 315 S. Martin Luther King Ave. Contact:
BUSINESS STAFF Ralph Mowery, KU4PT. Website: <https://rowanars.org/>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (704) 279-4737.
Richard A. Ross, K2MGA, Publisher TEXAS CITY, TEXAS — The Tidelands Amateur Radio Society will hold its Texas City Tidelands Hamfest
Dorothy Kehrwieder, Associate Publisher, from 8:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. on Saturday July 8 at the Charles T. Doyle Convention Center, 2010 5th Ave.
Advertising N. Contact: Keith Bo Thomas, KT1AA. Website: <http://www.tidelands.org>. Email: <[email protected]>.
Richard S. Moseson, W2VU, Associate Publisher, Phone: (409) 789-8160. Talk-in 147.140 tone 167.9, 442.025 tone 103.5.
Editorial ESSEX, MONTANA — GFAARC will hold its Glacier Waterton International Peace Park Hamfest time
Emily Kreutz, Sales Coordinator TBA on Friday July 14 to Sunday July 16 at the Glacier Meadow RV Park, 15735 US Hwy 2 East. Contact:
Justin Carlson, KZ7A. Website: <http://www.gwhamfest.org>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone:
CIRCULATION STAFF (307) 763-1907. Talk-in 146.52. VE Exams.
Cheryl DiLorenzo, Customer Service Manager ALEXANDER, NEW YORK — The Lancaster Amateur Radio Club will hold its Batavia Hamfest from 6:00
Taylor Gilligan, Circulation Assistant a.m. onward on Saturday July 15 at the Alexander Firemen Grounds, 10708 Alexander Rd. Route 98.
Contact: Luke Calianno, N2GDU. Website: <http://w2so.org>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (716)
PRODUCTION STAFF 683-8880. Talk-in 147.285 PL 141.3.
Dorothy Kehrwieder, Production Director ATHENS, TENNESSEE — The McMinn County Amateur Radio Club will hold its 19TH Annual MCARC
Emily Kreutz, Production Manager, Illustrator Hamfest from 7:00 a.m. onward on Saturday July 15 at the McMinn County Expo Center, Athens Regional
Park Decatur Pike. Contact: Susan Ward, KO4TEN. Website: <http://mcminnarc.com>. Email: <ko4tenq-
[email protected]>. Phone: (423) 333-5388. Talk-in 147.820 (-) 141.3. VE Testing.
A publication of BANDON, OREGON — The Cary ARC will hold its 50th Annual Cary Mid-Summer Swapfest from 8:00
CQ Communications a.m. to 1:00 p.m. on Saturday July 15 at the Ritter Park, 301 W. Lochmere Dr. Contact: Gary McElroy,
N6BLU. Website: <http://www.coosradioclub.net>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (530) 521-5091.
45 Dolphin Lane
Talk-in 146.610 (-) 110.9. VE Testing.
Northport, NY, 11768 USA. CARY, NORTH CAROLINA — The Coos County Radio Club and the Southwest Oregon Repeater
CQ Amateur Radio (ISSN 0007-893X) Volume 79, No. 7, Association will hold its Coos County Radio Club Annual Hamfest and Swapmeet from 10:00 a.m. to 2:00
Published monthly by CQ Communications, Inc., 45 Dolphin p.m. on Saturday July 15 at the Home of N6BLU, 87450 Batson Ln. Contact: Don Hurlbert, KW4DON.
Lane, Northport, NY, 11768, Telephone 516-681-2922. E-mail: Website: <http://caryarc.org/>. Email: <[email protected]>. Talk-in 148.88 -.6 82.5.
[email protected]. Fax 516-681-2926. Web site:
www.cq-amateur-radio.com. Periodicals Postage Paid at
CENTERVIEW, MONTANA — The Warrensburg Area Amateur Radio Club Inc will hold its WAARCI
Northport, NY 11768 and at additional mailing offices. Sub- Hamfest from 8:00 a.m. onward on Saturday July 15 at the Johnson County Fairgrounds, 386 NW 145 Rd.
scription prices (all in U.S. dollars): Domestic-one year $42.95, Contact: Jason Snyder, WV3V. Website: <https://tinyurl.com/2cp3dca9>. Email: <meteorseeker@gmail.
two years $77.95, three years $111.95; Canada/Mexico-one com>. Phone: (702) 526-4528. Talk-in 146.88 107.2 Tone.
year $57.95, two years $107.95, three years $156.95: Foreign
Air Post-one year $72.95, two years $137.95, three years
ELYRIA, OHIO — The Northern Ohio Amateur Radio Society will hold its NOARSFEST from 9:00 a.m.
$201.95. Single copy $6.99. U.S. Government Agencies: Sub- to 12:00 p.m. on Saturday July 15 at Lorain County Community College, 1005 N. Abbe Road. Contact: Carl
scriptions to CQ are available to agencies of the United States Rimmer, W8KRF. Website: <http://www.noars.net>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (216) 256-
government including military services, only on a cash with 9624. Talk-in 146.70 (110.9). VE Testing.
order basis. Requests for quotations, bids, contracts., etc. will SHELBY TOWNSHIP, MICHIGAN — The GM Amateur Radio Club will hold its GMARC Trunk Swap
be refused and will not be returned or processed. Entire con-
tents copyrighted 2023 by CQ Communications, Inc. CQ does time TBA on Saturday July 15 at the Packard Proving Grounds, 45601 Fox Ln. W. Apt 106. Contact: Bobby
not assume responsibility for unsolicited manuscripts. Allow six Corr, N8CY. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (248) 346-2733.
weeks for change of address. SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA — The Sioux Empire ARC will hold its SEARC Tailgate Hamfest and
Printed in the U.S.A. ARRL South Dakota Section Convention from 8:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. on Saturday July 15 at the Westminster
POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: (Continued on page 58)
CQ Amateur Radio, P.O. Box 1206, Sayville, NY, 11782
2• CQ • June 2023 Visit Our Web Site

ham radio news
Floods in Italy Cause Last-Minute Scramble Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, or CISA.
for WRTC ARRL Emergency Management Director Josh Johnston,
KE5MHV, will be the League’s representative on SAFECOM
WRTC-2022, the World Radiosport Team Championship <www.cisa.gov/safecom>.
already delayed a year due to Covid travel restrictions, will go
on despite major flooding in the region of Italy where the com-
petition is scheduled to take place. According to Newsline, sev- Cass Awards Go to SP9FIH and TY0RU
eral planned station sites were rendered unusable by the floods, In an effort to encourage DXpeditions to work as many different
but organizers say replacement sites have been found. At press stations as possible (as opposed to working the same stations
time, the logistics for those new sites were still being worked out, on multiple bands and modes), Club Log, DXLab, and the
but organizers were confident everything would be ready in time Northern California DX Club jointly award the Cass Awards each
for the international competition on July 8-9. Additional dona- year to the single-operator and group DXpeditions which have
tions were being sought to cover added expenses associated worked the greatest number of unique call signs.
with these last-minute changes. The sponsors report that the 2022 single-op winner, for the
sixth year in a row, is Janusz Wegryzn, SP9FIH, who worked
Hamvention® Reports Record Attendance 10,771 different stations from St. Barthelemy Island during a
two-week one-person DXpedition as FJ/SP9FIH.
The Dayton Amateur Radio Association has released its offi- The unlimited class, or group DXpedition, award for 2022 went
cial attendance figure for the 2023 Hamvention®, reported at to the team that operated TYØRU from Benin last October, con-
33,681. This is an increase of 2,000 over 2022, the show’s first tacting 33,553 unique call signs, a new record for the unlimited
year back after two pandemic-prompted cancellations. It is also Cass award. The awards are named for the late Hugh Cassidy,
a record for the Hamvention’s “new” site at the Greene County WA6AUD, longtime publisher of the West Coast DX Bulletin.
Fair grounds and Expo Center, eclipsing the 2019 record More information is available at <http://www.cassaward.com>.
of 32,472.
Anna Gomez Nominated to FCC; Carr and California Ham Fined $24,000 for QRM
Starks Renominated A ham in California has been hit with a $24,000 fine by the FCC
for alleged interference with a net on 75 meters and failure to
President Biden has nominated telecommunications attorney identify his station. The ARRL Letter reports that Philip J.
Anna Gomez to fill a vacant seat on the FCC and break the long- Beaudet, N6PJB, of Burney, California, was cited for “willfully
standing 2-2 Republican/Democratic tie on the commission that and repeatedly interfering with the radio communications of the
has blocked significant action. According to RadioWorld, Gomez Western Amateur Radio Friendship Association (WARFA) while
currently works for the State Department, leading preparations it was attempting to hold a regularly scheduled net, and for fail-
for U.S. participation in the World Radiocommunication ing to provide station identification on amateur radio frequen-
Conference scheduled for later this year. She served previous- cies.” According to the report, FCC field agents monitored the
ly as deputy administrator of the National Telecommunications transmission of recordings that caused interference and tracked
and Information Administration (NTIA – which serves many of the signals to Beaudet’s home station.
the same functions of the FCC relating to federal government
spectrum usage) and spent 12 years as an FCC staffer, rising
to Deputy Chief of the International Bureau. Her nomination is Australian Goverment Gets Back Into the
subject to Senate confirmation. Ham Licensing Business
Mr. Biden also nominated current FCC commissioners The Australian Communications and Media Authority – that
Brendan Carr, a Republican, and Geoffrey Starks, a Democrat, country’s telecommunications regulator – reportedly will resume
to serve additional terms. Carr has been a commissioner since direct licensing of amateur radio operators as of next February.
2017; Starks since 2019. The five-member FCC is structured to According to the ARRL Letter, the agency had previously dele-
have at least two members from each major political party, with gated amateur licensing to the Australian Maritime College,
the fifth position filled by a member of the President’s party. which decided not to renew the arrangement when it expires
early next year. A corps of volunteer “assessors” (examiners)
ARRL Cements Relationship with Federal organized by the college will remain in place and will adminis-
Emergency Response Network ter exams directly on behalf of the government.
The ARRL has renewed a long-standing Memorandum of
Agreement (MOA) with the Federal Emergency Management Take Your Own Photos From Space?
Agency (FEMA), which keeps amateur radio as part of the A new satellite being developed by students at Stanford
“response ecosystem” in FEMA’s National Incident Manage- University will allow amateur radio operators to download spe-
ment System (NIMS) Information and Communications cific photos taken by the satellite and, if all goes according to
Technology Functional Guidance document. According to the plan, direct the satellite to take a picture on command. Different
ARRL: Letter, the new MOA “emphasizes the importance of modulation techniques for transmitting the images will be
skilled amateur radio operators in times of crisis and the role of analyzed.
ARES (Amateur Radio Emergency Service) leadership within According to the AMSAT News Service, the Sapling
the emergency communications space.” Magnifica satellite’s primary mission will be to prove several
The ARRL Letter also reports that the League has been invit- key technologies needed for future Stanford Student Space
ed to become a member association of SAFECOM, “a group of Initiative satellites to host scientific payloads. The International
national thought leaders and officials within the emergency Amateur Radio Union has coordinated downlink frequencies
communications and response space that works to set (inter- of 437.400 and 2427.00 MHz. Launch is tentatively planned
operability) standards at every level.” SAFECOM is under the for later this year. More information is available at <https://
umbrella of the Department of Homeland Security’s github.com/stanford-ssi>.
www.cq-amateur-radio.com July 2023 • CQ • 3

contents JULY 2023 • VOLUME 79 NUMBER 7
10
On the Cover:
Malpelo Island in the Pacific Ocean is a
tiny dot of land with sheer cliffs right up
to the shore and a mountaintop accessi-
ble only by rope-climbing (or a heli-
copter). So, of course, it’s a beckoning
location for a DXpedition! A trip there in
2012 set records for numbers of contacts
made. The HK0NA story and more pho-
tos are on page 78. Inset: Well-known
ham “Chip” Margelli, K7JA, became a
Silent Key in late May. See our remem-
brance on page 16. (Main cover photo by
Manu Siebert, LU9ESD; inset photo by
Gordon West, WB6NOA)
20 32
features
8 PUTTING THE HAM IN HAMVENTION 2023 32 FORGING AMATEUR-PROFESSIONAL BONDS
What Happens When Your First-ever Hamfest is the An Overview of the HamSCI 2023 Workshop and the
World’s Biggest? Associate Editor KB3UJW Took the Upcoming Solar Eclipses
Plunge to Find Out! By Ron Wilcox, KF7ZN
By Sabrina Herman, KB3UJW
37 FREE SPACE PATH LOSS ESTIMATOR
10 HAMVENTION 2023 - “GOOD MORNING SUNSHINE” By Michael Toia, K3MT
A Photo Essay
By Joe Eisenberg, KØNEB 38 CQ CLASSIC: TOUCHING LOTS OF BASES…
How a DX Column From A Half Century Ago Still Rings
16 REMEMBERING CHIP MARGELLI, K7JA True Today
By John A. Attaway, K4IIF (July/August 1970)
20 RESULTS: 2023 CQ WPX RTTY CONTEST
By Chris Tate, N6WM, and Ed Muns, WØYK 42 A COSMIC DANCE WITH THE IONOSPHERE
The Existential Joy of Amateur Radio
27 ANNOUNCING: 2023 CQWW RTTY DX CONTEST By Guy Immega, VA7GI
By Ed Muns, WØYK
44 MY FIRST ‘CELL’ PHONE
30 ANNOUNCING: 2023 INDUCTEES TO THE CQ By Paul Signorelli, WØRW
AMATEUR RADIO, CONTEST, AND DX HALLS
OF FAME 96 COMPLETE LINE SCORES OF THE 2023 CQ WPX
RTTY CONTEST
FOCUS ON the 2023 Dayton Hamvention, held in Xenia, Ohio. We start out with a first timer’s experience at the show
(page 8), followed by a Hamvention photo essay (page 10) and AA6JR’s account of putting together a road trip to
Dayton from southern California (page 56) and the presentation of CQ DX and Contest Hall of Fame plaques (page
30). This Hamvention was the busiest since before the pandemic (more people than in 2019), so it was a great
opportunity to get together and celebrate everything radio.
columns
46 MATH’S NOTES: Ultrasonic Communications – Part 1 59 GORDO’S SHORT CIRCUITS: Are the New General
By Irwin Math, WA2NDM Class Exams Tougher or Easier?
By Gordon West, WB6NOA
48 EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS:
My (New) Station – Part 2 62 LEARNING CURVE: Playing With Meteors
By John Ferguson, K3PFW By Ron Ochu, KOØZ
52 KIT-BUILDING: A Couple Of Quickies 66 THE HAM NOTEBOOK: The Wonderful World of

The NS-80+ Transmitter and a Charger Module for the Surplus – Revisited
Elecraft KX2 By Wayne Yoshida, KH6WZ
By Joe Eisenberg, KØNEB
70 DIGITAL CONNECTION: A Revamped Radio For
56 MAGIC IN THE SKY: Road Trip To Dayton Higher-Speed Packet
By Jeff Reinhardt, AA6JR The Yaesu FTM-3100R Goes Under the Knife
By Don Rotolo, N2IRZ
departments miscellaneous
74 VHF PLUS: Talking With Rob Sherwood, NCØB 2 ANNOUNCEMENTS
Plus a Surprise Encounter with MEARS 3 HAM RADIO NEWS
By Trent Fleming, N4DTF
7 NEWS BYTES
77 AWARDS: Two Brand New Indonesian Awards Hitting 31 SPURIOUS SIGNALS
the World Stage 50 ON THE COVER
By Steve Molo, KI4KWR
68 BEHIND THE BYLINES
78 DX: HKØNA Malpelo Island DXpedition 2012 86 WHAT’S NEW
A Record Breaker and a Great Example of International 110 LOOKING AHEAD
Cooperation!
112 HAM SHOP
By Bob Schenck, N2OO and Bob Allphin, K4UEE
87 CONTESTING: The IARU HF Championship

Plus WRTC
By Tim Shoppa, N3QE
92 PROPAGATION: The Summer Anomaly

By Tomas Hood, NW7US
66 62
70
zero bias: a cq editorial
BY RICH MOSESON,* W2VU
The Ham Radio Family
T
his issue, at first glance, doesn’t seem to have an over- It’s summertime! Pack up your portable ham gear
arching theme. We’ve got contest results, reports from and enjoy some outdoor operating … and maybe
Hamvention and the HamSCI workshop, Hall of Fame some family fun as well...
inductions, an island DXpedition, and more. But if you look
a little bit under the surface, you’ll see that there actually is
an overarching theme, which is the people we get to meet expertise in a certain area of the hobby and gladly sharing it
through ham radio and with whom we share our radio adven- with his fellow hams.
tures. This was brought home to me by the recent loss of The fragility of those human connections also points up
three well-known hams, two of whom were former members the importance of sharing our knowledge and experiences
of the CQ “family” (see News Bytes on the next page). In in a long-lasting format, such as a magazine or podcast. Our
truth, we’re all part of a big ham radio family, bound not by good friend Chip Margelli, K7JA, was a renaissance ham,
blood but by our common interest in what columnist Jeff involved in many different aspects of the hobby and extreme-
Reinhardt, AA6JR, refers to as the “Magic in the Sky” and ly knowledgeable about most of them. He was always happy
contributor Guy Immega, VA7GI, describes in his article (p. to share his knowledge, but more likely to do so verbally than
42) as “a cosmic dance with the ionosphere.” in writing, so as a result, when we lost Chip in late May, we
Our two leadoff articles offer different perspectives from lost much of that knowledge as well.
this year’s Dayton Hamvention®, which gives some 30,000 We need to make sure to use the opportunities we have
of us (33,861 per the official count) the chance to get togeth- to really get to know each other, and not only in person. After
er in person, share experiences, learn from each other, see all, we have an amazing social media tool at our fingertips,
the latest gear, and scour the flea market for bargains. “Magic our radios. Just as I was getting started on this editorial, I
in the Sky” columnist AA6JR takes us along with a group of was contacted by another “family” member – a reader and
ham friends on a road trip to Dayton from southern California occasional author – who was asking for copy of my February
(p. 56). For contesters and DXers, their respective Dayton editorial to post as a link from his column on <QRZ.com>. It
dinners provide a forum for recognizing the “stars” among was titled “The Lost (?) Art of Conversation,” and encour-
each group with inductions into the CQ Contest and DX Halls aged readers to go beyond the brief information exchanges
of Fame (p. 30). And this month, some of the world’s top con- of contest, DX and FT8 contacts and take some time to also
testers will be getting together in Italy for the World have real conversations with our on-air contacts, to make
Radiosport Team Championship (WRTC) competition (p. new friends or chat with old ones and learn more about and
87). We also recall the teamwork and camaraderie involved from each other than a signal report and QTH. I guess this
in putting on a major DXpedition in this month‘s DX column month’s editorial is kind of a continuation of that theme. We
(cover and p. 78). need to keep in mind that the primary purpose of all the tech-
In addition, the results article for the 2023 CQ WPX RTTY nology with which we surround ourselves and learn about is
Contest (p. 20) takes a different approach from our typical to communicate, to make contact with other people in other
contest articles, focusing this time more on the personal places and to truly make the most of our “cosmic dance with
experiences of selected competitors in various categories the ionosphere” as we chase after the “magic in the sky.”
than on simply recounting who had the top scores (those are
in the various boxes and line scores). Also in This Month’s Issue…
Outside the world of contesting and DXing, the annual Even though we have a focus on people in this month’s issue,
HamSCI workshop (“Forging Amateur-Professional Bonds,” we don’t ignore the technology. Look for K3MT’s “cheat
p. 32) provides another in-person networking opportunity, in sheet” on estimating path loss without a scientific calculator
this case reaching beyond the borders of ham radio to include (p. 37); WA2NDM’s dive into ultrasonic communications (p.
professional scientists whose areas of research coincide with 46); KØNEB’s look at a new transmitter kit and a charging
amateurs’ areas of interest (the nature of the ionosphere, module for the KX-2 transceiver (p. 52); KH6WZ’s explo-
space weather, etc.). Amateur observations can provide the ration of the value of surplus gear for hams, especially for
scientists with many more data points than they generally microwave applications (p. 66); N2IRZ’s guide to voiding the
can acquire on their own, and of course, the hams can ben- warranty on a mobile transceiver to let it efficiently operate
efit from the greater understanding of various phenomena high-speed packet (p. 70), and NW7US’s explanation of the
that will result from the scientists’ research. “summer anomaly” in HF propagation (p. 92). As usual, we’ve
Finally among our people stories this month, VHF-Plus got something for everyone, whether your primary interest is
Editor N4DTF talks with Rob Sherwood, NCØB, about his communication or components!
performance ratings of various VHF/UHF+ receivers. Rob is It’s summertime! Pack up your portable ham gear and
typical of so many members of our ham “family,” developing enjoy some outdoor operating … and maybe some family
fun as well, whether it’s with your actual family or your world-
*Email: <[email protected]> wide ham family!
6• CQ • July 2023 Visit Our Web Site

news bytes:
Passages… K7JA, DL6RAI, WB2D, Silent Keys
T
he ham radio community lost three well-known ama- As we mourn the passing of these longtime
teurs in about as many weeks in late May and early
June. The best-known was Charles “Chip” Margelli,
leaders of the amateur radio community,
K7JA, who was a leader of the amateur radio industry for we recognize the emergence of a new
over 40 years. You’ll find a full obituary and remembrances generation of leaders. Two examples are in
of Chip in this issue on page 16. this issue in the Hall of Fame article.
In mid-May, just before he was to be inducted into the CQ
Contest Hall of Fame, Bernhard “Ben” Buettner, DL6RAI,
died as a result of a tower accident at his contest station in involved in a variety of special projects, including the
Aruba. As you’ll read in our Hall of Fame article on page 30. launch of CQ‘s long-running series of buyer’s guides, and
Ben was a leader of the contesting community in Germany, he authored “Ham Radio Horizons – The Book” to intro-
and indeed, worldwide. He served on the CQ World Wide duce new and prospective amateurs to the hobby. After
Contest Committee and was a major part of the organizing leaving CQ, Peter launched his own business helping
team for the 2018 World Radiosport Team Championship hams learn Morse code through hypnosis.
(WRTC) in Germany. In 2014, he purchased the P49V con- As we mourn the passing of these longtime leaders of the
test station in Aruba from Carl Cook, AI6V/P49V (now an amateur radio community, we recognize the emergence of
SK), and he was working on antennas there when his key a new generation of leaders. Two examples are in this issue:
was silenced by a tower accident. in the Hall of Fame article, you’ll also meet Adrian Ciuperca,
Finally, former ARRL and CQ staffer Peter O’Dell, KO8SCA, one of the newest members of the CQ DX Hall of
WB2D, passed away in early June. Peter and CQ colum- Fame, and in a separate article, “Forging Amateur-Pro-
nist Wayne Yoshida, KH6WZ, were the ARRL’s public rela- fessional Bonds,” you’ll read about this year’s HamSCI
tions team in the 1980s when Owen Garriott, W5LFL, took workshop, coordinated by Nathaniel Frissell, W2NAF, who
ham radio into space for the first time, and Pete was the is emphasizing the value of amateur radio citizen scientists
founding editor of the ARRL Letter. At CQ, O’Dell was to ionospheric research.

What happens when your first-ever hamfest is the world’s biggest?
Associate Editor KB3UJW took the plunge to find out!
Putting the Ham in Hamvention 2023

BY SABRINA HERMAN,* KB3UJW
E
ven though I’ve been a ham since
2010, I haven’t really actively par-
ticipated in the culture. Since I
joined CQ magazine earlier this year,
I‘ve gained a lot of technical knowledge,
but I still hadn’t really immersed myself.
That all changed this past weekend at
the Dayton Hamvention® in Xenia,
Ohio. I threw myself right into the deep
end of amateur radio society, and I’m
happy to say it was a great swim!
For those new to the practice, hams
all over the world attend swaps/flea
markets/conventions that are typically
referred to as hamfests. The Hamven-
tion in Ohio is the largest of such meet-
ings in the world. There were thousands
of attendees, all eager to browse the
gigantic flea market, check out the mul-
tiple exhibit halls full of merchandise,
and attend scheduled panels about the
hobby. And there was also plenty of fair
food – the real reason I decided to
attend. Photo A: Tom Kissner, W8WGT, John Skapiak, K2SY, and Deanna Skapiak,
I spoke with Deanna Skapiak, N2GSB, N2GSB, posed at their flea market booth.
and her husband John, K2SY, who have
been attending Hamvention since the
late 1970s between the two of them.
Their flea market table was set up next
to mine, and they were delighted to talk
about their experiences at the show.
Deanna told me, “It’s a great opportuni-
ty to meet up with people I only see a
couple times a year at hamfests – and a
great way to get rid of some old equip-
ment!” She, her husband, and their friend
Tom Kissner, W8WGT, posed for a photo
in front of their table for me early on
Friday of the show (Photo A).
As I was wandering around the
grounds, I met with Kathleen Wright, the
Executive Director at Greene County
Convention and Visitors Bureau. She
and her crew were manning a welcome
station. While she’s not a ham herself,
Kathleen told me that in the years since
Hamvention has moved to Xenia, she’s
made a lot of friends in the amateur
radio community. One of those friends,
Ron Cramer, KD8ENJ (now a Silent
* Associate Editor, CQ Photo B: At the AMSAT booth, the all-ham Papay family – (L-R) Carrie, K8CLP;
E-mail: <[email protected]> Grace KE8RJU, and Doug K8DP – posed with their purple Arrow satellite antenna.
8 • CQ • July 2023 Visit Our Web Site

Photo C: Chris
Gannon, KE8UGC,
from the United
States Coast Guard
Auxiliary.
Key), inspired her to begin to study for a panel; both were busy and very well (Photo C). He was hopeful about draw-
the Technician exam herself. As of attended over the weekend. Icom and ing more people into the Coast Guard
press time she hadn’t taken the exam, other brands were also in attendance Auxiliary, and said that the attendance
but she assured me that by Hamvention with large displays and plenty of peo- at the Hamvention looked promising.
2024 she’d have her license. ple to explain the newest tech, and So far, I had managed to talk to flea
There were a ton of different booths possibly sell you a few things at the marketers, regular attendees, staff, and
to look at during the show. The National same time! the US government. All I needed to com-
Association for Amateur Radio (ARRL) One exhibitor that was of particular plete my set was to find an exhibitor to
had a giant booth full of things to buy interest to me was AMSAT, the Radio chat with. I was pointed in the direction
and look at. The Young Ladies Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation. I enjoy of Ashhar Farhan, VU2ESE, who owns
League (YLRL) had a booth as well as educational programming, and they and runs HFSignals. Ashhar employs
had it in spades. One of the things they women from his home country of India
were showing off was their purple Arrow to hand wind the toroids that go into his
antenna (Photo B). It was situated in equipment. I’ve been told by several
their beginner’s section, so I knew I was sources that toroids are almost impossi-
in the right place. I spoke to the Papay ble to assemble on a mass production
family, all hams– dad Doug, K8DP; scale, and thus the handwork is neces-
mom Carrie, K8CLP, and their daugh- sary. Ashhar showed off one of his
ter Grace, KE8RJU. Grace has been in machines, the sBitx. He told me that it is
and around amateur radio her whole an open source, high performance
life, and obtained her license in March Hybrid SDR for the 21st century radio
of 2021. This was her second year amateurs. Powered by an internal
attending with her license, and she told Raspberry Pi 4, it has CW/RTTY/PSK31/
me, “I love the (youth) forum, I love see- SSB and FT8 capability with logging soft-
ing my fellow youth. It’s great to see ware, macros, and spotting built in
people I only have ever talked to over (Photo D). While I personally don’t know
the air! I also like spending time with what a lot of that means, I dutifully wrote
my mom and dad.” Doug told me that it down for reproduction in this article.
both of his parents were amateur radio I’ve been assured it’s quite cool.
operators as well, so it is certainly a fam- I wound down my day with a strom-
ily tradition. boli purchased by my friend Matt Canel,
In between staring at all of different KE8NZR. He and David Kazdan, AD8Y,
sizes of antennas, I also made time to were kind enough to let me sleep over
talk to some of the government and gov- in their hotel room during the show, as
ernment-affiliated groups that had a well as feeding and watering me. All in
presence at the hamfest. One of the all, it was a nice dip into the large pond
people I spoke with was Chris Gannon, that is amateur radio. I’m sure I’ll be
KE8UGC, who was with the United more prepared for my next show!
Photo D: The sBitx transceiver from States Coast Guard Auxiliary, the
HFSignals. National Telecommunications Division 73, KB3UJW

Hamvention 2023 “Good Morning
Sunshine”
PHOTO ESSAY BY JOE EISENBERG,* KØNEB
E
very year, most hams dread the one. Eisenhower’s Constellation even and the number of people in line for food.
weather possibilities when plan- has a Hallicrafters shortwave radio next Forum attendance and flea market
ning a visit to Hamvention®. to his bunk! shoppers seemed way up as well.
Heat, cold, wind, rain, sleet, and storms For Hamvention 2023, there were A long-missing exhibitor returned –
all add up to make it challenging at plenty of food vendors and plenty to eat. as Kenwood was there showing not
times. This year was probably as per- The crowds seemed a lot larger this year only the company’s current products,
fect as possible. The week started out to me, judging from parking and traffic but the new Analog/D-Star HT, the TH-
rainy but by dawn on Friday it was
sunny and nice. Highs got up to the mid
70s and it was sunny. The dreaded rain
in the forecast held off until late at night,
and was not heavy at all, so the park-
ing areas were solid and less dusty on
Saturday morning when the very light
overnight rain stopped about an hour
before the gates opened for the second
day. Temperatures in the upper 60s
prevailed on Saturday and Sunday was
sunny and mid 70s again.
Visitors to Hamvention should plan
on spending an extra day before or after
Hamvention to tour the Air Force
Museum at Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base. There is no admission charge
and for a first-time visitor at least 4 or 5
hours is recommended. I try to visit
each year to see all the new exhibits.
All previous Air Force One planes are
on display and can be toured inside.
There are lots of great old radios in each
Photo A: Curtiss P-40E Warhawk at the National Museum of the Air Force. It’s
* Contributing Editor, CQ worth it to add an extra day to your trip to visit here – but plan a full morning or
Email: <[email protected]> afternoon to get the full experience. (All photos by Joe Eisenberg, K0NEB)
Photo B: A B-52D Stratofortress in the Southeast Asia Gallery. And did we mention that admission to the Air Force Museum
is free?

Photo C: Free golf cart rides made getting to and from the Hamvention parking area a lot easier. A big thank you goes to
the Golf Cart Committee!
D75, to be available soon. No word yet on the price. The tors inside was steady throughout the weekend. Once again,
Parks On The Air tent outside was always busy as the large the Dayton Amateur Radio Association held a “free entry”
number of hams who have embraced this fun activity gath- day on Sunday to bring in hams who could only attend on
ered there. All the inside exhibitors were accommodated Sunday and that boosted the crowds Sunday morning. As to
without using any parking lot tents and the number of visi- new kits, check out my upcoming column!
Photo D: There was no shortage of food or sunshine at the 2023 Dayton Hamvention.

Photo H: Kerry Turner, KB3KLT, does a lot of business selling
supplies for the fast-growing Parks On The Air community.
Photo E: There were plenty of food choices this year and
lots of hams enjoying a break.
Photo I: Gary Hoehne, KB9AIT, and Terry Schilling, N9AOT,

showing their latest Wolf River Coils antennas. These
Photo F: This nice-looking Johnson Viking Invader 2000 antennas have become popular among those doing Parks
made its appearance in the flea market. On The Air.
This year was probably as

perfect as possible.
The crowds seemed a lot

larger this year to me, judging
from parking and traffic ...
Photo G: The Parks On The Air tent

in the flea market was a very busy
place.

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Photo L: The new Yaesu FTM-500 made its Hamvention debut.

Photo O: Dr. James Breakall, WA3FET, was presented the
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Photo M: Michael Kalter, W8CI, presents a Spirit of Amateur

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Remembering
“Chip” Margelli, K7JA, SK
O
ne of the best-known amateurs of the past 40 years
has become a Silent Key. CQ joins the contesting and
DXing communities in mourning the loss of Charles
“Chip” Margelli, K7JA, to cancer in late May 2023. We first
received the news from his close friend and CQ Contributing
Editor Gordon West, WB6NOA:
“Chip left us yesterday at 4:00 p.m., after spending weeks
putting together Field Day station antennas and gear. That
is all he would talk about – a great station on the air! He was
ready for Field Day!
He and Janet (KL7MF, Chip’s wife of 45 years) fought this
fast-spreading cancer for months, with never a word to most
anyone about his heroic fight. He passed away peacefully,
with dignity, at his home, with Janet and his cat at his side.
He gracefully closed his eyes, with piles of Field Day equip-
ment and cables he prepared, ready for deployment, right
next to his chair.
Chip never complained, never let on to his fight, and always
had a smile for the upcoming Field Day event. So profes-
sional. He was always total positive in all that he could do for
ham radio operators.
What a gentleman - a true fighter to the end. We are all
heartbroken.“
Chip was a ham’s ham, a contester (and frequent winner),
DXer, DXpeditioner, moonbouncer, weak-signal VHFer, Photo A: Chip Margelli, K7JA, on the air from the beach
satellite operator, and more. He was part of an international in southern California. (Photos courtesy Gordon West,
team that operated from BY1PK in Beijing in 1984, helping WB6NOA)
to usher in a rebirth of amateur radio in China. Chip was also
a member of the ZA1A team that reintroduced ham radio to
Albania in 1991; he also twice traveled to Cuba for joint
US/Cuban amateur operations.
Chip spent three decades as the “face” of Yaesu in the
United States, attending hamfests, visiting dealers, and intro-
ducing new gear. After leaving Yaesu, Chip worked for Heil
Sound, Innovantennas, and as CQ Advertising Manager
before leaving the hamfest circuit and working behind the
scenes at Ham Radio Outlet. He couldn’t totally stay home,
though, as he continued to be in high demand as a banquet
speaker at conventions and hamfests.
Chip is perhaps best known among the general ham pub-
lic for his 2005 appearance on “The Tonight Show with Jay
Leno,” in which he and partner Ken Miller, K6CTW, sent a
message in Morse code faster than the reigning texting-
speed champion could type on his phone. Chip was induct-
ed into the CQ Amateur Radio Hall of Fame in 2008 and
awarded Russia’s E.T. Krenkel medal in 2021.
“In a hobby full of really nice and really knowledgeable peo-
ple,” recalled CQ Editor Rich Moseson, W2VU, “Chip was with-
out question one of the nicest and most knowledgeable. He
was experienced in nearly every aspect of amateur radio and
was always happy to share that knowledge as well as his many
ham radio adventures. While Chip was on the CQ staff for only
a short period of time, he and Janet have been part of the
extended CQ family for many years. More than that, he was
always just a good friend. We will miss him greatly.”
“OMG!” responded CQ Publisher Dick Ross, K2MGA, Photo B:Antennas and tower work were always high on
when he heard the news. “Chip was the picture of good Chip’s ham radio priority list.

Photo E: Life was about more than just ham radio for Chip
and Janet. Here, they join Gordon and Suzy West, WB6NOA
and N6GLF, respectively, in a southern California tradition
Photo C: ARRL Field Day was one of the highlights of the of deep-frying a Thanksgiving turkey on the beach!
year for Chip. He was working on antennas for this year’s
running up until his final moments.
made it his reason for being and left his presence in practi-
cally every facet of it for several decades. I personally met
Chip in 1994 when he, Janet, and other US radio amateurs
visited us to be part of the CO0FRC, the first Cuba-USA con-
test station that went on the air from the Bello Monte eleva-
tions, east of Havana, as part of the ARRL VHF QSO Party
that year. It was a unique and wonderful experience and the
foundation of a friendship that has endured over time. We
met again at the 1995 CSVHFS (Central States VHF Society)
Conference in Colorado Springs, where I participated along-
side Arnie Coro, CO2KK, and later Chip visited us again with
Janet and other US radio amateurs to put CO0US on the air
and participate in the 2003 ARRL Field Day.
Like Chip, I was a lover of the 6 meters – the “Magic Band”
– but unfortunately, openings between the Caribbean and
the US West Coast were not frequent. So when I heard amidst
a pile-up or during a contest, “CO2OJ, K7JA... Hi Oscar,” the
joy was doubled.
I can proudly say that Chip was, is, and will always be my
friend, and throughout all these years, we have shared the
joys and sorrows that life has given us: personally, on the
Photo D: Chip – seen here with his wife, Janet, KL7MF – radio bands, and more recently through the internet. Rest in
loved to dress up in a wide variety of outfits for various ham- peace, K7JA, and good DXing wherever you are.
fests and conventions. Former colleague and close friend Katie Allen, WY7YL:
There are no adequate words right now to express our sad-
ness. The four of us grew from friendship to family over all of
health! He used to go out running at shows. He and Arnie our years together working hamfests and nearby spots for
(Sposato, longtime CQ ad manager, also SK) would be out fun after work was done, we visited each others‘ homes, and
early on a Sunday to do a few miles together. And he had the highlight was traveling the Highlands of Scotland togeth-
just retired from HRO after a lifetime at Yaesu. Another old er. For years now, Chip and I started every day with a GM
friend gone ... Certainly, we all know of those who were very text, which would continue with random chats and funny
sick and who we expected to leave us, but too often (others memes throughout the day. I have so many goofy memes
have) left us with no warning and no time to prepare our minds saved on my phone which I’ll look at when I want to
for the inevitable.” smile…Chip was larger than life and is leaving a deep chasm
in the lives of his family and friends left behind.
Internet Tributes Former colleague Doug Wynn, WY6NN: OMG ... I am at
In the days following Chip’s passing, hundreds of messages such a loss ... my Elmer, friend, inspiration in all things
were posted online from all over the world, either expressing radio…When I joined YAESU in 1990 I was a young aspir-
condolences or recalling the influence that Chip had had on ing radio amateur... Chip was absolutely the greatest men-
them. Here is a sampling from Facebook: tor a young ham could have. I can’t even begin to express
Oscar Morales, CO2OJ: Today is a sad day for the ama- how he solidified my passion for the love of ham radio hobby.
teur radio community because we have lost someone who The stories of DXing, contesting, DXpeditions, experiment-

VHF Propagation
A Practical Guide for Radio
Amateurs
Second Edition
By Ken Neubeck, WB2AMU,
Gordon West, WB6NOA
With New Digital Mode Revolution Chapter
By Chip Margelli, K7JA
Photo F: Just two days before cancer took him from us, Chip
and Janet joined Gordon and Suzy at a California flower
New from CQ– the VHF farm. On the wings of a butterfly…
Propagation Handbook–
Second Edition, written ing with antennas, satellite radio, packet, giving me pointers,
by three of Amateur his humor of hams, and Japan and Japanese culture!
Champion contester and retired Admiral Scott Redd,
Radio’s well-known KØDQ: Chip was a class act, an incredible operator and a
authors: WB2AMU, faithful friend. He was a legend in transforming ham radio
WB6NOA and K7JA! contesting. He will be greatly missed. Our prayers are
with you.
Just about all radio amateurs in the United States, ARRL Operations Director Bob Naumann, W5OV: Janet,
as well as those in many other areas of the world, I am deeply sorry to hear this. I have known Chip for 43 years.
have access to VHF radio frequencies, regardless I had the great pleasure of working with him when he was
doing advertising sales for CQ and he was really great at it.
of their license class. And, the propagation modes We crossed paths so many times I don’t know where to start.
that are often seen on these frequencies make for I also feel a severe sense of loss and I am sure the global
some pretty incredible operating conditions. ham community will as well.
Teresa Gonzalez-White: One of my favorite Chip stories
You will find a wealth of information within this book was watching him and my dear Jim, K4OJ (also a Silent Key
– beginning with Chapter 1: Introduction to the too soon – ed. ) and the other hams on the cruise using a toi-
Troposphere and Ionosphere to Chapter 12: New let seat as a Morse code key. Wonderful memories!
Doug Grant, K1DG: Chip was the ultimate ham, larger than
Digital Mode Revolution in VHF+ DXing. Chapter 12 life in many ways. I will never forget his domination of the
will bring you up-to-speed on the revolution in tools Sweepstakes contest in the 70s. I can still hear his “63
and techniques for VHF+ DXing. This new found- Washington”. It was always a treat to see how he would dress
knowledge will certainly add to your enjoyment of up for Visalia. Spock, cowboy, etc. And the tux when he
the hobby! emceed the banquet and breakfast.
His appearance on the Tonight Show (CW vs texting) was
This 6 X 9, 148 page paperback is only $21.95 probably the single best PR event for ham radio ever. “How
long have you been doing Morse code?” “43 years in ham
(Plus applicable shipping charges.)
radio”. And of course, he delivered the goods, beating the
texters handily.
CQ Communications, Inc. Ham radio’s Elvis has left the building. We are saddened
by his early departure but we were enriched by having him
Phone: 516-681-2922 in our lives.
http://store.cq-amateur-radio.com All of us at CQ extend our deepest sympathy and condo-
lences to Janet and their entire family.

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Results of the 2023
CQWW WPX RTTY Contest
BY CHRIS TATE,* N6WM AND ED MUNS,# WØYK
I
n February 2023, RTTY contesters from around the world nately no reflection for Pacific via North Pole at night as it
got on the air to celebrate a solid Cycle 25, with great upper happened to me out of contest... in any case a good oppor-
band conditions, and the 20-meter band starting to change tunity to work new countries for my DXCC-DIGI run and
a bit. Thanks to it being winter, the low bands were not ter- Challenge.”
rible so some great scores came in. Additionally, travel to DX
locations seems to be getting more regular post pandemic, Ali, HZ1ITT – Saudi Arabia
so there were lots of good prefixes from island locations and Ali, HZ1ITT was pleased to be on the air from the Kingdom
traveled-to destinations have stabilized and seem to be of Saudi Arabia (Photo B). And we were pleased he was
returning to normal. QRV. It’s always good to get the HZ prefix in the log.
This year we got an extensive amount of material from
competitors and participants and we are grateful for that. We John, N4MMR – USA (FL)
can only showcase some, so we appreciate all who submit- John Black, N4MMR, was pleased to get some interesting
ted pictures and stories, and if we don’t cover yours this go- DX in the log during his low-power effort in the contest
round, there will be future opportunities, so keep the infor- (Photo C):
mation coming! “I was excited to land some RTTY contacts for the first time,
This article we will showcase a few different types of efforts including LX1HD (Luxembourg), 9A5D (Croatia), XE1YL
from around the world. You don’t have to be a big gun to enjoy
this contest! As always, comprehensive results are displayed
in the included line scores, so be sure to check them out.
Alex, SA2SAA/7S2A – Sweden

Taking on a QRP effort can be quite a challenge for both
sides of the QSO. Doing so from under the aurora adds an
entirely new dynamic to the situation, as was the case for
Alex Gromme, SA2SAA/7S2A who took on the challenge
despite the well-lit auroral night in Sweden (Photo A). Alex
passed on some of the pros and cons of this in the following
statement:
“Good openings with Oceania and Asia at different times of
the day, NA always present at night via Aurora-E, unfortu-
Photo B: Ali, HZ1ITT, and his nice shack in Saudi Arabia.
Photo A: So beautiful – it’s definitely something nice to look

at during any radio blackouts. (Photo credit Alex Gromme,
SA2SA)
* Email: <[email protected]>
**Email: <ed@wØyk.com> Photo C: N4MMR at his Florida QTH.

(Mexico), CM6AW (Cuba), HA3DX (Hungary), and CJ2X these limited operating conditions, he managed to get quite
(Québec).“ a few QSOs in the log. We all wish Oleh and displaced
John spends lots of time optimizing his low-power setup operators like him the best.
and has become a very enthusiastic RTTY operator! A few additional soapbox comments from operators enjoy-
ing WPX RTTY:
Oleh, I2/UY2ZA – Italy MW9W(GWØKRL)
Oleh Pohorilyi, UY2ZA, was operating from Italy as What a fantastic weekend! Of course, things didn’t go to plan
I2/UY2ZA after leaving the conflict in Ukraine, along with as I went down with “man-flu” two days before the contest.
his family. He built a small transceiver to get on the air with Still dosed up on meds, it wasn’t too bad and at least it didn’t
4 watts, and put up a dipole at 4 meters (13 feet). Despite matter that I’d almost lost my voice!
2023 WPX RTTY TOP WORLD SCORES
SINGLE OPERATOR IQ6AN (IK6VXO) .........4,184,129 KZØUS (W7RY) .............646,990 MULTI-OP K3AK ..............................215,433
HIGH POWER EF7N (EA7KHB)..........2,716,049 KV2U (K2YG) .................618,786 SINGLE-TRANSMITTER G5ROB ...........................133,248
All Band CR5O (CT7AJL) ..........2,614,108 SP5ØUUU (SP2UUU) ....406,560 LOW POWER OM1HMI .........................132,475
P49X (WØYK) .............9,180,792 KU2M ..........................2,524,608 EA1GT (EA1GT/QRP)....386,496 All Band F4IVC .............................129,090
OK7W ..........................8,876,820 SP2R ...........................2,075,948 KO1H..............................356,400 IT9RBW .......................6,652,387
AA3B ...........................8,024,898 VE3MGY .....................2,020,150 EA3F ..............................285,975 EA8DED ......................4,219,306 CLASSIC
UW1M (UR5MW).........8,013,706 V31MA.........................1,808,256 WW4LL........................3,057,244 HIGH POWER
SN7Q (SP7GIQ) ..........7,803,612 N4SS (W5MX) .............1,799,352 28 MHz DAØBCC .....................2,710,350 PJ2T (WI9WI) ..............2,889,831
AK1W (K5ZD)..............6,330,405 MW9W (GWØKRL) .....1,669,393 7S2A (SA2SAA) .............229,356 KA4RRU ......................2,582,580 YT3D ...........................2,566,256
KF3P (K3MM)..............6,112,690 EA9E ..............................222,780 DQ4W..........................2,512,890 KI6DY ..........................2,406,552
S53M (S51FB).............5,612,922 28 MHz CB3R ..............................131,726 ES7A ...........................2,279,892 IZ2FOS ........................2,347,884
ACØC ..........................5,285,436 EA8AH.........................1,047,888 YO8WW ...........................75,795 NY6DX ........................2,084,914 N1RM ..........................2,191,196
EE4Y (EA4GOY) .........5,240,620 T77CX (IK4DCX) .........1,045,296 N8URE .............................48,438 9A7T ............................2,070,852 OZ5W (SM5SIC) .........1,848,174
SO25UM (SQ9UM) ........608,688 IZ2JPN .............................43,152 Z66BCC.......................2,048,704 W3LL ...........................1,777,937
28 MHz PU1JSV ..........................566,605 WE6EZ .............................41,208 EU8U ...........................1,550,910
PV2K (PY2KNK)..........2,205,096 JH6WHN ........................485,804 WD9FTZ ...........................34,969 EW4A ..........................1,166,316
V55Y (V51WH) ............2,013,736 CO8NDZ.........................432,972 CM3EFM ..........................33,810 MULTI-OP R5AN ...........................1,023,984
DMØA (DK3DM)..........1,754,294 CE1WGM .......................395,616 VE3BFU ...........................25,000 TWO-TRANSMITTER
Z35T ............................1,560,698 CX2AQ ...........................385,612 All Band LOW POWER
9N7AA (S53R).............1,337,856 IT9RZU ...........................315,576 CR3DX ......................22,747,902 VA1XH.........................1,301,916
21 MHz
WD6T (@N6RO) .........1,319,094 K5QR..............................296,102 ED1R .........................12,552,932 LA5LJA ...........................930,225
UA3QJJ ..........................201,188
KZ7X (K6LL)................1,301,016 K9CT .........................10,810,878 VE3DZ ............................912,576
HG3IPA (HA3JB)............148,764
D4L (IK2NCJ) ..............1,260,522 21 MHz DP7D .........................10,698,840 GØFGI ............................856,575
CO2AJ ............................119,280
K4WI............................1,207,980 JA6GCE .........................584,910 DQ2C ..........................9,426,468 IW1CBG .........................779,145
SP4NKJ ..........................118,405
YT1X ...........................1,186,740 ED7B (EC7ZR) ...............546,270 WV4P ..........................8,950,866 I3PXN .............................760,320
KD9MS .............................83,692
NG1R (W1QK) ...............545,606 NCØDX .......................5,701,110 IK1RGK ..........................726,225
21 MHz DJ3HW .............................80,960
G9F (G4BVY) .................533,280 C37N ...........................4,377,272 YO9BCM ........................667,550
SN2M (SP2XF)............2,212,028 TIØRC (TI2YO) ................74,253
IK5AMB ..........................422,688 KT7E ...........................3,709,321 IW1PNJ ..........................639,276
MD7C (M5RIC)............1,687,770 NØUR ...............................74,108
MWØCRI ........................421,124 LA1ØØK ......................2,374,344 DL5KUD .........................614,560
EF5K (EA5DF) ............1,641,384 LY5G ................................73,513
WA1FCN ........................320,540 HF2ØLVK .........................67,392
HG1S (HA1DAE) .........1,606,451 TRIBANDER/WIRES
YL2CI .............................310,620 MULTI-OP
HG5D (HA8QZ) ...........1,601,782 HIGH POWER
E77EA ............................290,088 MULTI-TRANSMITTER
NJ4U (K4EA) ...............1,543,668 14 MHz
EE7R ..............................258,093 All Band 9A2ZI ...........................4,071,354
A65DR (G7SLP) ..........1,448,208 SFØA (SMØLPO) ...........286,124
9A1A..........................20,431,824 DK8ZZ .........................3,783,013
CV7S (CX7SS) ............1,101,388 14 MHz YU1NR .............................59,130
DP9A .........................13,979,736 MM9I (GMØOPS) ........3,337,873
SV2BXA ......................1,083,712 ON3PAT ...........................35,620
SV2AEL .......................1,110,970 W3GH..........................5,389,308 N3QE...........................3,260,544
M5W (MØHMJ)............1,039,326 EA7JTP ............................28,290
DL4FN ............................653,705 NW8S ..........................4,555,968 NF3R ...........................3,172,580
IW2MXY .........................574,002 TI2BSH .............................26,104
DG4UF ........................4,426,311 ZW2N (PY2MNL) ........3,030,035
14 MHz OQ4B (ON4BHQ) .............22,989
SP8N ..............................401,319 DQ9Y...........................3,941,613 DP8M (DL6NDW) ........2,422,511
IQ1RY (IZ1LBG) ..........2,191,680 YO4BEW ..........................21,008
IW9FDD..........................390,368 OZ4GM........................2,465,528 K9OM ..........................2,082,417
YT3X ...........................2,077,682 OK7N..................................9,039
PY2NY............................376,292 WA3EKL ......................1,457,376 AE1P ...........................1,979,364
IT9BLB ........................1,679,690 LY4BF ................................7,503
PD2PKM.........................338,661 JA6ZPR .......................1,128,190 DL6JZ ..........................1,827,628
HG2DX ........................1,016,178 9A5HZ ................................5,044
HA4WQ ..........................287,352 NW6P .............................323,609
EA1B ..............................898,986 LOW POWER
M5P (M5BIR)..................272,349
YO4FPF .........................455,455 7 MHz
YT7E ..............................265,088 EF7N (EA7KHB)..........2,716,049
4Z5FI ..............................371,490 SP4LO ............................147,420 MULTI-OP CR5O (CT7AJL) ..........2,614,108
DH6BH ...........................253,300 7 MHz I2/UY2ZA (UY2ZA) ...........62,976 MULTI-DISTRIBUTED VE3MGY .....................2,020,150
HB9DOS...........................76,475 MM7BWK .........................41,040 HIGH POWER
S51CK .........................1,694,712 MW9W (GWØKRL) .....1,669,393
UA3MCH ..........................73,428 GM1J (MMØBQI) .............36,860 All Band
EA3CI ..........................1,574,816 OK2WY .......................1,486,446
IT9RJE ........................1,556,160 SP6EIY .............................29,920 CJ2X............................5,638,320 UZ1WW .......................1,485,200
7 MHz
SP4TKR ......................1,156,400 YD3AMT ................................112 IQ3ME .........................5,405,472 PG7M ..........................1,395,390
S52X............................3,333,024
LZ7X (LZ1UQ) .............1,077,668 BH5HGI ...................................32 VK4SN.........................3,684,765 R7MM ..........................1,245,176
KK9A ...........................2,375,712
E7ØY ..............................971,740 DC6O ..........................2,522,919 AH2O...........................1,122,990
G8X (G4FJK)...............2,312,024 3.5 MHz
OK2RU ...........................833,272 IQ8QX ..............................46,500 VE2BVV ......................1,117,464
IV3ZXQ........................2,090,952
I3PXN .............................760,320 UT3N (UT3NK) ...............159,698 7E3E.................................10,304
W3LL ...........................1,777,937
OM3ZWA........................672,010 SP3EMA .........................119,184 YOUTH
7S9A (SA6FOL) ..........1,452,680
IW1PNJ ..........................639,276 M9N (G7WHI)...................59,780 ROOKIE HIGH POWER
YQ6A (YO6BHN).........1,053,360
YL3FW .............................41,600 HIGH POWER DM7XX ........................4,571,248
LZ5K ...............................881,250
3.5 MHz PAØAWH ...........................5,112 W9DCT........................1,008,807 IU1LCU........................1,190,601
K8IA................................689,724
S51W..............................553,280 EE2A (EA2SN) ...................3,472 EI6IKB ............................999,440 OE9SEV ...........................34,485
9A6KX ............................666,687
EW7B .............................494,648 JA5NSR...................................50 IUØPVM .........................762,354
IK4RVG ..........................469,386 M9B (MØLKW) ...............411,720 LOW POWER
3.5 MHz
HA1TJ .........................1,314,588 OM5KM ..........................394,000 MULTI-OP W3FR .............................225,280 DJ4MX.........................1,605,065
S53X...............................957,110 OK2HBR.........................302,900 SINGLE-TRANSMITTER EF5T (EA5JDN) .............199,136 BD4VGZ .........................726,652
I1WXY ............................447,672 IW2HUS .........................249,536 HIGH POWER KC3TAU .........................174,563 K5TRP ............................224,264
IZ3SQW..........................343,916 E79D ..............................212,658 All Band KD2UBH .........................151,466 DK1YH ...........................124,898
DH8WR ..........................241,774 OK2VV ...........................161,424 IQ4FC ........................11,821,950 KO6M ...............................97,152 EA2ESK ...........................68,134
OL7P (OK1CRM) ...........230,880 HA3GO ...........................143,040 9A5D ...........................6,384,930 N3AML .............................32,994 EI8KW ..............................67,850
IV3RYP...........................198,740 G6N (GØGDU) ...............100,500 LZ5R............................5,927,548 BH2SWB ..........................57,771
IV3VBM ..........................166,348 ND3D...........................5,388,432 DQ5M (DK6SP) ................47,994
LOW POWER
LZ33E (LZ5XQ) ..............161,624 QRP S51A............................5,369,270 JQ7AXT ............................31,200
F4ITQ .............................573,447
M2E (GØRPM) .................42,570 All Band TMØR ..........................5,276,502 KC1GDW..........................15,939
KC1RET .........................560,986
DK7HA ........................1,422,660 HG7T ...........................5,100,113 IUØRBE..........................523,973
LOW POWER RM5F...........................1,053,763 DP6A ...........................4,772,598 ED4J (EA4HKF) .............428,496
All Band ON6NL ...........................941,952 OH2HAN .....................4,656,762 IV3IPA ............................366,885
TM3Z (F4DSK) ............6,546,037 DF1MM...........................868,968 OK7O ..........................4,375,764 DD5VL ............................286,764

G1N (GØURR) Europe was stronger on 15 meters than on 20, and Japan
“WOW! What a contest this was. My best-ever entry, with the was stronger on 10 than on 15. We haven’t seen conditions
SFI over 200. Ten and fifteen were incredible. Antennas were like that for a long time.”
a Spiderbeam at 8 meters, my 40-meter phased verticals and
a new 80-meter vertical over multiple radials. Great fun, loved Ian Capon, MW9W/GWØKRL in Wales, (Photo D), also
it. Thanks to everyone that called me and to the organizers shared his excitement over this year‘s WPX RTTY contest:
for putting it on.” “Conditions from here seemed really good and I think for the
first time my station ‘felt loud.‘ I have been practicing using
KZ7X(K6LL) SO2V for a while but this year everything worked perfectly
“Conditions were great, with solar flux about 215 and K index and I felt it really helped my score. It was also nice to have
2 or less. It was lots of fun.” all 5 bands with propagation... even more fun!”
AJ6V From Japan, JH4WBY didn’t send any comments, but he did
“Conditions were very good. With the high solar flux index, share a photo (Photo E). He looks happy!
2023 WPX RTTY TOP EUROPE SCORES
SINGLE OPERATOR LZ33E (LZ5XQ) ..............161,624 OK2VV ...........................161,424 9A5D ...........................6,384,930 IU3QEU ..........................113,022
HIGH POWER M2E (GØRPM) .................42,570 HA3GO ...........................143,040 LZ5R............................5,927,548 HA1NR ...........................103,626
All Band G6N (GØGDU) ...............100,500 S51A............................5,369,270
OK7W ..........................8,876,820 LOW POWER TMØR ..........................5,276,502 CLASSIC
UW1M (UR5MW).........8,013,706 All Band QRP HG7T ...........................5,100,113 HIGH POWER
SN7Q (SP7GIQ) ..........7,803,612 TM3Z (F4DSK) ............6,546,037 All Band DP6A ...........................4,772,598 YT3D ...........................2,566,256
S53M (S51FB).............5,612,922 IQ6AN (IK6VXO) .........4,184,129 DK7HA ........................1,422,660 OH2HAN .....................4,656,762 IZ2FOS ........................2,347,884
EE4Y (EA4GOY) .........5,240,620 EF7N (EA7KHB)..........2,716,049 RM5F...........................1,053,763 OK7O ..........................4,375,764 OZ5W (SM5SIC) .........1,848,174
DM7XX ........................4,571,248 CR5O (CT7AJL) ..........2,614,108 ON6NL ...........................941,952 OK1KSL ......................4,015,304 EU8U ...........................1,550,910
9A2ZI ...........................4,071,354 SP2R ...........................2,075,948 DF1MM...........................868,968 EW4A ..........................1,166,316
US2YW........................3,827,281 MW9W (GWØKRL) .....1,669,393 SP5ØUUU (SP2UUU) ....406,560 MULTI-OP R5AN ...........................1,023,984
DK8ZZ .........................3,783,013 DJ4MX.........................1,605,065 EA1GT (EA1GT/QRP)....386,496 SINGLE-TRANSMITTER DB1WA...........................940,043
MM9I (GMØOPS) ........3,337,873 OK2WY .......................1,486,446 EA3F ..............................285,975 LOW POWER DF8QB ...........................804,063
UZ1WW .......................1,485,200 OK4GP ...........................272,952 All Band LX1NO............................794,555
28 MHz RA3Y ...........................1,484,964 IZ8JFL ............................228,589 IT9ODQ ..........................735,902
IT9RBW .......................6,652,387
DMØA (DK3DM)..........1,754,294 YU1RH ...........................223,139 DAØBCC .....................2,710,350
Z35T ............................1,560,698 28 MHz LOW POWER
DQ4W..........................2,512,890
YT1X ...........................1,186,740 T77CX (IK4DCX) .........1,045,296 28 MHz LA5LJA ...........................930,225
ES7A ...........................2,279,892
DL3BQA ......................1,137,648 SO25UM (SQ9UM) ........608,688 7S2A (SA2SAA) .............229,356 GØFGI ............................856,575
9A7T ............................2,070,852
HA1SN ........................1,112,127 IT9RZU ...........................315,576 YO8WW ...........................75,795 IW1CBG .........................779,145
Z66BCC.......................2,048,704
LY5W...........................1,090,440 UF5A ..............................253,453 IZ2JPN .............................43,152 I3PXN .............................760,320
8S8ØAA ......................1,611,435
SP8K ..............................635,390 SV1JG ............................251,624 OM7PY ...............................7,923 IK1RGK ..........................726,225
OL1Z ...........................1,561,377
RG4A..............................460,736 UR5LAM .........................233,448 EA4DUT .............................4,704 YO9BCM ........................667,550
ED3D ...........................1,088,481
S57DX ............................445,195 GUØSUP ........................204,314 PA2REH .............................2,464 IW1PNJ ..........................639,276
IT9MRM..........................195,569 IQ2DN ............................981,950
J42R (SV2HXV) .............395,975 GW5P (GWØEGH).............2,100 DL5KUD .........................614,560
SV3EXU .........................154,963 DL5SFC..............................1,725 IW2CDH .........................537,758
21 MHz R2XM .............................151,863 DO4ADH ...............................435 MULTI-OP EA5HKZ .........................492,898
SN2M (SP2XF)............2,212,028 TWO-TRANSMITTER
21 MHz 21 MHz All Band TRIBANDER/WIRES
MD7C (M5RIC)............1,687,770
ED7B (EC7ZR) ...............546,270 UA3QJJ ..........................201,188 ED1R .........................12,552,932 HIGH POWER
EF5K (EA5DF) ............1,641,384
G9F (G4BVY) .................533,280 HG3IPA (HA3JB)............148,764 DP7D .........................10,698,840 9A2ZI ...........................4,071,354
HG1S (HA1DAE) .........1,606,451
IK5AMB ..........................422,688 SP4NKJ ..........................118,405 DQ2C ..........................9,426,468
HG5D (HA8QZ) ...........1,601,782 DK8ZZ .........................3,783,013
MWØCRI ........................421,124 DJ3HW .............................80,960 C37N ...........................4,377,272
SV2BXA ......................1,083,712 MM9I (GMØOPS) ........3,337,873
YL2CI .............................310,620 LY5G ................................73,513 LA1ØØK ......................2,374,344
M5W (MØHMJ)............1,039,326 DP8M (DL6NDW) ........2,422,511
E77EA ............................290,088 HF2ØLVK .........................67,392 ES5G ..............................993,711
SN5X ..............................920,138 YO3DAC...........................51,538 DL6JZ ..........................1,827,628
EE7R ..............................258,093 OL7K ..............................331,299
SV3SCW ........................904,916 UR2Y (USØYW) ...............45,552 Z35T ............................1,560,698
LZ2JA .............................254,330
LZ4AE ............................881,280 IZ2QKG ..............................8,296 EI6LA...........................1,430,000
MØBLF ...........................234,635
UT7AA ................................1,632 MULTI-OP YO3RU ........................1,311,987
LY2PAD..........................178,688
14 MHz MULTI-TRANSMITTER S5ØRY (S53K) ............1,303,447
IQ1RY (IZ1LBG) ..........2,191,680 14 MHz All Band DK5MB ........................1,183,336
14 MHz
YT3X ...........................2,077,682 SV2AEL .......................1,110,970 SFØA (SMØLPO) ...........286,124 9A1A..........................20,431,824
IT9BLB ........................1,679,690 YU1NR .............................59,130 LOW POWER
DL4FN ............................653,705 DP9A .........................13,979,736
HG2DX ........................1,016,178 ON3PAT ...........................35,620 DG4UF ........................4,426,311 EF7N (EA7KHB)..........2,716,049
IW2MXY .........................574,002
EA1B ..............................898,986 SP8N ..............................401,319 EA7JTP ............................28,290 CR5O (CT7AJL) ..........2,614,108
DQ9Y...........................3,941,613
YO4FPF .........................455,455 IW9FDD..........................390,368 OQ4B (ON4BHQ) .............22,989 MW9W (GWØKRL) .....1,669,393
OZ4GM........................2,465,528
DH6BH ...........................253,300 PD2PKM.........................338,661 YO4BEW ..........................21,008 OK2WY .......................1,486,446
HB9DOS...........................76,475 HA4WQ ..........................287,352 OK7N..................................9,039 UZ1WW .......................1,485,200
UA3MCH ..........................73,428 LY4BF ................................7,503 MULTI-OP PG7M ..........................1,395,390
M5P (M5BIR)..................272,349
IZ2BVC .............................61,304 9A5HZ ................................5,044 MULTI-DISTRIBUTED R7MM ..........................1,245,176
YT7E ..............................265,088
DL7EDU .............................1,450 HIGH POWER ED7Z (EA7EQ) ............1,018,104
DL3KVR .........................247,422
7 MHz All Band EA4BAS ......................1,016,232
S52X............................3,333,024 7 MHz IQ3ME .........................5,405,472 E7ØY ..............................971,740
7 MHz
G8X (G4FJK)...............2,312,024 SP4LO ............................147,420 DC6O ..........................2,522,919
S51CK .........................1,694,712
IV3ZXQ........................2,090,952 EA3CI ..........................1,574,816 I2/UY2ZA (UY2ZA) ...........62,976 IQ8QX ..............................46,500 YOUTH
7S9A (SA6FOL) ..........1,452,680 IT9RJE ........................1,556,160 MM7BWK .........................41,040 HIGH POWER
YQ6A (YO6BHN).........1,053,360 SP4TKR ......................1,156,400
GM1J (MMØBQI) .............36,860 ROOKIE DM7XX ........................4,571,248
LZ5K ...............................881,250 SP6EIY .............................29,920 HIGH POWER IU1LCU........................1,190,601
LZ7X (LZ1UQ) .............1,077,668
9A6KX ............................666,687 E7ØY ..............................971,740 EI6IKB ............................999,440 OE9SEV ...........................34,485
SX2K (SV2BXZ) .............481,080 3.5 MHz IUØPVM .........................762,354
OK2RU ...........................833,272
IZ7XUQ ..........................476,418 UT3N (UT3NK) ...............159,698 M9B (MØLKW) ...............411,720 LOW POWER
I3PXN .............................760,320
SM5EPO ........................365,190 SP3EMA .........................119,184 EF5T (EA5JDN) .............199,136 DJ4MX.........................1,605,065
OM3ZWA........................672,010
M9N (G7WHI)...................59,780 DK1YH ...........................124,898
IW1PNJ ..........................639,276
YL3FW .............................41,600 LOW POWER EA2ESK ...........................68,134
3.5 MHz
PAØAWH ...........................5,112 F4ITQ .............................573,447 EI8KW ..............................67,850
HA1TJ .........................1,314,588 3.5 MHz
EE2A (EA2SN) ...................3,472 IUØRBE..........................523,973
S53X...............................957,110 S51W..............................553,280 DQ5M (DK6SP) ................47,994
I1WXY ............................447,672 EW7B .............................494,648 ED4J (EA4HKF) .............428,496 DK6SP................................9,129
IZ3SQW..........................343,916 IK4RVG ..........................469,386 MULTI-OP IV3IPA ............................366,885 SQ8L ..................................4,653
DH8WR ..........................241,774 OM5KM ..........................394,000 SINGLE-TRANSMITTER DD5VL ............................286,764 RX6N ..................................4,116
OL7P (OK1CRM) ...........230,880 OK2HBR.........................302,900 HIGH POWER G5ROB ...........................133,248 SP9DLS..............................1,914
IV3RYP...........................198,740 IW2HUS .........................249,536 All Band OM1HMI .........................132,475 YO8OLY ..................................40
IV3VBM ..........................166,348 E79D ..............................212,658 IQ4FC ........................11,821,950 F4IVC .............................129,090

Playing With Meteors
Exploring the Universe With
Amateur Radio
By Eric Nichols KL7AJ
Wouldn’t it be a blast to be a master of technology rather

than to be at its mercy? Or better yet, to actually create the next new
thing? While it’s true that a lot of what we consider high-tech involves computer
technology, an equal or greater part of the next new thing is going to involve
wireless, also known as radio. In fact, our entire universe is connected by radio,
and the entire universe is the radio amateur’s sandbox.
In Playing With Meteors, author Eric Nichols takes you on a tour of the
opportunities that amateur radio can bring you, and how you can leverage the
knowledge you gain in “hobby radio” to a career in hi-tech, or just to being
smarter than your “smart devices” (and maybe even some of your friends).
Order Your Copy Today!

6 x 9 (150 page) Paperback—Only $26.95 (Plus applicable shipping!)
2023 WPX RTTY TOP UNITED STATES SCORES
SINGLE OPERATOR 3.5 MHz NG6O (K6GHA)..............152,096 NY6DX ........................2,084,914 NG1M .............................912,120
HIGH POWER NA5NN (K2FF) ...................7,344 W9AKS .............................30,600 NC1CC ........................1,160,382 AJ6V ...............................748,879
All Band WB8SKP ........................469,880 NØTA .............................667,320
AA3B ...........................8,024,898 3.5 MHz AB7HP................................2,773 W4CQE ..........................597,702
LOW POWER WZ6ZZ .............................84,280
AK1W (K5ZD)..............6,330,405 All Band 4U1WB (AJ3M) ..............431,892
KF3P (K3MM)..............6,112,690 KEØL ..................................1,450 NN4NN (K3SV) ..............274,052
KU2M ..........................2,524,608 MULTI-OP
ACØC ..........................5,285,436 N4SS (W5MX) .............1,799,352 K7JQ ..............................266,751
QRP TWO-TRANSMITTER
AD4EB.........................4,179,618 AH2O...........................1,122,990
All Band All Band
WK1Q W4RN ..........................1,122,987 LOW POWER
KZØUS (W7RY) .............646,990 K9CT .........................10,810,878
(K1MK @K1TTT)......3,966,795 N8CWU ..........................915,875 NG1R (W1QK) ...............545,606
KV2U (K2YG) .................618,786 WV4P ..........................8,950,866 K7DR ..............................320,120
K7RL ...........................3,550,008 WB2JVO (K2AL) ............792,819 KO1H..............................356,400 NCØDX .......................5,701,110 N3CKI .............................258,266
KU1CW .......................3,346,710 WA2DNI .........................770,628 WU5K (K5NZ) ................248,685 KT7E ...........................3,709,321 W2VTV ...........................226,380
N3QE...........................3,260,544 W3KB .............................768,504 W6QU (W8QZA) ............115,415 K3CCR ........................2,022,744 W1DYJ ...........................225,944
NF3R ...........................3,172,580 AC5XK............................722,294 WQ6X ...............................67,144 W3DQS ..........................220,158
KØRC .............................696,496 K4SAA ..............................50,944 MULTI-OP
28 MHz WZ4M .............................192,660
AI9K..................................40,800 MULTI-TRANSMITTER W7TMT...........................189,002
WD6T (@N6RO) .........1,319,094 28 MHz KG2U................................16,380 All Band N7WLC ...........................182,850
KZ7X (K6LL)................1,301,016 K5QR..............................296,102 AA8OY .............................13,840 W3GH..........................5,389,308 AF1R ..............................181,440
K4WI............................1,207,980 WO4O ............................254,040 NW8S ..........................4,555,968
KZ5MM (W5PR) ..........1,107,150 KF6RY (W6ZL) ...............125,874 28 MHz WA3EKL ......................1,457,376 TRIBANDER/WIRES
NS1L (N6SS)..................641,348 N9VPV............................117,912 N8URE .............................48,438 NW6P .............................323,609 HIGH POWER
W9ILY.............................619,918 AB9YC............................115,913 WE6EZ .............................41,208
WX6V .............................337,120 N3QE...........................3,260,544
WB1AEL ...........................73,350 WD9FTZ ...........................34,969 ROOKIE
WZ7ZR (W7ZR)..............321,195 NF3R ...........................3,172,580
NK5G................................62,208 KE6GLA ...........................10,906
HIGH POWER K9OM ..........................2,082,417
KSØAA ...........................131,446 K7ULS ..............................58,368 N3MWQ..............................2,774 W9DCT........................1,008,807 AE1P ...........................1,979,364
K7IU ...............................118,197 N9LJX...............................48,786 W3FR .............................225,280 AD5XD ........................1,703,184
K4FT.................................37,908 21 MHz KC3TAU .........................174,563
KD9MS .............................83,692 KZ7X (K6LL)................1,301,016
21 MHz KD2UBH .........................151,466 N6ZFO............................964,429
NJ4U (K4EA) ...............1,543,668 21 MHz NØUR ...............................74,108
KO6M ...............................97,152 W1HS .............................943,056
WV6I (N6WM) ................360,836 NG1R (W1QK) ...............545,606 N3AML .............................32,994 WX2NJ (K2RET) ............887,880
WF6C (N6XI) ....................60,480 WA1FCN ........................320,540 MULTI-OP W6SX .............................844,770
WQ3U...............................17,372 WNØL.............................132,009 SINGLE-TRANSMITTER LOW POWER
KFØIQ ...................................779 KC7CM .............................75,144 HIGH POWER KC1RET .........................560,986 LOW POWER
N7DB ................................73,340 All Band K3AK ..............................215,433 AH2O...........................1,122,990
14 MHz ND3D...........................5,388,432 KI5RQG ............................89,000 WB2JVO (K2AL) ............792,819
W5TN ...............................20,592 14 MHz KS9R ...........................3,185,820 KN1OLA ...........................59,502 AC5XK............................722,294
W3IK.................................11,560 W4LC .............................111,776 WM7A.............................841,156 NN6U................................32,592 N5SMQ...........................505,500
W4SSF ...............................1,908 K8VT ................................94,815 W4MLB...........................598,662 W7VC ...............................29,925 KW1X .............................436,800
WA2PCN ...............................930 N1GDD .............................22,672 AG6AU ...........................389,991 KN6SID ............................22,338 WB8JUI ..........................434,603
AA5AU...................................819 N8GU .................................2,184 KD9V ..............................290,997 KQ4AAR ...........................20,910 KC2WUF ........................414,636
AC2IK .................................2,016 AK2S ..............................238,810 KI5QPY ............................19,012 K3RWN ..........................330,620
7 MHz WØADL ..............................1,144 KB7SDM...........................18,693 WG1V .............................328,042
KK9A ...........................2,375,712 WA1YGT ...............................204 MULTI-OP NN5T ..............................303,784
W3LL ...........................1,777,937 K3TW ....................................156 SINGLE-TRANSMITTER CLASSIC
K8IA................................689,724 LOW POWER HIGH POWER YOUTH
WX5S .............................316,250 7 MHz All Band KI6DY ..........................2,406,552 LOW POWER
NW2P .................................4,836 W2VTV ...........................226,380 WW4LL........................3,057,244 N1RM ..........................2,191,196 K5TRP ............................224,264
N3RC.......................................36 WA3FAE.........................205,110 KA4RRU ......................2,582,580 W3LL ...........................1,777,937 KC1GDW..........................15,939
2023 CQWW RTTY WPX BAND-BY-BAND BREAKDOWN — TOP ALL BAND SCORES
Number groups indicate: QSOs / Prefixes on each band
WORLD SINGLE OPERATOR ALL BAND USA TOP SINGLE OPERATOR ALL BAND
Station 80 40 20 15 10 Station 80 40 20 15 10
K7RL 96/18 334/122 313/121 783/291 654/196 K7RL 96/18 334/122 313/121 783/291 654/196
PJ2T 0/0 301/211 233/56 468/138 449/166 N6AR 54/23 437/245 337/116 273/99 382/184
N6AR 54/23 437/245 337/116 273/99 382/184 KI6DY 121/37 376/226 402/118 277/93 338/117
*CR5O 7/7 323/121 208/67 415/161 641/267 N1RM 47/17 530/310 350/99 144/45 218/85
YT3D 187/120 363/152 181/64 167/74 365/206 AE1P 154/104 281/74 434/169 262/121 261/119
WORLD MULTI-OPERATOR SINGLE TRANSMITTER USA MULTI-OPERATOR SINGLE TRANSMITTER

IQ4FC 273/92 936/430 864/177 584/176 783/175 ND3D 171/58 684/322 540/150 463/137 397/145
*IT9RBW 145/58 957/405 305/114 465/155 360/157 KS9R 172/63 590/275 449/81 335/106 317/135
9A5D 284/79 631/241 575/200 480/201 393/149 *WW4LL 70/15 687/377 374/97 317/133 228/96
LZ5R 221/71 770/371 276/62 414/160 440/150 *KA4RRU 164/56 505/262 183/46 308/126 376/155
ND3D 171/58 684/322 540/150 463/137 397/145 *NY6DX 94/41 383/238 160/72 197/119 336/219
WORLD MULTI-OPERATOR TWO TRANSMITTER USA MULTI-OPERATOR TWO TRANSMITTER

CR3DX 307/67 1129/325 1229/240 1296/246 1418/271 K9CT 348/70 858/279 817/205 1028/250 838/250
ED1R 330/121 926/281 943/205 1111/245 682/205 WV4P 344/74 770/299 659/117 859/224 899/288
K9CT 348/70 858/279 817/205 1028/250 838/250 NCØDX 231/28 614/213 575/129 821/294 736/206
DP7D 516/175 852/290 452/110 776/211 696/231 KT7E 117/24 493/161 341/99 759/269 599/184
DQ2C 569/212 851/272 526/127 553/186 520/174 K3CCR 100/33 295/177 326/178 297/133 203/101
WORLD MULTI-OPERATOR MULTI-TRANSMITTER USA MULTI-OPERATOR MULTI-TRANSMITTER

9A1A 774/206 1355/321 1195/219 1124/225 852/197 W3GH 276/42 781/273 626/210 555/192 408/117
DP9A 598/154 1165/344 909/207 848/202 662/154 NW8S 288/82 577/210 568/150 626/204 364/132
W3GH 276/42 781/273 626/210 555/192 408/117 WA3EKL 141/60 256/167 214/111 211/112 194/114
NW8S 288/82 577/210 568/150 626/204 364/132 NW6P 1/1 27/14 62/45 221/125 246/156
DG4UF 330/123 625/251 387/124 394/165 235/108

2023 WPX RTTY CLUB SCORES
USA
Club # Entrants Score
POTOMAC VALLEY RADIO CLUB 66 41,805,515
FRANKFORD RADIO CLUB 37 32,155,470
YANKEE CLIPPER CONTEST CLUB 30 27,210,381
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA CONTEST CLUB 37 25,728,469
SOCIETY OF MIDWEST CONTESTERS 41 24,582,996
WILLAMETTE VALLEY DX CLUB 19 10,526,508
ARIZONA OUTLAWS CONTEST CLUB 22 9,048,324
KANSAS CITY CONTEST CLUB 5 9,038,419
MINNESOTA WIRELESS ASSN 18 6,490,499
SKYVIEW RADIO SOCIETY 5 5,755,684
SOUTH EAST CONTEST CLUB 7 5,571,452
FLORIDA CONTEST GROUP 16 5,300,402
TENNESSEE CONTEST GROUP 12 4,971,044
WESTERN WASHINGTON DX CLUB 12 4,792,417
NORTHEAST MARYLAND AMATEUR RADIO
CONTEST SOCIETY 13 4,528,447
GRAND MESA CONTESTERS OF COLORADO 8 3,656,142
DFW CONTEST GROUP 12 3,116,210
ORDER OF BOILED OWLS OF NEW YORK 8 3,057,872
KENTUCKY CONTEST GROUP 4 3,008,768
SPOKANE DX ASSOCIATION 10 2,619,594
Photo D: MW9W/GW0KRL manning up his station in Wales. BRISTOL (TN/VA) ARC 5 2,411,067
NIAGARA FRONTIER RADIOSPORT 7 2,006,089
ALABAMA CONTEST GROUP 5 1,765,968
CENTRAL TEXAS DX AND CONTEST CLUB 7 1,716,675
Club Competition HUDSON VALLEY CONTESTERS AND DXERS 4 1,627,886
CQ WPX RTTY in unique in its club competition as it is not ROCHESTER (NY) DX ASSN 5 1,573,999
NORTH COAST CONTESTERS 4 1,114,306
combined with the CW and SSB versions but rather has a
SWAMP FOX CONTEST GROUP 9 1,097,824
standalone club competition. We encourage you to get PORTAGE COUNTY AMATEUR RADIO SERVICE 4 583,196
involved with your local contest club if you have not already. CAROLINA DX ASSOCIATION 5 509,866
The key to a good club score is member participation, the SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA CONTEST CLUB 7 482,774
DUPAGE AMATEUR RADIO CLUB 4 59,494
more logs the better. This was demonstrated by the Potomac
Valley Radio Club (PVRC) this year, with nearly double the DX
logs of U.S. second-place Frankford Radio Club (FRC). A Club # Entrants Score
BAVARIAN CONTEST CLUB 113 99,887,129
similar pattern was observed in Europe with the Bavarian ITALIAN CONTEST CLUB 95 61,389,421
Contest Club’s win. Power in numbers. Congrats to both of INTEREST GROUP RTTY 26 46,300,292
these powerhouse contest clubs for their victory. CROATIAN CONTEST CLUB 10 27,495,410
EA CONTEST CLUB 20 21,596,600
UKRAINIAN CONTEST CLUB 32 19,626,600
SLOVENIA CONTEST CLUB 7 14,066,119
CONTEST CLUB ONTARIO 241 0,992,315
RHEIN RUHR DX ASSOCIATION 39 10,303,718
BELARUS CONTEST CLUB 9 7,745,759
CONTEST CLUB FINLAND 6 7,696,295
ARAUCARIA DX GROUP 12 7,630,956
CONTEST CLUB SERBIA 6 6,458,582
EUROPE TOP SINGLE OPERATOR ALL BAND CONTEST GROUP DU QUEBEC 5 6,104,314
ORCA DX AND CONTEST CLUB 6 4,250,506
Station 80 40 20 15 10 VK CONTEST CLUB 7 4,103,753
RIO DX GROUP 17 4,066,497
*CR5O 7/7 323/121 208/67 415/161 641/267 CHILTERN DX CLUB 6 3,868,868
YT3D 187/120 363/152 181/64 167/74 365/206 5NNDXCC 11 3,815,420
IZ2FOS 175/125 335/137 219/81 226/107 273/138
ARIPA DX TEAM 7 3,559,403
TF1AM 90/16 315/139 164/84 372/154 610/187
I4LCK 98/29 207/99 262/134 375/189 331/175 CATALONIA CONTEST CLUB 6 3,495,251
WORLD WIDE YOUNG CONTESTERS 5 2,754,756
SP DX CLUB 15 2,586,122
EUROPE MULTI-OPERATOR SINGLE TRANSMITTER RTTY CONTESTERS OF JAPAN 11 2,168,823
YB-LAND DXING PASSION IS 76 2,024,876
IQ4FC 273/92 936/430 864/177 584/176 783/175
*IT9RBW 145/58 957/405 305/114 465/155 360/157 RUSSIAN CONTEST CLUB 5 1,720,921
9A5D 284/79 631/241 575/200 480/201 393/149 THRACIAN ROSE CLUB 8 1,477,651
LZ5R 221/71 770/371 276/62 414/160 440/150 CZECH CONTEST CLUB 4 1,290,266
S51A 367/113 572/284 310/136 410/168 306/129 ARCK 6 989,607
LU CONTEST GROUP 7 879,036
EUROPE MULTI-OPERATOR TWO TRANSMITTER GMDX GROUP 6 844,428
RUSSIAN DIGITAL RADIO CLUB 4 841,267
ED1R 330/121 926/281 943/205 1111/245 682/205 DANISH DX GROUP 5 702,546
DP7D 516/175 852/290 452/110 776/211 696/231 RDRC 5 632,151
DQ2C 569/212 851/272 526/127 553/186 520/174 LATVIAN CONTEST CLUB 4 602,484
C37N 102/54 603/235 550/169 457/153 288/108 CABREUVADX 9 555,973
LA1ØØK 74/8 352/190 404/116 563/209 179/65
CLIPPERTON DX CLUB 4 526,718
CONTEST CLUB BELGIUM 7 377,434
EUROPE MULTI-OPERATOR MULTI-TRANSMITTER YB LAND DX CLUB 7 318,943
7A DX-CONTEST CLUB 9 310,018
9A1A 774/206 1355/321 1195/219 1124/225 852/197 ORARI LOKAL KEDIRI 5 91,904
DP9A 598/154 1165/344 909/207 848/202 662/154
RADIOFAROL DX GROUP 4 33,273
DG4UF 330/123 625/251 387/124 394/165 235/108
DQ9Y 260/143 599/269 257/91 279/151 189/113
OZ4GM 340/153 403/118 240/127 289/145 110/61 Club scores with 4 or more entries.

2023 WPX RTTY PLAQUE DONORS AND WINNERS
SINGLE-OPERATOR HIGH POWER MULTI-OPERATOR, SINGLE-TRANSMITTER HIGH POWER
World: Jeff Blaine, ACØC. Won by: P49X (op. Ed Muns, W0YK) World: Rich Cady, N1IXF. Won by: IQ4FC (ops. IK4DCW, IK4HVR, IK4MGP,
North America: Marty Sullaway, NN1C. Won by: Kristoffer Kerce, AL2F IU4OMO, IU4BDX, IW4EGX, IZ4NIC)
USA: Abroham Neal Software by K3NC. Won by: Bud Trench, AA3B USA: John Lockhart, W0DC. Won by: ND3D (ops. ND3D, K3AJ, N8IVN, K3WA,
USA 7th Call Area: Hank Lonberg, KR7X in memory of Bob Wruble, W7GG. WT3K, W3MAM)
Won by: Mitch Mason, K7RL Europe: Billy, GM6DX. Won by: 9A5D (ops. 9A3AW, 9A3FRD, 9A3ID, 9A3SMS,
Europe: FlexRadio Systems. Won by: Stanislav Kostal, OK7W 9A3VM, 9A5DU, 9A7Z)
Africa: Vlado Karamitrov, N3CZ. Won by: Manuel Angel Martin Brito, EA8DO
Asia: Mike Trowbridge, KA4RRU in memory of Steve Veader, N4DXS. MULTI-OPERATOR, SINGLE-TRANSMITTER LOW POWER
Won by: UP7L (op. Vladimir Dubinskiy, UN6LN) World: Ed Muns, WØYK. Won by: IT9RBW (ops. IT9RBW, IT9RGY, IZ2WFL)
USA: FlexRadio Systems. Won by: WW4LL (ops. WW4LL, NN9DD, K4NV, W4BOG,
SINGLE-OPERATOR LOW POWER K1ZZI) – New USA Record
World: Gerry Treas, K8GT. Won by: TM3Z (op. Dimitri Cosson, F4DSK) MULTI-OPERATOR, MULTI-TWO
North America: Wray Dudley, AB4SF. Won by: Marc Missalla, V31MA
USA: Gerry Treas, K8GT. Won by: Peter Bizlewicz, KU2M World: Steve Bookout, NR4M, and the “Goat Farm Gang”. Won by: CR3DX (ops.
Europe: FlexRadio Systems. Won by: IQ6AN (op. Andrea Tonci, IK6VXO) CT3DZ, CT3EN, OM2KW, OM3RG, OM3RM)
Oceania: Doug Faunt, N6TQS. Won by: Kent Carlson, KH6CJJ USA: CTRI Contest Group in memory of Chris, KA1GEU (SK). Won by: K9CT (ops.
K9WX, KM9SPL, KD9LSV, KT9L, WT2P, K9CT)
Europe: FlexRadio Systems. Won by: ED1R (ops. EA1V, EA1P, EA1TL, EC1KR,
SINGLE-OPERATOR QRP EA4AOC)
USA: Jeff Blaine, ACØC. Won by: KZ0US (op. James Colville, W7RY)
North America: FlexRadio Systems. Won by: Osmany Gonzlez Escobar, CO2OQ MULTI-OPERATOR, MULTI-TRANSMITTER
World: Steve Bookout, NR4M, and the “Goat Farm Gang”. Won by: 9A1A (ops.
SINGLE-OPERATOR SINGLE BAND 9A5W, 9A9A, 9A6A, 9A7C, 9A7R, 9A8A, 9A7PP, 9A7EU, 9A7AS, 9A3BOX)
USA: BeLoud.US. Won by: W3GH (ops. KB3EYY, N3WMC, W3BUW, WC3O,
World 14 MHz: Steve “Sid” Caesar, NH7C. Won by: IQ1RY (op. Filippo Vairo,
AC3IE, NM3A, WQ3Q, K3WM, WA3GHW, KC3PXQ, WA3KFS, AC3Q, AC3GB,
IZ1LBG)
N2MA, K3STL, K3JAS, W3MLJ, AB3LS, AG3I, K3FAZ, AB3GY)
World 14 MHz Low Power: Kenny Young, AB4GG. Won by: Savas Pavlidis, SV2AEL
North America 21 MHz High Score: Doug Faunt, N6TQS. Won By: Alexei Joaquin
Morejon Cohen, CO2XK MULTI-OPERATOR, MULTI-TRANSMITTER DISTRIBUTED
World 28 MHz: Steve Booklout, NR4M, and the “Goat Farm Gang”. Canada: FlexRadio Systems. Won by: CJ2X (ops. VE2CSM, VE2EBK, VE2FK,
Won by: PV2K (op. Leonardo Zucon, PY2KNK) VE2NMB)
CLUB COMPETITION
OVERLAY CATEGORY World: Potomac Valley Radio Club. Won by: Bavarian Contest Club
Rookie – Europe: Sponsored by Bavarian Contest Club, Won by: Mick Cahill, EI6IKB USA: Northern California Contest Club: Won by: Potomac Valley Radio Club
awarded in this competition and reach out to the manage-

ment team if you would like to sponsor one in the future.
Thank you for all the stories and photos from around the
world! Keep them coming as a picture speaks a thousand
words, and really enhances our coverage of this major world-
wide RTTY WPX competition.
Please keep that in mind as you participate in these con-
tests. Pictures of operators or teams of operators are the
best. Send us yours for a chance to get it published in CQ
magazine!
That’s all for this time…
On behalf of the entire CQ RTTY management team: Chris
Tate, N6WM; Ed Muns, WØYK and Rich Cady, N1IXF.
(Scores on page 96)
TOP SCORES IN VERY ACTIVE ZONES

Zone 3 Zone 15
K7RL.....................................3,550,008 YT3D ....................................2,566,256
Photo E: JH4WBY enjoyed operating WPX SO2R from N7GP....................................1,782,810 IZ2FOS .................................2,347,884
NF6A .......................................934,570 I4LCK....................................2,234,194
Japan. VA7ST .....................................896,104 *S51CK.................................1,694,712
W6EU ......................................813,058 HG2DX .................................1,016,178
Summary Zone 4
KI6DY ...................................2,406,552
Zone 16
EU8U ....................................1,738,275
Congrats to all the participants and plaque winners. And N7WY ...................................1,768,200 *RA3Y...................................1,484,964
NXØI.....................................1,070,399 UX5IO...................................1,339,737
please view the complete results in the line scores. ABØRX ....................................965,280 EW4A ...................................1,166,316
Conditions were good for this contest, with Cycle 25 starting *N8CWU ..................................915,875 R5AN ....................................1,023,984
to reach full swing. RTTY contesting can be fun, fast-paced
Zone 5 Zone 20
and exciting! N6AR ....................................2,653,326 YO3VU .................................1,346,080
N1RM ...................................2,191,196 YO3RU .................................1,311,987
AE1P ....................................1,979,364 *LZ7X (LZ1UQ).....................1,077,668
Wall Hangings VE2GSO...............................1,978,470 *YO6HSU ................................736,568
W3LL ....................................1,772,880 *YO9BCM ................................667,550
Winning a plaque in a CQ WW contest is a great achievement,
and often is one of the most coveted awards that one can hang Zone 14 Zone 25
on their shack wall. The opportunity to sponsor plaques is avail- *CR5O (CT7AJL)..................2,614,108 JH7QXJ ...................................887,692
G1N (GØURR) .....................2,147,850 JH7RTQ...................................614,384
able, and can be great ways to establish regional excellence, OZ5W (SM5SIC) ..................1,848,174 JA2AXB ...................................524,790
or recognize a particular annual competition. DLØHMK (DF2HN)...............1,781,605 JR3NZC...................................410,696
*DJ4MX ................................1,605,065 JA3HBF ...................................357,022
We would like to encourage you to review the plaques

Announcing:
The 2023 CQ World-Wide RTTY DX Contest
September 23-24, 2023
Starts 00:00:00 UTC Saturday Ends 23:59:59 UTC Sunday
Log Submission Deadline: 2359 UTC September 29, 2023
I. OBJECTIVE 1. Single Operator: QSO finding assistance of any kind is

For amateurs around the world to contact as many other prohibited (see VIII.2).
amateurs in as many CQ zones, countries, and W/VE QTHs a. High Power (All Band or Single Band): Total output power
as possible. must not exceed 1,500 watts.
b. Low Power (All Band or Single Band): Total output power
II. BANDS must not exceed 100 watts.
Five bands only: The 3.5, 7, 14, 21 and 28MHz bands. c. QRP (All Band or Single Band): Total output power must
Observance of established band plans is strongly encouraged. not exceed 5 watts.
2. Single Operator Assisted: Entrants in this category may
III. CONTEST EXCHANGE use QSO finding assistance (see VIII.2).
RST report plus CQ Zone (e.g., 599 05). Stations in the a. High Power Assisted (All Band or Single Band): Total
continental USA and Canada also send QTH (e.g., 599 05 output power must not exceed 1,500 watts.
MA). See IV.C.3. below. b. Low Power Assisted (All Band or Single Band): Total out-
put power must not exceed 100 watts.
IV. SCORING: c. QRP Assisted (All Band or Single Band): Total output
A. Score: The final score is the result of the total QSO points power must not exceed 5 watts.
multiplied by the sum of zone, country, and QTH multipliers. B. Single Operator Overlay Categories: Any Single
Example: 1,000 QSO points * (30 Zones + 70 Countries + Operator entrant who meets the requirements may ALSO
35 W/VE QTHs) = 135,000 (final score). enter one of the categories shown below by adding the appro-
B. QSO Points: Stations may be contacted once on each priate CATEGORY-OVERLAY line in the Cabrillo log file
band. QSO points are based on the location of the station header. Overlay category entries will be listed separately in
worked. the results; scored as All Bands; and grouped by High Power
1. Contacts between stations on different continents count and Low Power (includes QRP).
three (3) points. 1. Classic Operator (CLASSIC): The entrant will use only
2. Contacts between stations on the same continent but in one radio, no QSO finding assistance, and may operate up
different countries count two (2) points. to 24 of the 48 hours — off times are a minimum of 60 min-
3. Contacts between stations in the same country count utes during which no QSO is logged. If the log shows more
one (1) point. than 24 hours of operation, only the first 24 hours will be
C. Multiplier: There are three (3) types of multipliers. counted for the overlay score. Receiving while transmitting
1. Zone: A multiplier of one (1) for each different CQ Zone is prohibited. Single Operator Assisted entries are not eligi-
contacted on each band. The CQ Worked All Zones rules ble for this category.
are the standard. 2. Rookie (ROOKIE): The operator was first licensed as a
2. Country: A multiplier of one (1) for each different country radio amateur less than three (3) years before the date of
contacted on each band. The DXCC entity list, Worked All the contest. Indicate the date first licensed in the SOAPBOX
Europe (WAE) multiplier list plus IG9/IH9, and continental field. Previous Rookie winners are ineligible for plaques in
boundaries are the standards for defining country multipliers. this category.
Maritime mobile stations count only for a zone multiplier. 3. Youth (YOUTH): The operator was 25 years old or
3. W/VE QTH: A multiplier of one (1) for each continental younger at the start of the contest. Indicate the birth year in
U.S. state (48), The District of Columbia and each Canadian the SOAPBOX field.
call area (14) contacted on each band. Please use only U.S. C. Multi-Operator Categories (all-band operation only):
Postal Service abbreviations to identify U.S. states (e.g., Any number of operators is allowed. QSO finding assistance
Michigan = MI, Massachusetts = MA, Ohio = OH, The District is allowed. Only one transmitted signal per band is permit-
of Columbia = DC). Note: Alaska (KL7) and Hawaii (KH6) ted at any time.
are counted as country multipliers only and not as state mul- 1. Multi-Single: Only one transmitted signal on one band
tipliers. Canadian call areas (14 total) are as follows: NB permitted at any time (run station / signal). Exception: One
(VE9), NS (VE1), QC (VE2), ON (VE3), MB (VE4), SK (VE5), — and only one — other transmitted signal (multiplier sta-
AB (VE6), BC (VE7), NWT (VE8), NF (VO1), LB (VO2), NU tion / signal) may be used, if — and only if — it is on a dif-
(VYØ), YT (VY1), PEI (VY2). ferent band from the run transmitted signal and the station
worked is a new multiplier. The run and multiplier transmit-
V. ENTRY CATEGORIES: ted signals may each make a maximum of 8 band changes
A. Single Operator Categories: One person (the operator) per clock hour (00 through 59 minutes). The log must indi-
performs all operating and logging functions. There is no limit cate which transmitted signal (run or multiplier) made each
on operating time or band changes. Only one transmitted QSO. The multiplier transmitted signal may not call CQ (solic-
signal is permitted at any time. it contacts).

a. High Power: Total output power must not exceed 1,500 diameter circle. Antennas must be physically connected by
watts on any band at any time. RF transmission lines to the transmitters and receivers.
b. Low Power: Total output power must not exceed 100 2. QSO finding assistance: The use of any technology or other
watts on any band at any time. source that provides callsign or multiplier identification of a sig-
2. Multi-Two: A maximum of two transmitted signals may be nal to the operator, other than a single-channel RTTY decoder.
used at any time, and they must be on two different bands. This includes, but is not limited to, use of a multi-channel RTTY
The log must indicate which station / signal made each QSO. decoder, DX cluster, DX spotting websites (e.g., DX Summit),
Each station / signal may make a maximum of 8 band changes local or remote callsign and frequency decoding technology
in any clock hour (00 through 59 minutes). Total output power (e.g., RTTY Skimmer or Reverse Beacon Network), or operat-
must not exceed 1,500 watts on any band at any time. ing arrangements involving other individuals.
3. Multi-Multi: The five contest bands may be activated
simultaneously. Only one transmitted signal per band is per- IX. GENERAL RULES FOR ALL ENTRANTS:
mitted at any time. Total output power must not exceed 1,500 1. Entrants must operate within the limits of their chosen
watts on any band at any time. category when performing any activity that could impact their
D. Explorer: The Explorer category allows amateurs to par- submitted score.
ticipate in the CQWW contest while encouraging innovation in 2. A different callsign must be used for each entry. Only the
operating strategies, station design, and technology adapta- entrant’s callsign may be used to aid the entrant’s score.
tion. For full Explorer rules, go to <cqww.com/explorer.htm>. 3. Do not exceed the total output power limitation of the
E. Checklog: Entry submitted to assist with the log check- chosen entry category on any band. Total output power on
ing. The entry will not have a score in the results and the log any band at any time is measured at the output of the active
will not be made public. amplifier(s).
4. Self-spotting or asking to be spotted is not permitted.
VI. AWARDS: 5. Remote operation is permitted if the physical location of
A single-band log will be eligible for a single-band award all transmitters, receivers, and antennas are at one station
only. A log containing more than one band will be judged as location. A remotely operated station must obey all station
an all-band entry unless specified as a single-band entry. license, operator license, and category limitations. The call-
A. Certificates: Electronic certificates will be made avail- sign used must be one issued or permitted by the Regulatory
able for download for everyone that submits an entry by the Authority of the station location.
log deadline. 6. Remote receivers outside of the station location are not
B. Plaques: Plaques are awarded for top performance in a permitted.
number of categories. View the current list of plaques and 7. Only one signal on a band is allowed at any time. When
sponsors at <cqwwrtty.com/plaques.htm>. Only one plaque two or more transmitters are present on the same band, a
will be awarded per entry. A station winning a plaque will not hardware device MUST be used to prevent more than one
be considered for a sub-area award; the plaque will be award- signal at any one time. Alternating CQs on two or more fre-
ed to the runner-up in that area. quencies on a band is not permitted.
8. All requests for contacts, responses to calls, and copy-
VII. CLUB COMPETITION: ing of callsigns and contest exchanges must be accom-
The club score is the total aggregate score from logs sub- plished during the contest period using the mode and fre-
mitted by members. There are two separate club competi- quencies of the contest.
tion categories. 9. Correction of logged callsigns and exchanges after the
A. USA Clubs: Participation is limited to club members contest, by use of any database, recordings, email, or other
residing within a 250-mile radius circle from the center of club methods, is not allowed.
area. 10. Only 45.45-Baud, 170-Hz shift ITA2 mode is permitted.
B. DX Clubs: Participation is limited to club members resid-
ing within EITHER the DXCC country where the club is locat- X. LOG INSTRUCTIONS:
ed OR within a 400-kilometer radius circle from the center of Electronic submission of logs is required for all entrants.
club. 1. The log MUST show the following for each contact: Correct
C. General club rules: date and time in UTC, frequency (or band), callsign of the sta-
1. National organizations (e.g., JARL, REF or DARC) are tion worked, exchange sent, and exchange received. A log with-
not eligible for the club competition. out all required information may be reclassified to Checklog.
2. Single-operator entries may only contribute to one club. Contacts should be logged at the time they are completed.
Multi-operator scores may be allocated to multiple clubs as Stations competing for World and Continent awards must pro-
a percentage of the number of club members participating in vide actual frequencies for all contacts in the log.
the operation. The log entry must spell out the full club name 2. Single band entrants are required to include all contacts
(and club allocations if multi-op). made during the contest period, even if on other bands. Only
3. A minimum of four logs must be received for a club to be contacts made on the band specified in the Cabrillo header
listed in the results. Checklog entries are not counted for the will be considered for scoring purposes. Logs with contacts
club score. only on one band will be classified as single-band entries.
4. The word “reside” shall be defined as: To dwell perma- 3. The CABRILLO file format is the standard for logs. See
nently or continuously or to occupy a place as a person’s <cqwwrtty.com/cabrillo.htm> for detailed instructions on fill-
fixed, permanent, and principal home for legal purposes. ing out the CABRILLO file header. Failure to fill out the head-
er correctly may result in the entry being placed in the wrong
VIII. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS: category or reclassified as a Checklog. Note: U.S. and
1. Station location: The area in which all the transmitters, Canada stations must indicate the station location in the
receivers, and antennas are located. All transmitters, CABRILLO header (e.g., LOCATION: OH); other stations
receivers, and amplifiers must be within a single 500-meter indicate “DX” (e.g., LOCATION: DX).

4. Web upload is the only method of ator entrant (see V.A.1) competing for a D. Log Checking: All logs are checked
log submission. Web upload of logs is top five finish at the (a) World, (b) using custom software and human-
available at <cqwwrtty.com/logcheck>. Continent, or (c) USA levels, including judgment.
5. Instructions for NON-CABRILLO Classic Overlay, must record the trans- 1. Duplicate contacts are removed with
electronic logs: If you are not able to mitted and received audio as heard by no additional penalty.
submit a CABRILLO format log, please the operator for the duration of the con- 2. Contacts with an incorrectly re-
contact the Contest Director for assis- test operation. The recording must be in ceived exchange are removed with no
tance with submitting another format. a common format (e.g., mp3) and should additional penalty.
6. Entry Confirmation: All logs received include the audio to each ear as a sep- 3. Callsign errors (bust) or callsigns
will be confirmed via email. A listing of arate channel. The recording must be a not in the other log (NIL) are removed
logs received can be found at <cqww continuous recording (not a recording of and receive a penalty of two times the
rtty.com/logs_received.htm>. individual QSOs). Time “off the air” QSO point value for that contact.
7. Log withdrawal: An entrant may (when not transmitting or receiving)
withdraw the submitted log for any rea- does not have to recorded. The record- XIII. DECLARATION:
son within 30 days of the log deadline. ing may be requested by the Committee By submitting a CQWW RTTY DX
Contact the Contest Director for within 90 days after the log deadline to Contest log, and in consideration of the
instructions. help adjudicate the log. The recording efforts of the CQWW RTTY DX Contest
files must be provided by the entrant Committee to review and evaluate that
XI. LOG DEADLINE: within 5 days of the request. Failure to log, an entrant unconditionally and
1. All entries must be sent WITHIN submit a requested audio recording may irrevocably agrees that he/she has: 1)
FIVE (5) DAYS after the end of the con- result in the reclassification of a log entry read and understood the rules of the
test: no later than 2359 UTC September or disqualification. contest and agrees to be bound by
29, 2023. Resubmitting an entry after C. Disciplinary Actions: In the event of them, 2) operated according to all rules
the deadline will result in it being con- a violation, the entrant is subject to dis- and regulations that pertain to amateur
sidered as a late log. qualification at the discretion of the radio for the station location, 3) agreed
2. An extension may be requested at Committee. the log entry may be made open to the
<cqwwrtty.com/contact>. The request 1. Disqualified entries will be listed at public, and 4) accepted that the issuing
must state a legitimate reason and must the end of the published results and are of disqualifications and other decisions
be received before the log deadline. not eligible for an award. of the Committee are official and final.
Extensions are granted only upon con- 2. Notification of Committee actions If an entrant is unwilling or unable to
firmation by the Contest Director. will be sent by email to the address pro- agree to all of the foregoing, the entrant
3. Logs submitted after the deadline vided with the log submission. The should not submit the entry or submit
may be listed in the results, but are not entrant has five days to appeal the deci- the entry as a Checklog only.
eligible for awards. sion to the Contest Director. After that Questions pertaining to the CQWW
time, the decision is final. RTTY DX Contest rules may be sub-
XII. JUDGING: 3. The Committee reserves the right mitted through at <cqwwrtty.com/con-
The CQWW RTTY DX Contest to change the category of any entry tact.htm>. Answers for many frequent-
Committee is responsible for checking based on its examination of the log or ly asked questions can be found at
and adjudicating the contest entries. other information. <cqwwrtty.com/faq.htm>.
Entrants are expected to follow the rules
and best amateur radio practices.
Violation of the rules of the contest or
unsportsmanlike conduct may lead to W5SWL Electronics
disciplinary action by the Committee.
A. Unsportsmanlike Conduct: Exam-
ples of unsportsmanlike conduct include,
but are not limited to:
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1. Arranging or confirming any con- RF Connectors
tacts during or after the contest by use
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2. Transmissions by the entrant on fre- • BNC & SMA • QMA SMB & SMC • RF Adapters
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3. Changing times in the log to meet • TNC & C
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4. Taking credit for excessive unveri- And Much More!
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5. Signals with excessive bandwidth • Dave’s Hobby Shop by W5SWL • RF & Technical Parts
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6. Running stations making more than Order at www.W5SWL.com
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B. Audio Recordings: Any single oper-

Announcing:
2023 Inductees to the CQ Amateur

Radio, Contest, and DX Halls of Fame
CQ
Magazine is pleased to announce the induc- columnist (“Contesting 101”) for the National Contest
tion of two new members to the CQ DX Hall Journal.
of Fame, three inductees to the CQ Contest Ken Claerbout, K4ZW – An accomplished contester both
Hall of Fame (one of whom tragically became a Silent Key domestically and as DX, Ken (Photo B) has operated from
just days before the induction ceremony), and four new mem- over a dozen countries around the world. He is also a driving
bers of the CQ Amateur Radio Hall of Fame. force in the ongoing training and mentoring of students at
The CQ DX Hall of Fame (started in 1967) and the CQ ET3AA, the radio club at the Addis Ababa University School
Contest Hall of Fame (started in 1986) were established to of Electrical and Computer Engineering in Ethiopia. On a
recognize those amateurs who have made major contribu- recent visit, he helped students install one of the few HF skim-
tions to DXing and contesting, respectively. The CQ Amateur mers in Africa to feed the Reverse Beacon Network. He has
Radio Hall of Fame, started in 2001, recognizes those who served in multiple positions for the YASME Foundation and
have made major contributions to amateur radio as a whole, is past president of the Potomac Valley Radio Club. In that
as well as radio amateurs who have made major contribu- role, he began a series of contesting-related webinars that
tions to society at large. has morphed into today’s Contest University.
DX and Contest Hall of Fame inductees were announced
at the respective Dayton DX and Contest dinners during
Hamvention ® in May. Here are this year’s inductees:
CQ Amateur Radio Hall of Fame

We have four new members of the Amateur Radio Hall of
Fame this year, bringing the total number of honorees to 349.
The 2023 inductees are:
Andrew “Andy” Andros, WØLTE (SK), and brother
Theodore “Ted” Andros, WØURN (SK), founders of Hy-Gain
Corp. Their first antenna, the TH-3 triband trap beam, got the
company off to a solid start. Hy-Gain went on to become a
major antenna manufacturer for the amateur, CB, military,
and diplomatic markets; later sold to Telex and then to MFJ
Enterprises, which continues to produce Hy-Gain antennas,
rotors, and accessories.
John G. “Jack” Curtis, K6KU (SK) – Revolutionized CW Photo A. CQ World Wide DX Contest Director John Dorr,
keying by developing circuitry for an iambic memory keyer K1AR, presents 2023 CQ Contest Hall of Fame plaque to
and putting it on a chip. The chips were later integrated into Kirk Pickering, K4RO, at the Contest Dinner in Dayton, Ohio.
many commercial transceivers featuring built-in electronic (Photo by Bob Wilson, N6TV)
keyers.
Gerald “Jerry” Lawson, WA6LVN (SK) – Pioneer of home
video games, leading the team that developed the first car-
tridge-based video game controller at Fairchild Semi-
conductor. This allowed users for the first time to switch
between multiple games while using a single controller. He
was also one of the few African-American engineers work-
ing in the computer industry as the first video games were
developed.
CQ Contest Hall of Fame

The 2023 inductees to the CQ Contest Hall of Fame are:
Kirk Pickering, K4RO – A founding member, past presi-
dent, and past vice president of the Tennessee Contest
Group and webmaster of the TCG website, Kirk (Photo A)
has hosted many new contesters at multi-ops from his home
station. He is a three-time US winner in the ARRL Sweep- Photo B. K1AR presents CQ Contest Hall of Fame plaque
stakes CW/QRP category and has been a regular top-ten to Ken Claerbout, K4ZW, May 20th, 2023, at the Dayton
finisher in multiple contests. He is also a past editor and Contest Dinner. (N6TV photo)

Phoro E. KI4KWR presents a 2023 CQ DX Hall of Fame
plaque at the Dayton DX Dinner to Adrian Ciuperca,
Photo C. Philipp Springer, DK6SP, accepts CQ Contest Hall KO8SCA. (W8HC photo)
of Fame plaque from K1AR for Ben Buettner, DL6RAI, who
tragically became a Silent Key just two days earlier in a tower was published in CQ in 1976. He is an expert in electro-
accident in Aruba. (N6TV photo) magnetic interference and compatibility and holds seven
patents in the field.
Adrian Ciuperca, KO8SCA – Adrian (Photo E) has been
Bernhard “Ben” Buettner, DL6RAI (SK) – An avid contester
on 30 DXpeditions in just over seven years, including the
and contest administrator who operated from 49 different DX
recent 3YØJ expedition to Bouvet Island. He actively pro-
entities over his long career in ham radio, Ben was a co-founder
motes amateur radio to young people in places that he vis-
and past president of the Bavarian Contest Club (BCC) and
its (assuming it’s a location with people!) and is frequently
helped develop and maintain the club’s DX cluster, the first in
the voice or face of various trips to the amateur community,
Germany. He was also a past director of the Worked All Europe
appearing on interview shows and writing about the adven-
DX Contest (WAEDC). In that role, he spearheaded the con-
tures for CQ and other publications. Adrian is also the tech
version from paper to electronic logging and the introduction of
support person for 4U1UN, the amateur station at United
electronic log checking. Ben was also a former member of the
Nations headquarters in New York City and can frequently
CQWW Contest Committee, served as IT manager for WRTC-
be found operating there when he isn’t traveling to some
2018 in Germany, and was a beta tester for Win-Test contest
remote part of the world.
logging software. Ben tragically became a Silent Key just days
before the Dayton Hamvention as a result of a tower accident
at his P49V contest station in Aruba. His plaque was accept-
ed at the contest dinner by Philipp Springer, DK6SP to take
back to Ben’s family (Photo C).
CQ DX Hall of Fame
The 2023 inductees to the CQ DX Hall of Fame are:
Arecio “Al” Hernandez, K3VN – Al (Photo D) has been
deeply involved in DX expeditions to many rare and difficult
to reach destinations. He has traveled to more than 100 coun-
tries, operated from at least 20 of them and has participated
in close to a dozen award-winning expeditions. Al is a prolif-
ic public speaker and author. His first DX expedition article
Photo D. Arecio “Al” Hernandez, K3VN (right), accepts his

CQ DX Hall of Fame plaque from CQ Awards Editor Steve
Molo, KI4KWR, at the Southwest Ohio DX Association DX
Dinner on May 19, 2023 (Photo by Hal Turley, W8HC)

A conference on the ionosphere and plans to learn more about it
during two upcoming solar eclipses brought together ham radio citizen
scientists and professional space scientists for a workshop in Pennsylvania.
Even if you weren’t there, you can take part in the research by getting
on the radio.
“Forging Amateur-Professional Bonds”

An Overview of the HamSCI 2023 Workshop and the Upcoming
Solar Eclipses
BY RON WILCOX,* KF7ZN
Photo A: The 2023 HamSCI workshop at The University of Scranton was well-attended by space scientists, college stu-
dents and radio amateurs. (Photos by Nathaniel Frissell, W2NAF, except as noted)
H
amSCI – the Ham Radio Science Citizen Investi- financial aid, and support were a major factor in the suc-
gation, a collaboration between the amateur radio and cess of the workshop. This year’s theme was “Forging
professional space science communities (see sidebar Amateur-Professional Bonds.” Organizations represented at
for basic information) – held its sixth annual workshop this the workshop included the ARRL, Youth on the Air Region
spring at The University of Scranton in Pennsylvania. 2 (YOTA), ARDC, NSF and NASA.
This year was an outstanding success. It was hosted by On Friday morning, the workshop received a warm wel-
The University of Scranton with major funding and support come and introduction by Dr. Michelle Maldonado, Provost
from the NSF (National Science Foundation), and ARDC of The University of Scranton. One personal story she shared
(Amateur Radio Digital Communications). In addition, DX was how her grandparents and father would listen to the radio
Engineering donated ten $100 gift certificates, an ICOM as it became a lifeline to their homeland, Cuba, and the impor-
transceiver for door prizes and an ACOM 1010 HF amplifi- tance of radio communication in their lives.
er to the W3USR campus radio club. ARRL also donated
books for the door prizes and to W3USR. These grants, Presentations
There were different components to the two-day workshop.
* 2359N 1220 W On Friday and on Saturday morning we were treated to a
Clinton, UT 84015 series of outstanding presentations (Photo A). In person pre-
E-mail: <[email protected]> senters came from different countries including Canada,

Poland, and England, as well as the United States, with mul- to the general public for the first time at this year’s HamSCI
tiple universities and science organizations represented. workshop. The kits were on display at the TAPR booth, with
There were virtual presenters from Canada, England, and magnetometer engineers and scientists on hand to demon-
Egypt. These presenters came from diverse backgrounds, strate. People interested in fielding a ground magnetometer
giving us a rich and rewarding experience. This included high- should have a relatively rural site away from power lines,
ly technical backgrounds, college students (both undergrad- metal, and other things that might disturb magnetic field mea-
uate and postgraduate), and citizen science ham radio oper- surements. For more information see <https://tinyurl.com/
ators. All the presentations are available at <hamsci.org/ 2ydj2z6u> and <https://hamsci.org/magnetometer>.
hamsci2023>. The breadth and range of topics, all related to TangerineSDR is a modular software defined radio project
space weather and ham radio, were amazing. For those from TAPR and HamSCI. It will incorporate a highly stable
attending, there was the option of in person or virtual for the oscillator and accurate timestamping. The current status of
presentations. the TangerineSDR project was presented by TAPR mem-
There were presentation updates on the HamSCI Personal ber/engineer Tom McDermott, N5EG.
Space Weather Station Project (PSWS), including the
TangerineSDR, Grape Version 2, and ground magnetome- Looking Toward (But Not AT) Future Eclipses
ters. While it is beyond the scope of this article to provide in- With upcoming solar eclipses a significant focus of HamSCI,
depth detail, here is a brief overview. there were multiple presentations on this topic. In “A Few
The Grape is a specialized HF radio receiver that mea- Science Questions that HamSCI Can Help Address During
sures Doppler shifts observed on the carriers of time stan- the 2023 and 2024 Eclipses,” Dr. Gareth Perry, KD2SAK, of
dard stations such as WWV. The Grape is the low-cost ver- the New Jersey Institute of Technology, outlined some of the
sion of the Personal Space Weather Station and is designed significant science questions that these eclipses may answer.
by John Gibbons, N8OBJ, an engineer at Case Western For example: will the different geometries of the 2023 and
Reserve University. At the HamSCI workshop, John unveiled 2024 eclipses as well as the fact that they are annular and
Grape version 1.12 and talked about progress with Grape total eclipses, respectively, have a significant effect on the
Version 2, which will be able to monitor three simultaneous asymmetry of the bottomside evolution of the ionosphere dur-
channels. While providing daily data for space weather ing the eclipse?
research, they will be an important part of the research on In “Engaging the Amateur Radio Community with the
eclipses. An excellent source with a more in-depth overview Festivals of Eclipse Ionospheric Science,” Gary Mikitin,
and explanation is Dr. Kristina Collins, KD8OXT’s, paper at AF8A, HamSCI Amateur Radio Community Coordinator,
<https://tinyurl.com/389kcwka>, and the HamSCI Grape gave an overview of the components of the Solar Eclipse
Website <https://hamsci.org/grape>. QSO Party and HamSCI’s progress to date. Finally, in “Two
The ground magnetometer module of the PSWS is used Solar Eclipses and A Solar Max: The Heliophysics Big Year,”
to monitor changes in Earth’s magnetic field due to variations Dr. Esayas Shume from NASA gave an invitation from NASA
in currents in the ionosphere and space. Ground magne- to the public and academic community to participate in sun
tometer measurements are an important part of HF radio science activities during NASA’s Heliophysics Big Year,
propagation prediction, as it is this type of data that is used which runs from October 2023 to December 2024.
to generate the Kp index that is well known to the amateur There were multiple presentations on TIDs (traveling ionos-
radio community. pheric disturbances), which are wave-like variations in ionos-
PSWS ground magnetometer kits were available for sale pheric electron densities. Amateur radio operators are likely
Photo B: Gamal Zayed from Egypt (virtual), Matthew Downs from England, and Marcin Lesniowski from Poland, were
among the international presenters at the workshop.

Photo C: Two of the posters from the workshop’s poster session
most familiar with TIDs in that they are a typical cause of peri-
odic HF fading (QSB). Visualizations and analysis of TID
What is HamSCI?
HamSCI is the Ham Radio Science Citizen Investigation,
observations collected by WSPRNet, the RBN (Reverse
a group that aims to bring together the amateur radio and
Beacon Network), and PSKReporter amateur radio systems,
professional space science communities for mutual bene-
as well as the professional SuperDARN ionospheric radar
fit. HamSCI has the distinction of being one of 34 official
network, were a part of the presentations. Results suggest-
NASA Citizen Science Projects (see <science.nasa.gov/
ed that sources of the TIDs include both energy from space
citizenscience>). These are projects teaming up scientists
(i.e., the aurora) and from the neutral atmosphere (e.g., the
and members of the public, who are called citizen scien-
polar vortex). Presenters also showed effects of the Tonga
tists. The NASA website defines a citizen scientist as a vol-
volcano on the ionosphere, which was quite impressive.
unteer who collaborates with scientists. According to
Another presentation of interest was by Gamal Zayed from
NASA, this has led to thousands of scientific discoveries
Egypt (virtual), Matthew Downs from England, and Marcin
covering a wide range of scientific topics which you can
Lesniowski. from Poland (Photo B). Their project, “Evaluation
view on their website.
of Global Ionospheric TEC Using Simultaneous Obser
HamSCI brings together scientists, ham radio operators,
vations from Amateur Radio Networks, International Space
and those with an interest in space weather and space sci-
Station, and NeQuickG Model for Space Weather Prediction”
ence. Our lead is Dr. Nathaniel Frissell, W2NAF, an assis-
(TEC stands for total electron content – ed.) was recognized
tant professor in physics and electrical engineering at The
as a global finalist in the 2022 NASA International Space
University of Scranton.
Apps Challenge. This is a very significant achievement, as
There are many intriguing questions and phenomena
it is awarded to only the top 35 teams out of over 3000
associated with the ionosphere and radio propagation. The
submissions.
HamSCI website lists some of those questions and the
goals we are pursuing:
Posters and Demonstrations
After lunch on Saturday we were able to view the posters, • How does the ionosphere respond to inputs from space
operate radio station W3USR, visit the display tables, and and from the neutral atmosphere?
view the exhibits. The posters were not posters in the tradi- • How does the ionosphere couple with the neutral
tional sense that many might think of (put away the crayons atmosphere and with space?
and chalk), but meeting scientific inquiry with an abstract, • What are the sources of medium and large scale trav-
introduction, method, data, analysis, and conclusion as eling ionospheric disturbances?
appropriate. They were three by four feet, and their topics • What are the causes of Sporadic E?
were fascinating. Like the presentations, they explored • How do disturbances such as solar flares, geomagnetic
experiments and topics related to ionospheric research and storms, and traveling ionospheric disturbances affect radio
citizen scientists. A few of them can be seen in Photo C, with wave propagation?
the rest to be found on <hamsci.org/hamsci2023e>. • How does ionospheric science help amateur radio oper-
A poster by Elaine Kollar, K3VQR (Murgas Amateur Radio ators improve communications?
Club), entitled “The Radio Priest, Scientist, Inventor, Artist • How can I use my existing radio equipment to help with
and Naturalist,” was about Father Joseph Murgas. Father science initiatives?
Murgas emigrated from Slovakia to the United States in 1896 The sixth annual HamSCI Workshop examined these and
and became the pastor of Sacred Heart church in Wilkes- other questions.
Barre, Pennsylvania (~20 miles south of Scranton). In 1905,

he successfully demonstrated the first multi-tone radiotele- discoveries by ham radio operators in the fields of science
graph system in front of the U.S. Navy, investors, scientists, and how to involve everyone interested.
and the public, over the twenty miles from Wilkes-Barre to
Scranton. W3USR Special Event Station, VE Session, and
A sampling of other topics included: Concluding Events
• “Low-Cost Low-Power Ionosonde,” by Gerard Piccini, W3USR was set up as a special event station and those
KD2ZHK (The University of Scranton). licensed were able to get on the air and make contacts for the
• “Personal Space Weather Station Central Control and station. We were given a tour of the future location of where
Database System,” Anderson B. Liddle and Nicholas their radio station will be permanently based. The college has
Muscolino (The University of Alabama) allowed them to use a nice room with a great view from the
• “SDRs in Time and Frequency Metrology,” by Aidan fourth floor looking out over the campus and downtown
Montare, KB3UMD (National Institute of Standards and Scranton. A nearly $200,000 ARDC grant is providing for the
Technology / NIST) construction of a high-end amateur radio station with HF, VHF,
• “FDTD for Geophysical Applications,” by Apoorva Ped- UHF, microwave, and satellite capabilities. Additional support
gaonkar (University of Utah) for the station is provided by Dr. Mary Lou West, KC2NMC;
We were able to walk through “Amateur Radio Through the Edward Hays, N6XEM, and DX Engineering.
Ages,” an exhibit of ham radio history with early to recent For those wanting to get their ham radio license, there was
radios, testing equipment, QSL cards, and related gear from a testing session put on by VEs from Scranton-Pocono
the early days of the hobby. Truly a fun stroll down memory Amateur Radio Club (SPARK) and the Murgas Amateur
lane. This was set up by Bill Gallagher WA3RA, and the Radio Club.
Murgas Amateur Radio Club, K3YTL. Bill gave informative Saturday night was our final dinner and goodbyes for many
tours of these exhibits on Saturday afternoon (Photo D). of us as we prepared to return home, looking forward to next
year’s workshop.
Banquet Keynote Address
Our keynote speaker at the Friday night banquet was Dr Getting Involved: 2023/2024 Solar Eclipses
Patricia Reiff, W5TAR, from Rice University, speaking on In 2017, we had a total solar eclipse here in North America.
“Forging Amateur-Professional Bonds” (Photo E). Dr. Reiff I remember being in Oregon with no vacancies in local motels,
has a long and extensive history of involving students, lay lines at the gas station and heavy traffic on the mountain
people, and scientists in collaboration. Her background with roads. Later, as we were driving home across the flat desert
NASA and the educational field was evident as she shared of Nevada we could see this shadow, behind us, covering
Photo D: Ham radio history display (Photo by Ann Marie Rogalcheck-Frissell, KC2KRQ)

Photo E: Friday night banquet keynote speaker Dr. Patricia Reiff, W5TAR.
everything in sight and rapidly overtaking us, hovering over everyone, including: 160-6 meters, all modes, WSPR,
us, and then moving past. What an experience. Where were FST4W, and CW/digital beacons. Please see the HamSCI
you? What were you doing? website, <hamsci.org>, for more information and details
I did not know it at the time, but ham radio operators and about the Solar Eclipse QSO Party. By going to the HamSCI
scientists were teaming up during the 2017 Solar Eclipse website you will also find information about eclipses, space
QSO Party event <hamsci.org/seqp2017>. Why were they weather, HamSCI itself, past presentations, published
involved? An eclipse is not just an exciting and fascinating papers, further sources and websites, and a speaker’s
event, it is an important opportunity to study the ionosphere bureau with topics that might be of interest or help. What we
under rapidly changing conditions (daytime to nighttime and need and are asking for is operators on the air. Whether you
back to daytime). This has led to important discoveries in the are an avid contester or a newly licensed ham radio opera-
past about the sun, with a promise of more to come. These tor with little experience, this is the place for you.
changes and discoveries can lead to an increased under-
standing of the ionosphere and its impact on satellites, radio Final Thoughts
communications, and GPS signals. Data from ham radio oper- My personal experience with this years’ workshop/conven-
ators on the air during eclipses is a valuable contribution to tion was extremely positive. There were topics, events,
this knowledge and research. Many operators were on the air demonstrations, posters, presentations, and tours that cov-
then, and now that same opportunity is coming twofold. ered so many facets of the ionosphere and space weather.
There are two eclipses coming up. There will be an annu- This event was inclusive. Anyone with an interest in the sci-
lar solar eclipse on October 14th of this year, and a total solar ence of space weather, wanting to be a citizen scientist or just
eclipse next April 8th. They are going to cut a swath across contribute as a ham radio operator, was made to feel very wel-
the continental United States, and ham radio operators will come. There were many scientists involved as well. The theme
be able to contribute. To celebrate this and add to our knowl- of forging amateur-professional bonds was a total success.
edge of the ionosphere, we are having another Solar Eclipse Thanks to everyone who aided in this accomplishment.
QSO Party. We are asking as many operators as possible to
be on the air and active during the eclipses. As in 2017, this
will create important data which will then be analyzed, with Acknowledgements
results made available for everyone to see and will aid in the I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Dr.
knowledge of space weather. There will be something for Nathaniel Frissell, W2NAF, for his help and guidance.
Sources
NASA Heliophysics <https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics>
NASA Citizen Science <https://science.nasa.gov/citizenscience>
NSF Aeronomy Website (Provided ~$50k of funding for the workshop, plus is the major funder for the PSWS project, the
Grape Eclipse Project, and the MSTID studies): <https://beta.nsf.gov/funding/opportunities/aeronomy>
ARDC Website <https://www.ardc.net/>
HamSCI website <https://hamsci.org/>

Roll your eyes skyward, mumble a bit, estimate the free
space path loss between two antennas in half a minute
0LFURZDYH';
´
*ULG )RU<RXU1HZ,&20
while friends reach for their cell phones or calculators. ,&5DGLR
´
Free Space Path Loss

0HVK
Estimator
/LQHDU3RO

*DLQWRG%L
BY MICHAEL TOIA,* K3MT 'XDO

/LQHDU
2QH &LUFXODU
$QWHQQD 3RO

&RYHUV
D
etermining the signal loss in free space between two antennas involves
just a bit of calculation, and estimating that loss (which is good enough ,W$OO *+]
for most ham radio purposes) can often be done in your head. Here’s WR G%L
how to do it: RUGHU#DQWHQQDZRUOGFRP
0DGH86$ ZZZWHFKQLFDODQWHQQDVFRP
Loss, for isotropic antennas separated by
One wavelength: 22 dB
Distance doubles add 6 dB
Ten times distance add 20 dB
Next, subtract the gain of both antennas. Here’s how:

We’ll start with two 2-meter beams, 8 kilometers apart:
Separation Distance Change Loss
2 meters Base 22 dB
20 meters +20 dB 42 dB
200 meters +20 dB 62 dB
2 kilometers +20 dB 82 dB
Suppose antenna gains are: 5 dBi and 6 dBi, respectively.

Subtract 5 + 6 = -11 dB
Estimated Path Loss: 83 dB
Corrections
In real life, of course, antennas are not always a convenient distance apart. So
a correction factor needs to be applied to compensate for variations from either
double or ten times the distance. Here are a few to get you into the ballpark
(remember, all of these are estimates):
± 12% ±1 dB ± 25% ± 2 dB ± 32% ±3 dB
Here are a couple of examples of applying the correction factors:
Path length is 12% less than 8 kilometers:
Path length = 8000 – 960 meters ~ 7000 meters
SuperbHeadsets.com
Path length is 25% more than 8 kilometers:
Path length = 8000 + 2000 meters = 10000 meters
Path length is 32% less than 8 kilometers: FREE

NG
SHIPPI
Path length = 8000 – 2560 meters ~ 5500 meters
These calculations are scalable for various wavelengths and distances. Try plug-
ging in some HF wavelengths (e.g., 20 meters) and international distances and
see what you get. The results will be eye-openers!
800-634-0094
* E-mail: <[email protected]> Wa
arren Gregoire & Associates

CQ CLASSIC:
Touching Lots of Bases…
This month’s CQ Classic is a reprint of our July/August 1970 DX column, which touches on
several bases covered in this month’s issue. First, it introduces only the fifth member of
CQ‘’s DX Hall of Fame, H. Dale Strieter, W4DQS (the DX Hall of Fame was started in
1967 and the first four members were Gus Browning, W4BPD; John Cummings, W2CTN;
Dick Spenceley, KV4AA, and Danny Weil, VP2VB) – this year’s inductees are introduced
elsewhere in this issue. Among Dale’s accomplishments were participation in the first two
DXpeditions to Malpelo Island, which happens to be the geographic topic of this month’s
DX column! Plus, some timeless tips on keeping ham radio in the public eye! Enjoy!
For three years this man rested from firsthand partic-

ipation in DXpeditions, but came out of retirement in
1965 to make a major contribution to the organization,
DX procurement of gear, and actual operation of the first

DXpedition to San Felix Island, CE0XA. In more recent
time he has figured as an organizer and operator for the
second HK0TU expedition to Malpelo in 1969, and the
Ernie Hendry DXpedition to Navassa, also in 1969.
Informed DXers know by now that this could be more
than H. Dale Strieter, W4DQS, DX Hall of Fame.
In selecting Dale for this honor, your DX Committee
BY JOHN A. ATTAWAY, * K4IIF
took into consideration many contributions other than
his activity in DXpeditions. Dale has always been a well-
“Unblemish’d let me live or die unknown; rounded DXer and overall amateur. Over the years,
Oh, grant an honest fame, or grant me none!” without publicity and fanfare, he has acquired, refur-
bished, and sent equipment into South America and
—ALEXANDER POPE
Africa to help get new hams on the air. He served as
This month we honor a new member to DX-dom’s most QSL Manager for the 1961 HK0TU operation, and for
prestigious group, the DX Hall of Fame. This man is ZD8J, HK1QQ, CE0XA, TJ1QQ, HK0AB, and KS4BF.
probably the least publicized major DX figure in the He has been a section winner in many ARRL DX and
United States. Although he played a prominent role in Sweepstakes Contests, and finished in the top five nation-
the organization and operation of seven major
DXpeditions during the past 12 years, his name is rel-
atively unknown except among the people most knowl-
edgeable in DX affairs.
His initial effort was the first DXpedition in history
to Navassa Island, the KC4AF operation, in March,
1958 when he was W8DJN. What a way to begin! Also
in this group effort were Don Chesser, W4KVX, then
DX Editor of CQ; Jake Schott, W8FGX, now police
chief of Cincinnati, Ohio; and other members of the
Ohio Valley Radio Association.
Navassa was pretty hard to.top, but for an encore he
made an important contribution as an operator on the
first DXpedition to Malpelo in March, 1961, when he,
W6HAW, W9EVI, and W0NWX were guests of the
Liga Columbiana Radio Aficionados. In 1962 he con- Installation of Danny Weil, VP2VB, into the DX Hall of Fame at
the West Gulf DX Club dinner on Monday, April 6, 1970. Left to
ceived and organized two DXpeditions by the Florida right: Don Busick, K5AAD, West Gulf member of the CQ DX
DX Club gang to Bajo Nuevo (HK0AB) and Serrana Committee; Danny himself; and Hal Sears, W5NC (ex-K5JLQ)
Bank (KS4BF). a member of Yasme board during the “Danny days.” (Photo by
WA5LES).

I had an eye-opener recently when taking a taxi to the
airport of a large northwestern city. I asked the cabby
what he thought of ham radio. His answer was that “hams
were sorta radio pi’neers in the 20’s and 30’s that spear-
minted with shortwave and helped out the Red Cross dur-
ing ‘mergencies.” He went on to say that “hams weren’t
around anymore. People like that repaired TV sets.” Well
brother it may come to that if we don’t get busy.
What can you do? Plenty! First of all, never miss an
opportunity to volunteer your station for public service.
Mobile units can frequently be useful in crowd man-
agement and at many types of outdoor functions requiri-
ng communication between groups at separated loca-
tions. Use your imagination. On the spot talk-power is
welcome in all kind of instances, some nobody has even
thought of yet. Demonstration stations set up to relay
messages and originate traffic at fairs, expositions, and
large shopping centers get much favorable attention.
There is no finer use for your station than supplying
communications for families of service men overseas,
particularly those in southeast Asia. This can be done
through MARS and through established nets. A note to
Hal Whitaker, CT3AS. Photo by Edna Brannen, WA4EPM, dur- ARRL should get you a listing of many other opportu-
ing her recent visit to Madeira. nities to help out J.Q. Public.
Service clubs are always seeking a fresh program and
ally in the c.w. division on several occasions. Dale is a good presentations on amateur radio are very welcome.
past president of the Florida DX Club, a member of the Over the years I’ve talked to Sertoma, Kiwanis, and
All Operator’s Club and First Class Operator’s Club, Rotary clubs in at least 3 different cities, and have always
and is currently Director of the Southeastern Division been well received. All it takes is a dipole, a transceiv-
of ARRL. Congratulations Dale! er, and a little gab. A pre-arranged sked with a TG9,
YV5, HK3, or KP4 is usually easy to arrange and a big
De Extra hit. Encourage high school science teachers to become
If you told some of your casual acquaintances that you hams and set up stations in their schools. This is a very
were a DXer how would they react? Would they think effective way to propagate the hobby.
it was your fraternity, or maybe that you were confess- No matter how you decide to proceed, don’t be bash-
ing to a mental illness or a social disease? Would they ful about publicity. That’s the name of the game! Write
start avoiding you? They might know what you meant, up your own press release if you have to. Type it dou-
but I bet 98% wouldn’t. Two years ago a couple of
senior citizens strolled by my house and silently con-
templated the stacked 40 meter beam and tribander at
60 feet in the backyard. Finally breaking the silence one
remarked “why does anybody in this neighborhood think
they need a TV antenna that big.” If you mentioned in
a conversation that you had stacked beams at your house
they would probably think you were bragging about your
wife’s figure. However, that’s beside the point.
The point is that amateur radio in general and DXers
in particular have fallen pretty far behind in educating
the public. Every time you read of an injunction against
somebody’s tower or of an amateur being sued for some
ridiculous sum of money because of TVI it drives that
simple truth home. Unfortunately, since we DXers and
Contesters usually have the tallest towers and highest
power in a particular area its all too likely to be one of Two top DXers pose on Tristan de Cunha. On the left is Andy,
our soul brothers who’s catching the static. VE1 ASJ/HP9FC/H09FC/ZD9 - BP. On the right Ray, ZD9BP.

ble-spaced and your local paper will welcome it. They World War II broke out in 1939 all ham activity was
can’t have a reporter everywhere all the time, and they suspended.
need interesting items. “When licenses were reissued after the war, there were
It’s nice to sit back in the evening and admire the wall about 40 hams. In 1948 VU2BU collected a band of
full of rare QSL cards and fancy certificates. Remember enthusiasts at the School of Signals in Mhow and formed
though, if we don’t carry our weight, contemplating the Amateur Radio Club of India (ARCI). ARCI was
those cards and certificates may one day be the only responsible for bringing in more hams, particularly from
activity still left for us. the Defense Services. It ran regular contests, issued cer-
tificates, and organized an SWL League and a QSL
DX Editor Away Bureau. However, in 1952 when VU2BU was transfered
If you mailed in your cards for WAZ during the month the ARCI came to a standstill. Three years later VU2-
of June and they haven’t been returned please stay cool. HM took over the work, shifted the club to Delhi, and
K4IIF was in Europe for most of the month and has a registered it as a Society—the present Amateur Radio
tremendous backlog of applications to process and let- Society of India (ARSI).
ters to write. He hopes to have everything back to nor- “By the close of 1968 there were about 480 amateurs
mal by mid-July. in India including 14 ladies— with four OM-YL teams.
There are now about a dozen ham organizations big and
Amateur Radio in India small, but no ham organization is recognized so far by
Information for this article was sent to CQ by Mr. G. the government of India. For all official purposes, how-
V. Sulu, VU2GV, well known Indian radio historian ever, the ARSI, RESI (Radio & Electronics Society of
and chief promoter of amateur radio in India. India, Bombay) and BARC (Bangalore Amateur Radio
“Amateur Radio got it’s start in India right at the very Club) are regarded as the principal amateur organizations
beginning of Wireless itself. The late Sir J. C. Bose, in India—a de facto recognition, though not de jure!
who investigated the quasioptical properties of very short “The present ham activity in India is largely the result
electromagnetic waves during the interval 1890-1900, of World War II surplus equipment. The shortage of
is considered to be the first ham of India. Bose was elect- foreign exchange doesn’t permit imports, and the very
ed a Fellow of the Royal Society for his work on the limited demand doesn’t permit local manufacture.
response of plants to electric waves. Receivers like the AR-88, HRO, Super-Pro, SX-28, and
“No records of early conventional ham activities are BC-348s are still going strong. Transmitters are assem-
available. However, we know that by 1923 a handful of bled with surplus components, with power limited to
VU hams were working DX stations in Australia and 150 watts. We have no 160 Meter band and only 10 kc
South Africa. By 1924 there were about 30 hams with on 80 Meters. The 40 and 20 Meter bands have a lot of
a couple of small clubs, and by 1925 VU hams were VU activity, but only a few get on 15 and 10 Meters.
communicating with all parts of the world. The 6 Meter band has been withdrawn and only 3 or 4
“In 1924 when the Madras Presidency Radio Club amateurs have any equipment for 2 meters. There is no
transmitted programs through its station 2GR it was the VU activity above 2 Meters.
beginning of broadcasting in India. In those days hams
could broadcast music and other type programs as well.
Club stations 2FV and 2BZ of Bombay and Calcutta fol-
lowed Madras within a year. They broadcasted in the
medium waves with 40-100 watts power. In 1925 the
Radio Club of Bengal in Calcutta brought out the first
monthly ham magazine entitled Radio. It was edited by
G. Briggs, 2CZ, and included the Callbook.
“In 1927, the Indian Broadcasting Company was
formed and took over commercial broadcasting.
Consequently Indian hams were prohibited from broad-
casting and the power of their transmitters was restrict-
ed to 10 watts. To protect he inerests of Indian ama-
teurs during these difficult years the Indian Radio Society
was formed in Bombay in 1929. It had about 100 mem-
bers all over the country and published a monthly enti- At a recent party given in honor of Susi, HB9- AOE/4, when she
was in New York. Standing: George, ex-Y02BO, Seichi,
tled IRS Circular. It also operated India’s first QSL JA2ENU, Tony, W2QL, Mamoru, JA1ANE, Alan, K2EEK.
Bureau for 2 years, after which it was discontinued due Sitting: Harvey, WA2GBF, Serge ex-Y03LM, Susi, HB9-
to lack of interest in the part of the members. When AOE/W4 , Steve, WA2DHF, ex-GM5AHS.

“Out of the roughly 500 hams we have today, only
about 150 are active with about 40 of them on s.s.b. using
homebrew gear. Due to their simplicity, long-wire and
wyndom antennas are popular though a few use dipoles
fed with surplus coax. There are about 25 cubical quads.
Only a handfull of hams have measuring or test equip-
ment with the exception of multipliers. Some have the
BC 221 frequency meter, but it is a luxury for most. Two
enthusiasts, VU6VU and VU2BB, have amateur TV
licenses but haven’t taken it up seriously as of this date.
VU2KV is the only RTTY operator, and so far there isn’t
any space communication—not even reception.”
Next month—Amateur Radio in Czechoslovakia.
Preliminary Report from Aves Island Here is Antonio Gomez Sobrino, HI3AGS, one of our recent
de YV5BPG/YV0BPG WPX winners. Antonio is now chasing WAZ and can be found
around 14200 after 2330 GMT on weekdays. On weekends he
The following letter was written by Pedro on May 5, frequents 21250 beginning at 1800 GMT. The gear includes an
1970: HT-37, 2-B and TA-33.
“Dear John,
“We are writing this at the San Juan airport during a
stopover from Guadeloupe to Caracas.
“Our Aves Island operation started late because of
many unexpected problems, like for example the seizure
of the Air France plane which was supposed to carry
most of the gang from Caracas to Guadeloupe. If that
wasn’t bad enough we ended up with a skipper who
didn’t know the first thing about navigation, and who
lied to us about a few things like the true speed of his
boat. As a consequence we had the unusual experience
of guiding the ship via YV0AI/MM, with the help of a
Venezuelan merchant ship skipper who gave us the nec-
essary calculations by ham radio to enable us to find the
island. Late but safe we landed at Aves and operated QRP’er John Thompson, W1BIH/PJ9JT operating from
until Sunday noon, at which time we had to shut down Curacao with his Ten-Tec, 5-watt transceiver. John QSO’d 300
in order to make it back to Guadeloupe on the slow boat. stations in 32 countries on 20 and 40 meter c.w. These includ-
“Fortunately we had no technical trouble of major ed VU via the long path, 6 VK/ZL’s and 4X4. Sure the PJ9 call
helped, but 5 watts!! That’s A-OK.
importance except some difficulty with our keyer and a
certain degree of cross interference on some bands, as
we were unable to separate the transmitters as much as with considerable sacrifice. Because of this contribu-
would have been desirable. tions sent with QSL cards will be gratefully accepted.
“As of this moment it is only 12 hours after our land- YV5BPJ is clearing house for contributions. The call-
ing on Guadeloupe after a sleepless week. Therefore we signs and QSL routings are as follows:
haven’t yet evaluated our logs to determine the effec- YV0AI-Via W2GHK (operators were YV5’s BPJ,
tiveness of the expedition. We do know that several sta- BBU, BPG, & EL.)
tions, including ON4UN, HK3WO, XE1KS, W2PV, VY0PP-To YVIPP (Leslie)
W3AZD, W3SS, and others, told us that they worked YV0LA-c/ o YV1LA (Janusz)
us on 5 bands. Incidentally, we maintained a strict pol- YV0BPG-Vi a YV5BPG (Pedro)
icy of no schedules, no QSO Managers, and no listen- The other boys, that is our boss, Armando , YV5BPJ,
ing for friends. YV5BBU, Jorge, and YV5EL, Migue, did not activate
“Please accept this as an advanced report, and we’ll their YV0 calls.
send a complete story with pictures, including an “Never before has a DX Editor got the report before
English transcription of the greeting to all amateurs the operators had a chance to sleep in a bed.
from the President of Venezuela which was transmit- 73 es DX,
ted on 14195 kc. Pedro, YV5BPG;
“Unfortunately the trip was much more expensive than Jorge, YV5BBU;
we had calculated. However we have covered the bills Armando, YV5BPJ

We all know that amateur radio is something very special. But why? And
how is it different from other great hobbies? VA7GI offers some insights.
A Cosmic Dance With the

Ionosphere
The Existential Joy of Amateur Radio
BY GUY IMMEGA,* VA7GI
H
am radio is the most diverse
hobby in the world. No other pas-
time comes close. Radio ama-
teurs erect experimental antennas, build
electronic circuits, chat in Morse code,
contact countries all over the globe, par-
ticipate in radio contests, provide emer-
gency communications, launch radio
satellites into space, bounce signals off
of the moon, and study sunspots. Hams
run the gamut from geeky teenagers to
Nobel laureates. Photo A: Branly coherer with brass powder. (Photos by the author)
But diversity doesn’t explain the
unique appeal of ham radio. No creature
radio waves are too weak to be sensed. lab. At the time, Hertz rightly conclud-
on Earth can sense radio waves.
For millennia, humans dreamed of flying ed that his radio had “no practical appli-
Animals and plants respond to visible
like birds, long before airplanes were cation.” It was easy to make radio
light. Sharks and platypuses detect elec-
invented. But nobody imagined invisible waves with sparks, but too difficult to
tric fields. Some birds and foxes can
radio signals before Heinrich Hertz dis- detect them.
detect the planet’s magnetic field. But
covered them in 1886, when he used Guglielmo Marconi, among several
sparks to both generate and receive experimenters building on Hertz’s dis-
* E-mail: <[email protected]> radio waves over short distances in his covery, used a “coherer” (Photo A) to
Photo B: Cabot Tower on Signal Hill, St. John’s, Newfoundland.

detect radio signals. Many bizarre coher- dom connections still drive ham radio. sonal identifier shared by nobody else
ers were invented. One form used a cup DXing for rare countries excites many in the world. To receive a reply is an
of mercury covered with a thin film of oil, amateurs. existential joy, a momentary confirma-
with a small iron disk suspended above. tion that you’ve been recognized by
A radio signal from an antenna broke A Personal Dimension another person—irrespective of gen-
down the insulating oil, activating a Beyond the arcane wonders of radio der, age, nationality, or ethnicity—and
sounder. Another common coherer used waves, there is a deeply personal that you’re both alive and aware.
metal powder that suddenly became dimension to ham radio. An ordinary The delight is addictive—an existence
conductive (cohering) when exposed to individual, with modest equipment and proof that you’re not alone in the ether.
radio waves. Even today, nobody is sure skills, can send whispered modulations The experience is enhanced because
how a coherer works. After the coherer, skyward, which may be heard by anoth- radio signals are invisible to all other
more-sensitive “cat whisker” crystal er ham on a remote atoll halfway around forms of life. You’ve done a cosmic dance
detectors were invented. the world. It doesn’t matter if the with the ionosphere, confirming godlike
Imagine living in 1901, with many exchange is just your call sign, a per- powers.
houses still lit by oil or gas lamps, mes-
sages sent overland by telegraph wires,
and automobiles just beginning to be
seen on our roads. Marconi had already
shown that radio signals reached ships
at sea. That year, at age 27, he climbed
The Radio Club of
Junior High School 22
Cabot Tower on Signal Hill, a wind-
swept promontory in Newfoundland
(Photo B), and launched a kite tethered
by a 500-foot antenna wire. Using a
primitive coherer detector, he received
the repeated Morse code letter S—dit-
dit-dit—sent by a 10 kilowatt spark-gap Bringing Communication to
transmitter in Cornwall, England. This
was the first radio contact spanning the Education Since 1980
Atlantic Ocean. Although the demon-
stration was controversial, Marconi
later proved the utility of radio and set
up a regular transatlantic radio-tele-
graph service starting in 1907.
When Marconi received his Nobel
Prize in 1909, he admitted that he didn’t
understand how radio worked. Not only
did he not know how his coherer func-
tioned, he thought that radio waves fol-
lowed the curvature of the Earth. But we
now know that electromagnetic radia-
tion travels in straight lines—his radio
signals should have been lost in space.
To explain transatlantic radio, Oliver
DONATE YOUR RADIO
Heaviside in 1902 theorized that ionized
gas in space reflected radio signals.
Radios You Can Write Off - Kids You Can’t
The ionosphere‘s existence was con- Turn your excess Ham Radios and related items into a tax
firmed in 1923 and named in 1926 (it
was originally referred to as the
break for you and a learning tool for kids.
Heaviside Layer). Radio signals “skip”
multiple times all around the planet, Donate radios or related gear to an IRS approved 501(c)(3)
including bouncing off oceans. charity. Get the tax credit and help a worthy cause.
Blind trial and error drove early radio
progress. Inventors were motivated by
a sense of wonder that invisible waves Equipment picked up anywhere or shipping arranged.
could carry messages over long dis-
tances. No imagined magic could match
this power.
Today, radios use sensitive detectors
and solid-state transmitters. Contacts
are routine, but the skip is never certain.
Signals travel at the speed of light at the Core of the Big Apple
beyond the horizon, even over the icy
PO Box 1052, New York, NY 10002
wastes of the North Pole, and are
refracted and reflected back down to E-mail: [email protected] www.wb2jkj.org
earth by a fickle ionosphere. These ran- Call 516-674-4072

All of us should know that our cell phones, aka “mobile devices,” are really two-
way radios disguised as phones or computers or both. But before smart phones,
or even dumb cell phones that could only be used for talking and texting, there
was a generation of mobile telephones that really, really, were two-way radios
with telephone handsets. WØRW takes us back in time…
My First ‘Cell’ Phone

BY PAUL SIGNORELLI,* WØRW
A
long time ago, before today’s cel-
lular telephones, there were
mobile radio telephones or car
phones. In most cities, there was only
one ‘cell‘ (transmitter tower) per fre-
quency so that frequencies (called
channels) had to be shared by all users.
That meant there could not be a whole
lot of people on each channel. Cellular
systems now reuse channels by using
directional antennas and low antenna
elevations so more people have access
to the spectrum. Plus, digital technolo-
gy makes it possible to share a chan-
nel without causing interference.
Back in the day, by which I mean the
early 1960s, access to the mobile tele-
phone system was very limited and the
service was used mostly by doctors and
lawyers who could afford the rental fees
of $420 per month (roughly $4200
monthly in 2023 dollars – ed.), plus a Photo A: Early mobile phones looked a lot more like two-way radios than their
monthly fee for service. The telephone current-day descendants. (Photos by the author)
company really liked those people who
got the service and rented the radio tele-
phone equipment. Anyone who wanted
to use their own personal equipment
was put on a long waiting list.
The FCC, however, made a special
provision for people who wanted to use
their own equipment, so the phone
company had to give service to some
of them. When you started this process
of getting your own mobile telephone,
you had to request an ‘Intent to Provide
Service’ letter from your telephone
company. That could take a year with-
out being in a Priority Use Category, like
being a doctor. A regular person got
the lowest category, 7. Red Cross, doc-
tors, etc. got Category 1. I was able to
get a Red Cross authorization letter to
qualify for Category 1. After I got my let-
ter of intent from the phone company, I
had to send it to the FCC to complete
my application for a Domestic Public
Land Mobile Radio Service license for
my radio. There were also a few appli-
Photo B: The Motorola FHTRU was typical of the mobile phones available in the
* E-mail: <[email protected]> 1960s.

you would be connected. All that with 30- light on the control head. If you didn’t
to-60 mile ranges for only $65 per month answer, the mobile telephone operator
(in 2020 dollars, plus a little extra charge, would hold on to your call information
$2.50 per minute if you exceeded the when you called back.
free 30 minutes of monthly air time). The If you wanted to call some mobile unit
elite users had the Improved Mobile in a distant city, you had to call your oper-
Telephone Service (IMTS), with multiple ator and ask for the long-distance oper-
channels and a ‘rotary dial’ control head. ator, then ask her to call the mobile ser-
They could access the system and dial vice operator in that distant city. She
their own numbers without operator would then call the mobile. It really didn’t
assistance. take very long. There was no nationwide
I had two phones in my car (ZM & YJ), calling, you had to know where your
so I could say: “Hold on, my other phone friend was to call him. There were never
is ringing.’’ I was actually able to rent my any robo calls.
‘Comm Car’ out to an aerospace com- When several of the Red Cross
pany for some communication links from mobiles were active at the same time,
Edwards Air Force Base. That helped they could all talk car-to-car, plus one
pay the bills. connection to a landline if desired. These
My First radio was a Motorola 140D were mostly all amateur radio operators
for 43 MHz and a Motorola FHTRU using the public telephone system for the
Handi-Talkie for 157 MHz, 1/4 watt Red Cross because there was only one
(Photo B). It was modified to make it full VHF AM amateur repeater in the area at
duplex by jumpering the receiver fila- that time. For local disaster operations,
ments ‘on’ so the receiver would be ‘on’ we also used the Red Cross national fre-
during transmit and just use one 17-inch quency 47.42 MHz.
whip antenna. When you have a full Generally speaking, we were as-
duplex radio on a repeater system like signed to make disaster assessments,
that, you can hear yourself so it becomes see that a disaster shelter was opened
immediately obvious when you get into and find the shelter manager, then make
Photo C: The Motorola HT-200 “brick” a bad location. Finding a ‘hot spot” gave sure that he could communicate with
handheld could be tuned to operate on the system a 4X range improvement. I headquarters. After an earthquake in
mobile phone frequencies. It didn’t replaced that radio with a Motorola HT- 1970, 20,000 people were evacuated
matter that you couldn’t dial with it, as 200, 1-watt, all-transistorized Handi- and about to be flooded by a dam break.
calls had to be placed through the Talkie (Photo C). It was called the “brick.” The shelter I was at had 1000 people,
mobile service operator. It worked on the YJ channel in almost but they had no drinking water. The
every city in the USA but it could not National Guard brought in a “water buf-
cation and registration fees that went operate full duplex. falo” (water tanker). The evacuees slept
along with setting it all up. Another year My regular vehicle radio telephone in the school gymnasium but every after-
could go by. My license was finally grant- had a Western Electric 106A tone de- shock woke them up.
ed, KG6685, in 1963. That allowed me coder. It used a delicate rotary relay to The shelter had pay phones but they
to operate on the telephone company decode the ring-out tones that the tele- became inoperative because they were
frequencies of 43.38 MHz and 157.89 phone company used to call you. The jammed with quarters. There were no
MHz (with two different units). The FCC AFSK tones were very slow and could smart phones then. We were not able to
called those the “ZM” and “YJ” channels easily be decoded by ear, which I did handle any welfare traffic then because
(There were 10 low band channels, 11 when using my handi-talkies. The we too busy. (See additional information
VHF channels, and 6 UHF channels in Western Electric decoder could blow the about this story in CQ magazine, June
1964). The equipment (such as shown auto horn or just display a ‘call waiting’ 2010, p. 62-64.)
in Photo A) had to be “type accepted,”
tuned and labeled by an FCC-licensed
commercial radio technician, narrow- We stock the rugged 1KW transistor
banded and sometimes using crystal and parts for the 2M and 88-108MHz RF TRANSFORMERS
ovens. Now I could order the crystals. amplifier designs. We also stock the 2-54MHz
Next, I had to send my FCC license NXP MRF101 LDMOS transistors.
back to the phone company with my final COAX WIRE
application and they then issued me my
“telephone number,” such as YJ 54321
or ZM 12345, You didn’t use your FCC
RF400 RF600 RF800 RF1000 RF2000
call sign. FLEXIBLE
After that, using the Mobile Telephone
Service was easy. You would press the
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would dial, it would ring, and if answered, 260-4118-0000 25 ohm Established in 1979 2 to 300MHz

math’s notes
BY IRWIN MATH,* WA2NDM
Ultrasonic Communications - Part 1
A
s amateur radio operators, most iar to “technical amateurs” but if you look although there is some work in this area
of us are familiar with the HF spec- closely, you will see that there is no RF and even some systems and products
trum, plus VHF, UHF, and even circuitry at all. However, like RF, ultra- that do actually exist, perhaps experi-
microwaves, so what remains? As I sonic systems can use AM, FM, and mentation by those who think “out of the
mentioned previously, there are other even some digital techniques. Of box” like us can come up with some-
areas that can be explored by our com- course, there is a lot to learn and thing quite novel and ultimately useful.
munity. These can, perhaps, open areas
that are not commonly used for routine
communications, especially by experi-
menters who are not “locked down” with
currently accepted limitations. One of
these is communications via sound Output
waves, and I don’t mean by just talking!
I mean by a method that – while similar
to electromagnetic waves – is not RF and
is a good method with which to experi-
ment. I hope this two-part series will
encourage those who like to look at and
Audio Input
consider new endeavors. I am talking
about ultrasonic audio signals.
The range of human hearing extends
from around 10 Hz up to an approximate
limit of 20 kHz. The audio spectrum Input
does not end here, however, but con-
tinues upward. The ultrasonic region is,
in fact, well above the normal range of
human hearing and by using known
radio techniques can be copied with
such ultrahigh sound waves. The block Audio Output
diagram shown in Figure 1 will be famil-
*c/o CQ magazine Figure 1. Basic Transmission System
Figure 2. Audio Input Amplifier and Modulator System

25 kHz
Output
25 kHz
Output
Figure 3. Ultrasonic Power Amplifier
Since this is a fairly complex system can usually be “pushed” a little bit fur- from the 6-volt supply and dividing the
and probably somewhat new to our ther if you are lucky. You will note that resulting 5.3 volts by the impedance
community, we will present detains of the circuit is not a linear amplifier, how- of the speaker you use.
the transmitter portion this month and ever, since the input signal is really When choosing suitable speakers for
finish with the receiver portion next just a series of pulses. It only has to this system, you should check the fre-
month. Please also keep in mind that be on or off during the proper portion quency response specification of vari-
many portions of circuits that are of the input and provide a decent ous potential devices to be sure that
described have been used in one form amount of power to the speaker your choice does have some sort of
or another for non-ultrasonic applica- “antenna.” The diode shown across decent response at 25 kHz. Lower fre-
tions but elaborate expansion and inte- the speaker is to clamp back EMF volt- quency response into the normal audio
gration for into a complete system has ages if present. This could be replaced range is not important here and
not been done too carefully, at least by with a small value capacitor to “round response into the normal audio range is
me. I leave that up to you, but this should off” the pulses if desired. This circuit not an asset. In this case, it’s possible
at least be a good starting point. will require around 6 volts with a cur- some of the high fidelity “tweeters”
rent of an amp or two. Depending on available would better choices than
Transmitter Design the actual high frequency speaker you common standard devices. When we
Referring again to Figure 1, the basic choose, you may also have to adjust describe the receiving portion of the
scheme that I propose is to start at a fre- the drive voltage with the 1K poten- system, we will discuss how one might
quency of around 25 kHz. This is a fre- tiometer to be sure you do not draw choose to mount the two speakers.
quency well beyond human hearing and too much current through the speaker Next month, we will complete the
uses common available components. and damage it. This can be calculat- receiver circuit.
The schematic of the audio amplifier ed by subtracting the 0.7 volt transis- 73,
and modulator is shown in Figure 2. A tor collector-to-emitter voltage drop Irwin, WA2NDM
common op-amp is used as a gain of 1
to 10 to compensate for the amount of
audio required for good modulation
without excessive distortion. This audio
is then applied to a pulse rate modulat- Outstanding Transmit Audio
ed LM-555 multivibrator which varies W 2 I H Y Te c h n o l o g i e s Is Our Specialty
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general human hearing many of these
devices will respond to 25 kHz and they

emergency communications
BY JOHN FERGUSON,* K3PFW
My (New) Station: Part 2
I
n Part 1 of “My (New) Station”, back in the March issue of 870. The Icom 2710 dual band mobile for local repeaters and
CQ, I related some of the inspection and planning for the an Astron power supply round out the lineup. The Amp
rebuild of the station here at the QTH as the multi-year Supply LK-500ZA, although back on the operating table, is
renovation of my house is coming to an end. A lot has hap- awaiting recapping (replacement of the hi-voltage elec-
pened since then. I am back on the air with HF and V/UHF, trolytics), due to its sitting around more than a few years now.
going through a testing and evaluation stage. Everything test- Dry electrolytic capacitors, especially the older ones, don’t
ed so far is performing adequately. The rotor for the HF handle sitting idle for years very well. So, rather than risk a
triband beam, which would turn but didn’t indicate direction, catastrophic failure, I’ll replace them. I will probably do the
has been replaced. I couldn’t get the direct replacement for diode board, too, while it’s apart. As I’ve said before, I’m not
the T2-X, and at the recommendation of the tower contrac- a fan of high power, but that 500+ watts will give me anoth-
tor I hired, got the Yaesu G-2800. So far, I’m extremely er S unit at the other end of the QSO.
pleased with the rotor and I love the preset and speed con- The patch panel (Photo B) is now sporting labels and get-
trol features. The contractor’s concern was the size and ting populated with cables. Labels and a color code system
weight of the Telrex TB6EM, an ‘oldie but a goody’ tribander help reduce frustration when making changes. Flexibility is
with a 24-foot boom, full-size reflectors (the longest – for 20 a must, in my opinion, if you are going to succeed in sup-
meters – at 36 feet), and a very sharp beam width. porting emergency and disaster communications. Antennas
The operating equipment (Photo A) is back in place, the and other resources are terminated on the panel. Flexible
Yaesu FT-736R V/UHF quad band is back from the repair coax from the individual pieces of equipment can then be
shop, and good as new. The primary HF is an Icom IC-756 connected to a particular antenna or resource. The goal is
Pro II and the secondary HF is my trusty old Kenwood TS- to have two antenna resources available for each band.
Outside, the enclosure at the bottom of the tower is get-
ting spruced up with some paint, a shelf, and ground bar
* 20116 Donovans Rd. (Photo C). A 2-meter linear and pre-amp are being added to
Georgetown, DE 19947 improve coverage with the VHF vertical on the top of the mast
Email: <[email protected]> at 100 feet. With nearly 180 feet of RG-8 type coax from the
Photo A. Operating equipment now in place on the homebrew desk.

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®
Photo B. Patch panel, tucked away in
the closet, now populated with cables
and labels.
station to the tower, there’s a lot of sig-

nal loss. The feedline up the tower is
half-inch hardline with an RG-8U foam Were you first licensed
pigtail up the mast to the antenna. The
addition of the linear and pre-amp had
not been planned. However, during the
25 years ago
testing and evaluation phase, with the
help of Bob Speakman, N3HPA, we
found that the loss, as mentioned, was
and licensed today?
significant. The necessary power sup-
ply, a spare from the collection around
here, did not have a three-wire cord, so
Then you should join the
a little modification was done to provide
a chassis ground. Grounding in the Quarter Century
enclosure itself has now also been
reworked with the addition of a copper
ground bar. The tower grounding, after
Wireless Association, Inc.
isolating it from other ground connec-
tions, was tested and found to be The Quarter Century Wireless Association, Inc.,
approximately five ohms. Not having a celebrates Amateur Radio operators achieving 25years
fancy “Megger,“ I use a load in series in Amateur Radio and develops resources to assist
with the ground to be tested and mea-
sure the current when connected to the young Amateur Radio operators in furthering their
“hot” side of the commercial power; then education through the QCWA Scholarship Program.
measuring the voltage at the ground rod
back to power line neutral, I can calcu-
late the ground resistance using Ohm’s To Join or Renew, Visit:
Law. DO NOT TRY THIS unless you are
very comfortable working with the 120- http://www.qcwa.org/join-renew.php
130 volts on the average AC line, and
understand the safety precautions nec- For more information please contact
essary to prevent a serious accident.
This is not a recognized standard test, [email protected]

On the Cover
Sunset from the mountaintop on Isla

Malpelo, a Colombian island in the
Pacific Ocean that is really the peak of
a 4000-foot volcano rising from the sea
floor. This was the site of one of the two Photo C. Enclosure at the base of the tower, housing power panel serving sheds
operating positions for the HK0NA and dog pens, amp and pre-amp for VHF, and the cables from the tower con-
DXpedition in 2012, recounted in detail nection to the runs to the station.
in this month’s DX column on page 78.
One aspect of the trip that we didn’t
have space for in the main article was the but if I get a low single digit value, I feel 20 dB, the desired signal only about 10
adventure involved in getting started on comfortable that the grounding is ade- dB, and now it’s 20 dB above the noise.
their adventure. Steve Wright, VE7CT, quate. The tower has four ten-foot Folded dipoles are somewhat immune
wrote in the original article in the INDEXA ground rods, and the four steel legs that to most types of man-made noise.
newsletter that the team met up in are five feet in the ground, in concrete, On the “to do” list was the rebuild of
Colombia’s capital city of Bogota, and effectively putting the eight “resistances” a classic Carolina Windom 160® that
then had planned to travel over land to the to earth in parallel. All feed lines are “bro- came down in a Nor’easter quite a few
port city of Buenaventura, where they ken” in the enclosure, allowing for test- years ago. The Carolina Windom is
would meet their sea transportation, the ing and re-arrangement. Grounding pig- patented by Jim Thompson, W4THU,
Sea Wolf. But there was potential danger tails were added to all connections, or and was produced by his company,
from rebels in the region so they decided in the case of the VHF vertical, a surge Radioworks, for many years. It was a
to fly instead. But the Buenaventura air- protector. The enclosure was also a solid performer on 160 meters, a band
port is about 20 miles outside the city and convenient location for the electrical I want to get back and active on. It will
the team had a hair-raising ride along jun- panel that supplies the dog pens and also provide coverage of the HF bands.
gle roads toward the city, only to be met storage sheds, and there is a perma- A unique feature of the antenna is the
by a protest (which had nothing to do with nent weatherproof outlet at the top of 22-foot vertical section of feedline that
them) that blocked access to the only the tower, really convenient when work- terminates in a 1:1 unbalanced to unbal-
bridge to the port. They waited in a road- ing up there. anced balun (also known as an unun –
side café for a couple of hours and then The other “ethereal adornments,“ a ed.), effectively stopping unbalanced
got back into the gridlocked traffic to try to Buckmaster off-center-fed (OCF) dipole currents from the dipole from propagat-
get to their hotel, since they’d been
and a B&W folded dipole, are getting ing down the feedline (Photo D). I men-
warned that the section of Buenaventura
some much needed attention also. tioned in Part 1 that, when testing the
where they were stuck was very danger-
ous at night. Fortunately, everyone and
They both tested well and will get new present dipoles, we terminated the
everything made it OK but this was clear- rope. In the case of the OCF, it will tem- feedlines in the surge protectors to pre-
ly a case in which getting there was not porarily be relocated to the position that vent the measurements from being
half the fun! I originally planned for the inverted-L. affected by stray currents on the outside
Our inset photo shows Chip Margelli, The Comet tri-band U/VHF vertical will of the coax. The grounded surge pro-
K7JA, who became a Silent Key in late remain as is. The B&W folded dipole is tectors took care of that.
May, operating Field Day. Chip was a used as a receive antenna on HF. Its In order to accomplish moving the
prominent DXer, contester, and leader inherent lower noise pickup is a real current Buckmaster OCF and hanging
in the ham radio industry. Field Day was help on the lower bands. Yes, I’ve heard the rebuilt Carolina Windom 160, two
one of the highlights of the ham radio the arguments against “folded loaded new “skyhooks” were needed. Luckily
year for Chip, and he was working on radiating dummy loads.“ An example, the two acres here at the QTH have a
antennas for this year’s event until just that I use repeatedly: the 15 MHz sig- number of tall trees. Two in appropriate
before his passing. Our remembrance is nal of WWV comes in here during the locations were selected and equipped
on page 16. (Main cover photo by Manu day at about 40 dB, with a noise floor of with a novel device called the Wouff
Siebert, LU9ESD; inset photo by Gordon about 30 dB. Use the B&W as a receiv- Hang, developed by Ray Lewallen,
West, WB6NOA) ing antenna, the noise drops by about W7EL1 (Photo E). Bob Speakman,

Photo E: The “Wouff Hang” over the limb. These can be
installed from the ground, no need to climb, and prevent
the rope from growing in to the tree. (see note 1 for more
information)
Here’s a review of criteria for a station to be used in sup-

port of emergency and disaster communication that was used
in planning this rebuild:
1. First and foremost is safety! Appropriate grounding and
surge protection on all incoming lines to the station is an
absolute must!
2. Power for the equipment must be adequate and fused
properly.
3. Exterior structures for supporting antennas, towers,
Photo D. Feed for the Carolina Windom 160® showing the poles, etc., must be adequately grounded. The supporting
OCF balun, the 22-foot vertical section and the 1:1 isolat- structures themselves should be well designed to handle the
ing balun for connection to the feedline. loads presented by the antennas, feed lines, etc., in the
expected severe weather for the area.
N3HPA, was back to help move the OCF. A “spud gun” was 4. Flexibility. Can you easily reconfigure antennas and
used to get a fishing line over an appropriate crotch of the transceivers in the case of a failure or unusual need?
selected trees, and a line was pulled in place for one end of 5. Do you have backup power, both short term (batteries)
the antenna. The OCF dipole antenna and feed line were and long term (generator or solar)?
inspected while it was down. We got it back up in its tempo- 6. Is your station comfortable to work in? Can you reach
rary location without incident. The feed line now comes over all the critical equipment without moving from your chair – is
the roof of the house and down to the surge protector enclo- it easily within an arm’s reach, and can you see what you’re
sure. The Carolina Windom 160, at 265 feet in length, was a doing when adjusting same?
bit more of a challenge. It runs roughly north-south on the 7. Is the telephone in the station a POTS? (plain old tele-
long dimension of the property. Being fed off center, the feed- phone system). Your fancy IP phones and cell phones will
line for it will be conveniently near the tower, swing over to a fail in a disaster, as will the ‘cordless’ phones that require a
leg, and come down the side to the enclosure at the bottom, wall wart to work. It’s not a maybe! The telephone on the desk
where it will pick up an existing spare coax line to the surge here is a POTS, on solid copper all the way back to the CO
protector enclosure and the patch panel. Yes, we pull spares (central office), with most of the infrastructure underground.
when we can. I learned a long time ago, “material is cheap As far as operating in severe weather such as thunder-
storms, that’s your personal decision. You alone are ulti-
and labor is high, run extra when you can.“
mately responsible for your own safety, and that of your fam-
There will be continued changes and additions moving for-
ily. If the station installation is safe and adequate, short of a
ward. The interfaces for the sound card modes will be
tornado or flood, you should at least consider operating from
brought back out of storage, installed, and software updat-
there if there is a need, and you are comfortable doing so.
ed. Winlink is rapidly becoming the ‘de facto’ digital mode
Until next month, 73, stay safe and enjoy this great
for emergency and disaster communication, with VARA
hobby. And a little public service operating along the way
coming on strong as well. The rebuild has given me a solid
wouldn’t hurt.
base on which to continue to building, with another anten-
na in the works, an all-band HF vertical, probably to be fea- Notes:
tured in an upcoming column. 1. QST Oct. 2019 pgs. 20 - 23 Roy Lewallen, W7EL, “The Wouff Hang“

kit building
BY JOE EISENBERG,* K0NEB
A Couple of Quickies
The NS-80+ Transmitter and a Charger Module for the Elecraft KX2
I
often get asked about the availability of a low cost begin- 40. The NS-40 introduced the kit world to the idea of having
ner’s level kit, and for this issue I will take a look at one, inductors already part of the PC board, making for easier
as well as look at a kit designed to go into a radio that was construction. Having no toroids to wind made this a very
not originally a kit. The Four State QRP Group previously attractive kit (Photo A).
offered a very simple 5 watt CW transmitter kit as the NS- The NS-40 name is derived from the phrase “None
Simpler.” The original version did not have jacks for the con-
*7133 Yosemite Drive, Lincoln, NE 68507
email: <[email protected]>
Hamfest Hotline #5855
Photo B: The back side of the NS-80+ PC board has a QSL

Photo A: The NS-80+ PC board front side. No toroids to wind card form you can fill out with a Sharpie® to remember the
as there are four inductors etched on to the board. very first QSO you make with this kit.
Photo C: There aren’t very many parts, making this a great option for a beginning kit builder.

nections for power, RF output, and key added the jacks to the board. The low
(Photo B). Those inputs needed to be component count and simple design CQ Amateur Radio and
either directly wired to the board or “pig- makes this a great and low cost begin- CQ Ham Shack Project
tails” made to connect inline type jacks. ner’s kit that actually puts a signal on Calendars
The newest version has those jacks on the air (Photo C). There are only three
the board for convenience. After its long resistors, seven capacitors, a small RF now only $5.95!
run with the Four State QRP Group, the choke, and two transistors – as well as Still 9 months of viewing!!
designer, David Cripe, NMØS brought the three jacks and the crystal that make
the NS-40 back as the NS-40+ and up the parts list. In addition, there is
The CQ Ham Radio Operator’s

Calendar with fifteen spectacular
color images relating to amateur
radio shacks and antennas from
across the country; DXpeditions
to exotic places and fellow hams!
Photo D: When tested, this kit measured 5.5 watts output.
The CQ Ham Shack Project
Calendar which features fifteen
spectacular color images of
amateur radio building
projects that appeared within the
pages of CQ Amateur Radio
-
2023-2024 Calendars-
- Only $5.95
Now on SALE-
plus shipping
Calendar shipping to USA. . .
only $8.95 (includes $3.00 S&H)
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Phone: 516-681-2922
Photo E: After updating the firmware on the Elecraft KX2, the radio is now ready http://store.cq-amateur-radio.com
to be opened and the internal charging kit installed.

Photo F: Only the bottom and left side covers need to be removed.
some hardware that forms the legs to can find crystals for other frequencies are experienced. This kit also makes a
support the kit. from Expanded Spectrum Systems at great group or club kit building project.
David has also released an 80-meter <https://tinyurl.com/mwwd76pr>, or from Order your NS-40+ or NS-80+ kits from
version of this kit, and that is the version Rex Harper at <www.qrpme.com>. NMØS Electronics at <https://tinyurl.
I am assembling. Keep in mind that When testing this or any other kit that is com/2hskfe7r> for $25 plus shipping.
there is no T/R switching provided with capable of transmitting, be sure to con-
this kit. There are a lot of very simple nect a dummy load to the output first to Charge!!
T/R switches you can build to perform be sure to protect the final output stage The highly successful Elecraft KX2
that function and protect your receiver. in case it is keyed on power up. Testing transceiver had a sought-after feature
The receiver is not part of this kit. The my NS-80+ kit on the bench got me about that was lacking until now. The problem
NS-80+ is almost identical to the 40- 5.5 watts output (Photo D). I was im- was that in order to charge the internal
meter version save for certain band- pressed by the nice clean CW keying. Set battery pack, you have to open the case,
specific component values and different aside an hour to build the NS-40+ or NS- carefully disconnect the battery pack
numbers of spiral wound inductor turns 80+ if you are a beginner and less if you and then plug it into a special charger.
etched on the PC board.
Assembly begins with installing the
three resistors, followed by the seven
capacitors. I highly recommend using a
component tester to verify which capac-
itors you are installing as some are very
difficult to read. After the capacitors are
added, the choke is installed. The choke
resembles a resistor but is green and
thicker. The transistors follow the choke.
It really can help heat dissipation if you
add a dab of heat sink grease to the
board where the large IRF-510 transis-
tor is mounted. This helps evenly trans-
fer the heat to the board and heatsink for
the output transistor. I had some
heatsink grease left over from replacing
a computer CPU, which worked well.
A small IC socket is provided to fash-
ion a crystal socket that allows you to use
other 80-meter crystals besides the one
provided with the kit. The kit is supplied
with a “color burst” crystal, on 3.579545
MHz. These crystals are still very com-
mon and very inexpensive due to their
use in television circuits and make for a Photo G: The new charging option board is plugged in and wired to the main
QRP watering hole on 80 meters. You board.

The option to charge the battery inter-
nally from the external 12V source is
now available and comes in the form of
a module that replaces one that is not
always present in the radio. The KX2
has the option of installing a module that
enabled controlling remote coax switch-
es or anything needing band change
information. That module also has a
real-time clock on it, a great thing to
have on your radio’s display while log-
ging operations in the field. The newest
option is the KXIBC2 module, which
installs if the other option module is not
already there, or installs after the other
module is removed. This new module
retains the real-time clock function, but
eliminates the remote control functions
of the older option board.
Since I never had the original option
installed, I’ll be gaining the internal
charging feature and the real-time clock
feature at the same time. Be sure to
have the most recent version of firm- Photo H: The radio is reassembled and the new real-time clock is activated as
ware installed before beginning the well as the internal charging function. The charging rate is a bit slower than using
installation. Check what is installed and the dedicated outside charger, but you no longer have to open the radio to charge
update it if needed to the latest version the battery.
using the Elecraft KX2 Utility software
(Photo E). There are some parameters
that should be set before beginning to
be sure the radio finds and supports the
new module. The whole process of
installing this kit takes about 20 minutes Real Hams Do Code
at the most. One of the options involves Learn code with hypnosis today.
simply soldering two wires to points on
Download Now!
the main board. I found that by tinning
the pin connectors on the two wires, the www.success-is-easy.com
amount of time needed to make a good 561-302-7731
clean connection was a lot less (Photo
Success Easy
F). One wire goes to the back of the 568 SE Maple Ter., Port St. Lucie, FL 34983
power connector and by adding a little
bit of solder to that part of the connec-
tor and tinning the pin, it goes together
quickly and neatly. The other wire sol-
ders to a hole on the board. Caution is
needed on this one to be sure not to
poke it in too far. I simply tinned the hole
and the pin and heated it up with my sol-
dering tip and they bonded neatly
together (Photo G).
The kit comes with a set of pins in
case you want the board to be removed
easily, but it is very rare that it would
ever have to be removed. With the plug-
in method being #2 and the solder-
directly method being #1, I chose #1.
The KXIBC2 kit for the Elecraft KX2 is
available from Elecraft at <www.ele-
craft.com> for $139.95 plus shipping
(Photo H).
Be sure to watch for me at hamfests
this summer, including the Oklahoma
Ham Holiday, Huntsville Hamfest,
and the ARRL New England/Hudson
HamXposition.
Until next time, 73 de KØNEB

magic in the sky
BY JEFF REINHARDT,* AA6JR
Road Trip – To Dayton!
T
he lead times required in publish- agreed, this could actually happen. HF for the trip is in the plan. Greg is an
ing a magazine like CQ some- John, Rob, Greg, and Jeff were actual- avid and accomplished CW operator. All
times require the use of a time ly going to do it. (Call signs of the par- I had to contribute was an ARRL Minilog
machine. Our ability (as writers) to trav- ticipants intentionally excluded to pro- book and a pen. Easy!
el forward is greatly limited, while your tect the innocent, however, one can be In the coming days, each of us prompt-
ability to look back (as a reader) is per- found at the header to this column.) ly received our tickets from the event’s
fect. So as you read this, the entries organizers (kudos to the DARA folks for
below will be history; nevertheless, I ask It Becomes Real their efficiency) and a hotel accommo-
you to go back in time to the days prior Greg then upped the ante. At a subse- dation on the east side of Dayton had
to this year’s gathering at Dayton, or quent weekly meeting he announced been reserved for a three-day stay. We
more accurately, Xenia, Ohio. that he had already obtained his decided the hotels to and from the
HamVention® ticket in the mail. Even Dayton area will be “made up as we go
The ROMEO Club though the actual trip was still many along.” Another meeting saw us spread
Our ROMEO Club is a weekly gather- weeks away, this raised the sense of a map of the USA across the table and
ing of ham radio friends where we enjoy urgency and the others soon followed. plot our distances along the way. One-
a late breakfast, ergo the name: Then came the discussion about a car way distance, approximately 2,250
ROMEO as in Retired Old Men Eating to use. A poll of those at the table pro- miles. (How lucky are you hams who
Out. I can’t attribute the origin of the duced only one viable option, John’s live closer to Dayton??!!) To minimize
name (it didn’t begin with us) but I can aforementioned Toyota Avalon. It was hotel and road food costs, we figured
vouch to some degree to its accuracy, an easy choice, as the other options we could do about 800 miles each day
although “old” is used in the context of included a pickup truck, a smaller SUV, by sharing the driving duties. Ever the
ham radio, where everyone of the male a compact, and a two-seat sports car. road warrior, last year I had driven solo
gender is referred to as “old man.” The latter would have made for high coast to coast and back, so my “scout-
It should be noted, we do not exclude comedy with four six-foot participants ing trip” was of some value in terms of
YLs but so far, none has expressed any trying to climb in. Brings back memories hotels, routings, and places of interest
desire to join us. These weekly gabfests of the old college prank of VW bug stuff- along the way. However, a target of 800
move around from restaurant to restau- ing attempts of the 1960s. But I digress. miles each day does not allow for
rant in our area of Southern California John’s Toyota has good leg room and extended days of touring museums and
and over the many months have had a some radios already installed. Adding epicurean delights, at least not on the
varying cast of participants, with perhaps
a core of four, one of whom is your author.
Most of the conversation revolves
around our beloved hobby and the top-
ics are many, including CW, lots of dig-
ital, EmComm, ARRL news, technical
issues, operating events, and more.
So at a January meeting of this loose
group, the topic of going to Dayton
came up. Eyebrows were raised and
various ideas were put forth. Some of
us had been there before but all those
visits were prior to the COVID era. We
discussed the notion of flying in but then
came the idea of a road trip. Four radio
geeks spending just short of two weeks
in a Toyota Avalon equipped with
radios, suitcases, a few bags of Doritos,
and maybe save some trunk space for
purchases that may (or may not) be
made while at the Ohio gathering.
Across a few more meetings, schedules
were checked, those with spouses
obtained blessings and it was then
Photo A: Even though Jeff’s column was written before his trip to Dayton, this
*5904 Lake Lindero Drive, issue was put together the week after, so we were able to get you some photos!
Agoura Hills, CA 91301 Here’s the trunk of John’s Toyota without much space for flea-market purchases
e-mail: <[email protected]> (probably a good strategy, HI). (AA6JR photos)

HamCall ™
US and International
Callsign Database
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source for over 2.5 million callsigns!
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Photo B: Ready to work the world from the road – in addition to three hams, the
car was loaded with radios for HF, VHF, and UHF.
HamCall.net 540-894-0907
way to the convention. There are also are the breaks. We can still do this. We’ll
“wild cards” like construction and also try to resell his admission pass at
weather. One acquaintance warned us the Xenia fairgrounds.
the new state symbol of Indiana is the
orange and white construction barrel. The Lost Boys
The only person happy about that is Well, not really lost, just adrift across the
the one who sold the barrels to the Great Plains. We’ve been offered an
state. I’m guessing there must have after-Dayton invitation to overnight at
been a great commission attached to the Indiana lake home of another ham,
that transaction! John and his gracious XYL Mary Ellen
The participants also agreed that (also a ham). Their generosity gives us
travel costs would be split evenly, a chance to rest and recuperate before
specifically gas and lodging. Each per- launching the return trip, not to mention
son is on his own for food (A ROMEO saving a night’s lodging. Their compa-
Club standard is separate checks) and ny promises to be delightful in best tra- HamTestOnline™ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐĂƌĞ
any other incidental costs would be ditions of Hoosier hospitality. And Mary ϱϬƟŵĞƐŵŽƌĞůŝŬĞůǇƚŽŐŝǀĞƵƐ
discussed. Ellen is gracious in playing the role of ϱƐƚĂƌƐƚŚĂŶƌĞƋƵĞƐƚĂƌĞĨƵŶĚ
Wendy to the Lost Boys of California ďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞǇĨĂŝůĞĚĂŶĞǆĂŵ͊
Down One wandering home after a (hopefully) pro- H+DPQHWUHYLHZV
A week prior to liftoff, we lost Greg to ductive trip to Ohio. Hopefully, we will
circumstances beyond his control. have no encounters with Captain Hook ϵϴϴ
– I hear he operates a towing service RXWRIVWDUV
Family comes first and Greg’s priorities
these days. VWDU ϵϲϯ
are in the right place. It’s a bummer in
VWDU ϮϬ
that we know he would have a great time
at the convention, but he’ll also miss On The Road VWDU ϯ
also working CW contacts while in tran- With apologies to Jack Kerouac, we’re VWDU ϭ
sit across the 5,000 estimated miles no match for Sal and Dean who hopped VWDU ϭ
we’ll cover over the better part of two freight trains and rode their thumbs ĞƐƚƐƚƵĚǇŵĞƚŚŽĚ͕ƐƚƵĚǇŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌ
weeks. His absence will also change making their way across postwar ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͕ĂŶĚŐƵĂƌĂŶƚĞĞŝŶƚŚĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ͊
the calculus of cost sharing, but such America. But being in touch with the www.hamtestonline.com

announcements (from page 2)
Presbyterian Church, 3801 E. 26th St. Contact: Willis Gravning, KEØZ.

Website: <http://w0zwy.org>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (605)
961-8466. Talk-in 146.895 MHz PL 146.2 Hz.
PEOTONE, ILLINOIS — The Kankakee Area Radio Society will hold its
KARS-Fest from 8:00 a.m. onward on Sunday July 16 at Will County Fair
Grounds, 710 S. West St. Contact: Arthur Reis, K9XI. Website: <http://
w9az.com/karsfest.html>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (815) 348-
7752. Talk-in 146.94; 107.2 Hz. VE Testing.
AUGUSTA, NEW JERSEY — The Sussex County Amateur Radio Club will
hold its Sussex Hamfest from 8:00 a.m. onward on Sunday July 16 at the
Sussex County Fair Grounds, 37 Plains Road. Contact: Walter Murphy, N2WM.
Website: <http://scarcnj.org>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (973)
948-6489. Talk-in 147.300 +600 PL 151.4. VE Testing.
CHEHALIS, WASHINGTON — The Chehalis Valley Amateur Radio Society
will hold its Chehalis Valley Amateur Radio Society Tailgate Swap from 9:00
a.m. to 1:00 p.m. on Saturday July 22 at the Lewis County Mall Parking Lot,
177 NE Hampe Way. Contact: Grant Gienger, W3SWT. Website: <http://www.
cvars.org>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (360) 614-7926. Talk-in 147.060
110.9 and 146.520 simplex. VE Testing.
CLARK MILLS, NEW YORK — The Clark Mills Firehouse will hold Radiocom
2023 from 8:00 a.m. to noon on Saturday July 22 at the Clark Mills Firehouse
Grounds, 7705 County Rd. 19. Contact: Grant Bob Decker, AA2CU. Website:
<https://www.uticaarc.org/>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (315)
797-6614. Talk-in 146.76 (-600) K2IQ. VE Testing.
EAST GREEWICH, RHODE ISLAND — The Massie Wireless Club, N1EPJ
will hold its Tune-Up Flea Market from 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Saturday July
22 at the New England Wireless and Steam Museum, 1300 Frenchtown Road.
Contact: Kenneth Carr, KE1RI. Website: <http://newsm.org>. Email: <ke1ri@
yahoo.com>. Phone: (401) 491-9520.
LEBANON, TENNESSEE — The Wilson Amateur Radio Club, Inc. will hold
its Greater Nashville & Middle TN HamQuest from 8:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on
Saturday July 22 at James E. Ward Agricultural Center, 945 East Baddour
Parkway. Contact: Michael Wright, N4MAW. Website: <http://midtnhamquest.
com>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (615) 210-5581. Talk-in
147.105 TSQL 156.7.
PIERPONT, OHIO — The Amigos Radio C lub Ashtabula will hold its
Ashtabula County Hamfest 2023 from 8:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Saturday July
22 at the Pioneer Picnic, 1809 Middle Rd. Contact: Andrew Walbridge, W8IJC. Photo C: The “Lost Boys” of California stopped along the
Website: <https://tinyurl.com/ym7mj5rc>. Email: <[email protected]>. way at the Cadillac Ranch outside Amarillo, Texas.
Phone: (440) 858-6370. Talk-in 146.895 MHz, PL-141.3.
PUEBLO, COLORADO — The PPRAA AND PARC will hold their Megafest
from 8:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Saturday July 22 at the CSU Pueblo / Occhiato
University Center, 2200 Bonforte Blvd. Contact: Derek Brown, KØATV. actual surface of what many refer to as “the Flyover States”
Website: <https://ppraa.org/megafest>. Email: <[email protected]>. is a reconnection with the people and places that comprise
Phone: (719) 306-7834. Talk-in 146.790 CTCSS 88.5.
AUBURN, INDIANA — The Northeastern Indiana Amateur Radio Asso-
America’s heartland. While some things are much easier than
ciation will hold its Auburn Hamfest from 9:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. on Saturday they were in “On The Road,” or even Steinbeck’s “The Grapes
July 29 at the Auburn Cord Duesenberg Museum, 1600 Wayne Street. Contact: of Wrath,” some characteristics from those bygone eras are
John Chalmers, W9GOO. Website: <http://w9ou.org>. Email: <w9ou@arrl. lost as well. On the plus side, financial resources, food and
net>. Phone: (260) 927-5746. Talk-in 147.015 with 141.3 tone.
CHAMBERSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA — The Cumberland Valley Amateur lodging are not a serious concern. But the days of rolling up
Radio Club will hold its CVARC 2023 Hamfest and ARRL Pennsylvania State to a Route 66 neon-signed motel with a “vacancy” sign are
Convention from 8:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. on Saturday July 29 at the CVAEMA pretty much gone. Now you’re basically forced into making
Showgrounds, 1501 Criders Church Road. Contact: Jim Stephens, KB3ICU.
Website: <http://w3ach.com>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone:
advance reservations and paying in advance from a cell-
(717) 504-7684. Talk-in 147.120 + 100hz. VE Testing. phone. What’s lost is much of the person-to-person interac-
SUTTON, WEST VIRGINIA — The West Virginia State Amateur Radio tion among locals and fellow-travelers, both of which were
Council will hold its ARRL West Virginia State Convention and Ham Fest on often the source of support and suggestions in bygone days.
Saturday July 29 at the Flatwoods Days Inn and Suites and the Flatwoods
Conference Center, 350 Days Drive. Contact: Kenneth Caplinger, WV8KDC. We hope to make some of that up by patronizing “mom and
Website: <https://www.qsl.net/wvsarc/>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: pop” eateries when possible and perhaps visiting some points
(304) 209-1778. Talk-in 145.290 PL 91.5. VE Testing. of interest on the return route. Another advantage will hope-
WAYNESVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA — The Western Carolina Amateur
Radio Society will hold its WCARS Hamfest starting at 8:00 a.m. on Saturday
fully be the radio contacts we make on HF and maybe even
July 29 at Smoky Mountain Event Center (Heywood County Fairgrounds), 758 VHF if we find active repeaters. My last cross-country jour-
Crabtree Rd. Contact: Randy Harris, KI4VLW. Website: <http://wcars- ney produced no such luck, but hope springs eternal.
club.org>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (828) 298-6685. Talk-in 146.910
PL Tone 91.5. VE Testing.
WINCHESTER, INDIANA — The Randolph County Amateur Radio Club, More to Come
Whitewater Valley Amateur Radio Club, and the Jay County Amateur Radio So as this is being written on the eve of our departure, the
Club will hold their East Central Indiana Hamfest from 8:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. outcomes are not yet known, which of course, is the setup
on Saturday July 29 at the Randolph County Fairgrounds, 1885 South US
Highway 27. Contact: Jeremiah Cromis, KD9CCW. Website: <https://tinyurl. for you to “stay tuned” to the next installment of this column
com/mvb32zdc>. Email: <[email protected]>. Phone: (765) 238-7467. a few months from now. I promise the follow-up report will
Talk-in 147.300+, PL 110.9. VE Testing. not just be a summary of the numbers of bags of Doritos con-
WASHINGTON, PENNSYLVANIA — Washington Amateur Communica-
tions will hold its WACOM Hamfest from 8:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. on Sunday July
sumed or a revue on the rest stops along the route. But all
30 at the Washington Crown Center Parking lot, 1500 W. Chestnut Street. this adventure (or foolishness) has come about because of
Contact: Tom Wright, N3WS. Website: <http://wa3com.com>. Email: <tom. a few brainstorming radio aficionados seeking to have some
[email protected]>. Phone: (412) 414-5627. Talk-in 146.790 (-shift) fun and adventure in pursuit of “The Magic In The Sky”.
K3PSP repeater system.

gordo’s short circuits
BY GORDON WEST, * WB6NOA
Are the New General Class Exams Tougher or Easier?

And talking to space!
A
new pool of questions for the General Class license ed or replaced it. They also deleted the too-easy and too-
exam just rotated in on July 1st. Some people say the hard questions, based on the <examtools.org> statistics.
new tests will be harder than the old ones, others say We can also thank Richard Bateman, KD7BBC, for all he
they’ll be easier. In fact, the new exams will neither be tougher has done with his hard work with his <HamStudy.org> site.
nor easier than the old ones, just a little bit different. The 50+ NEW questions on the test bring in new technol-
The Question Pool Committee of the National Conference ogy Q & A test topics:
of Volunteer Examiner Coordinators (NCVEC), headed up • Control operator in a foreign country
by Roland Anders, K3RA, and Maria Somma, AB1FM, spent • Net management on HF
months working with their team of technical experts and edu- • Winlink and VARA
cational teachers for a full blown “renewal” of the General • FT8 operations & computer connections
Class question pool. In summary: • AREDN digital MESH operations
74 old technology questions were removed, • Propagation A and K indices
52 new technology questions were added, and • Ionospheric layers
233 questions were updated, resulting in a net decrease • Hooking up amplifier ALC and DELAY circuits
of 22 questions in the pool, with about 430 to study • S-meter level changes in dB
Roland commented on the process, “<ExamTools.org> • Solar panel regulation techniques
provided us with statistics based on more than 5,000 exams • Reactance and Impedance theory
administered.” • LC circuits and resonance
For instance, when a distractor (wrong answer) was reg- • Step up/step down transformer windings
ularly chosen as a correct answer by the applicant, Maria • Power supply filter networks
and Roland examined it closely and, where necessary, edit- • Impedance matching
• SDR overviews
• DMR, D-STAR, and system FUSION digital voice
*CQ Contributing Editor modes
2414 College Dr., Costa Mesa, CA 92626 • Random wire antenna topic & cautions on stray RF
emial: <[email protected] • FCC RF exposure safety topics
Photo A: Gordo’s new General Class

license manual covers the new ques- Photo B: 437.810 MHz is where you will first hear signals coming up from the
tion pool from which exams will be International Space Station’s cross-band repeater as it begins a pass over your
generated over the next four years. location.

Speaking about “anywhere in the world,“ the
International Space Station continues to be a
sensation in back yards and school rooms across
the country, and around the world. The students
can see it in the sky at dawn and dusk a couple
times per month.
Don’t be overwhelmed with these new topics – after I stud-

ied them, I saw that each new question would fit in nicely and
logically with my reorganized question lineup, complete with
full new explanations, in my new 2023-2027 General Class
book (Photo A) and audio course for improved comprehen-
sion and actually less study time!
More good news - many VECs are now offering remote
exams to students not near an in-person test session.
Applicants can test on their own computer, via Zoom, right
at home.
Hang on – you might think of these remote exams as a
clever way to hide cheat-sheets on the wall, or split screen
your computer to help find the correct answer – NO WAY!
With as many as 20+ accredited examiners staring at your
screen, staring at your desk and room, staring at your eyes,
or checking for a pal giving you A B C or D in Morse Code,
it’ll be almost impossible to cheat. The VEs running these
remote exams, and their team members, get special training
to nab and halt any exam that looks suspicious.
You can be anywhere in the country – actually most any-
where in the world – and line up a remote test session to
upgrade, or as an accredited VE, proctor a test session over
the internet. Write Stephen Hutchings, WM7X, at <stephen@
hutchings.net>, and take some training, as I did, to work with
him on becoming a contact examiner or regular VE remote
examiner.
ISS Cross Band Fun Photo C: This simple Yagi is all you need to work other hams
Speaking about “anywhere in the world,“ the International through the repeater on the space station.
Space Station continues to be a sensation in back yards and
school rooms across the country, and around the world. The
students can see it in the sky at dawn and dusk a couple radios, one for the VHF uplink, and one for the UHF down-
times per month. link. The cheapest of HTs will easily hear and maybe work
Students can hear the space station’s packet transmis- the space station.
sions easily, day or night, during a pass overhead, or a fleet- If you have never tuned in to the space station with your
ing few seconds on a low elevation pass, every single day! FM handheld or mobile transceiver, here is how to get start-
APRS packet is easily heard during a pass on 145.825 ed. First, find a pass, day or night, with the Heavens-Above
MHz, FM. APRS will also let you see who else is on, plus see website. Again, make sure you are logged in with your
the space station’s ID, with a mobile radio or handheld with approximate latitude and longitude location, and click on
APRS message readouts. You can try and see yourself on “ALL” for passes, not just visible. This site will first give you
APRS, through the space station, on SIMPLEX, 145.825. visible passes, at dawn or dusk. You want ALL of the pass-
Radio reception of the space station is easy, as the sta- es during day and night, so check the “ALL” box that gives
tion is in a low earth orbit, up 230 to 290 miles in the ther- you every pass for your location. Next step, monitor 145.825
mosphere. It travels around our globe 15 times per day, at a for the sound of packet, during a pass in your area. This will
speed of 17,000 miles per hour. The website <heavens- confirm you understand the <heavens-above.com> passes,
above.com> gives you lots of data on when it will travel over a very few visible, but a lot more during daylight, not visible.
your station at dawn or dusk, when you can see it, and dur- Again, be sure you ask for all passes each time you sign in.
ing the day or dead of night to actually hear it, and easily work With those instructions, you’ll have heard the APRS digi-
it. Be sure and log into this fabulous site, to set your latitude peater signal on a 60-degree pass. Your HT rubber antenna
and longitude when you first sign up for this free program. If and mobile whip or a base station antenna will hear it fine on
you don’t log in, the program will show your viewing position 2 meters VHF.
halfway around the world! You must log in to get the most of Now it is time to hear the UHF cross band repeater output
the website! chatter, and the exchange of grid square numbers, and brief
Now the fun and easy part about the on-board cross- transmissions from hams, out as far as 1,000 miles away.
band repeater. You will need a 2-band or dual-band 2- First, check for a pass that will have an elevation of at least
meter/440-MHz radio for this. Or splurge and use two 25 degrees above the horizon. Tune to the ISS downlink UHF

Photo D: Schools are regularly scheduled to talk to the astronauts through the ARISS program – Amateur Radio on the
International Space Station.
frequency. Downlink 437.800 MHz, +/- 10 kHz, or plink work, and want to hear their own echoes. Lots of stations
145.990 with a tone of 67 Hz, APRS 145.825. Set your dual doubling! You might get through and hear your own signal
band radio for 5 kHz steps. come back via cross band from the space station, if you are
As the space station is just coming up at 17,000 MPH, on a mobile VHF 50-watt rig.
Doppler shift will cause its UHF signal to be 10 kHz higher Vertical fixed antennas will detect a sharp drop in signal
than when it is overhead. So first tune in 10 kHz higher as strength when the space station is overhead. This is because
the ISS is coming up from the horizon, like 437.810 MHz tall multi-section vertical antennas have a sharp null off the
(Photo B), then a minute later 437.805 MHz, then another tip end.
minute later, 437.800 MHz at its peak elevation. When it On a handheld, keep rotating your HT for best reception,
begins to pass away from you, you will dial down in 5 kHz sometimes horizontal!
steps, like 437.795 MHz. So get several passes under your A handheld Yagi directional antenna (Photo C) will make
belt, hearing a single signal on UHF FM channel with lots of a big difference on uplinking with a handheld to the ISS
voices and their grid squares or city names. on VHF. And to hear the ISS downlink on UHF, the signal
When you look up the passes at <heavens-above.com>, will be so strong, a rubber duck antenna will be fine to get
and see one near overhead real late at night (when QRM is started!
asleep), dial your HT or mobile to 2 meters, 145.990 MHz, After the pass, log in to <www.ariss.usa.org>. This will give
with a 67 Hz CTCSS tone when transmitting. No Doppler shift you the Amateur Radio International Space Station news.
needed for transmit on the 2-meter band. Become a regular cross band communicator, using any sim-
Make sure your radio is transmitting on VHF, with tone ple FM dual band rig, and support ARISS with a donation for
encode ON, and your rig is listening to UHF. Double check all they do to keep our hobby relevant to kids and school
you have your transmit tone encoding set at 67 Hz. Again, demos!
make sure you are transmitting on the 2 meter uplink fre- If there is a school demo planned in your area (Photo
quency 145.990 MHz, T for tone on. D), the ISS will pause the cross-band mode for the school
contact, and you can eavesdrop on the ISS talk-back at
“WBX XXX , Delta Mike 13, listening”. Then unkey. Wow, 145.800 MHz.
you could hear yourself going through the International Space Remember, the space station does the cross band repeat-
Station. ing, so you don’t need to own a cross band HT.
“WBX XXX, this is Tony, KX XXX Dallas. Good copy 73” Again, get started with just a small HT with a rubber
“KX XXX SAN DIEGO, THANKS Tony....WBX XXX duck antenna, tune in 145.825 MHz to hear packet from
listening” the ISS when it is within “view,“ and then listen to voices
Then stand by for other stations wanting to work you, but on 437.800 +/- 10 kHz.
let other hams share the fun, too – so don’t hog the single The Heavens-Above site also has maps to show the ISS
space station channel, and don’t hog this 4 or 5 minute pass! footprint for cross band coverage of each pass.
During evening passes, the receive frequency around Best DX from your little HT to the International Space
437.800 MHz is packed with signals. Hams are home from Station, and to hams in its cross-band footprint!

learning curve
BY RON OCHU, KOØZ
Playing With Meteors
S
ummer is here! HF bands contin- radio book, may I suggest taking some compares amateur radio to a techno-
ue to provide DX contacts. Ole time to read an entertaining, excellent, logical baby. One never knows what
Sol keeps things interesting, newly-released CQ publication, “Playing ham radio is going to grow up into. Ham
ionospherically speaking, with periodic With Meteors, Exploring the Universe, radio is over 100 years old – yet it con-
intense solar flares, CMEs, and increas- With Amateur Radio” by Eric Nichols, tinues to reinvent itself with new tech-
ingly higher solar indices as we contin- KL7AJ (Photo A). Despite the title, Eric’s nologies that build upon the older ones!
ue towards Cycle 25’s solar maximum. book is not a primer on meteor scatter Nichols offers, “Think about any tech-
Occasionally, HF DX may temporarily propagation; rather, it’s the author’s nology that you use [on] a daily basis …
suffer with disturbed ionospheric condi- exploration of the importance of ham almost without exception it was first
tions over polar paths. Conversely, VHF radio, its relevance to society in gener- explored on amateur radio.” He further
propagation may improve with auroral al, and people who become ham radio notes, before cell phones existed, radio
propagation and tropospheric ducting. operators. Simply put, it’s the author’s amateurs pioneered and proliferated
Accurately predicting HF and VHF prop- hope that before the reader even finish- autopatch on repeaters. I, personally,
agation openings becomes tricky in es reading his book, he or she (if not entered into ham radio during the
terms of timing. When will these solar/ already licensed) will feel compelled to autopatch era. “Older hams” – do you
ionospheric interactions occur? And will join ham radio’s ranks. It is an entertain- remember club meeting debates as to
they have any impact on a contest ing and non-technical book I just couldn’t whether or not it was permissible under
weekend? Sometimes, HF bands of put down! I looked forward to discover- FCC rules to call a tow-truck via the
interest will not be open. Whenever the ing what each upcoming page offered. autopatch if your car broke down?
bands, HF or VHF, are not open local- In my opinion, both newbies and experi- Would the FCC consider that call a busi-
ly, this could be a good time to go to the enced ham radio operators will benefit ness transaction? Back then, a lot of
bench to work on a project. Or if you’re from Eric’s observations and his per- hams joined a radio club for autopatch
more in the mood to relax in a comfort- ceptions in his latest book. privileges. Today, cell phones have
able chair to pursue your ham radio replaced autopatches. Still, ham radio
interests, then why not grab a good Because You Can clubs persevered, and they still exist!
radio magazine or book? Nichols asks readers, “Why would any- Nichols further points out the radio and
one become an amateur radio operator television broadcasting began as ama-
May I Suggest? in the 21st century? Of what practical teur radio activities. Even the internet
If inclining to recline is more to your lik- value is amateur radio?” Especially itself is an outgrowth of ham radio
ing, and you’re looking for a good ham today, almost everyone has worldwide involvement. According to the author,
communications available to them. “Amateur radio has always been, and it
Generations X, Y, and Z communicate will continue to be, a steppingstone into
throughout the world and make friends a technological or scientific career.”
via social media and various gaming Furthermore, Nichols continues, “There
platforms. Zoom allows us to connect is no better way to learn countless
with audio and video via the internet. For avenues of science and technology
non-radio amateurs, it’s not too much of than amateur radio.” I totally agree! My
a stretch for them to wonder what ham personal involvement with ham radio
radio has to offer them, that they don’t allows me to explore the physical sci-
already have with cell phones and the ences. Getting into amateur radio and
internet? Even more so when you con- staying involved with it only requires
sider all this is available without hav- willingness to learn and to be involved.
ing to earn a license. An interesting
question, n’est-ce pas? A question I Staying Involved
am sure all of us have encountered Learning and staying involved with ham
from time to time. radio isn’t the exclusive domain of get-
An interesting question indeed, and ting on the air or reading scientific, tech-
one that Nichols addresses in his book’s nical literature. Although, I described
introduction. “The simplest, perhaps “Playing With Meteors” as a non-tech-
dumbest answer would be, ‘because nical book, that’s not to say this book
you can’.” He continues by pointing out, does not include technical concepts.
“countless human endeavors with no Quite the contrary. Skillfully woven and
Photo A: Cover photo of Eric Nichols,
practical value are partaken in for no written, technical concepts such as
KL7AJ’s, latest book, “Playing With
other reason than that they are possi- electromagnetic spectra, motivation,
Meteors - Exploring the Universe With
ble: fly fishing, rock climbing, frag rac- radio as a window to the universe, a
Amateur Radio”
ing, bungee jumping, breaking boards brief history of radio, DC to Daylight, the
with your forehead, etc.” Good points to scientific hobby of radio, maker culture,
*Email: <[email protected]> be sure, but best of all, he figuratively natural radio signals such as whistlers,

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radio propagation and the impact of com- ious sorts. We didn’t spend a lot of time
puters with radios unfold throughout the considering the legality of some of this
book in each subsequent chapter. thing called amateur radio. (The statute
of limitations has long since lapsed on
Personal Touch our miscreant radio activities, but nev-
Every writer strives to pen a page turn- ertheless, don’t tell anyone!).” He con-
er. Nichols accomplishes this precisely tinues, “For the most part, they were
because his writing style is relaxed, motivated by insatiable curiosity, some-
entertaining, informative, and often thing that seems to be in somewhat
humorous. Throughout his book, Eric short supply with many of our youth,
gives readers personal glimpses into despite the instant availability of all
his ham radio life by narrating key kinds of amazing widgets. But this is the
moments. For example, in chapter two, very definition of an amateur, someone
“What is an Amateur?”, Eric writes who pursues some activity for the pure
about playing neighborhood soccer in pleasure of pursuing it.” Reading this
fourth grade with “shirts” and “skins” passage, I discovered Nichols was
being their only uniforms, having a lot describing me as a youth, and unless I
of fun and it only cost them a few miss my mark, I bet he is describing you
skinned knees and egos. “There were as well! I can relate. We can relate. Photo B: A household telephone jack for
no soccer moms. Just kids who liked a phone line’s twisted pair of wires.
kicking balls around and getting our Not a Passing Fancy (Photos B-F from Wikimedia Commons)
noggins knocked in from time to time. Like Nichols’ description of youths with
Totally unorganized, unsubsidized, and insatiable curiosity, I was drawn to ama- would put up a dipole between two trees
uncompromised. Purely amateur.” teur radio. I saved my money, and my in the backyard and I would put a wood-
Therein lies Nichols’ premise sustaining first rig was a Johnson Viking II trans- en door on concrete blocks to serve as
ham radio; namely, it purely being ama- mitter and a Hallicrafters SX-111 receiv- a table. I would set up my transmitter
teur. He goes on to reminisce, “We er. At first, my parents thought my ham and receiver and operate well into the
played with radios…or things that radio interest was a passing fancy. I night when weather allowed. My ham
remotely resembled radios. We built wasn’t able to get their permission to radio buddies would politely joke about
scary-looking contraptions that either erect a dipole on top of our roof or to run my makeshift QTH by saying, “Every
emitted or received radio waves of var- coax cable into my bedroom. Instead, I day is Field Day for you!” I was young

and I didn’t mind the additional has- When I was a kid, a telephone needed two-way radio communications with CB.
sle. It didn’t matter because I was on wires (Photo B) and it certainly wasn’t However, I also recall building a crystal
the air! Eventually, my parents gave portable like today’s cell phones. As a radio receiver for the AM broadcast
me permission to finally erect a roof kid growing up in the sixties, my dad band. Later, I came across short wave
mounted dipole and to run coax worked part-time for a drive-in theater radio broadcasts, collecting QSLs, and
inside. That was so long ago, but to (remember those?) as an attendant and ham radio! Listening to ham radio oper-
this very day, thousands of QSOs he had a walkie talkie. He’d let me chat ators communicate with each other
later, I still get a thrill communicating with other radio equipped attendants around the world was pure excitement.
wirelessly and meeting new people. working at the drive-in and that began Instead of just listening, ham radio
By the way, and for the record, I don’t my love affair with two-way communi- allowed me to initiate a QSO! I made up
miss the nighttime insect bites! cations. I bet you can guess what I want- my mind to earn a ham radio license and
ed to get for my birthday. Back in the to get in on the fun. I left CB and never
Wireless day, walkie-talkies transmitted and looked back. I was and I still am enam-
I loved the notion of communicating with received on the CB band. Like many ored with everything ham radio.
someone without the need for wires. “senior hams” today, I had my start in
Enamored With Science
In chapter six of his book, Nichols
shares with us some of his boyhood
memories of growing up near the 2-
mile-long Stanford Linear Accelerator in
Silicon Valley and its nurturing environ-
ment for an inquisitive “radio nerd!” He
realizes that not every budding radio
amateur grows up with the resources
offered in Silicon Valley, but he does
realize, “anyone, anywhere can be a
radio amateur! Amateur radio is still the
most accessible pathway to a career or
hobby in science.” From my own per-
sonal experience, I most definitely
agree with him! Throughout my tenure
as a ham radio operator, I have met
many influential individuals. Some of
them are famous, but all of them mak-
Photo C: Aerial view of the particle accelerator at Fermilab outside of Chicago.
Photo E: Microwave Update Conference

Photo D: The Very Large Array radiotelescope located outside of Socorro, was held at Morehead State University
New Mexico. in Morehead, Kentucky.

“Apollo 13.” Generally, the gals heard a
story of romance, excitement, emotion-
al turmoil, hardship, and eventually
romantic equilibrium. Gents tended to
hear a thrilling adventure, daring, chal-
lenges, battle, reversal of fate, perse-
verance, and overcoming adversity.
Who was correct? Well, both! In the con-
text of the movie, the astronauts looked
forward to liftoff, they were excited rid-
ing the Saturn V rocket on its battle to
overcome Earth’s gravity, only to have
an engine failure, but persevering to an
orbital equilibrium. Metaphorically, the
same is true with our collective ham
radio experiences.
Reminiscence and Perspective

It’s fun to reminisce and to gain per-
spective through sharing each other’s
insights into amateur radio. Our past
shapes our present and our present
becomes our future. Storytelling,
whether in oral or written form, is still
Photo F: One of radio station WWV’s omnidirectional HF antennas near Ft. the way we learn. There is still so much
Collins, Colorado. to learn, so much to discover, so much
to share.
ing meaningful contributions. Some are alive and well and it continues to con- Thank you for reading CQ and I hope
astronauts, some are engineers, and tribute to science. One group that to hear you on the air with your story to
others are scientists. Because ham actively promotes this is the Ham Radio share. 73, Ron KOØZ.
radio stimulated my overall interest in Science Citizen Initiative, or HamSCI.
science, I’ve toured the Fermilab near Check out HamSCI at <https://ham-
Chicago (Photo C), toured the Very sci.org/> for yourself! (Also see a report
Large Array near Socorro, New Mexico on this spring’s HamSCI workshop else-
(Photo D), and attended a conference
at a NASA deep space radio telescope
where in this issue. – ed.) DITS and DAHS
A B C 's of Morse Code Operating
The A
at Morehead State University in Nothing Left B C
Kentucky (Photo E), just to name a few I could go on and on sharing my favorite BY ED TOBIAS, KR3E
remarkable locations. While on vaca- passages and insights into Nichols’s
tion, the family and I made it part of our book, but then I’d be guilty of robbing
This small by solid guide
itinerary to see United States National is the perfect read for
you, my readers, of your own discover- those interested in
Institute of Standards and Technology ies with this intriguing book by leaving learning or improving
radio station WWV (Photo F) near Ft. nothing left for you. A big takeaway for CQ operating
Collins, Colorado. me is the many pathways ham radio techniques!
offers us. I’ve told my ham radio stu- Within its pages you'll find
Ionospheric Stories dents, “Ham radio will open many doors . The secret of becoming
One of the things I like most about for you and offer you new horizons.” a proficient CQ Operator
Nichols‘s book is the personal narratives This insight isn’t only for amateur radio. . Where and how to practice,
that relate his professional experiences When I taught literature, one of my practice, practice.
with his amateur radio ones. A case in lessons would be to ask my students to . Straight Key or Paddle?
point is the author’s professional involve- listen to a piece of classical music. I told . Adjusting your Straight Key or Paddle
ment with scientific, ionospheric re- them that instead of words and sen- . Keyers, Iambic Keying and Bugs
search with HIPAS (High Power Auroral tences, the instruments would tell a . Contests & Events, DXing
Stimulation) and HAARP (High-frequen- story. To bait their interest, I told them . Operating QSK
cy Active Auroral Research Program). a major motion picture used the classi- . CW Filters
The research done at these observato- cal piece. Their job was to listen to the . Signs, Signals and Procedures
ries indicates our ionosphere can act like music, write down whatever emotion(s) . Tips on Taking CW On the Road...
a frequency mixer, a signal generator, or they heard and how those perceived and much, much more!
even an amplifier. The author points out emotions contributed to the story’s plot. Order your copy today!
this research employs RF power levels I can assure you many a teenage eye- 6 x 9 Paperback Only $15.95
far exceeding amateur radio power lev- brow was raised with this lesson! I bet Shipping and Handling US and Possesions $3, CN/MX $5,
els; nonetheless, radio amateurs pro- them that their paragraphs would be All Other Countries $10
vided and continue to provide countless more similar than different. The piece I
diagnostic functions requiring minimal used was the composer John William’s CQ Communications
http://store.cq-amateur-radio.com
or no transmitter power. Ham radio is theme song for the motion picture

the ham notebook
TEXT AND PHOTOS BY WAYNE YOSHIDA*, KH6WZ
The Wonderful World of Surplus - Revisited
I
am lucky to live near the world famous “TRW Swap Meet”
– it’s something I have visited since my teenage years.
The location is actually the Northrop-Grumman campus
in Redondo Beach, California, but most folks around the
world know it by the original name, TRW. More formally, it is
called the W6TRW Amateur Radio Club Swap Meet. See
<https://tinyurl.com/mrybxc8x>.
Since COVID restrictions have been lifted, I started going
back to this event, seeing old friends and buying useful or
interesting things. As I have said many times regarding sur-
plus materiel, I almost never buy something for what it is, but
rather for what it can become.
I must add one thing that I feel very strongly about: If your
purchase turns out to be defective, please do not sell it to
someone else without disclosing its true condition.
Sometimes a non-functioning piece of gear is exactly what
the buyer wants or needs, especially if the item is rare and
difficult to find. An example of this would be a collector of a
certain radio who may be looking for a mechanical parts or
hardware, such as knobs and enclosure or chassis pieces,
or components or sub-assemblies inside.
Over the years I have found many extraordinary treasures,
and there is usually a great story behind each of these dis-
coveries. I have several examples of these finds below.
Photo A: This Collins R-388/URR receiver is a classic col-
Going on a Surplus Safari: Wonderful Old Radio lectable. Although not rare, it certainly looks nice and clean.
Sets and Components
As equipment technology evolves and advances, finished
products become obsolete and are scrapped or disposed of
in another way, and are replaced with new systems.
Equipment from the 1970s and earlier includes many vacu-
um tubes, rather than solid state devices inside their cabi-
nets. Some of the advanced sets were a hybrid combination
of tubes and solid-state devices. Since many hams tend to
keep their equipment for many years, it is not uncommon to
see tube gear of some sort, even among the most modern
station equipment.
The Collins receiver in Photo A is a good example of a
nicely restored tube-based HF transceiver, seen at a local
ham radio swap meet. The classic rigs and test gear contain
many tubes and no transistors or microprocessors at all.
Some people say that vacuum tubes are difficult to find,
but any surplus hunter will tell you this is not true. The box
full of tubes seen in Photo B appeared at the same swap
meet as the Collins radio mentioned above. The fellow sell-
ing these tubes has been coming to the same location every
month for many years. I think 50 cents for an un-tested tube
and a dollar for a tested and working tube are fairly good
prices for replacement parts that may get those classic rigs
going again.
email: <[email protected]> Photo B: Vacuum tubes are still available in abundance if

Linkedin: www.linkedin.com/in/wayneTyoshida you know where to look.

tube on the front panel and am looking
forward to putting it into use.
Speaking of old parts and restoration
projects, I use an ultrasonic cleaner,
filled with a weak solution of Krud-Kutter
and water, to make parts sparkle like
new. Other cleaning detergents can be
used but avoid using corrosive cleaning
agents when washing electronic parts
and aluminum pieces in the ultrasonic
cleaner.
Amazingly Exotic Items

In some cases, converting surplus
equipment is the only way to get on the
air, such as microwave and millimeter
wave station gear. Although kits and fin-
ished products to access these bands
are available, they are not complete sta-
tions that can be put on the air right out
of the box. Additional modules are
necessary, such as transmit-receive
change-over relays, reference frequen-
Photo C: A US Army TV-7/U tube tester, purchased on eBay, is a great tool for cy oscillators, and other assemblies. In
testing old tubes. addition, parts for these bands are
extremely expensive if purchased new,
Photo D: if they can be found at all in small (one
A capacitor and each) quantities.
inductor tester Low loss cable assemblies and spe-
should be in your cialized connectors, RF relays, wave-
tool kit if you build guide, and waveguide assemblies are
and test your own just a few types of components need-
gear. This unit has ed to construct a microwave ham radio
been discontin- station.
ued, but many Once one establishes a viable micro-
modern multi- wave band station at the one-watt level,
testers include a a reasonable station upgrade would be
capacitance to increase power. This requires trans-
function. mit-receive sequencing, and a wave-
guide (rather than a coax cable) type
relay. Just like vacuum tubes, some folks
say waveguide relays are difficult to find,
but a good microwave surplus hunter
can find them at reasonable prices. A
Speaking of tubes, you may want to stock” (NOS) or used. Many modern ver- nice example of a surplus WR-90 wave-
invest in a good tube tester if you have a sions of these components are not the guide relay can be seen in Photo F.
lot of tubes in your collection. I purchased same as these precision devices. These The 24-GHz solid state amplifier,
the military TV-7/U tube tester in Photo units are easily inspected, since a “bad” shown in Photo G, is one of my best sur-
C on eBay several years ago. Although I one would show visible signs of arching plus-derived items. Simply unavailable
don’t use it often, a tube tester is the only or corrosion. several years ago, even as surplus,
tool that can test vacuum tubes. Other A capacitor tester, such as the one solid state, microwave, and millimeter-
tube testers are available; check the web- shown in Photo D, can verify capacitor wave amplifiers in the 1-watt to 10-watt
sites mentioned in the References sec- and inductor operation, and an ohm- or more range are becoming available
tion for useful information. meter can verify whether or not switch on the surplus market worldwide. This
Large air- or vacuum-variable capac- contacts are working. Photo E shows an will definitely improve microwave fre-
itors and inductors, and multi-way, early stage in another restoration pro- quency contest scores as hams dis-
ceramic insulator wafer switches, all ject, a Heathkit IT-28 capacitor check- cover and integrate high power into their
very useful for high power RF amplifiers er. Although it is in pretty good shape systems.
and antenna tuners, are also frequently as-is, I decided to un-build it and turn it Now take a look at Photo H. I found
available as surplus, either as “new old back into a kit. I love the “magic eye” this large and heavy piece of surplus

assessed what I could identify, and it
was a great deal.
I asked a store employee about the
unit, and he said it had just come in, and
the $350 is just a suggested selling
price. Trying to contain my excitement
as best as I could, I offered $200 for the
item, and he accepted the deal. It is truly
an incredible find. Of course, the next
step was to figure out how to get it home
in my small coupe. I dragged the giant
box out of the store and placed it onto
the passenger seat and used the safe-
ty belt to secure it into place.
After examining my new Microwave
Noise Test Set and admiring the con-
struction, I began to take it apart. The
unit included Simpson panel meters,
two microwave detector assemblies, a
multi-voltage power supply, six wave-
guide relays, and many cable and
waveguide pieces.
Photo E: I am restoring a vintage Heathkit capacitor checker. It should be a nice
addition to my workbench.
Test Equipment
Surplus is not limited to parts. Perhaps
test gear at a local industrial surplus ing-back guarantee. I peeked inside the the best deals in electronic surplus are
store near my office one day. The price cabinet, and to my surprise and delight, the test instruments used for RF work,
tag indicated it was $350. As you can saw that the unit was not only very such as reference frequency standards,
see, the front panel is labeled “Micro- clean, it contained a whole lot of 10 GHz spectrum analyzers, signal generators,
wave Noise Test Set” and drew my parts and assemblies. This was the first and frequency counters, especially units
attention immediately. To me, $350 is a and so far, only time I violated my rule rated for use in the micro- and millime-
lot of money to spend on something in about buying an item I did not fully ter wave region. Other test instruments
an unknown condition, and with a noth- understand. However, in this case, I such as oscilloscopes and function gen-
erators are also great values on the sur-
plus and used equipment market.
behind the bylines... Here is a simple, but often overlooked
thing to check for on just about all fre-
… a little bit about some of the authors whose articles quency-related test instruments – many
instruments have a switch on the rear
appear in this issue.
panel to select either an internal or
Ron Wilcox, KF7ZN (“Forging Amateur-Professional Bonds,” p. 32), has been external frequency reference source. If
a ham twice! Originally licensed in 1984, he let his license lapse and then returned the “INT/EXT” switch is in the “EXT”
to the fold 30 years later, in 2014. He is currently vice president of the Utah DX position, the unit will not function prop-
Association, an active volunteer examiner and a member of both the ARRL and erly. Flipping the switch to the “INT”
HamSCI speakers’ bureaus. Ron has had a widely varied career, from mining position may “fix” a non-operating unit.
underground while in college, to a long career in telecommunications and now, I have at least one friend who saw this
as a Registered Nurse Case Manager. Two of his sons are also hams. on a very nice frequency counter, but
the seller was not able to make the unit
Guy Immega, VA7GI (“A Cosmic Dance With the Ionosphere,” p. 42), returned
work, and so he was selling the unit in
to ham radio in 2015 after a 45-year absence. Before his retirement, he ran a
company that designed autonomous robots for the International Space Station. “Powers up, but as-is, no guarantees,
Guy is currently a science fiction author. His latest novel, “Super-Earth Mother”, non-functioning.” The price was very
was published last month by Amazon. good, especially since the unit was not
working when the seller plugged it in.
Bob Allphin, K4UEE (Guest DX Editor, p. 78), is one of the most accomplished When he got the unit home, he flipped
DXpeditioners of our time. He has led, co-led or participated in expeditions to the switch to the “INT” position, and the
eleven of the “top-ten” most-wanted DX entities and participated in eleven unit was fully functional.
“DXpeditions of the Year.” Bob is a member of the CQ DX Hall of Fame, past Photo I shows the treasures I found
chairman of the ARRL DX Advisory Committee and is on the board of INDEXA, at my most recent trip to the TRW swap
the International DX Association. According to his <www.QRZ.com> page, he meet. The temperature controllers will
has visited 131 different DX entities and operated from 85 of them.
be turned into nice cabinets for my next

microwave or Maker Faire projects. The vintage VIZ Senior commercial and other markets, including government and
VoltOhmyst (vacuum tube voltmeter or VTVM), complete with military services, hams have a great opportunity to obtain,
probes, is nice and clean. Even the power cord is fine and does convert and adapt such equipment for use on the ham bands.
not need replacement. There is no evidence of battery leak- This is one of ham radio’s oldest and greatest traditions, and
age inside. And best of all, it works. The big analog meter will it is great to see this materiel going back into service in ham
be a great instrument to put on display at the next Maker Faire. shacks rather than the landfill.
As communications and radio technology advance in the 73, Wayne KH6WZ
Photo H: This “Microwave Noise Test Set,” filled with tons

of 10 GHz components and assemblies, is another one of
my most amazing surplus discoveries.
Photo F: One of the best places to find various microwave

cables, connectors and waveguide is the surplus market.
This WR-90 waveguide relay will be included in my next 10
GHz transverter system.
Photo I: A look at some of the treasures I picked up at the

swap meet. The Senior VoltOhmyst is a well-known, classic
Photo G: This 24 GHz solid state amplifier is another exam- instrument. The giant meter will look nice at the next Maker
ple of a great surplus find. Faire.

digital connection
BY DON ROTOLO,* N2IRZ
A Revamped Radio for Higher-Speed Packet

The Yaesu FTM-3100R goes under the knife
J
ust a year ago, in the July 2022
issue of CQ, I detailed what it takes
to convert the Kenwood TK-762G
to run 9600 baud packet. Since then,
I’ve found the performance to be some-
what less than ideal. Oh, it works, but
you need a stronger-than-average sig-
nal for reasonable performance. My
conclusion is that even the ‘wide’ IF fil-
tering is just a bit too narrow. I’ve since
relegated these radios to run 2400 baud
IL2P which really delivers excellent per-
formance, especially for the price.
Continuing my search for radios to
run 9k6, I found the Yaesu FTM-3100R,
the little sister of the (now discontinued)
FTM-3200DR C4FM digital voice trans-
ceiver, minus the digital voice capabili-
ties. Built on what appears to be the
exact same main circuit board, this 2-
meter radio features true FM, 65 watts
of RF and is designed to run higher-
speed packet, with minor modification.
The specifications are available on the
Yaesu website at <https://tinyurl.com/
FTM-3100R>. Released back in 2016,
the FTM-3100R is not on Yaesu’s list of
models to be discontinued any time
soon. Photo A: The Yaesu FTM-3100R, my latest victim, after its recent surgery. The
Being fortunate enough to live just a arrow points to the screw I used for the ground connection, and you can see the
few minutes from the local Ham Radio locations of the other connection points in Photos C and D.
Outlet (HRO) store in Atlanta, I went
for a visit and bought two FTM-3100Rs
changing the power-on display to show Ground was the easy part, as it is
for about $150 each, HRO’s stand-
my callsign. While in the menu mode, I found all over the radio – I picked it off
ard selling price <https://tinyurl.com/
also verified that the CTCSS subtones from the screw highlighted in Photo A.
y2wn9uky>. Certainly not as inexpen-
and Digital-Coded Squelch (DCS) were PTT comes from a somewhat small but
sive as those old Kenwoods, but still
off, the wide IF filtering was active, and manageable gold-plated test point.
within reason, particularly for what they
the repeater shift was set to simplex. Both TXA and RXA were supposed to
can do.
Following instructions from Nino come from specific vias, which are tiny
The first step towards voiding the
Carillo, KK4HEJ (of NinoTNC fame) on plated-through holes in the circuit board
generous 3-year warranty from Yaesu
the TARPN website <https://tinyurl.com/ used to pass signals from the top to the
was to make sure both radios worked.
TARPN-Yaesu-mod>, I opened up the bottom and vice-versa. The original
I did not buy a programming cable, but
radio and located the specified signal instructions called for removal of the
with the excellent front-panel program-
pick-off points (TXA, RXA, PTT, and green solder mask from each via and
ming ability of the FTM-3100R, it turns
Ground), which are all conveniently soldering to the little ring of exposed
out I really didn’t need one. After a few
found on the top of the main board. Trust copper. I started with RXA.
minutes poking at the owner’s manual,
me, you do not want to have to access My first attempt did not go well. I did
it was easy to set up the radio for pack-
the bottom of this board. manage to get a piece of solid 24 AWG
et. This included setting the desired fre-
To get the radio cover off, I removed telephone wire soldered to the via, but
quency as the ‘home channel’, resetting
the three screws and unclipped one almost immediately tore it off (along
the time-out-timer to 1 minute, and
side from the metal tabs on the side. with the copper circuit board trace), as
The cover then lifted off. While this seen in Photo B, which actually looks
*c/o CQ magazine alone didn’t void the warranty, these worse in person. And I was being
Email : <[email protected]> next few steps probably did. extremely careful, as that via is only

about 20 thousandths of an inch wide. The problem is that the The next morning, with some coffee under my belt, I got a
signal comes up from the bottom of the board through this via, copy of the service manual (Yaesu sells them) to research
and now that I’d destroyed its connection to its plated-through my options. To make a long story short, I first identified a dif-
hole, I was completely screwed. Thinking about that now-gone ferent location where I could still get that RXA signal despite
generous 3-year warranty and my clumsy hands, I put every- the damage I caused. Then I came up with a completely new
thing off for a night to think on it more carefully. plan.
Photo B: This via pad carries the receive audio (RXA) sig-
nal directly from the radio’s discriminator circuit out to the
TNC. Despite extreme care and my 20x stereo microscope,
this trace was badly damaged in the attempt, being broken
and lifted from the board.
Photo D: The same view as Photo C, showing the circuit

board component placement.
Photo C: A close-up view of the signal pick-off points. At top

is TXA, taken from an unused pad for Q1051, center is RXA
which can be either on the right side of C1353 or (if you Photo E: A super close-up of my work at C1353 to pick off
bridge C1353 to short it out) the unused pad at pin 10 of RXA, as seen through my 20x microscope. To understand
J1006, and at the bottom PTT on TP1018. See Photo A for the scale, consider that the 30 AWG wire seen is only 10
the ground point. thousandths of an inch (0.010) wide.

Photo F: Some of the equipment I used to make the modification. Most important for me was the 20x stereo microscope,
since the components are very small. If you are not experienced in surface-mount repair or rework, or don’t have the right
equipment, you should consider finding someone who can help.
The first thing was to find more robust connection points

for RXA and TXA. After poring over the circuit board layout
and schematic, and looking through my 20x stereo micro-
scope, I found them, not far from the originally recommend-
ed locations. These are shown in Photos C and D.
To connect to these extremely tiny spots on the circuit
board, the plan is to use very fine wires to make the circuit
board connections, then solder these to the much larger
stranded wires leading out of the radio to the TNC connec-
tor. I ended up using 30 AWG magnet wire that I had in the
shop, although 30 AWG wire-wrap wire would also be a good
choice, and easier to strip. I used a sharp blade to scrape off
the magnet wire varnish, then learned that my butane torch
and some fine steel wool worked better.
My process was to first strip and tin both ends of the fine
wire, clip one end to leave about 1/16” of exposed wire, and
use hot-melt glue to fasten each wire’s midpoint to the cir-
cuit board. I positioned the wires to be able to reach the need-
ed contact spot without getting in each other’s way. With the
glue cooled and hardened, I carefully bent the free end of the
wire to rest on the signal contact point without my having to
hold it there. It may take a little fiddling but the wire is stiff
enough to make it work. Get this right and the soldering is
far easier.
Using my temperature-controlled soldering iron with a nee-
dle tip, I added a speck of solder and heat to the connection
point and quickly connected the wire to the board. It sounds
easy, but in fact was quite a challenge. My first attempt used Photo G: The soldering tip on the left was far easier to use
a 1/16” chisel tip for the soldering iron, and this turned out to than the one on the right.

Photo H: Getting the wiring outside the radio case was actually quite easy: The hole in the plastic cover does not need to
be precisely located, and is inconspicuous if you decide to undo the modification.
be way too large. Switching to the very fine needle tip made
it easier, since now the tip was roughly the same size as the
point being soldered. Even then, it was absolutely essential
to have steady hands and a 20x magnifier (see Photo E).
I write this not to scare you, but to help you understand
reality: These components are often the size of the period at
the end of this sentence. Your unmagnified vision is simply
not good enough to do this fine work, and neither is your typ-
ical soldering iron. Just a few seconds of excess heat on the
board will lift off the copper and leave you with a fairly cost-
ly paperweight. If you have no experience with, and equip-
ment for, SMD rework or repair, find someone who does.
Some of the equipment I used is shown in Photos F and G.
Once the board connections are made, the other ends are
soldered to the 24 AWG (or so) stranded four-conductor cable
that will eventually connect out of the radio to the TNC. Don’t
use solid wire for this, as it will eventually break. A CAT-5
jumper cable has eight stranded wires in it (you need only
four), or you can easily get something suitable elsewhere.
Fasten this 4-conductor wire to the board with hot glue and
run it through the hole in the side of the chassis, as seen in
Photo H. I drilled a 3/16” hole in the plastic cover and care-
fully aligned things when reassembling the radio, including
adding a zip-tie inside the radio case to provide strain relief.
I did verify that the radio still worked normally before putting
the screws back in.
I won’t get into the TNC interface as I did with the
Kenwoods, as this is really a function of the TNC. I expect to
put these radios into service with NinoTNCs as I work to gain
momentum for a TARPN network in Atlanta. I’m not quite
there, but I’m not yet discouraged.
As I write this, Hamvention is just a few weeks away, and
I hope it all goes well. I expect to scour the flea market for
bargains and things I can write about for you. As always, If
you think of something, drop me a line.
Vy 73, Don N2IRZ

vhf plus
BY TRENT FLEMING,* N4DTF
Talking With Rob Sherwood, NCØB

Plus a Surprise Encounter with MEARS
T
here exists a courtesy and camaraderie in ham radio Sherwood, NCØB, on receiver performance. Watch his inter-
that, at least for me, makes the hobby much more view at <https://tinyurl.com/mr2w7u62>. As you may know,
enjoyable. So many of our fellow hams have developed Rob, through Sherwood Engineering, has developed a rep-
expertise in select areas of the hobby, and almost without utation as an unbiased evaluator of receivers, and offers
exception are willing to share. Likewise, anyone at the other plenty of information at <http://www.sherweng.com>.
end of a QSO will have much in common with you, because Recently, Rob was kind enough to spend some time with me
of the shared experiences and interests that led both of you to discuss matters specific to the VHF and above spectrum.
to an interest in ham radio, electronics, and related matters. Before talking to Rob, I viewed, at his suggestion, a pre-
This month, I am relying on the kindness of one of those sentation he did for a European group, the Sutton & Cheam
hams who has developed great expertise in matters involv- Radio Society, viewable at <https://tinyurl.com/44ej78bh>. I
ing the performance of our beloved transceivers, to share took a lot of notes and developed some questions from both
with you some thoughts about overall shack performance. this presentation and his interview on Ham Radio Workbench
One of the Ham Radio Workbench Podcast episodes that podcast. A couple of things really stood out, so let’s address
I’ve listened to a couple of times is the interview with Rob them first. I asked Rob about improvements in newer rigs
with VHF capabilities. Rob mentioned (and he’s got the num-
bers to prove it) that there has been minimal improvement
* <[email protected]> in VHF and above transceivers over the last 30 years. The
Photo A: New operating position for N4DTF.

primary new rig to consider is Icom’s IC-9700. According to tainly the most fun to attend to, but it is often the details that
Rob, functionally, the 9700 is a much better radio than its help us to ensure the cleanest, strongest signal possible, both
predecessors. It has more features, including the excellent on receive and transmit. Feedlines are extremely important.
band scope that makes hunting for weak signal contacts a Last month, I included some comments from David
lot easier. But in terms of dynamic range, an important mea- Buckwalter, K3SK, regarding his experience with various
sure of receiver quality, there’s been no real improvement. feedlines. The key here is to use the best components you
Rob believes that using newer HF rigs, especially SDR-based can. The higher in frequency, the more important line loss is
units, with transverters is a much better solution. This is sim- ... but why settle for any more loss than you must? Starting
ilar to the advice we received recently from Mike Walker at with 6 meters and up, work on installing the best feedline you
Flex Systems. can. Sherwood actually recommends hardline for all trans-
Another “wow” moment for me was Rob’s assertion that mission lines. There is, of course, a cost associated with this,
the so-called “brick” amplifiers often used for VHF and above as well as the difficulty of working with stiffer cabling, but in
are not very clean on SSB transmit. According to Rob, the the end the quality of the signal and the longevity of the mate-
FM/SSB switch on these units only changes the time con- rials will pay dividends.
stant – how fast the amp drops out, not the linearity. The I pressed for more detail on areas to address in improving
result can be tremendous splatter on your signal, whether your station. Often, a VHF-plus setup includes your radio, a
digital or voice, so pay attention to what the output on your transverter, an amplifier, an antenna switch, and perhaps a
particular device looks like. Overall, tube amps still are much preamp in line. All these connections serve as potential points
preferred for high power on VHF and above, although some of failure. Rob made sure that I knew that using adapters on
of the newer solid-state amps will certainly do a good job, cables (converting that SO-239 to an N connector for exam-
though not with their full rated power. Again, monitoring your ple) introduced a lot of loss into your transmission line. After
output, both with test equipment and via reports from the talking with Rob I gathered up all those adapters and put
“other end” of your QSO, is important. them away in a drawer for emergencies. I’m now in the mar-
I think (I certainly hope) that many of us are concerned with ket for jumpers with N connectors built in. He also recom-
improving our stations. New radios and antennas are cer- mends using “full sized” coax for your jumpers, sized like
Photo B: New workspace for N4DTF showing IC-9100 undergoing 432 MHz connector repair.

RG8, rather than the thinner coax that may be more attrac- April brought some enhanced solar activity that
tive for short runs. One never has to look far for a real life resulted in spectacular aurora, both in terms of
example of the importance of each link in your transmission
line. While I was working on this column, a friend inquired
visible aurora and RF enhancement.
about borrowing a wattmeter suitable for 2 meters. Seems
his transmission on FM was a bit flaky, an issue that I and prepared for meetings the next day. I had my Kenwood TH-
others had noticed when he attempted to check in to our sim- D74 scanning the 2 meter band, and heard traffic on simplex
plex net. He wanted to be sure that his existing wattmeter frequencies, specifically 146.535. This caught my attention
was accurately measuring power and not a part of the prob- because, as you may remember, my local simplex group here
lem. Ultimately, he was able to trace the fault to a short jumper in the Memphis area runs a net every evening at 7:30 p.m.
that connected his radio to an antenna switch. By the way, local time on that same frequency.
his wattmeter was working fine. Remember that every part As I stopped the scanning and listened, it was clear that a
of your transmission line presents a point of failure, and peri- net was also in progress on this frequency. A number of hams
odic review of their performance is an important part of main- from the Mountain Empire Amateur Radio Society (great
taining a quality signal. name, huh?) hold a simplex net at 8:00 p.m. local time on the
Finally, we discussed noise in the shack. I know that a lot fourth Thursday of every month.
of you, like me, have eliminated many, if not all, of your “wall On this evening, Travis Dyson, KB4TAD, was close enough
wart” power supplies in favor of direct connections, via con- to my hotel to hear me direct and relay me to the net. I sub-
nection busses, to a more stable, less noisy power supply. sequently traded emails with Travis and several others. I also
This is a worthy effort. Rob mentioned that he has replaced copied Shane Tilson, KN4RBS, and Bob Walker, KX4DX‘s,
his Cat 5 wiring for networking with fiber optic cable, to reduce callsigns during that night. The group was friendly and wel-
router birdies and protect equipment from EMP type noise coming and I enjoyed getting to participate in their net. Dyson
and damage. While this may not be something you do all at reported that many in the group monitor 146.52 regularly, so
once, it is certainly worth considering. The complexity of if you find yourself along Interstate 81 in southwestern
equipment in our shacks can certainly lead to more noise. Virginia, put out a call and see who comes back. Find out
Rob is a veritable fount of knowledge on all things ama- more about MEARS at <https://www.swvamears.net>.
teur, and especially in the categories of receiver and trans-
mitter performance. I am grateful for his time and expertise, (More) Aurora
and I encourage you to look into his work and try to improve April brought some enhanced solar activity that resulted in
your own station. In the coming months, I will write about spectacular aurora, both in terms of visible aurora and RF
more of the conversation I had with Rob, including some of enhancement. Our friend Paul Kelley, N1BUG, reported on
my efforts to implement his suggestions. the activity of Sunday evening, April 23 (local time) from his
QTH in FN55. The following is courtesy of Paul, from the
In the Shack at N4DTF NEWSVHF email reflector:
As I’ve mentioned a couple of times, I’m doing some rear- Bz went strongly southward (to better than -30) after 0100Z.
ranging in the two-car garage that serves as office, work- It took a while for aurora to rebuild since we would have been
shop, and ham shack (Photo A). I’ve gotten all my radio equip- in the natural evening weakness in the auroral oval around
ment back in place and am enjoying having a larger operating that time, but eventually it got going. I made a couple of QSOs
desk. I’ve also oriented the desk and my radios so that I have on 6, three on 2 and 7 on 222! Best distance on 222 was not
permanent access to the rear of the equipment without mov- spectacular: K9MRI in EN70. But after such a long dry spell
ing things around. This was accomplished by leaving an I will take anything I can get! It appeared to peak around 0300-
“alley” between the operating desk and some bookshelves. 0400Z but the drop off after that may have been just a lack
Changing cables, or adding devices, has never been easier. of stations being on the air. I didn’t try 432 since I only have
I’ve also begun repopulating my working spaces with test 25 watts there.
equipment and power supplies and already have a project It was also fun working K8RYU in EM99 on 2. My last QSO
back on the workbench. Photo A shows my operating posi- with him was in 2003, also on aurora. It sure was fun and I
tion, and Photo B shows one of my workspaces with a pro- will be hoping for more!
ject on it. The 432 MHz connector on my 9100 was damaged
when someone (?) tried to insert PL-259 connector into it Paul added some technical notes on his equipment:
(Photo B). So a new chassis mount N female is on the way
from W5SWL. The good news is my 222 [MHz] stuff is working as it should.
So is the 6 meter stuff. The 2 meter amp, however, is down
to 900 watts for reasons unknown. I have never had what
ON THE AIR – Operating Awards one might call a comfortable relationship with that amp. I am
I’m pleased to report that Dana Shtun, VE3DS, has received a tetrode guy. That is the first triode amp I have had in
VUCC #177 on 222 MHz. Dana is a regular on 222 and other decades. I always seem to be at odds with it, as it wants to
VHF plus bands, and operates from FN03. Congratulations, run very high grid current and low plate current when tuned
Dana! for decent power out and reasonable efficiency. I don’t *think*
Howard Reynolds, WA3EOQ, reports that he’s just had his it’s a bad tube as it will easily do 1.2 amps plate current under
QSLs counted/confirmed for 222 MHz, and also earned his different loading conditions. Perhaps I am just not driving it
VUCC on that band. According to Howard, his own grid, hard enough with the available driver, or I am not tuning it
FM09, was the last card needed! correctly. Nevertheless it was previously managing 1200-
1300W so something seems to have changed recently.
2M FM Simplex
On the evening of April 27, I was in a hotel in Abington, That’s it for this month. Keep me posted on your operating
Virginia, doing what we consultants call “homework” to be activities and projects.

awards
BY STEVE MOLO,* KI4KWR
Two Brand New Indonesian Awards Hitting the World Stage
H
amvention in Dayton, Ohio, is the best when it comes to
awards to announce or pass along to the CQ audience.
For the five days I was at the 2023 show, at least three
times a day someone would provide me with an award from
around the world that could be the next challenge for those who
chase “wallpaper.“
This month I will cover two from Indonesia, with one being a
challenge for sure. The first is Worked Indonesia Via Satellite and
all information is directly from the sponsoring Indonesian Islands
Hunters Group (IIHG) webpage (Photo A). The rules are as fol-
lows (for all current information, go to <https://iihg.net/portfolio/
wis-award>):
1. Award of Worked Indonesia via Satellite is issued to Radio
Amateurs/SWL worldwide that can prove to have made 2-way
radio contacts / heard with stations of Radio Amateurs situated
on the Indonesian territory using amateur radio satellite.
2. All QSOs must be done on or after July 9, 1968.
3. must have made the QSOs /HRDs from same DXCC Entity.
Photo A: From the Indonesian Islands Hunters Group (IIHG)
4. Domestic and foreign operators operating portable such as
website, the cover image for the Worked Indonesia Via Satellite
YC2YIZ/0 or YB6/E21EJC are also valid.
award.
5. Contact 10 stations working from Indonesia in 10 different
call areas, using any amateur radio satellites.
6. Special Event Station of Indonesia (such as 7A~7I, 8A~8I,
etc.) who worked on satellite communication can be used to
replace missing call area. 1 SES for applicant from YB, and 2
SES for applicant from DX.
7. Same operator active from different call area will be count-
ed as different stations. Example: YB8RW, YB8RW/5 and
YB8RW/9 are different stations.
8. Different design of Worked Indonesia via Satellite will be
issued to Radio Amateurs/SWL who are able to contact/hear 10
call areas of Indonesia using SAME one satellite only, such as
IO-86, AO-91, SO-50.
YB YL Award
The second award is a Young Lady (YL) award for solely work-
ing YLs, the Indonesia YL Award (Photo B). Just as with the first
award, the information is taken directly from the website at
<https://tinyurl.com/4njn4m7n>. Something I have started to
observe more frequently is the possibility of older awards get-
ting updated and refreshed, so I strive to provide the most updat- Photo B: From the IIHG website, the cover image for the
ed information possible. Indonesia YL Award.
Indonesia YL Award Rules
1. The Indonesia YL Award is issued to Radio Amateurs/ 8. Same operator active from different places will be counted
SWL worldwide that can prove to have made 2-way radio con- as different stations. Example: YD1NAA, YD1NAA/5 and
tacts / heard in Amateur HF bands with stations of Radio YD1NAA/p are different stations.
Amateurs situated on the Indonesian territory. 9. Different design of Indonesia YL Awards will be issued to
2. All QSOs must be done on or after July 9, 1968. Radio Amateurs/SWL who are able to contact/hear 10, 15, and
3. Applicants must have made the QSOs /HRDs from same 20 YL stations working from Indonesia.
DXCC Entity. Application instructions for both awards may be found on their
4. Domestic and foreign operators operating portable such as respective pages on the IIHG website.
YD1NAA/5 or YB7/JP3AYQ are also valid.
5. DX Station : Contact 5 YL stations working from Indonesia. New Awards
6. Indonesia (YB) station: Contact 5 YL stations working from If you know of a new award in your area that could use a world-
Indonesia in different 5 call areas. wide announcement, please pass it along. The next few months
7. Special Event Station of Indonesia’s Mother Day and Kartini will be new awards that have been passed along to me via
Day are also recognized as YL stations, and can be used for Hamvention and several other engagements I attended this
joker of missed call area. year that I never heard of or simply are brand new. Now is the
time to use Solar Cycle 25 to our advantage and add some
wallpaper to the shack for a few QSOs. Good luck and see you
*Email: <[email protected]> on the air!!

dx
BY BOB SCHENCK,* N2OO
HK0NA Malpelo Island DXpedition 2012

A Record Breaker and a Great Example of International Cooperation!
BY BOB ALLPHIN,# K4UEE
Greetings fellow DXers! This month, I asked my old friend Bob Allphin, K4UEE, to introduce a look back to the 2012
HK0NA Malpelo Island DXpedition. We included a very nice somewhat edited article on HK0NA originally written for the
INDEXA newsletter by Steve Wright ,VE7CT. I hope you enjoy this look back at one of the more awesome efforts made
in DXpedition history! Enjoy!! – N2OO
Y
ou may be wondering why I
would choose this DXpedition as
one of my very favorites. After
all, I have been lucky enough to be
involved in eleven DXCC “top ten-ers”
over the last 30 years, but this one real-
ly sticks out!
This DXpedition to Malpelo was spe-
cial in many ways. First, it fell into my
lap. In 2010, I attended the SEDXC
(Southeastern DX Club) Christmas
party and met a visitor from Colombia,
Bolmar Aguilar, HK1MW. He was
attending as the guest of another mem-
ber. During the evening we talked about
DXpeditioning (what else?).
He said he had a good friend in
Colombia who was planning a DXpedi-
tion to Malpelo Island. Of course, I was
immediately intrigued because HK0/M
had been on my radar for years since
it was currently ranked DXCC #12 most
wanted. He asked if I was available to
assist him in his efforts. Fortunately, I
was between projects, and I immedi- Photo A: Sal Gechem, HK1T, one of the Fabulous Four, upon arrival! (All pho-
ately agreed to join them. tos courtesy of the HK0NA team, via K4UEE)
I would need help and I contacted
Gregg Marco, W6IZT, and George
Nicholson, N4GRN (my go-to guys in ing support would be needed. Lastly, recruited top-notch teams, acquired
Atlanta), and in October 2011, we an advance team would go early to the radios, amps, antennas, and funding
attended a full planning meeting in island to set up the QTH infrastructure, many times before. So, this was going
Barranquilla, Colombia. The three of us antennas, power, and radios, etc. to be a “piece of cake.” And to the man,
each made presentations as part of the Responsibilities were assigned … the Colombian guys were all nice guys
team and new co-leaders. We met with the Colombian team members led by and easy to work with. We rapidly
Colombian members of the team and DXpedition leader Jorge Prieto, HK1R, became compadres. It was explained
other guests. Several important deci- would oversee all arrangements in to us that being a compadre was a step
sions were made. First, safety would be Colombia including permits, trans- above being called an amigo!
paramount. And, because we had a portation, a recon trip, and finally send- Recently-acquired equipment was
good chance of setting a new QSO ing a team to the island to set up the shipped to Colombia. Then in
record, we would establish two operat- camp infrastructure, two operating November of 2011, three of the HKs
ing sites, including one at the top of the sites, antennas, generators, sleeping spent six days in Malpelo to assess the
mountain. The team would be expand- tents, etc. This would allow the rest of challenge. While there, the small con-
ed to 20 members. More radios, more the team to begin operating almost tingent of Colombian Marines stationed
power, more antennas, and more fund- immediately. on the island showed them how to climb
This was perfect from our standpoint. to the top of the mountain. No previous
*email: <[email protected]> A lot of the demanding work was DXpedition had ever operated from that
# email: <[email protected]> already done or in process. And we had location. As a result, Japan, Pacific and

Photo B: Bob Allphin, K4UEE, climbing to the Op A position (with a little help!)
west coast USA that previously had dif-

ficulty making QSOs would finally get a The WPX Program
good opportunity. CW 1000 IU1HGN. 1050 N2YU. 1100 LU6XQB. 1200
Christmas Day, 2011, the advance 4090 ............................................................................VE4GH W5BR. 1250 KM4VI. 1300 NA6MB, VK3PIA. 1350
team, whom we dubbed “The Fabulous 4091.............................................................................K5BRY NA5WH. 1500 JH7CUO. 2150 PU4MMZ. 2200
Four” – Bolmar, HK1MW; Jim, HK1N; EA3EQT. 2850 HB9DHG. 4000 KB1EFS. 7350 IK6DLK
SSB
Sal Gechem, HK1T, and Faber Mos- 4488............................................................................NA6MB Digital: 450 K1EHT, KI5QPZ, KFØFTC, AD2AG. 500
quera, HK6F – were transported to the 4489................................................................................IZ7VII VA7USD, KIØHA. 550 AJ4NN, W6MEW. 600 KK7ME,
island by the Colombian Navy. They 4490 ...........................................................................DK7MM KFØFBK. 700 K4NWX. 800 NR6AM. 900 N2YU,
JK1BIB. 1050 NA6MB, IU1HGN. 1100 LU6XQB. 1150
expected to be there for about 6 weeks Mixed W5BR. 1300 VK3PIA. 1350 NA5WH. 1400 JA7PKV.
total. Upon arrival, Navy personnel and 4611..........................................................................VA7USD 1950 HB9DHG. 2250 EA3EQT. 3100 KB1EFS
a contingent of Colombian Marines on 4612 ............................................................................KK7ME
4613............................................................................NA6MB 40 Meters: NA6MB, K1EHT, AD2AG, VK3PIA, W6MEW,
the island helped move everything and 4614................................................................................IZ7VII HB9DHG
everyone up the steep, 60-degree, 300- 4615..........................................................................HB9GVF 30 Meters: NR6AM, HB9DHG
foot incline to the base camp which we 4616................................................................................N5YT 20 Meters: VA7USD, NA6MB, JA7PKV, AD2AG,
4617............................................................................KI5QPZ W6MEW, HB9DHG
would call OP B. For the next nearly 4618.........................................................................KG5SSW 17 Meters: NA6MB, ISØHXK, JK1BIB, KM4VI, HB9DHG
three weeks, they established the camp 4619 ............................................................................AD2AG 15 Meters: NA6MB, ISØHXK, JK1BIB, HB9DHG
infrastructure and set up the two oper- 4620.........................................................................WD4ETU 10 Meters: KK7ME, NA6MB, NR6AM, VK3PIA
ating sites with six KW stations at OP B 4621..........................................................................W6MEW
4622..........................................................................LU6XQB Africa: ISØHXK, HB9DHG
and four 100W stations at the top of the Digital Asia: NA6MB, ISØHXK, JA3LVJ, NA5WH, HB9GVF,
island. OP A was another 650 feet above KIØHA. W6MEW, LU6XQB
the main camp – not an easy task. They 1943 .............................................................................AJ4NN Europe: AJ4NN, KK7ME, NA6MB, IZ7VII, JK1BIB,
1944..........................................................................VA7USD K1EHT, HB9GVF, KIØHA, KB4DE, KFØFTC, AD2AG,
also rigged climbing ropes to assist the 1945 ............................................................................KK7ME WD4ETU, LU6XQB
remainder of the team upon arrival. 1946............................................................................NA6MB Oceania: NA6MB, AA8SW, JA3LVJ, NR6AM, W5UJ
We knew that this DXpedition would 1947 ............................................................................AD2AG North America: AJ4NN, VA7USD, KK7ME, NA6MB,
1948 ............................................................................JA3LVJ VE4GH, K5BRY, AD2AG, K1EHT, KN6RSY, KI5QPZ,
be strenuous and difficult due to the 1949................................................................................N5YT KIØHA, KG5SSW, KFØFTC, AD2AG, W6MEW,
almost vertical terrain. Lots of climbing 1950 ............................................................................NØJDK LU6XQB, HB9DHG, K4NWX
in addition to the normal rigors of a 1951..........................................................................KN6RSY South America: NA6MB, NR6AM, JH7CUO, HB9DHG
1952............................................................................KI5QPZ
DXpedition. This was not going to be so 1953..........................................................................KFØFTC Complete rules and application forms may be obtained by
easy after all! sending a business-size, self-addressed, stamped enve-
To tell the entire story and for you to CW: 700 KB4DE. 1100 JH7CUO. 2100 HB9DHG lope (foreign stations send extra postage for airmail) to
“CQ WPX Awards,” P.O. Box 355, New Carlisle, OH
get a different slant from another team SSB: 350 K4NWX. 400 IZ7VII. 550 NA6MB. 1200 45344 USA. Note: WPX will now accept prefixes/calls
member, my very good compadre, HB9DHG. 1300 ISØHXK. 1600 EA3EQT which have been confirmed by eQSL.cc. and the ARRL
Steve Wright, VE7CT, has allowed me Logbook of The World (LoTW).
to use excerpts from a fabulous article Mixed: 450 IZ7VII, KI5QPZ, AD2AG. 550 VA7USD,
K1EHT, W6MEW. 600 KK7ME, KFØFBK, KA1SAW. *Please Note: The price of the 160, 30, 17, 12, 6, and
he wrote just after the HK0NA DX- 650 KIØHA. 700 KB4DE. 850 NR6AM. 950 K4NWX. Digital bars for the Award of Excellence are $6.50 each.
pedition and published to all INDEXA

members in 2012 [edited for space and
reprinted here with permission from The WAZ Program
INDEXA (<www.indexa.org>) – ed.]. SINGLE BAND WAZ 492 ........................................................................KC1RET
493 ............................................................................K1BJC
Here it is: 6 Meter 494 ........................................................................JH1NYM
215 ..........................................................ZL1RS 31 Zones 495 ..........................................................................AG5CN
216........................................................JH1NYM 27 Zones 496 ........................................................................KE7BMG
Malpelo Island—Mind Over 217 ..........................................................F8CRS 25 Zones 497 ........................................................................JR3PKO
Mountain 498 ..............................................................................K0TC
10 Meter CW 499............................................................................KB1FX
BY STEVE WRIGHT, VE7CT 226 ..........................................................................ZL3CW 500 ............................................................................W4TV
227 ........................................................................JA1GRM 501 ..........................................................................AA8KY
It was sheer accident that upon hearing 502 ..........................................................................VA2CY
of a proposed DXpedition to Malpelo 10 Meter Digital 503 ..........................................................................JE2BSJ
9 ................................................................................W7AH 504 ............................................................................N5MB
Island in 2012, via ‘The Weekly DX’ pub- 10 ................................................................................K3EA 505 ........................................................................EA3AGY
lication that I decided to investigate via 11............................................................................JA4FCV 506 ..........................................................................K4MVM
507 ........................................................................JE3FOR
the internet to see who was involved.
12 Meter CW
To my surprise, two of my friends’ faces 117 ..........................................................................AA6AA Mixed
appeared as part of the team that orig- 10511 ......................................................................N5UWY
12 Meter Digital 10512 ........................................................................W6ST
inally was comprised of the Jumanji 17 ..............................................................................N5AO 10513 ........................................................................K0JQZ
Contest Club of Colombia; Bob Allphin, 10514 ......................................................................VA3CW
K4UEE, and Gregg Marco, W6IZT, both 15 Meter Digital 10515 ....................................................................GM0SCA
23 ..........................................................................BD4VGZ 10516 ........................................................................WE8L
previous DXpedition companions. 24 ..........................................................................JA1GRM 10517 ....................................................................N7MGW
I immediately e-mailed Bob (with 25 ............................................................................K0DEQ 10518 ....................................................................LU9OZX
26 ..........................................................................SP6TRX 10519 ......................................................................N3NVA
whom I had been on four DXpeditions 10520 ........................................................................W9FG
in the past) to ask rather indignantly why 15 Meter SSB 10521 ........................................................................WS4C
I had not been apprised of this situation 692 ..........................................................................K0DEQ 10522 ....................................................................BD4VGZ
10523 ........................................................................N3QQ
and (in a humbler manner) should the 17 Meter CW 10524 ....................................................................KC1RET
team be expanded for any reason that 145 ........................................................................SP6TRX 10525 ........................................................................DL8TV
I be considered as a potential member 10526 ......................................................................SP3JZI
17 Meter Digital 10527 ......................................................................IK7LKK
of the team. ‘Of course’ said Bob, as if 43 ............................................................................JA7FVA 10528 ........................................................................ND2O
he were planning it all along. 44 ..........................................................................JA1GRM 10529 ....................................................................JH1NYM
45 ..............................................................................N5AO 10530 ....................................................................KE7BMG
That’s where it all started and due to 46 ..........................................................................JF8QNF 10531 ....................................................................JR3PKO
the very nature of Malpelo Island and 10532 ......................................................................OM0ST
the difficulties to be faced, it was decid- 20 Meter CW 10533 ....................................................................OK1NYD
695 ..............................................................................N7TY 10534 ........................................................................W4TV
ed that indeed the team should be 696 ............................................................................LZ3DX 10535 ....................................................................TI2WMP
expanded (at considerably more cost, 697 ..............................................................................NS3L 10536 ........................................................................W2KA
698 ........................................................................JF8QNF 10537 ........................................................................N9MT
of course) so that an all-out attempt be 10538........................................................................F4HHL
made to reduce the ‘wanted status’ 20 Meter Digital 10539 ......................................................................JE2BSJ
throughout the world from #12 to ‘off- 81 ..............................................................................N0OB 10540 ........................................................................N3ND
82 ..........................................................................JR3PKO 10541 ........................................................................N5MB
the-charts’ such that there would be no 83 ............................................................................K4PKM 10542 ....................................................................EA3AGY
further requests for expeditions to the 84 ..........................................................................EA3AGY 10543 ......................................................................G7VKK
powers that be for many years to come. 85 ............................................................................OD5YA 10544 ......................................................................W4MLN
86 ..........................................................................LU1BDR 10545 ........................................................................OH2IS
In October of 2011, three members of 87 ..........................................................................JF8QNF 10546 ......................................................................K4MVM
the Colombian Contest Club headed by 10547 ....................................................................JE3FOR
30 Meter Digital
27 ............................................................................W1OPD SSB
CQ DX Awards Program 28 ............................................................................K0DEQ 5566 ........................................................................K9PSN
29 ..............................................................................N5AO 5567 ........................................................................N3NVA
RTTY Endorsement 5568 ........................................................................SP3JZI
N9PA .................................................................89 40 Meter CW 5569 ..........................................................................W4TV
344 ........................................................................JA3RAR 5570 ......................................................................ON4CHN
Mixed Mode Endorsement 345 ..............................................................................N7TY 5571 ........................................................................VK4KX
K8SIX ..............................................................245
40 Meter Digital RTTY
The basic award fee for subscribers to CQ is $6. For non-sub- 33 ............................................................................OD5YA 322 ............................................................................W4TV
scribers, it is $12. In order to qualify for the reduced subscriber
34 ..........................................................................SP6TRX
rate, please enclose your latest CQ mailing label with your
35 ..........................................................................JF8QNF SAT
application. Endorsement stickers are $1.00 each plus SASE.
Updates not involving the issuance of a sticker are free. All 84 ..........................................................SP5ULN 28 Zones
updates and correspondence must include an SASE. Rules 80 Meter DIGITAL 85 ........................................................IW7DOW 30 Zones
and application forms for the CQ DX Awards may be found 8 ............................................................................JF8QNF 86 ..........................................................W2GDJ 30 Zones
on the <www.cq-amateur-radio.com> website, or may be 87 ........................................................VE4AMU 40 Zones
obtained by sending a business-size, self-addressed, ALL BAND WAZ
stamped envelope to CQ DX Awards Manager, Please make
checks payable to the Award Manager, Keith Gilbertson. Mail CW
all updates to Keith Gilbertson, KØKG, 21688 Sandy Beach 1261 ............................................................................KK7L Rules and applications for the WAZ program may be ob-
Lane, Rochert, MN 56578-9604 USA. We recognize 341 1262 ......................................................................JH1NYM tained by sending a large SAE with two units of postage
active countries. Please make all checks payable to the award or an address label and $1.00 to: WAZ Award Manager,
1263 ..........................................................................W4TV
manager. Photocopies of documentation issued by recog- Jose Castillo, N4BAA, 6773 South State Road 103,
1264 ..........................................................................W2KA
nized national Amateur Radio associations that sponsor inter- Straughn, IN 47387. The processing fee for all CQ awards
national awards may be acceptable for CQ DX award credit 1265........................................................................IE2GAO
1266 ..........................................................................OH2IS is $6.00 for subscribers (please include your most recent
in lieu of having QSL cards checked. Documentation must list
(itemize) countries that have been credited to an applicant.
CQ mailing label or a copy) and $12.00 for nonsub-
Screen printouts from eQSL.cc that list countries confirmed Digital scribers. Please make all checks payable to Jose
through their system are also acceptable. Screen printouts 487 ..........................................................................N3NVA Castillo, N4BAA. Applicants sending QSL cards to a CQ
listing countries credited to an applicant through an electron- 488 ............................................................................WX3P checkpoint or the Award Manager must include return
ic logging system offered by a national Amateur Radio orga- 489 ..........................................................................JA7FVA postage. N4BAA may also be reached via email:
nization also may be acceptable. Contact the CQ DX Award 490 ..............................................................................N7TY <[email protected]>.
Manager for specific details. 491 ........................................................................BD4VGZ

Photo C: Gregg Marco, W6IZT (top),
and Jerry Rosalius, WB9Z (closest),
with an avian friend.
Jorge Prieto, HK1R, were given the

opportunity of visiting Malpelo Island
courtesy of the Colombian Navy in order
to determine whether it was possible to
find a way to the top of one of the three
peaks as well to see for themselves the
facilities that had been offered to them
concerning utilizing one of the two build-
ings used by the Navy Marine garrison.
They were shown a route up to the top
of the peak on which a shipping beacon
was located and subsequently deter-
mined that it was indeed possible to set
up a small station.
After being invited to join the
Colombian team (no doubt due to his
5 Band WAZ
As of May 15, 2023 Callsign Zones Zones Callsign 5BWAZ # Date # Zones
2505 stations have attained at least the 150 Zone level, and Needed NO0B 2494 04/23/2023 175
1144 stations have attained the 200 Zone level. W4LI 199 26 WX3P 2495 04/23/2023 178
W6DN 199 17 JA7FVA 2496 04/23/2023 155
As of May 15, 2023 W6RKC 199 21 JH1NYM 2497 04/24/2023 195
The top contenders for 5 Band WAZ (Zones needed on 80 W6TMD 199 34 LZ3DX 2498 04/26/2023 200
W9OO 199 18 on 10M OM0ST 2499 05/02/2023 181
or other if indicated): W8CZN 199 24 W4TV 2500 05/06/2023 192
CHANGES shown in BOLD W9XY 199 22 W2KA 2501 05/07/2023 170
ZL3CW 199 34 KM3V 2502 05/07/2023 194
Callsign Zones Zones 9A5I 198 1, 16 OD5YA 2503 05/10/2023 172
Needed AB4IQ 198 23, 26 JE3FOR 2504 05/14/2023 178
AJ9C 199 23 DL6JZ 198 1, 31 JF8QNF 2505 05/14/2023 200
AK8A 199 17 EA5BCX 198 27, 39
DF2GH 199 31 F5NBU 198 19, 31 Updates to the 5BWAZ list of stations:
DM5EE 199 1 F6DAY 198 2 on 10M & 15M
EA5RM 199 1 G3KDG 198 1, 12 Callsign 5BWAZ # Date # Zones
EA7GF 199 1 G3KMQ 198 1, 27 N4QS 2431 12/13/2022 199
H44MS 199 34 G4OWT 198 1, 27 W6WF 2213 5/10/2020 171
HAØHW 199 1 HB9FMN 198 1 on 80M & 10M N7IR 1909 6/13/2015 198
HA5AGS 199 1 I1EIS 198 1 & 19 on 10M W8CZN 2432 12/17/2022 199
I5REA 199 31 JA1DM 198 2, 40 WX3P 2495 4/23/2023 180
IKØXBX 199 19 on 10M JA3GN 198 2 on 80M & 40M N7TY 2098 12/21/2018 196
IK1AOD 199 1 JA7MSQ 198 2 on 80M & 10M KN7Y 2274 1/29/2021 184
IT9GSF 199 1 JH1BNC 198 2 on 80M & 10M N5AO 1934 6/2/2016 198
IZ3ZNR 199 1 JH1EEB 198 2, 33 AA8KY 2448 1/29/2023 158
JA1CMD 199 2 KØDEQ 198 22, 26 W4JS 2277 2/1/2021 188
JA5IU 199 2 K1BD 198 23, 26 N6PM 2254 11/4/202 193
JA7XBG 199 2 K2EP 198 23, 24 EU3A 2019 5/18/2018 200
JH7CFX 199 2 K2TK 198 23, 24 WI7P 2476 3/18/2023 180
JI4POR 199 2 K3JGJ 198 24, 26
JK1BSM 199 2 K3WA 198 23,26
JK1EXO 199 2 New recipients of 5 Band WAZ with all 200 Zones
K3XA 198 23,34
K1LI 199 24 confirmed:
K4JLD 198 18, 24
K3LR 199 23 K9MM 198 22, 26
K4HB 199 26 KI1G 198 24, 23 on 10M 5BWAZ # Callsign Date All 200 #
K5TR 199 22 KZ2I 198 24, 26 2493 IZ0AEG 4/20/2023 1141
K7UR 199 34 LA3MHA 198 31 &32 on 10M 2498 LZ3DX 4/26/2023 1142
KZ4V 199 26 N4GG 198 18, 24 2019 EU3A 5/7/2023 1143
N3UN 199 18 N5AO 198 22, 23 2505 JF8QNF 05/14/2023 1144
N4NX 199 26 N7IR 198 17, 22
N4WW 199 26 NXØI 198 18, 23 Rules and applications for the WAZ program may be obtained
N4QS 199 18 ON4CAS 198 1,19 by sending a large SAE with two units of postage or an address
N4XR 199 27 OZ4VW 198 1, 2 label and $1.00 to: WAZ Award Manager, Jose Castillo, N4BAA,
N8AA 199 23 RL3FA 198 2 on 80 & 10M 6773 South State Road 103, Straughn, IN 47387. The pro-
N8DX 199 23 UA4LY 198 6 & 2 on 10M cessing fee for the 5BWAZ award is $10.00 for subscribers
N8TR 199 23 on 10M UN5J 198 2, 7 (please include your most recent CQ mailing label or a copy)
RA6AX 199 6 on 10M US7MM 198 2, 6 and $15.00 for nonsubscribers. An endorsement fee of $2.00
RU3DX 199 6 W5CWQ 198 17, 18
RWØLT 199 2 on 40M for subscribers and $5.00 for nonsubscribers is charged for
W7AH 198 22, 34 each additional 10 zones confirmed. Please make all checks
RX4HZ 199 13 W9RN 198 26, 19 on 40M
RZ3EC 199 1 on 40M payable to Jose Castillo. Applicants sending QSL cards to a
WC5N 198 22, 26
S58Q 199 31 CQ checkpoint or the Award Manager must include return
WL7E 198 34, 37
SM7BIP 199 31 postage. N4BAA may also be reached via email: <n4baa@cq-
Z31RQ 198 1, & 2 on 10M
SP9JZU 199 19 on 10M ZL2AL 198 36, 37 amateur-radio.com>.
USØSY 199 1 on 15M
VE2EBK 199 26 *Please note: Cost of the 5 Band WAZ Plaque is $100 shipped
VK3HJ 199 34 The following have qualified for the basic 5 Band WAZ within the U.S.; $120 all foreign (sent airmail).
VO1FB 199 19 Award:
W1FJ 199 24
W1FZ 199 26 Callsign 5BWAZ # Date # Zones
W3LL 199 18 on 10M N3NVA 2492 04/20/2023 177
W3NO 199 26 IZ0AEG 2493 04/20/2023 200

CQ DX Field Award Honor Roll
The CQ DX Field Award Honor Roll recognizes those DXers who have submitted proof of confirmation with 175 or more grid fields. Honor Roll lisiting is automatic
upon approval of an application for 175 or more grid fields. To remain on the CQ DX Field Award Honor Roll, annual updates are required. Updates must be accom-
panied by an SASE if confirmation is desired. The fee for endorsement stickers is $1.00 each plus SASE. Please make all checks payable to the Award Manager,
Keith Gilbertson. Mail all updates to Keith Gilbertson, KØKG, 21688 Sandy Beach Lane, Rochert, MN 56578-9604.
Mixed
K2TQC......................288 HA1RW.....................239 WI8A .........................219 KF8UN ......................205 ON4CAS ...................194 K2SHZ ......................182
W1CU .......................269 VE3XN ......................239 HA1AG......................218 OM2VL......................205 HB9DDZ ...................193 KJ6P .........................180
VE7IG .......................254 I6T.............................230 JN3SAC ....................217 K1NU ........................204 N4NX ........................192 W6XK........................180
HAØDU.....................253 K8OOK .....................229 WA5VGI....................216 K1NV ........................204 HA1ZH ......................190 W5ODD ....................177
OM3JW.....................253 N8PR ........................229 HA9PP ......................213 VE7SMP ...................204 BA4DW .....................188 NØFW.......................176
W6OAT .....................252 HA5AGS ...................228 IV3GOW ...................211 RW4NH.....................203 K2AU ........................187 WA9PIE ....................176
HA5WA .....................250 9A5CY ......................227 W4UM.......................210 HB9AAA....................200 K8YTO ......................186 HB9BOS ...................175
IK1GPG ....................245 K9YC ........................227 N4MM .......................208 N5KE ........................200 WO7R .......................185 NKØS........................175
OK1ADM...................245 VE3ZZ.......................226 OK1AOV ...................208 W3LL ........................199 N3RC ........................184
K8SIX........................245 KØDEQ.....................221 F6HMJ ......................206 NIØC.........................196 W9RPM ....................184
SSB
W1CU........................249 VE7SMP....................201 W4UM .......................198 N4MM........................189 W3LL .........................187 DL3DXX ....................175
W4ABW.....................202 KØDEQ .....................198 JN3SAC ....................192 WA5VGI ....................189 NØFW .......................176
CW
N3RC ........................326 DL6KVA ....................233 DL3DXX....................210 OK1AOV ...................198 HB9DZZ....................189 N4NX ........................177
W1CU .......................254 KØDEQ.....................214 DL2DXA....................209 WA5VGI....................197 N4MM .......................186 N7WO .......................175
HA5WA .....................234 JN3SAC ....................211 W4UM.......................201 NIØC.........................196 OK2PO .....................184
Digital
W1CU .......................206 JN3SAC ....................178 HA5WA .....................177 KØDEQ.....................175
RTTY
WK3N .......................339 ..
reputation not only as an experienced

DXpeditioner but also his capabilities as
a good fund raiser), Bob decided it
would be judicious to fly to Cartegena
and meet with the organizers and to
take along Gregg Marco, W6IZT, and
George Nicholson, N4GRN, to deter-
mine the logistics that would be involved
in creating a successful DXpedition.
There it was decided to expand the
team to twenty members. It was also
decided that four of the Colombians
(subsequently dubbed the Fabulous
Four) would depart for Malpelo on
Christmas Day to begin assembling
antennas and station equipment that
had already been shipped to Colombia
from the US as well as to install safety
lines to assist in climbing up from the
shore up to the first staging area where
the buildings were located (Op B). In
addition, safety lines would be needed Photo D: Ready to hit the airwaves! From left, DJ9ZB, HK1R, LU9ESD, and
for the more dangerous areas on the PY5XX.
way up to the mountain peak (Op A).
Further attempts to install the antennas
at OP A were thwarted by extremely Langner, DJ9ZB; Manu Siebert, Our team assembled in Bogota,
heavy rains between Christmas and up LU9ESD; Peter Sprengel, PP5XX; Bob, Colombia on the evening January 18th.
to a week before the team was to arrive K4UEE; Gregg, W6IZT; George, The following day saw us all back at the
on the island. Nevertheless, the N4GRN; Ralph Fedor, K0IR; Glenn airport to fly to Buenaventura, a port city
Fabulous Four … did a magnificent job Johnson, W0GJ; Jerry Rosalius, WB9Z; on the west coast of Colombia where
while away from their families at a time Bob Grimmick, N6OX; Gary Stouder, we would board the Sea Wolf to take us
when family is so important, to pave the K9SG; Neil King, VA7DX; myself, to Malpelo Island.
way for the rest of the team to ‘hit-the- VE7CT; our photographer, Gustavo Once in Buenaventura, we checked
ground-running’ and to commence Amórtegui, HK3ORE, and of course, into the beautiful colonial-type hotel,
immediate operation. Murphy himself! No DXpedition is ever expecting to leave early the next day,
The late arrivals consisted of team complete without Murphy, who is a close only to be asked to meet at the boat
leader HK1R; Pedro Allina, HK3JJH; friend of Robby Burns. You know ... ‘The around midnight for a very early morn-
Pedro Claver Orozco, HK1X; Franz best laid plans of mice and men‘ ... ing (4:00 AM) start of our 28-hour trip

to arrive early morning in daylight at Malpelo a day and the ocean creating a lower angle of radiation for our anten-
night later. nas, hence a ‘skip’ or two less than the received signals,
Malpelo Island lies some 240 miles off the west coast of especially on the low bands.
Colombia and is only accessible by boat. It was formed vol- This record would have been absolutely impossible if it
canically some 18 million years ago and is basically the top were not for the young Marines and our boat crew faithfully
of a mountain that stands some 4000 meters above the sea doing the strenuous lifting, carrying of all drinking water, food,
floor with about 300 meters above sea level projecting up
almost vertically from the shore. There are several sharp
craggy adjuncts next to the island that project upward to about QSL of the Month: AC4RF, Tibet
40 meters high. Some grasses are seen on these islets but Robert Webster Ford, AC4RF (1923-2013), was a radio
we saw none on the main island itself, due mainly to the mass- operator and British diplomat who worked in Tibet in the
es of omnivorous land crabs. late 1940s and early 1950s. Tibet is now considered part
Previous DXpeditions were confined to the island’s east of China, but was a separate DX entity until its deletion from
side close to the water level being the only landing area and the DXCC list on May 31, 1974.
most certainly never more than 100 meters upward to where In 1945, Ford joined the British Mission in Lhasa, Tibet’s
now stand two small buildings. This explains why it was dif- capital, as a radio officer. His contact in Lhasa was the leg-
ficult for areas west of the Midwest USA and Asia to make endary Reg Fox, AC4YN. After a year in Lhasa, Ford went
contact with previous DXpeditions due to the masking by the to Chiamdo, capital of eastern Tibet (Kham) and estab-
mountain to all signals in that direction. The buildings and an lished a radio link back to Lhasa.
original tangon (a horizonal type of fixed gantry just above In 1950, Ford was arrested by the advancing Chinese
sea level for access via rope ladder to shore) were built about army, along with other Tibetan officials. The People’s
1986 when the Colombian Navy established a small garri- Republic of China accused him of espionage, spreading
son to establish and enforce their sovereignty as well as to anti-communist propaganda, and causing the death of a
protect fishing rights in a 20-mile radius of the island and to Chinese official. Ford spent nearly five years in prison and
connect the area to the Colombian territorial area off the coast was subjected to interrogation and “thought reform.” He
of the mother country. A new tangon was constructed in 1999 was eventually released and expelled in 1955.
and is the one existing today. Apparently a newer one still is In 1956, Ford began a series of new assignments for the
planned with a hoist to lift a fast pursuit boat off the water and British Diplomatic Service, serving in the Foreign Office in
out of reach from the sea. London, overseas in Vietnam, Indonesia, United States,
The Navy Marines number about eight and are rotated on Morocco, Angola, Sweden, and France; and as Consul-
a regular basis. A Navy vessel was in the area to constant- General in Geneva, Switzerland. The same year, he mar-
ly monitor and protect it from illegal fishing. Regular visitors ried Monica Tebbett, a childhood friend. They were mar-
are diving tours from Colombia, Costa Rica and Panama, but ried for 55 years and had two sons, Martin and Giles.
only 25 people at a time are allowed to go to the area in order In 1957 Ford published the book, “Wind Between the
to protect the marine environment. The boats on which these Worlds,” about his experience in Tibet. He retired in 1987
excursions travel must be totally self-sustaining as shore and was awarded Commander of the Order of the British
landings are not allowed except for dire emergencies. The Empire. After his retirement, Ford lectured in support of the
island and surrounding marine environment is a UNESCO Tibetan Government in Exile in various European coun-
World Heritage Site and is administered by the Parques tries, India, Australia and the United States. In 2013, he
Nacionales de Colombia. We were accompanied by a rep- was given the International Campaign for Tibet’s Light of
resentative from the Parks, a young man by the name of Truth Award by the 14th Dalai Lama in Fribourg,
Columbo. It was his responsibility to protect the flora and Switzerland.
fauna of the island, including the marine environment and he Robert Ford passed away at the age of 90 on 20
had police powers to arrest fishing violators—of course, with September 2013 in London.
the accompaniment of the Navy Marines! 73, Tom Roscoe, K8CX
Murphy was to strike early and we were forced to operate
our six stations at OP B (the lower and main operating site)
and OP A (the mountain top with the capability of four sta-
tions) without the planned Wi-Fi networking system. Hence
the logs had to be downloaded from each position on a daily
basis before uploading them for analysis and submitting to
Bob, N2OO, our QSL manager for the ‘Club Log’ online
lookup. It also became apparent that our 160-meter anten-
na at OP A gave us some disappointing results, plus the fact
that we had to contend with solar flares during the second
week of operation that wiped out some of the high frequen-
cies during certain parts of the day – making it difficult to
continue a good run of contacts. All in all, however, when
the dust settled following the DXpedition and Gregg had a
chance to examine the logs to merge and fill a few small
holes (which he did), we were blessed with breaking a world This card from AC4RF was for a QSO made during his
record for tent-and-generator type of operation to the tune time working as a radio officer for the British Diplomatic
of more than 195,000 contacts. It did appear to us that we Service in Chiamdo, eastern Tibet. “QSL of the Month”
were being heard perhaps better than we were hearing the photos and information provided courtesy of the K8CX
‘deserving.’ If this was so, I can only attribute that to the Ham Gallery <www.hamgallery.com>.
height above sea level and the steepness of the slope toward

Photo E: Sunset at Op A, on top of the mountain. The photo was taken from one of three stations at the very top!
Photo F: Departure Day … Back to air conditioning on the boat!

generators, fuel, operating tables and ating without skipping a beat. (Had we to disassemble the equipment in order
chairs, antenna equipment and every- operators been required to do every- to return to the mainland.
thing else that was needed up the 60 to thing, by the time we got set up to oper- From the standpoint of degree of dif-
70 degree slope from the tangon and in ate, it would have been time to leave.) ficulty, Malpelo must be high on the list
the hot muggy weather to supply our The pileups were indeed massive from if not at the top from a physical aspect.
meals from the boat at least three times all directions at the beginning and were Long before the expedition took place,
a day. They allowed us to continue oper- still of decent size when the time came we were advised by the MDs in our
The WPX Honor Roll

The WPX Honor Roll is based on the current confirmed prefixes which are submitted by separate application in strict conformance with the CQ
Master Prefix list. Scores are based on the current prefix total, regardless of an operator’s all-time count. Honor Roll must be updated annually
by addition to, or confirmation of, present total. If no up-date, files will be made inactive. Visit <https://tinyurl.com/mrxuvwvv> for current listings.
MIXED
9676.........9A2AA 4757.........I2MQP 3077 ...........K1PL 2391 .........WO7R 1746........K6UXO 1422 ........I2VGW 1141 .........4F3BZ 1000 ......WB6IZG 661 .............AL4Y
8663.........9A2NA 4703 .........IK2ILH 3028 .......IK2DZN 2391......IZØFUW 1741........N6PEQ 1408...........NH6T 1137......YO5BRZ 999.............N3DF 633..........TI5LUA
8196 .........W1CU 4668 ......JH8BOE 2992..........W2YR 2386......JH1QKG 1711 ...........NS3L 1398 ......ES4RLH 1136 ..........KO9V 995........PU2GTA 621 .........K4HDW
8188...........K2VV 4574 ......JN3SAC 2987 .........AG4W 2356 ............NE6I 1707..........K4WY 1361.........VA3VF 1116 .......YU7FW 966 ...........W6WF 616 .........AC6BW
7059..........EA2IA 4461...........K1BV 2968........AB1OC 2225 ......JH1APK 1684 .......W1FNB 1333 ...........AF4T 1112 .........N6MM 953 ........JP1KHY 605 .........IW2FLB
6955...........KF2O 4423 ..........N1RR 2963 ..........N3RC 2203 ............KI1U 1672 .........WU9D 1322 ........AA4FU 1107........PY2MC 919 ........ON7MIC
6139 .......KØDEQ 4417.....WD9DZV 2697 ..........AK7O 2176 .........V51YJ 1667...........AD3Y 1301 ....KB9OWD 1100 ....WA3GOS 908 ............N2YU
5908 .....ON4APU 4342 ....WB2YQH 2651..........HK3W 2159......VA7CRZ 1643 .......SV1DPI 1301...........K1DX 1109 ......KE8FMJ 889 ...........WU1U
5859 .....ON4CAS 4298 ........VE3XN 2642...........AA8R 2133..........KØKG 1639 ..........N7QU 1301 .........KM5VI 1088 ...........NJ4Z 866 .............K2KJ
5715 ........S53EO 4241..........N6QQ 2616 ........9A2GA 2113........W2FKF 1616 ...........TA1L 1299.......JA6JYM 1084 ......KG4JSZ 857.............R1AV
5597 ..........N4NO 4215...........W3LL 2591 .......IK2RPE 2056..........NKØS 1590.......JF1LMB 1295 ...........NIØC 1069........IZ4MJP 835 ..........K6RAH
5511 ........N8BJQ 4201........YO9HP 2589 .......DG7RO 2046 .....YO8CRU 1570 ........PY5VC 1280..........WF1H 1058 ........N6DBF 803 ............AB1Q
5482 ........VE1YX 3818........K9UQN 2583......PA2TMS 2016..........N2WK 1568 .........N3AIU 1260 ......UR6LEY 1036........DL5KW 758 ...........N4JJS
5453 ........YU1AB 3793 ...........AB1J 2583...........AE5B 1995 .......JR3UIC 1547 ........KC1UX 1219 ........K6HRT 1032......DG5LAC 757............WB3D
5409 ...........N6JV 3538 ..........9A4W 2550 ..........K6ND 1972 .......K3CWF 1524 ....NH6T/W4 1217 ........AB1QB 1023.......N4WQH 736 ........JA3MAT
5387 .........W9OP 3459............W9IL 2457 ..........K5UR 1955 ...........NIØC 1484........FG4NO 1204 .........VA2IG 1016..........W9QL 711.............AG1T
5215..........I5RFD 3130......SV1EDY 2538...........K4HB 1945 ........N5KAE 1480 .........K4JKB 1201 ..........K9BO 1012 .......NØVVV 695 .......W8WDW
5172 .........W9OO 3109..........W6XK 2465 ..........N6PM 1828 ...........K7LV 1462 ........AC7JM 1167 ......WA9PIE 1010 ........VE3RZ 682 ..............AI8P
5018 ......WA5VGI 3151 ...........NXØI 2420.....WA6KHK 1824 ..........WF7T 1462 .......DL4CW 1153 ........N3CAL 1007 ........AA4QE 678 ............WE8L
4763..........KW9A 3099...........N6FX 2400 ..........N7ZO 1821.........PY5FB 1447...........K3XA 1148 ......SP8HKT 1006 ......NØRQV 674...........N5JED
SSB
7045 ........OZ5EV 3184 ..........N1RR 2576 ........AA1VX 2129...........AE5B 1646 .....VE7SMP 1258 ..........N1KC 1031 ..........K4CN 854 ..........K6HRT 700 .........JA1PLL
6334.........9A2NA 3174 ..........I3ZSX 2568.....SM6DHU 2113........W2FKF 1641 ........AE9DX 1222 ........YF1AR 1031 .......IK8OZP 833 .......DK8MCT 694 .......KG4HUF
6145...........K2VV 3172........YO9HP 2515............W9IL 2112.....WD9DZV 1622...........K5CX 1187 ........IZ1JLG 1022 .........NW3H 808 ........UR6LEY 690............W6PN
5404 ........VE1YX 3141 ......DL8AAV 2483 .........AG4W 2094...........I8LEL 1611 .........W2ME 1183 ............KI1U 1012 ........KU4BP 802 ............N6OU 684 ............KO9V
5149...........KF2O 3139 ........N8BJQ 2451......EA3GHZ 2093.........W2WC 1587...........N3XX 1151..........W6XK 1006 ...........NJ4Z 801.............K3XA 675 ..........F1MQJ
4916..........EA2IA 3108..........I4CSP 2443 ......JN3SAC 2084 ..........K5UR 1550 .......IK2RPE 1150 .....VE6BMX 1004...........K4HB 766 ..........I2VGW 655...........VA3VF
4410.........I2MQP 3104 ......WA5VGI 2335 ..........KG1E 2076 ...........K2XF 1449 ........N5KAE 1146 ..........SQ7B 1004 .......WA5UA 763 ...........K4JKB 647 ..........YB8NT
4192 .......KØDEQ 3067..........N6QQ 2327 ...........K1PL 2048......W4QNW 1442 .......DG7RO 1136 .......K3CWF 978 ..........EA7HY 758........IV3GOW 640 ..........UA9YF
3723 ...........I8KCI 2990 ........KF7RU 2326 ........CX6BZ 1955 ........EA3NP 1389..........NKØS 1112...........NH6T 957............W9QL 724............WF1H 637..........K5WAF
3681 ..........N4NO 2984 .........KI7AO 2209.......IK2QPR 1935......SV1EOS 1386..........HK3W 1098 ..........K4CN 934 ..........PY5VC 724 ............W3TZ 630............W6US
3585 .....SV3AQR 2946 .........PT7ZT 2201 ..........NQ3A 1884.....WA6KHK 1386 .......IK4HPU 1096 ......JA7HYS 931 ..........YB1AR 717 .........KØDAN 624 ..........K6KZM
3535..........KW9A 2903 ........IN3QCI 2200...........N6FX 1879..........K3IXD 1371.........VE6BF 1093 .........N6MM 929 .............NS3L 717 ..........N3JON 606 ..........KJ4BIX
3456 .........W9OO 2857.........4X6DK 2198........AB1OC 1848...........AB5C 1338 ............NE6I 1089 ........IZ8FFA 919........KA5EYH 714.........YB2TJV 604 .........GØBPK
3416...........W3LL 2650 .......IK2DZN 2183 ...........NXØI 1825 ..........KQ8D 1334......EA3EQT 1089 .......IT9ABN 893.........W9RPM 713 ........JH1APK
3348......CT1AHU 2595.........EA1JG 2155........K9UQN 1812 ..........K6ND 1264........N6PEQ 1042 ......IZØBNR 889 ...........N3AIU 710 ........WA9PIE
3274 .....YU7BCD 2582......PA2TMS 2131 ..........N3RC 1699..........W2YR 1262 ...........K7LV 1032......DG5LAC 875..........K7SAM 700 ..........N4FNB
CW
7543.....WA2HZR 4076..........I7PXV 2943..........N6QQ 2203 ...........NXØI 1620 .......DG7RO 1210 .......DL4CW 891 .......DK8MCT 722 ........WA9PIE
7200...........K2VV 3974 ......JN3SAC 2915 ...........KA7T 2022 ........AF5CC 1595.........PY5FB 1196 .........N3AIU 890 .............NS3L 720 ............K4CN
6024.........9A2NA 3804 .........W9OO 2811........OZ5UR 1998 ..........K5UR 1555 ...........K1PL 1098........LU5OM 889 ...........N3AIU 652 .........IK2DZN
5392..........EA2IA 3773..........KW9A 2679............W9IL 1973 ..........N3RC 1508..........W6XK 1088...........AE5B 864........YO5BRZ 636............NKØS
5311 ...........N6JV 3647 ..........N1RR 2548 .......EA2CIN 1905.....WA6KHK 1483 ........VE1YX 1062...........K3XA 848 ..........PY5VC 629........IV3GOW
5261...........KF2O 3504 .....YU7BCD 2531.........I2MQP 1832...........N4YB 1480..........WO3Z 1036........DL5KW 822 ..........N5KAE 620..........AF5DM
5160 ..........N4NO 3462........K9UQN 2497...........W3LL 1762 ..........K6ND 1458 .........AG4W 997..........N6PEQ 821........HB9DAX 615........JH6JMM
5013...........W8IQ 3279.........IØNNY 2490...........N6FX 1744 ............NE6I 1443.....WA2VQV 992 ...........F5PBL 783 ..........YB1AR 608.........W9RPM
4916........IZ3ETU 3220.....WD9DZV 2477.........VE6BF 1727........K6UXO 1421 .....KN1CBR 968 .........K3CWF 752 ..........K6HRT 600 ............NY4G
4914 .......KØDEQ 3214.....SM6DHU 2424.........W2WC 1708 ...........NIØC 1389........IT9ELD 962 .............K7LV 743 ........JA5NSR 600 .........IK2SGV
4886 ...........I3FIY 3041........YO9HP 2357 .........W9HR 1691 ............KI1U 1342 .....VE6BMX 944..........AB1OC 738 ......NH6T/W4
4769 ........N8BJQ 3031 .....EA7AAW 2291...........N3XX 1672..........W2YR 1235 ......JH1APK 908.............NH6T 732 ............SQ7B
4164 ......WA5VGI 2948.......IK3GER 2212...........AC5K 1633..........W6XK 1220 ........AA4FU 897............HK3W 727.........JF1LMB
DIGITAL
3347 .......KØDEQ 2251..........EA2IA 1759 ..........N7ZO 1426........AB1OC 1108 ......KE8FMJ 1002.......NØRQV 866 ............SQ7B 750 ........ON7MIC 636.........W9RPM
3137...........KF2O 2242..........HK3W 1727..........W2YR 1378 .......K3CWF 1093 ............KI1U 992.............N3DF 862 ........JP1KHY 750 ......NH6T/W4 611 ............KO9V
2996...........W3LL 2345 ......WA5VGI 1704 .......IK2DZN 1353 ...........K1PL 1091.........VA3VF 992..........K9UQN 855.............R1AV 681 ..........PY5VC 600 ..........ADØFL
2978 ........N8BJQ 2308 ..........N6PM 1638 ..........N1RR 1333 .......W1FNB 1089 ........AC7JM 983........PU2GTA 812 ........UR6LEY 680 .............K2KJ
2929.....WD9DZV 2217........YO9HP 1643 ..........N3RC 1308..........NKØS 1060 ...........AF4T 966 .............NS3L 811............WF1H 672 ..........K9AAN
2628..........W6XK 1836 .........AG4W 1501W2/JR1AQN 1227 ......ES4RLH 1054..........KW9A 947 ..........I2VGW 810 ..........N3CAL 670........IV3GOW
2558...........NT2A 1818 .........W1EQ 1500 ......JH1APK 1189.......JF1LMB 1051 ......KH6SAT 917 .............K7LV 800 ......WA3GOS 668........KA5EYH
2518 ........K2YYY 1811 ...........NXØI 1459 ........KC1UX 1149............W9IL 1047 ......RW4WZ 881 ..............NE6I 783 ..........YB1AR 654 ........JA3MAT
2345 ......WA5VGI 1790 ......JN3SAC 1461 .........WU9D 1112 ........AB1QB 1009 ....GUØSUP 870 ........WB6IZG 758 ...........N4JJS 640 ......WA9ONY
REMOTE OPERATION
CW MIXED SSB DIGITAL
7277 ........K9QVB 4026 ..........N1RR 2953 ..........N1RR 671 ............N1RR
3292 ..........N1RR

Photo G: The tangon with the team’s transportation, the Seawolf, in the background.
group to get into shape from a cardio- OP B was the most difficult due to steep- ing a backpack. Once on top, it was well
vascular standpoint in order to meet the ness and the larger steps needed to get worth the trip to see the wonderful vista
expected challenge as well as to keep up (and down). The climb up to the on the other side of the mountain with its
well hydrated while there. I am lucky in mountain peak, while appearing to be islets. In addition, signals all around were
that there are some challenging hills tough, was not as difficult as we could very strong and we only required 100
where I live and a two month daily power take smaller steps and take our time. The watts output from that location.
walk for 45 minutes a day vastly helped most challenging aspect to reach OP A A high point of the DXpedition was a
me to be able to meet Malpelo on its was a 60-foot rope climb to get on top of tour around Malpelo Island itself in the
terms. In retrospect, the climb from the the mountain using what footholds on the Sea Wolf’s zodiac. The caves carved
tangon up the first third of the slope to rock face we could find and often wear- out by the waves are truly spectacular
and could have been traversed right
through to the other side had there not
what’s new been a heavy swell that would have
made it dangerous at the caves’ nar-
rowest points to even consider trying it.
Ham Radio School Extra Class License Guide
Of course, all this would not have
Most ham radio license manuals take one of two approaches to
presenting the material – either a textbook-style guide organized been possible without the Colombian
by topic, with relevant test questions at the end of each chapter government—especially the Navy, the
or a question-by-question journey through the question pool, Ministry of Technology, Information and
identifying the correct answer and explaining why it is the right Communications for the license and the
choice. In the Ham Radio School “Extra License Course 2020 Parques Nacionales de Colombia.
to 2024”, co-authors Stu Turner, WØSTU, and Bob Witte, –73, Steve, VE7CT
KØNR, take a different approach, and use a multimedia format to
help the reader both pass the test and understand the material.
They organize the book by subject area, and include the correct K4UEE Wraps Up
test question answers, in bold, as part of the discussion (see photo). I would like to brag a little bit. After we
There is a tab referencing each question number but the questions were all safely home, we realized we had
themselves are not published. Neither are the wrong answers, also
set a new world record for QSOs! There
called “distractors,” because, well, they’re distracting! So your mind
retains those correct answers, introduced as part of the discussion, were 195,415 QSOs with an amazing
and will recognize them when they pop up on the license exam. 43,490 unique callsigns in our log. No
After completing each chapter, the reader may go online to the <hamradiocshool.com> web- one has ever made more QSOs on a
site and take a quiz using actual exam questions as well as links to additional resources. After non-fly-in, tent, and generator DXpedi-
finishing all of the chapters, the website offers practice exams, again using the actual questions tion. We are so enormously proud of this
and answers from the question pool. The authors encourage readers to repeat the practice tests
feat! Thanks to all the team and to our
until they are consistently scoring 85% or higher, and then go take the real license exam.
This book completes the Ham Radio School series of license manuals linked with online new Compadres in Colombia, S. A.
practice. It retails for $29.95 and may be ordered from the school website at <www. 73, Bob Allphin, K4UEE
hamradiocshool.com/extra-prep>.

contesting
BY TIM SHOPPA,* N3QE
The IARU HF Championship Plus WRTC
T
he second weekend of July has an
everybody-works-everybody con-
test: the 24-hour IARU HF World
Championship. Not only are “regular”
contesters on the bands working each
other, but member societies of the
International Amateur Radio Union
(IARU) activate headquarters stations
which count as multipliers. And to top it
all off, there’s a contest-within-a contest,
the World Radiosport Team Champ-
ionship (WRTC), made up of 63 M/2
(multi-two) teams on from Italy this year.
The deep origins of this July contest
can be traced to a one-off predecessor,
the 1976 ARRL Bicentennial Cele-
bration. This 48-hour event was held in
late July 1976. It was hugely popular,
with 2500 logs submitted – US stations
celebrated their history by using as their
exchange a number corresponding to
the order of their state’s entry into the
union. There were no multipliers, but
action was livened up by allowing con- Figure 1. Multiplier vs. QSO cloud for single-operator entrants in the 2022 IARU
tacts on both voice and another mode HF World Championship contest. Assisted entrants (blue dots) have a substan-
(most commonly CW, but also allowed tial multiplier advantage over the unassisted (red dots), typical for any rich-
were SSTV and RTTY). US stations multiplier contest.
were encouraged to use their special
bicentennial prefixes. IARU HF isn’t the only contest using Zones 36-40 cover Spain, Portugal,
From 1977 through 1986, the IARU the ITU zone as the exchange and/or Atlantic African islands, Northern Africa,
Radiosport Championship continued multiplier. Other contests using ITU and Middle East/Turkey. Zone 37 (Spain
the lively July contest tradition, settling zones include the Russian Club Cup and Portugal) is the most common of
down on the second weekend in July. Contest, the Russian Radiosport Team these. Zones 38 (Libya and Egypt) and
Stations operated for up to 36 hours of Championship, the Black Sea Cup, 40 (Iran) are rarely activated.
the 48-hour weekend and ITU zones Gagarin Cup, the Ham Sprit Cup, and Zones 41 is India, and Zones 42-44
(different from CQ zones; see below – LZ DX Contest. Let’s do a brief roundup are in China, and are at least somewhat
ed.) were the exchange for all entrants. of the ITU Zone scheme by starting with active. Japan is ITU Zone 45 and is very
There were no multipliers, but DX activ- a map and trying to find the scheme active in the IARU HF contest.
ity was motivated by awarding 5 points behind these two-digit numbers. Zones 46-48, 52, 53, and 57 com-
for intercontinental QSOs, as opposed The maps published by Tim Makins, plete the coverage of Africa; 57 (South
to just a single point for working stations EI8IC, at <bit.ly/43bdHR2> make clear Africa) is on regularly for the IARU HF
in your own zone. VHF activity on both that there’s a pattern to ITU zones. ITU contest. Zones 49, 50, 54, and 51 span
the 6-meter and 2-meter bands was Zones 01 through 10 are in North central Africa, and Zones 49 and 50 are
also allowed. America. Zone 05, Greenland, is the Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, and the
A major revamp took place beginning rarest of the NA zones. Zones 11 Philippines.
in 1987. The new contest, called “The through 16 are in South America, with Oceania coverage begins with zones
IARU HF World Championship,” began the rarest zone, Zone 16, containing 51 and 54, (Papua New Guinea,
the current 24-hour period, and intro- extreme southern Chile and Argentina. Indonesia, and Malaysia). ITU Zones
duced not just ITU zones but IARU HQ Zones 17-35 cover Europe (with the 55, 58, 59 span Australia, Zone 60 con-
stations as multipliers. The IARU HF exception of Spain and Portugal), tains New Zealand, and Zones 61, 62,
contest was one of the last to include a European Russia, and Asian Russia. and 63 cover the Hawaiian Islands,
category for assisted operators using Zone 28, Central Europe, is the most Guam, and Marshall Islands.
telnet clusters for spotting, finally adopt- commonly worked zone by far with Zones 67 through 90 are rarely acti-
ing the “Single Op Unlimited” category astoundingly high representation in the vated. If the staff of an Antarctic
in 2015. IARU HF contest. The zones in this research station are on for IARU HF,
group covering extreme Northern you’ll find them handing out the zone
Russia – ITU Zones 22-26 and 35 – are numbers between 67 and 74. Zone 75
email: <[email protected]> hard to find. is in the extreme Arctic. Zones 76-90

are ocean regions with little regular ham activity; a big acti- my Check window that exchange belongs to GR2HQ sta-
vation by a maritime mobile station would certainly liven up tion, and rapidly move past if I’ve already worked that mul-
the IARU HF hunt for new multipliers. tiplier on this band.
To further add to the multiplier count, individual ham mem- If you don’t enter assisted, a bandscope is a valuable tool
bers of the IARU and the three IARU regional executive com- in finding multipliers. The largest HQ stations are like bea-
mittees send the “AC”, “R1”, “R2”, and “R3” multipliers. In cons, with continuous operation on all bands and both modes
past years I’ve found that the best way to find these multipli- for the entire 24 hours of the contest. They will have pileups
ers was to call CQ – the hams on the IARU Administrative – especially by cheerleading locals – at times, but you can
Council and executive committees are not necessarily hard- always come back and find them with less congestion later,
core contesters and often are most comfortable being on the as they work the bands to complete saturation. The smaller
search-and-pounce side of the exchange. HQ stations, once they are found by the assisted contesters,
Prepare for the IARU contest by downloading a call histo- will trigger “packet pileups” that are intense and clearly visi-
ry file which has the HQ station exchanges prefilled. In the ble on a bandscope’s waterfall display as a channel of intense
popular N1MM+ logger, select the “Associated Files” tab activity. If the pileup is too thick, be sure to store them in your
when you open the IARU HF contest module, click on the bandmap and come back to them periodically to see if you
“Change” button next to the Call History section, and click can grab them when the pileup is thinner.
“OK” to automatically download the default HQ history files. To work the maximum number of mults, you’ll want to be
These are doubly valuable if you are entering the contest with on both CW and Phone. In 2022, five of the IARU HQ sta-
spotting assistance (“Unlimited,” as the rules category is tions were only available on SSB. These were RCCR, SARU,
called) as they’ll let your logger highlight multipliers in the FMRE, RCD, and VRONA. Additionally, the R2 mult was only
bandmap and available QSO windows as spots pour in on SSB. Similarly, four IARU HQ stations were only on CW:
through the contest. MRSF, FRA, MARTS, and SARS.
The “reverse lookup“ feature of your logger will be use- With up to 55 HQ stations, potentially 90 IARU Zones, and
ful when a HQ station is giving out his exchange at each AC and R1-R3 representatives counting as mults per band,
QSO but not necessarily identifying every QSO. For exam- the IARU HF certainly qualifies as an event with a rich field
ple, if I leave the callsign empty in the N1MM+ exchange of multipliers. What does this mean for the gap between
field and type “RSGB” into the exchange portion, I’ll see in assisted and unassisted entries? Figure 1 shows a scatter
Calendar of Events
All year CQ DX Marathon bit.ly/3FyPiui
July 1 RAC Canada Day Contest https://www.rac.ca/contesting-results/
July 1 Venezuelan Ind. Day Contest https://bit.ly/3NDZghb
July 1-2 Original QRP Contest http://www.qrpcc.de/contestrules/index.html
July 1-2 Marconi Memorial HF Contest http://www.arifano.it/contest_marconi.html
July 1-2 DL-DX RTTY Contest http://www.drcg.de/
July 1-2 NZART Memorial Contest https://bit.ly/3wYqvx1
July 3 RSGB 80m Club Championship, CW bit.ly/3TxCrxl
July 5 VHF-UHF FT8 Activity Contest http://www.ft8activity.eu/index.php/en/
July 8-9 10-10 Int. Weak Signal QSO Party http://bit.ly/1FrFeBc
July 8-9 IARU HF Championship http://www.arrl.org/iaru-hf-world-championship
July 8-9 World Radiosport Team Championship (WRTC) https://www.wrtc2022.it/
July 8-9 PODXS 070 Club 40 Meter Firecracker Sprint http://bit.ly/2FUmeOL
July 8-9 Veron SLP Contest http://bit.ly/2L9eT1L
July 9 QRP ARCI Summer Homebrew Sprint http://www.qrparci.org/contests
July 12 RSGB 80m Club Championship, SSB bit.ly/3TxCrxl
July 15-16 CQ WW VHF Contest http://www.cqww-vhf.com/
July 15-16 IARU Region 1 70 MHz Contest https://bit.ly/3r1kqvT
July 15-16 North American RTTY QSO Party http://ncjweb.com/NAQP-Rules.pdf
July 16 CQC Great Colorado Gold Rush http://www.coloradoqrpclub.org/contests/gold.htm
July 16 RSGB International Low Power Contest bit.ly/3TxCrxl
July 17 RSGB FT4 Contest Series bit.ly/3TxCrxl
July 22-30 Maidenhead Mayhem Sprint https://w9et.com/rules.html
July 22 YOTA Contest https://www.ham-yota.com/contest/
July 27 RSGB 80m Club Championship, Data bit.ly/3TxCrxl
July 29 WAB 144 MHz Low Power Phone http://bit.ly/31yE4kT
July 29-30 RSGB IOTA Contest bit.ly/3TxCrxl
July 30 ARS Flight of the Bumblebees http://arsqrp.blogspot.com/
Aug. 2 VHF-UHF FT8 Activity Contest http://www.ft8activity.eu/index.php/en/

Aug. 5 European HF Championship https://euhf.s5cc.eu/euhfc_rules/

plot of the multiplier-vs.-QSO cloud for assisted stations vs. The Northern California Contest Club has added a week-
unassisted stations in the 2022 IARU HF contest. The blue ly FT4 contest to its Thursday night lineup which has long
dot in the upper right is R2AA, who, with the help of assis- included half-hour RTTY and CW sessions. Peter Driessen,
tance, rounded up 422 multipliers between the six bands. VE7AB, and Ed Muns, W0YK, introduced this event at
EA2W was close behind in multiplier count, with 432 multi- the 2023 Dayton Hamvention® Digital Contesting session,
pliers. Unassisted stations maxed out at 330 multipliers with and in its first week 25 hams listed their scores on
IY3A’s effort. 3830scores.com. Effective SO2R ops had almost 50 QSOs
in the half-hour period; with my simpler single radio setup, I
WRTC 2022 (A Year Late) got 31 QSOs. The activity did fill out the whole hour. The
I won’t be on for the IARU HF with my home call. You’ll find propagation at the starting gun allowed at least a little activ-
me, my teammate Rich DiDonna, NN3W, and 62 other teams ity on the 15-meter band; we rapidly moved to 20 meters,
activating with special Italian callsigns in the World Radio- and the last ten minutes had plenty of activity on 40 meters
sport Team Championship. WRTC 2022 (delayed a year and a bit of activity at the very end on 80.
because of Covid-19 shutdowns) takes place in the region The FT4 NS runs from 0100Z to 0130Z each Friday UTC
around Bologna, Italy, and is a “contest within a contest” over- (Thursday night in North America). If you follow the hints on
lapping with the IARU HF. The Italian organizers have not the NCCC FT4 sprint website at <https://www.ncccsprint.com/
yet announced the block of callsigns assigned to competi- ft4ns.html>, you’ll be optimizing your exchange by reducing
tors, and you won’t know which competitors are using which unnecessary acknowledgement cycles. The conventions of
callsign until the 24-hour event is over. Please support this FT4 and FT8 contesting are a bit unusual for those used to
event on-the-air by searching out and working all WRTC com- making exchanges in non-WSJT modes; in particular, each
petitor callsigns. You’ll be able to watch the WRTC teams‘ QSO partner is sending their exchange in their first message.
scores as they rack up points in their own race among other Ideally, this can shorten the entire QSO cycle to just two mes-
top-tier contesters, on the leaderboard at the WRTC website, sages allowing for great on-air-efficiency and the high QSO
<https://www.wrtc2022.it/>. The WRTC organizers had a rate that all contesters strive for. In their Hamvention presen-
booth at Dayton (Photo A). tation, Ed and Peter emphasized that any message you
Get Ready For the WW Digi Contest By Practicing Your receive with a “R” or “RR73” constitutes a full acknowledg-
FT4 Contest Skills Every Thursday Night ment, at which point you should log the QSO and move on to
Aug. 5-6 10-10 Int’l Summer Contest SSB http://bit.ly/1FrFeBc

Aug. 5-6 ARRL 222 MHz and Up Distance Contest http://bit.ly/2IJZcy9
Aug. 5-6 Batavia FT8 Contest https://batavia-ft8.com/
Aug. 5-6 North American CW QSO Party http://ncjweb.com/NAQP-Rules.pdf
Aug. 6 SARL HF Phone Contest http://bit.ly/H0IqQf
Aug 11-14 Olivia Digital QSO Party https://groups.io/g/olivia
Aug. 12 FISTS Summer Saturday Sprint http://www.fistsna.org/operating.html
Aug 12 Kentucky State Parks on the Air https://k4msu.com/kypota/
Aug. 12 SARL Youth Sprint http://bit.ly/H0IqQf
Aug. 12-13 Maryland-DC QSO Party https://www.w3vpr.org/node/325
Aug. 12-13 Worked All Europe CW Contest https://bit.ly/36ubggF
Aug. 19-20 ARRL 10 GHz and Up Contest http://www.arrl.org/10-ghz-up
Aug. 19-20 CVA DX Contest CW http://cvadx.org/
Aug. 19-20 International Lighthouse Lightship
Weekend – ILLW https://illw.net/
Aug. 19-20 SARTG RTTY Contest http://www.sartg.com/index.html
Aug. 19-20 North American SSB QSO Party http://ncjweb.com/NAQP-Rules.pdf
Aug. 20 ARRL Rookie Roundup RTTY http://www.arrl.org/rookie-roundup
Aug. 20 NJQRP Skeeter Hunt http://w2lj.blogspot.com/p/njqrp-skeeter-hunt.html
Aug. 20 FISTS Summer Sunday Sprint http://www.fistsna.org/operating.html
Aug. 25-27 Hawaii QSO Party http://hawaiiqsoparty.org/
Aug. 26-27 ALARA Contest http://www.alara.org.au/contests/
Aug. 26-27 CVA DX Contest SSB http://cvadx.org/
Aug. 26-27 Kansas QSO Party http://www.ksqsoparty.org/
Aug. 26-27 Ohio QSO Party http://www.ohqp.org/index.php/rules/
Aug. 26-27 YO DX HF Contest https://www.yodx.ro/en/
Aug. 26-27 World Wide Digi DX Contest https://ww-digi.com/
Aug 26-27 W/VE Island QSO Party https://usislands.org/qso-party-rules/
Aug. 27 SARL HF CW Contest http://bit.ly/H0IqQf
Sept. 23-24 CQ WW RTTY DX Contest http://www.cqwwrtty.com

Young Ladies’ Radio
League, Inc. Since 1939
For 75 years the Young
Ladies’ Radio League,
Inc. (YLRL) has helped
women find their voice
in Amateur Radio with
members of all ages
and interests.
The YLRL sponsors a number
of certificates for both YLs and OMs.
Members can earn special YL
Certificates.
YL-Harmonics is our bi-monthly
publication highlighting what women
are doing in Amateur Radio.
YLRL gives out scholarships to YLs
each year.
For more information on the YLRL, the
current dues amounts, weekly YL Net
locations or how to join please go to Photo A. The WRTC 2022 booth at Hamvention 2023. From left to right: Fabio
our website at www.ylrl.org or contact Schettino, I4UFH, vice-president of WRTC 2022; Tim Shoppa, N3QE, NA3 region
the Publicity Chairwoman, Cheryl Muhr, competitor (and your columnist); Ted Edwards, W3TB, past president of
NØWBV at [email protected]. All Tennessee Contest Group sponsoring the NA3 site in Italy; and Rich DiDonna,
Officer information is also listed both on NN3W, NA3 region Team Leader.
the website and in each
edition of the magazine
and you may contact any working your next station. If you’re look- July 15 to 2100Z July 16. Keep in mind
Officer as well. ing for someone to call, you’ll note that that when the bands are wide open, you’ll
With thanks to the OMs the running station sending a “R” mes- find much higher rates on CW or SSB
who encourage and sage, is also an effective solicitation – than on the FT8 digital mode. Grid
support us.
something like a “TU <MYCALL>” in a squares are multipliers on each of the 6-
Visit us at www.ylrl.org more traditional mode - saying that they and 2-meter bands, so be sure to ask for
are ready to be called by the next station, moves between bands from the fully
obviating the need for an explicit CQ. equipped VHF stations on for this event.
The Shortwave The Thursday night FT4 sprints are Full rules are at <https://cqww-vhf.com/
Propagation Handbook not only a way to build your skills and rules.htm>.
advance the art of WSJT-mode con- The fast-moving 12-hour RTTY North
4th Edition American QSO Party is on July 15, fol-
testing, they are also a great way to
By Carl Luetzelschwab, K9LA check out your station and software lowed by the CW and SSB NAQPs on
Theodore J. Cohen, N4XX, George Jacobs, W3ASK,
Robert B. Rose, K6GKU (SK) integration. If you’re using the popular August 5 and August 19. States,
combination of WSJT-X digital mode provinces, and North American coun-
software with the N1MM+ logger, care- tries count as mults per band; calling CQ
fully follow the instructions at <https:// on the 80 and 160-meter bands to rack
bit.ly/3qj2Aaj> to enable the decode list up multipliers there (despite summer-
window that will help you select stations time QRM) is worthwhile. For the rarer
that will be new multipliers at each jump states you find on the 40-Meter band,
ball. I look forward to participating each be sure to ask for a move to 80 or 160.
week in all three modes of NCCC NS Operate up to 10 out of the 12 hours; if
events. you want to find west coast states on
the low bands, it makes sense to take
Fully updated and expanded to include July and August Contest some off time in the mid-day and be on
the latest propagation forecasting tools, Highlights for the very last hour 0100Z-0159Z after
as well as our time-tested “analog” The IARU HF and concurrent WRTC the summer sun has begun to set in the
tables for making your own customized competition in Italy start at 1200Z on July far west. Find the complete rules at
predictions, the 4th edition of The CQ <https://tinyurl.com/aaxhb47y>.
Shortwave Propagation Handbook is a
8. Find full IARU HF rules at <https://
must-have resource for any DXer, tinyurl.com/jk44bx3u>. Note that while The 24-hour World Wide Digi contest
contester or emergency communicator. ARRL has allowed self-spotting for the uses both FT4 and FT8 modes and uses
ARRL contests since last fall, and the the first two characters (the “field”) of the
208-page Paperback—Only $42.95
Book on CD—$32.95
ARRL helps administer the IARU HF con- grid square as a multipler. The points
Buy Both the Paperback and CD—Only $61.95 test, the IARU HF isn’t technically an are computed based on the distance
Plus applicable shipping! ARRL contest and IARU HF rules still pro- between the two QSO partners, strong-
hibit self-spotting (rule PROH.4.). ly rewarding activation of the longest
CQ Communications, Inc. Sunspot numbers are going up which paths on DX bands. It starts at 1200Z
Phone: 516-681-2922 translates to plenty of action in the CQ on August 26 and full rules are at
http://store.cq-amateur-radio.com <https://ww-digi.com/>.
World Wide VHF Contest from 1800Z

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propagation
BY TOMAS HOOD,* NW7US
The Summer Anomaly

Quick Look at Current Cycle 25 Conditions: One Year Ago:
(Data rounded to nearest whole number) (Data rounded to nearest whole number)
Sunspots: Sunspots:
Observed Monthly, April 2023: 96 Observed Monthly, April 2022: 76
Twelve-month smoothed, October 2022: 99 Twelve-month smoothed, October 2021: 45
10.7 cm Flux: 10.7 cm Flux:

Observed Monthly, April 2023: 146 Observed Monthly, April 2022: 131
Twelve-month smoothed, October 2022: 140 Twelve-month smoothed, October 2021: 93
I
n the Northern Hemisphere, we are in the summer dol- perature differences. The rest of the story lies in ion chem-
drums with lower MUFs (maximum usable frequencies) istry, not the thinning of the ionosphere.
during the day, but higher MUFs (than winter) in the In the lower part of our atmosphere, below 100 kilometers,
evening and night. In the other hemisphere, this is reversed. atoms and molecules are well mixed by wind and tempera-
With more hours of daylight during the summer, wouldn’t ture. Above 100 kilometers, atoms and molecules are dis-
the increased exposure to solar radiation cause greater ion- tributed vertically by gravity according to their atomic weights.
ization? The surprising answer is that, no, that is generally The heaviest atoms, argon, settle toward the bottom of the
not the case. A look at many signal paths reveals that there ionospheric layers, while the lightest atoms, hydrogen,
are higher peaks during the winter daytime than during the extend to the greatest heights. The exact composition
summer daytime. However, during the summer night, those depends on temperature. In the winter, when atoms and mol-
same paths may have higher MUFs than during the winter ecules are colder, they move lower, in part causing the ionos-
nights—the Summer Anomaly. phere to contain a greater density of oxygen atoms. During
This seasonal variation is due to a change in the ionos- the summer, they move to greater heights as they warm up,
pheric chemistry with a shift towards more diatomic species and the ionosphere becomes dominated by a more even mix-
and fewer monatomic ones (a species refers to the gas mol- ture of nitrogen and oxygen molecules. In this upper atmos-
ecules which react to incoming solar energy). These mole- phere, ionization is more affected by the geomagnetic field
cules (diatomic species) are harder to ionize as they are more than by atmospheric turbulence.
tightly bonded, leading to the lower levels of ionization, seen
at <https://tinyurl.com/yxv99jsc>.
LAST-MINUTE FORECAST
It was formerly believed that this anomaly was in part
Day-to-Day Conditions Expected for July 2023
caused by temperature differences. This model held that dur-
Expected Signal Quality
ing the Northern Hemisphere’s winter months the atmos- Propagation Index (4) (3) (2) (1)
phere is cold and therefore denser, and that because the Above Normal: A A B C
1,5,8-13,20-21,23-26,28
Earth is closer to the Sun, more intense daytime ionization High Normal: A B C C-D
occurs; thus, winter daytime critical frequencies are high. 2-3,7,17-19,22,29-30
Low Normal: B C-B C-D D-E
During the long hours of winter darkness, on the other 6,16
hand, it was believed that the ionosphere has more time to Below Normal: C C-D D-E E
4,15,27,31
recombine, and nighttime critical frequencies fall to very low Disturbed: C-D D E E
levels. Conversely, in the summer the F2 layer heats up, 14
causing it to expand during the daylight hours. This results Where expected signal quality is:
A--Excellent opening, exceptionally strong, steady signals greater than S9
in a lower ionization density than is observed during the win- B--Good opening, moderately strong signals varying between S6 and S9, with little fading or
ter. This, it was believed, creates summer daytime F2-layer noise.
C--Fair opening, signals between moderately strong and weak, varying between S3 and S6,
critical frequencies that are lower than winter values. with some fading and noise.
Moreover, because of the longer hours of daylight during the D--Poor opening, with weak signals varying between S1 and S3, with considerable fading and
noise.
summer, recombination does not occur to the extent that it E--No opening expected.
does in winter. This would mean that nighttime F2-layer crit-
ical frequencies during the summer months are significantly HOW TO USE THIS FORECAST
1. Using the Propagation Charts appearing in “The CQ Shortwave Propagation Handbook,
higher than they are during the winter months. 4th Edition,” by Carl Luetzelschwab, George Jacobs, Theodore J. Cohen, and R. B. Rose.
As scientists continue to explore, our understanding of a. Find the Propagation Index associated with the particular path opening from the
Propagation Charts.
how the ionosphere works becomes ever clearer and more b.With the Propagation Index, use the above table to find the expected signal quality asso-
accurate. Research has revealed that the reason summer ciated with the path opening for any given day of the month. For example, an opening shown
in the Propagation Charts with a Propagation Index of 4 will be excellent on July 1 through July
MUFs are lower during the day is due only in part to tem- 3, but fair on July 4, then good on July 6, and so forth.
2. Alternatively, you may use the Last-Minute Forecast as a general guide to space weath-
er and geomagnetic conditions throughout the month. When conditions are Above Normal, for
* P.O. Box 110 example, the geomagnetic field should be quiet, and space weather should be mild. On the
Fayetteville, OH 45118 other hand, days marked as Disturbed will be riddled with geomagnetic storms. Propagation of
radio signals in the HF spectrum will be affected by these geomagnetic conditions. In general,
Email: <[email protected]> when conditions are High Normal to Above Normal, signals will be more reliable on a given
@NW7US (https://Twitter.com/NW7US) path, when the ionosphere supports the path that is in consideration. This chart is updated daily
at <https://SunSpotWatch.com> provided by NW7US.
@hfradiospacewx (https://Twitter.com/HFRadioSpaceWX)

Ionization is the creation of ions by atoms losing their elec- some of its ionization. If one looks at a given summertime
trons. This is caused by the energy of photons from sunlight signal path and compares it with the same path during the
breaking the electron away from the atom. In the absence of winter, it is clear that the MUF will generally peak higher in
sunlight, these free electrons recombine with whatever near- the winter. However, the nighttime critical frequencies will
by molecule or atom happens to be available. generally be higher than in summer nighttime.
Electrons do not always recombine with the relatively small We’ll continue diving into the science of the ionosphere and
number of positive ions available, but they may also become space weather, as well as using computer software tools that
attached to some of the far more numerous neutral molecules, aid in understanding, analyzing, and predicting radio signal
forming negative ions. This is a great thing for those who DX propagation. Stay tuned each month!
the lower part of the HF spectrum, as these electrons are not
disassociated from the negative ions very quickly during the July Shortwave Propagation
morning sunlight. Since these negative ions are more mas- Many DX hunters view July as the least exciting month of the
sive than electrons and positive ions, they do not absorb radio year. With generally lower summertime MUFs, the highest of
energy. This makes a morning window for low-band DXing. the amateur HF bands suffer some east-west paths that
During the summer, then, the ratio of atoms to molecules depend on the F-layer (the Summer Anomaly). When the
is less than the ratio during the winter. The makeup of the 10.7 cm radio flux index climbs above 150, these paths open
ionosphere during the winter favors the production of elec- up, but remember that trans-polar paths suffer when the geo-
trons from oxygen atoms over the losses of electrons by magnetic field is active or worse.
recombination in molecular interactions. Since the summer While F-layer propagation of the highest HF frequencies
ionosphere has a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen molecules, will be poor, radio signals near the Best Usable Frequency
more recombination takes place, and the ionosphere loses (BUF) will be stable over paths that could remain open for
Figure 1: While the last few months were weaker in terms of solar activity, the first F10.7-cm peak of this Cycle 25 is high-
er than the first peak in Cycle 24. We can wish that the second peak in this current cycle will also exceed the peak of Cycle
24, a very likely scenario since most cycles have a double peak. Credit: SWPC/NASA

longer periods than during the winter and early spring sea- ing the late afternoon from the eastern half of the country,
son. In addition, July’s sporadic-E ionization is near the year’s and to Australasia and the South Pacific area during the late
seasonal peak. This should result in a considerable increase afternoon and early evening from the western half of the
in short-skip openings on almost all high frequency amateur country. Seventeen meters will act somewhat the same as
bands as well as the 6- and 2-meter bands. 15, but openings will tend to be longer, and signals perhaps
Twenty meters should continue to be the best band for all- stronger and more stable.
day (24-hour) DX propagation during the month. When con- Expect short-skip openings on 10 and 12 meters during
ditions are at least Low Normal, the band is expected to July towards the Caribbean and possibly Central America as
remain open to one area of the world or another. a result of sporadic-E ionization. When conditions are High
Peak conditions on 20 meters are expected for a few hours Normal or better, an occasional opening deeper into South
after local sunrise and again during the late afternoon and America may be possible, especially during the afternoon
early evening, when the band should open in almost all direc- hours.
tions. When conditions are at least Low Normal, expect 20- Overall, look for frequent short-skip openings on 10, 12,
meter openings towards South America, the South Pacific, 15, and 17 meters between distances of 500 and 1300 miles.
and Oceania until as late as midnight. When conditions are During the afternoon hours, skip may extend to beyond 2300
excellent, the band should also remain open to most other miles as a result of F-layer reflection. Short-skip openings
areas of the world past midnight. should range between 250 and 2300 miles on 20 meters.
Considerably greater F-layer DX openings are expected Peak conditions are most likely to occur during the late morn-
on 15 meters during July, many times the number of opening and again during the late afternoon and early evening
ings seen during the last several years. When conditions are hours. Daytime openings on 40 and 30 meters should range
at least Low Normal, 15 should occasionally open towards
the south. Look for some short-skip openings into the
Caribbean area and Central America as early as 10:00 a.m.,
with a peak expected to all areas of Latin America between
3:00 and 5:00 p.m. local daylight time. When conditions are
High Normal or better, the band may also open to Africa dur-
Figure 2 and Figure 3: Plan ahead! At 00:00, August 11,

through 23:59, August 14, 2023 (UTC dates and times), the
Olivia Digital DXers Club (ODDC on Clublog) is holding the
annual August Olivia QSO party weekend. This is a sam-
ple certificate of participation available from the group ( see
<https://groups.io/g/olivia>), and a list of suggested calling
frequencies on the HF bands. These are suggested start-
ing frequencies, as we Olivia operators move up and down
from these starting frequencies, based on band activity.
Credit: Tomas Hood, NW7US, and ODDC

between 100 and 600 miles, increasing to between 250 and Geomagnetic activity level this month is expected to range
2300 miles after sunset. Look for openings up to about 300 from quiet to stormy, resulting in occasional degraded prop-
miles on 80 meters during the day, extending out to the max- agation. Remember that you can get an up-to-the-day Last-
imum short-skip distance (one-hop F-layer reflection) of 2300 Minute Forecast at <https://SunSpotWatch.com> on the
miles during the hours of darkness. main page.
Nighttime openings into many areas of the world are pos- I welcome your thoughts, questions, and experiences
sible on 20, 30, and 40 meters. But seasonally high static lev- regarding this fascinating science of propagation. You may e-
els may often make DX reception difficult on both 30 and 40 mail me, write me a letter, or catch me on the HF amateur
meters. High static levels are also expected to result in some- bands. If you are on Facebook, check out <https://fb.me/
what poorer DX conditions on 80 meters, although some long- spacewx.hfradio> and <https://fb.me/NW7US> — speaking of
distance openings are forecast during the hours of darkness. Facebook—check out the CQ Amateur Radio Magazine fan
One-hundred sixty meters is virtually shut down due to the page at <https://fb.me/CQMag>. Also, please check out the
high static levels of summer. The best bet for 40-, 80-, and new alternative social networking ham radio group at
160-meter DX openings is an hour or two before midnight for <https://amateurhamradio.locals.com/> and please share this
openings towards the north and east, and just before local with your amateur radio friends and clubs.
sunrise for openings towards the south and west. Expect
some 160-meter openings between sunset and sunrise for 73, Tomas, NW7US
distances up to approximately 1300
miles, if the seasonally high static lev-
els permit.
VHF Conditions
Statistical studies show that a sharp
increase in sporadic-E propagation
takes place at mid-latitudes during the
late spring and summer months. During
July and August, short-skip propaga-
tion over distances ranging between
approximately 600 and 1300 miles
should be possible on 6 meters.
Openings may also be possible on 2
meters during periods of intense spo-
radic-E ionization, with stations up to
1300 miles away. While sporadic-E
short-skip openings can take place at
just about any time of the day or night, Last Year, our members worked thousands of hours for
statistics indicate that conditions
should peak for a few hours before
noon and again during the late after-
noon and early evening.
NO PAY
During July you can expect 6-meter And this year are well on their way to doing
sporadic-E on at least 3 out of every 4
days. Openings may last from a few
minutes up to hours.
Check <https://tinyurl.com/mr3nfzkv>
for a complete calendar of meteor show-
EVEN MORE!
ers in 2023.
WHY?
Current Solar Cycle Progress
Because they are giving back to their communities! They are
The Royal Observatory of Belgium
reports that the monthly mean helping with civic events, motorist assistance AND MORE,
observed sunspot number for April
2023 is 96.4. The twelve-month running yes even emergencies and disasters, if needed!
smoothed sunspot number centered on
October 2022 is 98.7. A smoothed
sunspot count of 94, give or take about CONTACT
9 points is expected for July 2023. REACT INTERNATIONAL
The Dominion Radio Astrophysical
Observatory at Penticton, BC, Canada, 301-316-2900
reports a 10.7-cm observed monthly Or write to
mean solar flux of 145.86 for April 2023.
REACT INTERNATIONAL
The twelve-month smoothed 10.7-cm
flux centered on October 2022 is 140.4. P.O. Box 21064, Dept CQ100
The predicted smoothed 10.7-cm solar Glendale, CA 91221
flux for July 2023 is 129, give or take RI.HQ@REACT Intl.org
7 points.

Number groups after call letters denote folowing: Band (A = *KC2WUF “ 414,636 552 317 *K2PMD “ 16,281 97 81
all), Final Score, Number of QSOs, and Prefixes. An asterisk *WB2COY “ 352,500 574 282 *AJ3DI “ 15,200 102 80
(*) before a call indicates low power. Certificate winners are *W2NO “ 294,872 359 328 *N5TB “ 11,932 96 76
listed in boldface. Late logs are listed in Italic. (Note that coun- *KS2G “ 258,075 394 279 *KC3SVR “ 10,602 64 57
try names and groupings reflect the DXCC list at the time of *WA2QAU “ 234,011 402 241 *KC3WX “ 9,660 62 60
the contest.) *AC2XC “ 222,176 449 262 *KA2JAI “ 6,840 66 57
*NS2N “ 181,280 309 220 *N3WAS “ 4,725 49 45
SINGLE OPERATOR *W2JV “ 159,264 323 252 *N3HRO “ 4,050 54 50
NORTH AMERICA *W2RLK “ 104,340 275 185 *WB3JIS “ 4,012 36 34
*AG2S “ 101,376 246 176 *K3HW 28 546 14 14
United States - District 1 *NM2K “ 94,520 214 170 *WA3FAE 7 205,110 298 215
AK1W A 6,330,405 2559 885 *KW2O “ 93,310 196 155
(OP: K5ZD) (OP: KA2D) United States - District 4
K1LZ “ 5,860,030 2428 835 *K2DAR “ 63,640 185 185 AD4EB A 4,179,618 2111 801
(OP: AC1NU) *K3WHD “ 56,330 179 131 N6AR “ 2,653,326 1483 667
WK1Q “ 3,966,795 1634 771 *KG2F “ 39,183 149 111 N1RM “ 2,191,196 1289 556
(OP: K1MK @K1TTT) *ND2K “ 36,160 145 113 K9OM “ 2,082,417 1066 653
AE1P “ 1,979,364 1392 587 *K2DD “ 31,624 148 118 NA4DA “ 2,054,225 1238 647
KE1S “ 1,822,713 1029 573 *KD2SGM “ 15,433 65 61 AA4DD “ 1,746,360 1178 567
(OP: W1AN) *AC2OC “ 14,388 71 66 W4TTY “ 1,240,442 887 502
W1HS “ 943,056 858 432 *K1NY “ 12,596 82 67 N4QS “ 1,015,560 795 468
NG1M “ 912,120 847 440 *W2YK “ 8,410 66 58 NQ4J “ 770,400 790 428
K2RB “ 840,598 800 418 *W2DXE “ 5,453 47 41 (OP: K8LF)
K1AR “ 669,798 678 381 *KA2WIK “ 480 17 16 N4TB “ 715,712 739 424
W1ARY “ 579,852 671 364 *WA2CHV “ 65 5 5 W4CQE “ 644,993 731 409
K1VW “ 451,647 553 321 *K2SI 28 1,128 24 24 W4BBT “ 579,244 724 358
K1SM “ 442,890 557 342 *AC2IK 14 2,016 40 36 W4GKM “ 531,700 650 409
K1BZ “ 265,406 381 262 *W2VTV 7 226,380 311 231 WJ2D “ 525,980 580 340
W1GD “ 259,656 310 248 W1IE “ 519,792 687 392
W1TO “ 179,872 292 224 United States - District 3 K4XL “ 480,636 521 316
KX1X “ 151,641 310 203 AA3B A 8,024,898 2749 942 NC4S “ 449,280 570 351
N1KM “ 99,828 216 177 KF3P “ 6,112,690 2272 877 W4UEF “ 399,657 523 303
K1RO “ 68,202 206 162 (OP: K3MM) NC4SW “ 385,671 597 319
KB1QU “ 32,776 166 136 N3QE “ 3,260,544 1616 672 WS6X “ 378,560 505 320
WV1K 28 1,361,073 1006 591 NF3R “ 3,172,580 1781 730 WW4R “ 358,792 457 301
(OP: N1IXF) KA3GIK “ 2,028,696 1255 617 (OP: N4ZZ)
NW2P 7 4,836 31 31 (OP: W3FIZ) AI4WW “ 357,004 586 298
*KC1RET A 560,986 643 358 K3WJV “ 1,768,536 1105 616 K7OM “ 344,318 538 323
*KW1X “ 436,800 640 336 W3FV “ 1,689,050 1141 550 W4UK “ 328,727 536 311
*WG1V “ 328,042 517 286 N3FJP “ 1,614,626 1118 562 AI4WU “ 325,594 452 263
*W1DYJ “ 225,944 392 244 K3WW “ 1,192,608 939 492 N4CF “ 301,041 415 279
*N1MGO “ 220,590 388 258 WC3N “ 1,123,474 937 458 NR4O “ 293,343 433 277
*KI1U “ 197,036 347 217 WT3K “ 1,053,228 837 474 NN4NN “ 274,052 392 262
*KA2KON “ 189,420 315 220 AA3R “ 764,736 665 448 (OP: K3SV)
*AF1R “ 181,440 344 216 KX2S “ 682,668 740 378 AA4CF “ 260,389 386 289
*N1DID “ 151,000 274 200 W2CDO “ 658,896 581 424 AC6ZM “ 237,236 401 254
*KA1C “ 150,300 327 225 NY3B “ 557,784 579 366 KW4CW “ 183,516 367 246
*WO1N “ 121,410 301 190 KD3TB “ 555,396 585 372 NS4X “ 173,340 309 214
*KG1V “ 107,670 251 194 K2LNS “ 479,950 569 331 K4LTE “ 166,850 384 235
*WA1HXH “ 96,744 207 174 K3TN “ 469,404 500 354 KT4O “ 161,520 330 240
*W1CRB “ 77,922 231 162 4U1WB “ 431,892 776 372 NK4I “ 159,341 283 221
*N1DCH “ 52,932 190 132 (OP: AJ3M) W4GHV “ 126,690 289 205
*KI1G “ 43,554 133 119 N3ALN “ 428,188 598 334 W3CL “ 125,022 268 201
*KB1IKD “ 39,431 178 131 NT3U “ 424,396 515 322 N4TL “ 121,176 258 204
*N1RDN “ 21,560 105 98 AK3B “ 375,232 489 328 WB4YDY “ 110,600 249 175
*N1AAM “ 20,467 130 97 N3AM “ 291,276 315 279 W4WWQ “ 109,611 236 171
*KC1SA “ 17,472 115 91 N8WXQ “ 253,176 415 264 ND4G “ 95,151 216 197
*NA1S “ 17,370 101 90 W3FR “ 225,280 386 256 K5VG “ 89,356 237 178
*WA1LAD “ 17,177 98 89 KC3TAU “ 174,563 310 227 KD4S “ 85,086 223 163
*KC1GDW “ 15,939 99 77 K3AU “ 173,706 333 221 K9QJS “ 75,509 246 161
*K1LHO “ 15,873 144 111 (OP: K2YWE) KG3V “ 72,822 199 159
*K1DCT “ 12,024 78 72 KB3Z “ 160,928 270 214 K5WP “ 66,792 192 138
*WB8IMY “ 9,858 67 62 W3MAM “ 150,285 324 215 KØZR “ 60,606 148 126
*WA1N “ 7,140 62 60 NN3RP “ 149,935 276 191 K4REB “ 56,392 206 152
*N1AM “ 5,225 60 55 N3BD “ 141,400 340 202 N3PV “ 55,074 196 137
*KQ4Y “ 273 14 13 NG3R “ 128,060 226 190 KT4Q “ 48,364 143 113
*WB1AEL 28 73,350 183 163 (OP: K9RS) AA4HG “ 42,350 167 121
*NG1R 21 571,824 678 418 W3OU “ 126,633 271 191 KB4QZH “ 40,875 132 109
(OP: W1QK) N3DUE “ 123,656 254 164 AA9HQ “ 38,824 123 92
*N1GDD 14 22,672 152 109 KE3GK “ 123,516 380 292 K4QQG “ 29,952 137 117
*WA1YGT “ 204 13 12 K3RMB “ 104,160 268 186 NR3X “ 29,792 137 112
KG4USN “ 95,120 222 164 (OP: N4YDU)
United States - District 2 K3MD “ 86,271 199 193 N4JOW “ 29,493 122 113
AA2EQ A 1,432,229 1185 521 K3QIA “ 80,840 208 172 W5XB “ 29,370 139 110
K4RUM “ 1,281,550 991 475 N3FCP “ 77,736 207 158 K4KZ “ 29,274 119 102
N2WK “ 1,234,455 886 515 AA3S “ 76,000 174 152 K3DNE “ 27,280 101 88
W2CG “ 1,078,980 765 490 N1EK “ 69,615 195 153 KI4GGJ “ 25,546 126 106
WA2CP “ 1,055,020 817 428 NA7L “ 65,685 207 151 KA8P “ 24,929 117 97
(OP: KC2GOW) W3RE “ 64,529 188 173 AF4T “ 18,942 98 82
WT2J “ 981,387 842 431 N3AML “ 32,994 128 94 N3KN “ 17,978 107 89
WX2NJ “ 887,880 821 453 WY3A “ 28,083 127 111 K4NWX “ 16,362 93 81
(OP: K2RET) K3CY “ 20,736 94 81 W4BCG “ 16,119 95 81
NR2C “ 728,700 661 420 N3RM “ 11,324 91 76 W4ZGR “ 12,560 96 80
K2NV “ 710,208 670 411 W3GVX “ 7,740 61 45 N4FP “ 9,600 81 64
AA2GF “ 654,500 690 374 K3TEF “ 475 19 19 AA4NU “ 9,387 72 63
WB2NFL “ 554,040 684 360 W3LL 7 1,772,880 859 498 W3GQ “ 1,012 23 23
KE2D “ 486,105 427 345 NA3M “ 1,278,576 736 468 AD4ES “ 455 13 13
KF2TI “ 475,066 554 358 *W3KB A 768,504 586 451 N4IDH “ 208 14 13
K2QB “ 450,918 528 369 *AC5XK “ 722,294 716 409 K9EZ “ 25 5 5
WB2PJH “ 312,995 358 295 *KB3AAY “ 538,197 571 347 K4WI 28 1,207,980 936 540
WB2NVR “ 277,877 445 269 *K3RWN “ 330,620 565 305 NJ4U 21 1,543,668 1068 644
N2RC “ 215,064 299 261 *KQ3F “ 285,817 374 307 (OP: K4EA)
WA2MCR “ 192,696 426 248 *N3FR “ 237,360 443 258 W3IK 14 11,560 99 85
NE2V “ 174,981 294 219 *K3AK “ 215,433 411 237 W4SSF “ 1,908 39 36
WS9M “ 161,551 331 221 *AC3U “ 198,045 369 243 KK9A 7 2,375,712 1121 584
KD2UBH “ 151,466 350 217 (OP: W3UL) *N4SS A 1,799,352 1101 603
KM2O “ 129,168 228 184 *KC3SDJ “ 134,521 297 193 (OP: W5MX)
KA2K “ 124,440 195 183 *K3LT “ 123,713 301 193 *W4RN “ 1,122,987 779 453
KA2AEY “ 61,256 208 152 *K3QP “ 120,132 252 213 *N5SMQ “ 505,500 624 337
WO2Y “ 60,236 193 148 *N2MA “ 111,414 248 186 *WW4SF “ 479,400 592 340
WA2VIU “ 47,388 157 132 *N3MLB “ 95,200 236 175 (OP: KG4IGC)
WA3AFS “ 24,472 92 92 *AI3KS “ 82,560 212 172 *KK4R “ 450,606 524 327
AB2E “ 22,356 120 92 *KE3ZT “ 80,907 196 149 *WA4EEZ “ 360,612 485 324
N2YBB “ 21,185 103 95 *KC2VON “ 66,456 192 142 *N2ESP “ 271,005 387 267
AD2BO “ 6,966 47 43 *KN1OLA “ 59,502 183 141 *N3CKI “ 258,266 432 263
KC2KZJ “ 1,008 17 14 *WB8YYY “ 54,020 177 148 *AD4TJ “ 249,900 381 255
WB2WPM 14 3,250 54 50 *AB3SX “ 51,737 182 133 *N4DW “ 246,984 434 251
*KU2M A 2,524,608 1422 648 *W3TAS “ 35,964 138 111 *W3DQS “ 220,158 369 243
*AH2O “ 1,122,990 983 498 *AB3GY “ 26,796 113 87 *KS4S “ 217,260 391 255
*WB2JVO “ 792,819 789 411 *N3JNX “ 21,420 108 84 *K4HXM “ 211,357 396 241
(OP: K2AL) *N2LK “ 21,297 110 93 *N4MMR “ 209,294 324 227
*WA2DNI “ 770,628 873 431 *AD2L “ 19,285 106 95 *K7RB “ 196,736 324 232

*WZ4M “ 192,660 432 247 *N5JGE “ 106,191 297 171 K7WP “ 946,070 926 445
*K4DR “ 179,728 366 239 *KI5RQG “ 89,000 304 178 AC7DC “ 807,729 900 417
*K4FTO “ 179,469 343 207 *WDØGTY “ 82,064 289 184 KH7X/NZ7 “ 688,884 789 417
*KD4ADC “ 179,118 393 214 *WB5K “ 77,688 278 166 (OP: KH6ND)
*AA2MA “ 176,904 324 216 *KF5VRD “ 69,913 241 151 AC7S “ 592,130 936 385
*WA3RWP “ 172,032 384 224 *WA8ZBT “ 60,671 246 169 KN7K “ 528,984 815 372
*W4PJW “ 156,562 361 211 *N5XE “ 57,150 186 150 WC7Q “ 375,240 623 354
*NK4T “ 141,050 347 217 *KK5LO “ 56,398 194 163 AA7A “ 371,754 484 342
*AA5JF “ 140,400 256 216 *KF5RLL “ 52,514 213 154 K7GS “ 360,255 452 365
*NN4RB “ 139,499 280 199 *N3BUO “ 50,041 233 163 KZ1W “ 343,176 572 316
*KT6D “ 139,256 307 206 *WA5LFD “ 43,875 182 125 N9NA “ 334,400 647 320
*KM4F “ 95,976 263 186 *N5PV “ 43,053 198 127 KD7PCE “ 323,856 645 312
*W4VIC “ 90,036 206 164 *K5WW “ 26,288 152 106 K7JQ “ 266,751 492 277
*KO4XB “ 85,848 238 168 *WS5D “ 24,720 182 120 N7DSX “ 230,202 493 261
*KM4FO “ 82,080 248 160 *AA5W “ 20,384 125 98 W7LD “ 207,473 532 277
*N4QI “ 77,854 226 166 *KI5QPY “ 19,012 122 97 N1KEZ “ 190,452 408 269
*K4FJW “ 76,475 220 161 *KG5EIU “ 14,532 104 84 N7VGO “ 177,888 329 218
*KN4PHS “ 71,592 196 157 *WA9AFM “ 13,248 124 92 K7VIT “ 151,216 375 208
*W4TM “ 71,050 240 175 *WBØRUR “ 11,703 102 83 KG7CW “ 149,160 385 226
*AA8R “ 68,832 193 144 *N5AF “ 4,949 55 49 KB7AZ “ 141,882 292 221
*KT3T “ 68,704 200 152 *AG5S “ 2,870 44 35 AD7XG “ 138,672 308 216
*KS4YX “ 62,015 198 157 *AC5AA “ 1,911 40 39 K7LFY “ 132,581 337 197
*W4GO “ 54,656 152 128 *K3KEK “ 690 27 23 N7GR “ 130,410 341 230
*KO4ENU “ 52,640 295 188 *K5LGX “ 570 16 15 WU7W “ 115,713 315 207
*WN8Y “ 50,560 237 158 *K5IX “ 190 10 10 KF7F “ 110,292 232 182
*W4EE “ 49,077 167 133 *KC6CNN “ 150 10 10 KY7M “ 100,470 252 197
*N4AU “ 45,588 155 131 *KC5RGQ “ 36 9 9 WA7DUH “ 92,217 233 177
*K4YCR “ 45,250 157 125 *K5QR 28 296,102 415 314 WG7X “ 91,871 345 191
*KW4J “ 42,240 174 132 *NK5G “ 62,208 205 162 K7BVT “ 81,137 257 173
*NQ4K “ 38,400 146 120 *AF5CC “ 1,104 25 24 WB6JJJ “ 68,783 211 143
*AC4G “ 38,184 129 111 *WØAMT “ 714 23 21 N7XCZ “ 56,265 271 155
*KO4BWN “ 34,314 134 133 KR7D “ 47,742 202 146
*WBØPOH “ 32,130 133 105 United States - District 6 KT7G “ 46,035 189 155
*KA3EHL “ 24,516 135 108 KU6W A 1,307,250 1151 525 W7VJ “ 45,750 145 122
*NS9I “ 23,976 132 108 (OP: K9YC) KG7QXE “ 33,600 145 112
*W4IM “ 23,736 118 86 N6ZFO “ 964,429 1038 463 W7VXS “ 33,040 157 118
*K4LDC “ 22,542 112 102 NF6A “ 934,570 867 455 N7OMS “ 28,512 136 108
*WG4K “ 22,464 130 108 K6TQ “ 905,580 1067 468 NK9I “ 19,176 155 102
*KQ4AAR “ 20,910 106 85 W6SX “ 844,770 1059 435 W7UDH “ 13,248 134 92
*WB4MM “ 20,608 122 92 W6EU “ 813,058 910 446 WR7T “ 12,324 87 78
*W4SKB “ 20,580 135 105 AJ6V “ 748,879 939 409 WN7M “ 10,695 86 69
*N4MRM “ 20,271 98 87 WQ6Q “ 722,400 961 430 (OP: K7BTW)
*W1REP “ 19,092 95 74 WQ6K “ 607,476 602 426 W7GES “ 10,203 60 57
*K1GU “ 18,837 102 91 W1PR “ 289,191 477 293 K7NT “ 8,235 65 61
*K4HAL “ 18,304 102 88 K6NV “ 273,988 502 286 NN7M “ 1,188 30 27
*N4NTO “ 17,577 102 81 K6RC “ 199,680 417 260 WA7TV “ 1,125 26 25
*KQ3K “ 14,400 82 72 NC6R “ 199,104 480 272 KZ7X 28 1,301,016 1071 604
*W9FFA/4 “ 12,584 113 88 KN6MYI “ 184,623 276 237 (OP: K6LL)
*KK4DZP “ 10,988 73 67 AF6SA “ 175,274 374 257 NS1L “ 641,348 660 446
*K1NA “ 9,954 85 79 KO6M “ 97,152 334 184 (OP: N6SS)
*K3WR “ 8,760 68 60 NK6A “ 91,532 292 196 WZ7ZR “ 321,195 492 345
*N8AID “ 8,100 55 50 W8GJK “ 77,989 252 167 (OP: W7ZR)
*W4YVA “ 7,936 71 62 W6TK “ 60,147 209 163 K7IU “ 118,197 314 207
*AK4AO “ 6,954 69 57 KE6QR “ 48,528 190 144 KK7L “ 3 1 1
*KM4CRC “ 6,858 67 54 W6IA “ 44,544 161 128 WQ3U 21 17,372 121 101
*K4LXX “ 6,667 66 59 AB1U “ 27,160 160 97 K8IA 7 689,724 624 357
*KM4RK “ 6,321 55 49 (OP: W6RKC) *N7GCO A 360,912 573 309
*NG4L “ 4,275 53 45 W6DR “ 20,240 106 88 *W7BOB “ 309,232 559 308
*KM4JLK “ 4,160 59 52 K6ELE “ 17,184 112 96 *N7UVH “ 292,456 572 278
*K4MI “ 4,116 46 42 W6JBR “ 15,470 95 85 *WZ8T “ 283,864 597 296
*K8PO “ 3,240 40 36 K6NR “ 13,345 105 85 *WS7I “ 239,904 409 306
*KF4FMQ “ 2,652 36 34 K6ZP “ 1,166 24 22 *N7ESU “ 209,062 430 274
*KC4OBX “ 2,508 35 33 AA6MK “ 1,157 101 89 *WAØWWW “ 201,745 344 257
*K4CGA “ 2,304 38 36 WD6T 28 1,319,094 1075 609 *W7TMT “ 189,002 491 242
*WA8AHZ “ 1,860 33 30 (OP: @N6RO) *K7HKR “ 172,912 365 214
*N4NP “ 798 21 21 WX6V “ 337,120 458 344 *WN6W “ 171,570 426 258
*K4NXA “ 380 20 20 WV6I 21 360,836 500 343 *K7AZT “ 107,238 300 183
*KN4UOW “ 368 23 23 (OP: N6WM) *AA4Q “ 106,790 329 181
*N5VX “ 84 12 12 WF6C “ 60,480 213 160 *NA6JD “ 74,800 247 170
*AA4TE “ 3 1 1 (OP: N6XI) *KG7VIZ “ 70,470 267 162
*WO4O 28 254,040 357 290 WX5S 7 316,250 366 253 *N7JB “ 61,056 224 144
*K4FT “ 37,908 127 117 N3RC “ 36 6 6 *W7MTL “ 55,338 214 138
*WA1FCN 21 320,540 496 341 *N7WLC A 189,306 415 234 *K7VAP “ 54,663 219 137
*W4LC 14 111,776 303 224 *KE6SHL “ 188,276 486 242 *W7WSV “ 51,570 187 135
*N8GU “ 2,184 46 42 *K6UF “ 84,132 268 171 *N7EZQ “ 50,516 219 146
*K3TW “ 156 14 13 *N6GEO “ 77,740 228 169 *W1DGL “ 47,360 246 148
*KEØL 3.5 1,450 33 25 *K6BIR “ 49,140 234 135 *WA7LNW “ 42,159 231 141
*K6FA “ 46,854 173 137 *NW7D “ 32,480 169 116
United States - District 5 *WU6X “ 37,250 194 125 *W7VC “ 29,925 173 105
N5YT A 1,848,195 1326 603 *NN6U “ 32,592 143 112 *NQ7R “ 29,500 159 118
AD5XD “ 1,703,184 1381 592 *KA5WSS “ 32,085 189 115 *N7XB “ 28,600 160 100
W9DCT “ 1,008,807 898 489 *KD6HOF “ 23,100 122 100 *KB7AK “ 24,486 153 106
K5XH “ 372,360 578 321 *KN6SID “ 22,338 165 102 *NY7N “ 23,999 139 103
AA5H “ 339,108 404 308 *K6EI “ 21,756 98 84 *N7VS “ 23,970 140 102
N5XJ “ 273,702 394 286 *K4AOQ “ 19,090 93 83 *KE7GKI “ 23,900 163 100
WA9JBR “ 98,784 258 196 *K6TLH “ 18,200 127 91 *WA7BRL “ 23,214 126 106
WØZW “ 72,522 204 158 *KD6GWH “ 16,632 109 84 *WB7CYO “ 21,210 140 105
AB8YZ “ 69,650 289 175 *KN6EQQ “ 13,760 127 86 *NU7F “ 20,988 127 99
KØGEO “ 66,576 243 146 *KM6WCC “ 13,600 96 85 *KB7SDM “ 18,693 140 93
WV5Y “ 54,264 235 152 *KN6TZK “ 8,382 79 66 *N7PWZ “ 16,791 116 87
WA5LXS “ 43,956 152 132 *W6BSD “ 6,464 79 64 *K7MK “ 16,770 96 86
AK5Y “ 38,740 186 130 *AG6JA “ 5,376 55 48 *AB9BH “ 13,320 107 90
N5RZ “ 32,523 144 111 *NF6R “ 4,365 53 45 *WØSX “ 12,480 101 78
K5CI “ 26,741 184 121 *KG6YJ “ 2,847 43 39 *N7AME “ 10,220 89 73
N5REL “ 7,938 62 54 *KN6OON “ 680 18 17 *N6FC “ 8,662 97 71
K5TU “ 6,936 56 51 *N6EWG “ 490 14 14 *KF7GMV “ 6,944 75 62
W5KI “ 1,127 27 23 *KE6MYA “ 130 10 10 *KI7YFP “ 4,640 65 58
W2GS “ 940 21 20 *KF6RY 28 108,876 326 211 *WB7QMR “ 3,478 54 47
KZ5MM 28 1,107,150 977 550 (OP: W6ZL) *KI7DET “ 2,812 45 38
(OP: W5PR) *NO6ED “ 1 1 1 *KK7A “ 2,550 39 34
KD5J “ 1,247 29 29 *NG6O 7 152,096 295 194 *KJ7DHY “ 1,386 45 42
W5TN 14 20,592 142 104 (OP: K6GHA) *AC6DF “ 1,036 29 28
AA5AU “ 819 25 21 *WZ6ZZ 3.5 4,816 54 43 *AE7AP “ 1,020 20 20
NA5NN 3.5 7,344 59 51 *KD7GHZ “ 624 26 26
(OP: K2FF) United States - District 7 *K7ULS 28 58,368 182 152
*AD5LU A 451,914 704 327 K7RL A 3,550,008 2180 748 *N7EPD “ 7,134 60 58
*NN5T “ 303,784 484 254 KU1CW “ 3,346,710 1920 794 *KC7CM 21 75,144 256 186
*K5TXM “ 270,908 586 262 WK6I/7 “ 3,305,104 2223 712 *N7DB “ 73,340 274 193
*K5TRP “ 224,264 399 289 N7GP “ 1,782,810 1599 558
*N5KWN “ 184,262 360 247 KA6BIM “ 1,504,457 1177 557 United States - District 8
*WQ5L “ 136,656 295 208 KC7V “ 1,038,345 1276 465 KI6DY A 2,406,552 1514 591
*WB5JJJ “ 115,210 311 205 K7QA “ 999,327 1005 483 K3GP “ 1,065,816 817 524

K8MM “ 594,456 652 376 *AB9YC “ 115,913 212 203 *VE1QY “ 45,276 119 98
W8JWN “ 454,914 588 381 *N9LJX “ 48,786 155 141 *VY2DP “ 27,140 113 92
K8JQ “ 412,221 653 313 *W9AKS 7 30,600 116 100
KI8I “ 340,128 567 288 Canada - District 2
KB8ECG “ 334,280 577 305 United States - District Ø VE2GSO A 1,978,470 1332 534
KA8G “ 267,862 395 266 ACØC A 5,285,436 2476 884 VA2QR “ 669,033 641 349
KD8FS “ 252,702 442 278 N7WY “ 1,768,200 1380 600 VA2CZ “ 336,856 451 328
WA8LRW “ 213,248 365 238 KØAP “ 1,255,500 1078 540 VA2CST “ 328,810 420 251
K8BZ “ 36,580 187 124 NXØI “ 1,070,399 1179 473 VE2EZD “ 292,721 396 253
W8EH “ 29,870 127 103 ABØRX “ 965,280 953 480 *VE2BVV A 1,117,464 854 461
KA8HKC “ 7,192 61 58 WT7TT “ 919,836 1240 459 *VE2HEW “ 320,276 455 251
W8CAR 28 34,034 146 119 (OP: WØZA) *VA2SIB “ 102,065 226 149
*N8CWU A 915,875 931 425 KFØJBL “ 915,513 1120 453 *VE2QV “ 42,024 133 103
*WB8JUI “ 434,603 576 331 (OP: WØPR) *VE2OWL “ 29,184 106 96
*K7DR “ 320,120 497 302 W5AP “ 693,880 855 418
*AD8FD “ 273,413 424 281 NØTA “ 667,320 973 402 Canada - District 3
*NX8G “ 221,633 345 251 WØMB “ 624,771 796 423 VA3LR A 1,071,600 769 456
*ND3N “ 198,162 441 218 W7II “ 551,628 721 396 VE3CT “ 967,430 655 445
*K8RGI “ 194,484 404 228 KØTC “ 359,125 581 325 VE3TW “ 242,624 375 223
*N8EA “ 150,756 289 204 NFØN “ 160,797 334 217 VE3EJ “ 237,250 330 250
*KB8TL “ 148,780 301 215 KØTLG “ 119,808 310 234 VE3MZD “ 96,096 220 182
*N8WCP “ 147,840 324 210 NØKQ “ 117,390 340 195 VE3SS “ 89,324 207 163
*NE8O “ 144,768 310 208 NØAJN “ 84,597 272 173 VA3IK “ 23,652 99 81
*W8TWA “ 101,606 295 202 ADØTR “ 50,416 149 137 VE3SST “ 20,100 99 75
*WS6K “ 100,470 230 197 WRØU “ 19,929 116 91 VE3NZ 28 946,242 744 486
*K8AJS “ 79,200 213 160 WFØGM “ 18,270 118 90 VA3WW 14 3,626 58 49
*W8DW “ 76,258 244 182 N6RSH “ 12,616 87 76 *VE3MGY A 2,020,150 1266 550
*NE3R “ 75,920 196 146 WAØTXJ “ 11,840 88 74 *VE3DZ “ 912,576 670 392
*N8VV “ 74,360 198 169 ACØE “ 10,191 100 79 *VE3PJ “ 818,748 670 399
*K8VUS “ 74,235 210 147 ABØS “ 7,714 71 58 *VA3SB “ 451,140 557 309
*K8GIB “ 66,000 187 150 KØHB “ 5,850 54 50 *VA3FF “ 353,872 434 272
*WA8YZB “ 59,584 240 152 WØIL “ 4,335 58 51 *VA3PC “ 353,616 379 318
*WB8JAY “ 53,504 177 128 WØTY “ 2,166 43 38 *VE3EY “ 208,035 306 201
*K8TJM “ 46,949 184 133 KSØAA 28 131,446 296 229 *VA3EON “ 153,463 300 197
*N8KQ “ 45,792 182 144 KFØIQ 21 779 19 19 *VE3HG “ 101,286 222 153
*KC8R “ 40,833 150 117 WA2PCN 14 930 31 30 *VE3GTM “ 93,483 200 153
*N8HHG “ 38,112 119 96 *KØRC A 696,496 677 431 *VE3CWU “ 93,279 237 177
*AB8OU “ 37,278 137 114 *WTØDX “ 428,496 681 339 *VE3EUS “ 84,624 205 172
*W8TB “ 32,760 136 105 *WØIZ “ 370,164 717 327 *VA3OGG “ 60,208 199 142
*W3CRZ “ 28,815 139 113 *AI6O “ 338,928 546 307 *VA3WB “ 40,222 138 119
*AA8EN “ 27,510 130 105 *WBØN “ 298,074 503 302 *VA3JHQ “ 18,225 89 75
*W5KBW “ 26,880 145 112 *AAØAW “ 286,228 522 326 *VA3FN “ 15,120 72 63
*AB8SF “ 25,365 117 95 *ABØLR “ 269,656 577 296 *VE3FZ “ 3,570 37 34
*AA8MA “ 20,064 112 96 *WO7U “ 210,483 428 257 *VE3RUV “ 3,162 35 34
*WA8KAN “ 16,340 106 86 *WZØW “ 171,825 382 237 *VE3FR “ 1,416 29 24
*N8EUI “ 11,659 100 89 *KFØUR “ 155,710 504 230 *VE3TM 28 222,194 341 269
*KB8ZYE “ 9,918 74 57 *KV5Y “ 138,880 428 224 *VE3HLS 7 20,064 75 66
*NN8UU “ 6,344 56 52 *KDØZV “ 132,486 377 213
*N8TCP “ 2,541 33 33 *NWØM “ 104,512 298 184 Canada - District 4
*N8TFD “ 1,456 30 28 *AD1C “ 96,330 226 190 *VA4HZ A 355,165 575 283
*WB8TDG “ 1,305 29 29 *WAØLIF “ 91,575 286 185 *KØMKL/VE4 21 3,403 41 41
*W8KNO “ 475 20 19 *WØUY “ 72,861 230 163
*K8VT 14 94,815 291 215 *KS9W “ 58,240 225 160 Canada - District 5
*KBØGT “ 54,600 214 140 *VE5KS A 908,730 882 439
United States - District 9 *WDØBGZ “ 48,180 135 132 *VE5SF “ 156,264 298 204
AI9T A 1,871,748 1212 654 *WAØLPV “ 47,158 246 146 *VE5VG “ 9,966 70 66
W9MR “ 342,300 430 300 *KØIL “ 37,878 181 118
W9PDS “ 315,744 561 299 *WCØWB “ 31,740 169 115 Canada - District 6
KC9TZO “ 252,984 461 249 *WØZQ “ 27,639 154 111 VE6BBP A 1,127,124 938 478
KØTQ “ 216,672 345 244 *KNØL “ 27,438 126 102 VE6UM 28 496,170 587 370
KC9EOQ “ 184,040 388 214 *WØDET “ 26,307 137 111 (OP: VE6BMX)
KC9K “ 175,665 304 239 *KOØZ “ 22,310 124 97 VE6AO “ 9,027 70 59
N2BJ “ 117,096 267 204 *KO9V “ 21,526 131 94 (OP: VE6TC)
W9YK “ 94,320 259 180 *WØCO “ 19,740 131 94 *VA6RCN A 439,856 569 296
N9IO “ 68,400 192 144 *WBØWIV “ 19,475 95 95 (OP: VE3RCN)
AA9L “ 61,194 212 141 *WØYJT “ 18,746 127 103 *VE6TN “ 136,068 302 174
WA9IVH “ 22,088 106 88 *WA2IVD “ 18,656 99 88 *VE6FRD “ 29,370 103 89
N9EP “ 9,702 97 77 *KAØKVW “ 17,608 98 71 *VE6SPS “ 21,804 107 79
KA9BHD “ 8,905 88 65 *WAØEJX “ 14,299 102 79 *VE6SYD “ 15,257 82 73
WB9WHI “ 682 26 22 *KØMPH “ 14,000 99 80
KN9P “ 340 17 17 *KØXU “ 10,290 102 70 Canada - District 7
W9ILY 28 619,918 601 422 *WAØMHJ “ 8,208 63 54 VE7LWW A 2,015,431 1441 583
W9PA 21 797,094 745 509 *AIØY “ 6,666 86 66 VA7KO “ 1,827,540 1306 572
*KG9X A 673,865 681 439 *KØGMK “ 6,375 93 75 VA7ST “ 896,104 936 374
*KYØQ “ 491,596 605 362 *NYØJ “ 6,136 79 59 VE7IO “ 4,590 37 34
*N9SJ “ 421,480 610 328 *KØWRY “ 5,325 95 75 VE7DX 28 388,160 537 320
*WU9D “ 331,932 549 278 *KØTJT “ 4,900 56 50 *VE7HS A 168,296 331 218
*W9FY “ 274,176 559 256 *KEØITC “ 3,456 57 54 *VA7ZM “ 56,525 187 133
*W9TD “ 188,293 398 259 *NØLLH “ 1,829 32 31 *VE7BGP “ 10,080 71 63
*W9KG “ 163,520 404 224 *KJØP “ 1,564 34 34 *VE7AF “ 4,343 46 43
*N9UA “ 145,173 331 217 *KFØADU “ 575 24 23 *VA7HZ “ 50 5 5
*WB9B “ 122,815 277 203 *KØVG “ 504 16 14 *VE7KAJ 28 8,680 68 62
*K9PW “ 99,093 226 201 *W3ZF “ 4 2 2
*KD9NHZ “ 87,024 243 168 *KTØW 28 117,504 305 216
*N9SB “ 83,476 266 164 *KKØU “ 24,196 102 92 Costa Rica
*KB9REV “ 82,896 285 176 *NØUI “ 13,024 88 74 *TI2OY A 595,647 623 351
*W9VQ “ 72,333 195 171 *WNØL 21 132,009 302 237 *TI2WMP “ 460,752 544 348
*KB9DVC “ 62,577 220 153 *WØADL 14 1,144 27 26 *TI3DK 28 226,767 384 269
*KC9YL “ 53,055 194 131 *TI2ALF 21 16,770 96 86
*WB9VGO “ 45,630 186 135
*W9PI “ 39,750 146 125 NORTH AMERICA Cuba
*N9ID “ 35,588 162 124 Alaska *CO3JN A 229,416 424 264
*N9LYE “ 35,568 164 117 AL2F A 741,152 844 368 *CM6AW “ 148,614 304 186
*AC9XV “ 24,479 118 91 AL7LO “ 327,168 522 284 *CO3LC “ 37,944 120 102
*WB9WOZ “ 24,180 112 93 KL2R “ 63,920 202 136 *CO7HH “ 23,668 128 97
*N9TNT “ 22,080 111 92 (OP: N1TX) *CO8NDZ 28 432,972 548 342
*WA9LEY “ 20,160 129 96 N6QEK/KL7 “ 5,762 55 43 *CO6XE “ 72,450 225 161
*WB9BWP “ 17,019 122 93 KL7SB 28 446,355 613 327 *CO2XK 21 222,615 402 255
*WB9UGX “ 15,879 103 79 *KL7IWC A 143,028 323 174 *CO2GL “ 72,535 229 163
*WE9R “ 11,592 74 72 *CO2JD 7 185,802 264 179
*AA9RK “ 11,431 83 71 Antigua & Barbuda *CM8JFL “ 11,856 66 57
*WT9U “ 11,088 75 63 *V26OC A 1,339,500 979 470
*KC9JBU “ 10,530 104 78 Dominican Republic
*KEØYI “ 9,454 66 58 *HI3MM A 842,037 976 397
*KA9VLC “ 6,206 62 58 Belize *HI3K “ 421,056 593 306
*K9DUR “ 5,460 59 52 *V31MA A 1,808,256 1120 554
*KD9DJB “ 3,864 56 46 Greenland
*N9XX “ 2,925 45 39 Canada - District 1 OX3LX A 188,000 328 250
*N9EDL “ 1,344 24 24 VO1CH A 34,160 117 112
*K9QH “ 703 20 19 *VA1XH A 1,319,550 920 463 Guatemala
*AK9R “ 308 15 14 *VY2LI “ 643,536 595 369 *TG9ANF A 727,776 783 399
*N9VPV 28 117,912 252 204 *VE1ANU “ 97,328 193 158 *TG9ADQ “ 287,850 439 285

Honduras *BA3AX 21 60,066 207 142 JF3LOP 28 49,343 148 133
*K6VHF/HR9 28 33,109 140 113 *BI4VIP “ 14,616 97 72 JA3BXF “ 3,774 39 37
*BG3HMQ “ 8,584 62 58 JF3LGC “ 816 17 16
Mexico *BG9XD/5 “ 4,440 53 40 JR3RIY 21 298,944 385 288
4A5E 21 26,677 131 103 *BH2UBD “ 2,046 41 33 JG3LDD “ 1,564 25 23
*XE1YL A 438,144 640 326 *BD4QA “ 72 6 6 JA3GOJ 14 250 12 10
*XE2AU “ 140,490 323 210 *BG8DIV 7 12,096 52 48 JH3FUK 7 144,704 177 152
*XE2YWB “ 77,556 226 138 *JA3MIB A 98,196 226 167
*XE2KJ “ 72,790 272 145 Cyprus *JA3JM “ 94,227 228 147
*XE2OK “ 40,845 130 105 P3X A 186,219 262 209 *JH3WKE “ 89,090 205 151
*XE2T “ 30,861 111 81 (OP: 5B4AMM) *JO3QVT “ 77,935 204 143
*XE1CL 28 65,144 232 136 H25A “ 112,338 182 158 *JJ3QJI “ 16,620 90 60
*XE1CT “ 30,024 124 108 *JR3WXA “ 13,950 80 62
Hong Kong *JH3GMI “ 2,970 37 33
Panama *VR2VRC 28 1,656 24 24 *JR3GPP 28 2,187 29 27
HP1ELV A 17,100 108 95 *JA3RAZ 21 1,242 27 27
*HP1OIA A 3,942 54 54 India
*HP1DCP 28 6,496 62 56 *VU2IBI 28 36,850 120 110 Japan - District 4
*VU2FGQ “ 34,965 119 105 JH4UTP A 1,951,002 1124 566
Puerto Rico JR4CTF “ 188,580 313 210
*WP3E A 188,778 332 219 Israel JI4WAO “ 4,641 46 39
(OP: KP3B) 4Z5FI 14 371,490 441 290 JO4CFV “ 2,883 33 31
*WP3GW “ 120,741 234 167 4Z1MS 7 208,984 208 173 JA4CZM “ 1,311 19 19
*NP4TX 7 234,780 292 215 *4X1ST A 427,950 402 270 JN4MMO 28 787,097 623 449
*4X6FB “ 58,724 129 106 JR4VEV 7 29,414 85 77
AFRICA *4Z5MY 21 9,016 59 56 *JE4MHL A 317,312 405 268
Canary Islands *JI4WHS “ 263,109 397 231
EA8DO A 816,678 658 354 Japan - District 1 *JA4ENY “ 32,016 132 87
EA8ZS “ 137,138 280 191 JA1CSN A 2,172,852 1177 558 *JA4IAQ “ 2,025 26 25
*ED8L A 969,516 655 382 JM1XCW “ 1,751,238 987 531
(OP: EA8DHH) JI1LET “ 808,731 697 389 Japan - District 5
*EA8AQV “ 263,750 315 250 JN1THL “ 761,917 670 377 *JE5HTN A 66,435 203 129
*EA8OM “ 153,520 238 190 JF1LMB “ 337,698 417 257 *JH5HDA “ 20,140 87 76
(OP: DJ1OJ) JH1RFM “ 233,100 340 222
*EA8AH 28 1,047,888 812 456 JR1NHD “ 222,984 345 228 Japan - District 6
JA1WSK “ 156,831 262 183 JA6FFO A 23,068 101 73
Cape Verde JG1LHB “ 145,340 275 172 JE6QQN “ 11,387 69 59
D4L 28 1,260,522 851 502 JH1CTV “ 138,852 271 174 *JH6QIL A 127,448 267 179
(OP: IK2NCJ) JJ1XBQ “ 37,800 125 100 *JG6QHE “ 45,032 149 104
JH1HIC “ 35,868 118 98 *JH6WHN 28 485,804 481 362
Namibia JK1BAB “ 864 19 18 *JA6GMC “ 2,730 34 30
V55Y 28 2,013,736 1126 604 JL1CNY 28 140,273 260 203 *JA6GCE 21 584,910 544 402
(OP: V51WH) JA1FNO “ 42,939 130 117 *JE6TUP “ 66 6 6
JS1NDM 21 20 4 4
*JG1LFR A 630,086 642 311 Japan - District 7
St. Helena
ZD7BG A 148,590 258 195 *7N2UQC “ 477,750 545 294 JH7QXJ A 887,692 716 397
*JG1XIO “ 196,301 334 203 JH7RTQ “ 614,384 625 376
Tunisia *JH1BHW “ 154,755 304 171 JA7ACM “ 314,500 421 250
*3V8SF 3.5 11,088 46 42 *JA1SCE “ 103,272 232 156 JM7OLW “ 247,292 383 211
*JF1WNT “ 96,135 204 145 JG7AMD “ 38,994 106 97
*JK1NSR “ 93,240 222 148 JA7ZP “ 13,629 65 59
ASIA *JI1FWH “ 80,656 238 142 JA7FTR “ 3,332 35 34
Armenia *JR1EMO “ 76,734 181 147 JF7PHE 28 351,648 422 297
*EK3GM 21 89,090 209 151 *JA1IZ “ 54,168 152 122 JG7PSJ “ 74,025 182 141
*JK1HIY “ 49,020 136 114 JR7IWL “ 22,932 97 84
Asiatic Russia - District 9 *JA1ATM “ 42,224 148 104 JO7KMB “ 19,199 91 73
RC9T A 323,046 409 262 *JA1MZM “ 40,071 138 111 JA7LLL 14 5,781 48 47
RG9A 28 599,918 565 407 *JG1UKW “ 39,636 138 108 *JH7IMX A 43,152 138 116
RA9YE “ 14,112 78 72 *JA1IE “ 38,000 143 100 *JH7VTE “ 33,271 117 97
*R9MJ A 719,160 688 390 *JA1CJL “ 37,518 129 111 *JQ7AXT “ 31,200 107 96
*UA9OEX “ 118,668 268 186 *JE1RRK “ 20,817 99 81
*RA9SN “ 52,098 149 114 *JR1AQI “ 20,412 91 81 Japan - District 8
*UA9OV “ 11,000 53 50 *JS1KKY “ 19,050 92 75 JA8KSF 28 602,140 549 391
*RA8AI 14 9,128 56 56 *JK1JAS “ 18,504 83 72 JG8TDZ “ 3,168 40 36
*JK1ESR “ 18,368 71 64 JA8IDS 21 113,035 215 185
Asiatic Russia - District Ø *JI1AQY “ 4,477 43 37 *JM8FEI A 83,750 222 134
RWØSR A 577,788 554 356 *JA1OHP “ 3,540 38 30 *JE8UHY “ 18,288 98 72
UAØOK “ 446,555 549 335 *JA1OQJ “ 2,407 29 29 *JH8IYN “ 5,014 50 46
RAØACM “ 399,687 442 289 *JA1JNM “ 507 13 13 *JK8PBO 28 156,769 257 223
RWØUM “ 117,467 297 173 *JH1WOY “ 175 9 7 *JH8XVH “ 69,762 176 154
RAØFLP 28 526,110 536 355 *JH1TJH “ 20 4 4 *JM8SMO 21 39,663 129 113
RMØW “ 194,636 322 247 *JF1RYU 28 134,600 239 200 *JA8UON 7 576 12 12
RDØA 21 648,036 579 423 *7J1YAD “ 47,610 141 115
UCØA “ 335,997 392 333 (OP: JF1TEU) Japan - District 9
*RAØWHE A 234,256 345 242 *JI1BBN “ 44,486 135 118 JA9CCG A 21,996 101 78
*RNØJT “ 77,430 199 145 *JA1PCM “ 31,212 124 102 JH9CEN 28 19,270 86 82
*UAØJFD “ 53,874 180 123 *JF1OVA “ 29,003 105 97 JA9CWJ 21 79,632 193 158
*UAØC “ 29,410 129 85 *JK1OLT “ 5,796 46 46 *JA9LX A 118,080 248 160
*RØJD “ 17,538 101 74 *JE1GZB “ 3,638 40 34 *JA9EJG “ 5,850 49 45
*RØUO “ 8,802 84 54 *JH1KYA 21 66,845 165 145
*RCØAJ “ 8,748 59 54 *JA1RYC “ 30,300 126 101 Japan - District Ø
*RGØS 28 77,274 186 162 *JH1JJV “ 9,680 62 55 JHØMJY A 35,245 121 95
*RCØL 21 27 3 3 *JA1DBG “ 6,048 54 48 JHØILL “ 30,495 112 95
*JK1XAY “ 70 5 5 *JJØPJD A 185,076 310 194
Asiatic Turkey *JF1WCK “ 3 1 1 *JRØDZH “ 41,642 131 94
*TA2EJ A 603,850 574 325 *JAØBZY “ 29,192 91 89
*TA7I “ 448,189 439 301 Japan - District 2 *JHØMUC “ 12,285 75 63
*TA2E “ 80,500 180 140 JA2AXB A 524,790 553 343 *JRØBNF “ 6,192 53 43
*TA4RC 28 192 8 8 JA2HYD “ 208,208 320 208 *JHØEPI 14 3,024 36 36
*TA2FT 7 134,384 169 148 JG2REJ “ 150,528 261 196
*TA4AU “ 1,440 16 16 JR2PMT “ 117,603 224 179
JH2FXK “ 76,680 208 142 Kazakhstan
JF2FIU “ 33,124 123 98 UP7L A 2,174,526 1318 558
China (OP: UN6LN)
BA4TB A 1,034,540 857 460 JH2BTM “ 24,462 96 81
*JA2FXV A 179,707 309 187 *UN8PC A 185,592 280 222
BH4SCF “ 276,351 440 251
*JA2GHP “ 89,996 222 149 *UN7ZO “ 720 17 16
BA4AEO “ 10,850 69 50 *UN4PG 28 114,063 223 197
BG2VIA “ 9,400 62 50 *JH2LMH “ 73,220 185 140
*JE2BOM “ 68,834 170 127 *UN7CN “ 103,140 207 180
BD3CB 28 294,624 390 288 *UN7LV 14 62,856 174 162
*BD4VGZ A 726,652 673 389 *JI2IXA “ 330 11 10
*BD7BW “ 114,924 339 157 *JO2XYK “ 80 5 5
*BD3GNI “ 90,850 213 158 *JH2RIH 28 14,766 74 69 Mongolia
*BD4QB “ 68,740 207 140 *JE2CPI “ 7,738 56 53 JT1CO 28 237,384 351 252
*BD4UN “ 67,135 202 145 *JH2MYN 21 5,922 49 47
*BH2SWB “ 57,771 175 131 Nepal
*BG3GRU “ 49,686 177 147 Japan - District 3 9N7AA 28 1,337,856 952 512
*BG5BAA “ 27,918 117 99 JR3NZC A 410,696 493 286 (OP: S53R)
*BH4UMN “ 300 12 12 JA3HBF “ 357,022 460 274
*BG8PM “ 234 9 9 JE3RMQ “ 68,952 178 136 Qatar
*BH8PHG 28 5,658 47 46 JP3UBR “ 13,650 74 65 *A71AE 7 249,704 243 182
*BG2KAJ “ 300 10 10 JA3VOV “ 9,588 71 51
*BG8PC “ 264 11 11 JR3RIU “ 6,510 57 42 Republic of Korea
*BA7LAC “ 108 6 6 JR3UIC “ 2,378 35 29 *HL3AMO A 3,570 40 34

*HL1VAU 28 47,880 139 120 LZ7A “ 68,529 217 159 M1X “ 620,576 567 328
*HL2ASZ 7 648 12 12 (OP: LZ1RF) (OP: GØCKP)
LZ1GE “ 61,350 189 150 M9B “ 411,720 510 292
Saudi Arabia LZ2ZG 28 5,593 48 47 (OP: MØLKW)
*HZ1TT A 842,625 666 375 LZ4AE 21 881,280 752 510 G2U “ 343,962 434 291
LZ5K 7 881,250 598 375 (OP: GØUGO)
Singapore LZ33E 3.5 161,624 239 178 G8GNI “ 323,400 408 264
9V1YC A 25,578 121 87 (OP: LZ5XQ) G1SCT “ 303,210 396 270
*9V1HY A 1,920 29 24 *LZ2YO A 431,932 509 332 G4VSZ “ 71,000 198 142
*LZ5E “ 99,792 264 168 GØH “ 53,734 170 134
Taiwan *LZ1QB “ 29,007 100 99 (OP: GØHEU)
BV2LA A 319,056 402 272 *LZ3AW “ 3,780 39 36 M5W 21 1,039,326 835 498
BV4VQ 28 24 3 3 *LZ5GM 28 15,554 83 77 (OP: MØHMJ)
BV1EK 21 22,533 95 87 *LZ2JA 21 254,330 465 290 G9D “ 154,112 302 224
BX4AG “ 12,596 72 67 *LZ2MP 14 76,109 219 187 (OP: G6NHU)
*BU2BE A 7,567 73 47 *LZ7X 7 1,077,668 614 419 G8X 7 2,312,024 945 559
(OP: LZ1UQ) (OP: G4FJK)
Thailand *LZ1MC 3.5 1,116 18 18 M2E 3.5 42,570 118 99
HS3NBR 14 56,199 151 131 (OP: GØRPM)
*HS5NMF A 145,544 268 184 Crete *GØFGI A 856,575 689 405
*HS4MLV “ 1,738 31 22 *SV9FBP 28 72,996 210 158 *G4ENZ “ 644,726 589 347
*HS5ZLD 28 741 20 19 *G3G “ 553,869 525 369
*E2ØXMG “ 448 14 14 Croatia (OP: G3XLG)
9A2ZI A 4,071,354 1562 826 *G4OZG “ 499,590 544 305
United Arab Emirates 9A3XV “ 3,248 32 29 *2EØINN “ 486,628 568 337
A65DR 21 1,326,120 888 514 9A4WY 28 20,230 97 70 *MØKKM “ 387,053 461 293
(OP: G7SLP) 9A6KX 7 422,136 361 286 *2EØCVN “ 349,160 478 290
*9A1DR A 135,975 250 185 *G8S “ 280,980 389 252
Uzbekistan *9A5ST “ 55,936 154 128 *MØYTT “ 253,000 380 275
*UK8FF 28 1,584 24 24 *9A2EU “ 22,518 82 81 *G4EBK “ 194,472 324 222
*9A5CC “ 6,890 55 53 *G4JBA “ 177,424 300 208
West Malaysia *9A6KZH 28 149,177 264 211 *G4CXQ “ 176,571 291 207
*9W2VGR A 38,584 161 106 *9A2VX 21 8,432 65 62 *G5ROB “ 133,248 250 192
*9M2HUS “ 9,800 79 49 *9A4R 14 42,795 153 135 *GØOSK “ 124,424 232 206
*9W2FHG “ 4,030 43 31 *9A5BBV 7 3,360 37 35 *M3X “ 121,806 261 202
*9M2MAD “ 2,838 30 22 *9A9TT 3.5 95,328 185 144 (OP: MØIHT)
*G3ZNU “ 79,500 197 150
Czech Republic *G2E “ 68,552 174 152
EUROPE OK7W A 8,876,820 2633 985 *G4DDL “ 64,260 173 135
Austria *M5ARC “ 61,490 162 130
OK2EA “ 856,044 732 387
OE1TKW A 246,000 338 246 (OP: MØCHK)
OK6CX “ 278,445 413 285
OE2LCM “ 84,875 216 175 *G7RTI “ 57,564 164 123
OK2CMW “ 186,840 284 216
OE9SEV “ 34,485 104 95 *2EØFHM “ 49,385 149 119
*OE2GEN A 844,400 697 400 OK1PI “ 103,428 191 153
OK1FU “ 39,195 146 117 *G5C “ 39,162 147 122
*OE5CYL “ 308,990 390 265 (OP: G4OGB)
OK2BXW 28 196,524 346 212
*OE3NHW “ 178,641 265 207 *G3RTU “ 28,413 122 99
*OE4EIE “ 157,528 256 203 OK1XC “ 155,400 279 210
OK1DOY “ 66,990 170 145 *G3L “ 21,756 98 84
*OE6ISP “ 41,724 142 122 (OP: G3LHJ)
*OE7BJT “ 31,588 123 106 OK5M 7 107,210 194 151
OL7P 3.5 230,880 292 208 *M5M “ 21,372 93 78
*OE2IGP 28 145,544 256 226 (OP: G4BRK)
*OE5PEN 7 240,436 276 217 (OP: OK1CRM)
*OK2WY A 1,486,446 997 494 *G4PDF “ 19,437 93 93
*2EØEBM “ 14,885 74 65
Balearic Islands *OK1TRJ “ 763,889 578 371
*G3ZBU “ 13,950 79 75
EC6DX A 445,484 514 338 *OK2LC “ 622,332 604 354
*MØMPM “ 11,025 66 63
*EA6ZS A 52,216 175 122 *OK1HEH “ 506,910 536 305
*M7WFG “ 4,522 41 38
*OK1PMA “ 363,424 434 277 *2EØOBO “ 4,455 49 45
Belarus *OK1CT “ 304,706 385 262 *MØIPU “ 4,318 44 34
EU4E A 2,194,829 1156 623 *OK2CLW “ 251,363 325 241 *G7NJX “ 4,032 47 42
EV1R “ 1,933,897 1063 641 *OK7V “ 219,611 301 229 *G1HYD “ 2,046 34 33
EU8U “ 1,738,275 1183 539 (OP: OK1VRF) *2E1LSI “ 1,848 23 22
EW4A “ 1,166,316 922 498 *OK1MGA “ 168,705 310 207 (OP: G5LSI)
EW8DX “ 868,945 815 385 *OK1DEZ “ 165,845 283 205 *GØC 28 116,622 239 186
EU1ST “ 416,150 492 290 *OK1TK “ 123,630 242 195 *G4ZOB “ 90,246 213 169
EW8OM “ 339,729 472 281 *OK1SLA “ 108,750 207 174 *G4RQI “ 63,940 165 139
(OP: EW8O) *OK1ULL “ 68,740 183 140 *2EØYAO “ 44,286 138 122
EW1OW “ 228,034 307 226 *OK2PGJ “ 68,248 186 152 *G3XTZ “ 30,674 115 98
EU1DX 21 494,935 541 395 *OK1AUO “ 49,125 157 131 *GØORH “ 19,656 99 84
*EW1P A 292,864 420 286 *OK2AK “ 35,616 128 106 *GØMBA “ 15,225 86 75
*EU1FQ “ 126,087 246 183 *OK2VIR “ 31,200 117 100 *MØTQR “ 4,515 45 43
*EW7B 3.5 494,648 434 292 *OK1DLX “ 29,892 127 94 *G9F 21 533,280 583 404
*EW2ES “ 528 12 11 *OK1FIA “ 28,080 102 90 (OP: G4BVY)
*OK4RQ “ 25,149 102 83 *MØBLF “ 234,635 374 281
*OK1KKI “ 8,576 67 64 *GX3RAT “ 172,692 325 246
Belgium
ON5GQ A 1,592,332 1049 518 (OP: OK7PY) (OP: GØGQT)
*OL8M “ 6,560 44 41 *M5P 14 272,349 460 297
OR3A “ 1,234,180 796 460
(OP: ON6CC) *OK1DRQ “ 1,064 21 19 (OP: M5BIR)
ON7ET “ 126,498 218 174 *OK7SE “ 714 14 14 *GØSNG “ 60,528 189 156
OR5T 28 35,292 127 102 *OK5SWL “ 180 9 9 *G4WGE “ 55,918 185 146
ON4LDP 7 172,398 220 177 (OP: OK2SWD) *G4SJX 7 51,030 121 105
*ON6YYY A 636,318 574 318 *OK3SN 21 17,052 92 84 *G6N 3.5 100,500 192 150
*ON7KEC “ 414,369 460 309 *OK1BR 14 211,410 388 270 (OP: GØGDU)
*ON4CT “ 324,016 371 263 *OK2RU 7 833,272 546 374
*ON4PJA “ 158,697 327 231 *OK5TX “ 392,888 391 268 Estonia
*ON2AD “ 45,750 144 125 *OK1FWG “ 59,856 128 116 *ES3HEA A 223,873 325 221
*ON4LY “ 20,181 101 93 *OK2HBR 3.5 302,900 349 233 *ES1BH “ 149,760 286 208
*ON6FC “ 8,360 61 55 *OK2VV “ 161,424 238 177 *ES1QV “ 19,270 93 82
*ON6LR “ 980 20 20 *ES1KSA/4 21 1,175 25 25
*ON4AXU 28 41,760 141 120 Denmark
*OQ5M 21 13,725 80 75 OZ5W A 1,848,174 1124 534 European Russia - District 1
(OP: ON5ZO) (OP: SM5SIC) RA1QFU A 641,174 757 359
*ON3UN 7 330,750 335 245 OZØJD “ 1,251,625 985 475 *RA1ALC A 328,020 504 284
*ON4CBA 3.5 62,594 142 119 OZ1LFI “ 103,700 218 170 *RU1AT “ 130,935 279 203
5P1KZX 28 50,407 151 133 *RN1AO “ 19,920 98 83
OZ6TL 7 239,838 279 213
Bosnia-Herzegovina *OZ1DAE A 305,640 412 283 European Russia - District 3
E77DX A 430,056 475 297 *OZ6AGX “ 201,780 332 228 R5AN A 1,023,984 897 468
E72U “ 215,568 289 216 *OZ1QX “ 119,190 236 174
*E78T A 243,024 365 244 RT2H “ 425,952 527 306
*OZ7DK “ 99,176 212 154 RA3NC “ 91,425 220 159
*E74HJ “ 170,156 279 206 *OZ1AOO “ 9,800 54 50
*E7ØAW “ 24,236 94 83 RD5R “ 87,024 224 168
*OZ4HJ “ 8,585 96 85 RV3TG “ 8,320 61 52
*E74SL “ 2,800 30 28 *OZ1JVX 21 71,832 198 164
*E73KM 28 62,250 168 150 RM3DA 28 125,052 277 204
*E77EA 21 290,088 400 306 UA3MCH 14 17,820 97 90
England RC5Z 7 329,500 337 250
*E7ØY 7 971,740 617 385 G1N A 2,147,850 1135 645 *RA3Y A 1,484,964 1119 501
*E78CB “ 58,420 130 115
(OP: GØURR) *R3AQ “ 458,400 489 382
*E77D “ 43,800 114 100
*E79D 3.5 212,658 276 201 M2G “ 1,416,744 983 504 *R3TE “ 441,136 549 349
(OP: G4RCG) *R2UZ “ 290,664 393 264
M7T “ 1,044,908 852 478 *R2PU “ 276,353 396 259
Bulgaria (OP: G3YYD) *RX3VF “ 157,850 300 205
LZ6K A 1,944,228 1040 618 GØHDV “ 873,664 790 374 *UA3UBT “ 102,416 241 173
(OP: LZ2PL) M2J “ 861,619 624 407 *RK2M “ 83,312 202 164
LZ1ZJ “ 578,614 554 386 (OP: G4NBS) *R2YES “ 61,146 155 129

*RA3V “ 59,292 169 122 DGØKS “ 41,402 150 127 *DJ5CW “ 36,192 112 96
*RW3DY “ 43,673 146 119 DL8DWL “ 40,940 131 115 *DMØE “ 35,328 114 96
*RX3MM “ 36,424 145 116 DL1DBR “ 35,476 122 98 (OP: DG1HXJ)
*UC5D “ 35,105 155 119 DL6DH “ 33,182 112 94 *DJ2MX “ 34,814 112 103
*UB3SAR “ 24,300 108 90 DL3XM “ 30,380 102 98 *DM5MT “ 33,024 115 96
*R3OR “ 22,204 107 91 DL1DJH “ 29,606 130 113 *DL1DXF “ 32,825 123 101
*RV3ZN “ 14,532 92 84 DQØY “ 27,810 97 90 *DL1QW “ 32,438 107 98
*RU3XW “ 7,504 65 56 (OP: DF2RG) *DH2WQ “ 30,996 134 108
*UF5A 28 253,453 402 289 DL2OE “ 18,966 101 87 *DL2NBU “ 30,600 116 102
*R2XM “ 151,863 315 227 DL8RDL “ 18,150 84 75 *DL8ZAJ “ 30,432 117 96
*RU5X “ 100,548 237 189 DP6K “ 17,394 91 78 *DL2LMS “ 28,314 105 99
*RU3OZ “ 27,454 111 106 (OP: DM2WB) *DL9PN “ 28,254 119 102
*UA3PI 7 96,768 182 144 DL7CX “ 16,560 97 90 *DL7YS “ 27,416 107 92
*R5DF “ 8,944 43 43 DL5DXS “ 16,170 86 77 *DF1KA “ 26,642 101 77
DK2CC “ 6,860 53 49 *DL4SDW “ 26,442 112 78
European Russia - District 4 DL1LOD “ 5,160 50 43 *DL6FCK “ 26,187 109 87
UF4S A 2,007,387 1314 603 DC2VE “ 3,610 40 38 *DL1JPF “ 25,996 121 97
RW4HBG “ 1,009,356 986 466 DMØA 28 1,754,294 1048 661 *DL6RBH “ 25,098 98 89
RA4ZA “ 215,384 344 247 (OP: DK3DM) *DF2ET “ 23,661 109 99
R4CI “ 35,380 140 116 DL3BQA “ 1,137,648 858 519 *DL9GCG “ 23,085 97 81
RG4A 28 460,736 556 368 DM1T “ 585 16 15 *DJ6MK “ 21,580 99 83
R4FCJ 7 3,720 34 31 (OP: DL9SCO) *DL4GBA “ 19,920 87 80
*RU4PH A 332,080 461 280 DL1DTL 21 337,212 437 342 *DL4FAP “ 19,588 89 83
*RT4W “ 148,741 303 223 DH6BH 14 253,300 401 298 *DG3DJ “ 17,425 98 85
*UA4WJ “ 114,576 257 176 DM6DX 7 139,548 193 174 *DL3EL “ 14,520 74 60
*UC4I “ 71,766 199 162 DL5SE “ 2,756 28 26 *DK1VY “ 14,352 92 78
*RA4L “ 64,232 204 148 DH8WR 3.5 241,774 315 221 *DL9ZWG “ 14,070 78 70
*R4WZ “ 61,420 176 148 *DJ4MX A 1,605,065 886 605 *DK1LRS “ 13,350 84 75
*R4RB “ 18,492 103 92 *DL5RMH “ 1,091,316 790 457 *DL1DWL “ 13,026 90 78
*RN4HAB “ 16,560 79 69 *DL8TG “ 1,068,832 719 508 *DC8QT “ 12,474 88 77
*RK4NB “ 2,175 31 29 *DK2OY “ 969,165 788 405 *DF9VJ “ 11,956 67 61
*UB4FFB 14 11,322 80 74 *DL9IM “ 955,400 773 425 *DL8MKG “ 10,492 62 61
*DM5B “ 912,676 810 401 *DL4DRG “ 9,345 96 89
European Russia - District 6 (OP: DG6IMR) *DK6SP “ 9,129 59 51
R7CD A 1,045,611 810 441 *DL164ØY “ 690,030 676 374 *DL2TM “ 9,028 70 61
UC6N 21 517,951 578 427 *DJ9MH “ 674,778 550 422 *DF2QZ “ 8,607 58 57
RU6YJ “ 62,951 187 161 *DL5DTG “ 651,375 614 375 *DK9ZE “ 8,262 58 54
*R7MM A 1,245,176 990 491 *DL5KUD “ 614,560 573 368 *DM7HB “ 8,134 55 49
*R6KX “ 314,290 394 265 *DM7W “ 567,806 485 386 *DF3CE “ 6,768 53 47
*RQ7R “ 287,452 432 278 (OP: DL8MAS) *DL25KYF “ 6,192 53 48
*RN6DR “ 143,244 269 207 *DL1ZBO “ 534,314 586 326 (OP: DM2HEY)
*RX6N 28 4,725 48 45 *DL3DRN “ 484,968 569 334 *DF6RI “ 5,096 52 49
*RA6LIS 14 200,943 386 269 *DJ5FS “ 424,875 523 309 *DC8SG “ 4,720 41 40
*RT6DI “ 75,115 211 181 *DL6SFR “ 408,401 460 287 *DP7R “ 4,598 38 38
*DL5ARM “ 386,208 459 288 (OP: DL1GWS)
European Russia - District 9 *DG9OAY “ 336,377 439 263 *DM4AB “ 2,790 34 30
*R9FE A 404,775 494 315 *DO3PKE “ 335,814 412 291 *DL6NEJ “ 2,343 35 33
*R8XF “ 295,812 473 297 *DL6EZ “ 311,616 457 288 *DLØRDG “ 2,336 33 32
*RA9XSL “ 9,238 69 62 *DHØHAN “ 298,627 408 259 (OP: DL9GWA)
*DD5VL “ 286,764 358 276 *DM4KR “ 2,278 37 34
Fed. Rep. of Germany *DL1PSK “ 266,280 344 280 *DF6YC “ 1,564 24 23
DM7XX A 4,571,248 1712 836 *DP5P “ 257,342 295 223 *DKØVLP “ 360 10 10
DK8ZZ “ 3,783,013 1651 733 (OP: DL1MHJ) *DL7UPN “ 330 15 15
DP8M “ 2,422,511 1207 637 *DJ4WM “ 256,470 351 249 *DO1TLP “ 16 4 4
(OP: DL6NDW) *DD5M “ 231,894 330 234 *DG5EM “ 3 2 1
DA3X “ 2,074,496 1087 608 (OP: DJØZY) *DK9FEC 28 70,500 182 150
(OP: DL5JS) *DM4EAX “ 226,452 359 226 *DHØGDS “ 69,921 178 153
DF8XC “ 2,029,400 1226 584 *DM2GG “ 200,396 313 238 *DF4WC “ 56,244 158 129
DK9IP “ 1,839,936 999 592 *DB2WD “ 198,690 297 222 *DL9NEI “ 11,220 68 66
DL6JZ “ 1,827,628 1048 569 *DO2SBS “ 186,485 321 247 *DJ1MM “ 4,000 41 40
DLØHMK “ 1,781,605 1111 545 *DB8AH “ 156,400 294 200 *DL1DWR “ 1,197 21 21
(OP: DF2HN) *DL6MHW “ 152,856 271 193 *DO8FX “ 275 11 11
DJ3NG “ 1,750,881 1018 561 *DL4HCF “ 148,390 277 209 *DJ7UC 21 98,952 233 186
DQ1P “ 1,656,288 996 568 *DL3YM “ 130,240 243 185 *DO2MOG “ 25,152 101 96
(OP: DK1IP) *DL2FK “ 128,469 237 187 *DL8JKN “ 2,890 35 34
DL5ØDAH “ 1,521,562 981 502 *DC8YZ “ 126,480 237 204 *DL4FN 14 653,705 662 445
(OP: DK1KC) *DL6DCX “ 125,928 273 216 *DL3KVR “ 37,539 154 129
DH8BQA “ 1,391,314 888 542 *DM6EE “ 124,992 235 192 *DL1STV “ 1,428 30 28
DJ9RR “ 1,257,578 772 602 *DK1YH “ 124,898 290 197 *DL4ME 7 418,472 369 289
DK5MB “ 1,183,336 784 476 *DL4KW “ 122,360 235 190 *DJ5TT “ 359,040 353 264
DL7URH “ 1,134,112 703 488 *DFØBV “ 120,714 218 177 *DM3M “ 271,440 307 234
DM5GG “ 1,078,480 756 442 (OP: DL1MAJ) (OP: DM3XRF)
DL1RTL “ 1,073,552 789 458 *DK65ERD “ 118,770 235 185 *DF4ZL “ 257,712 296 236
DF6QV “ 996,996 721 429 (OP: DJ5CL) *DK5PD “ 130,302 199 171
DB1WA “ 940,043 782 433 *DL4YDR “ 115,340 218 158 *DL8ZU “ 83,352 167 138
DF8QB “ 804,063 641 389 *DL8DWW “ 113,849 233 181 *DM2RN “ 35,696 105 97
DK4VW “ 800,856 699 392 *DL1GWS “ 112,476 223 182 *DM4OLC “ 22,752 78 72
DJ8EW “ 776,050 640 415 *DF7AT “ 111,276 219 198 *DL9TU “ 340 10 10
DL1NEO “ 751,180 548 460 *DL2ZA “ 100,275 217 175 *DO1ABW 3.5 62,500 145 125
DL4ZA “ 748,753 682 419 *DC1YL “ 98,982 197 162
DHØGHU “ 705,646 603 389 *DL1DAW “ 98,564 204 164 Finland
DK2LO “ 499,851 492 363 *DL9DX “ 96,824 221 152 OH3FM A 1,924,128 1387 524
DL7VOG “ 473,280 506 320 *DL1EJD “ 94,792 229 164 OH3EX “ 838,034 665 446
DL5ST “ 454,463 491 331 *DJ3GE “ 94,240 218 155 OH7KBF “ 757,621 690 379
DL5YM “ 453,876 529 327 *DL1ASA “ 91,512 204 164 OG2P “ 690,399 538 369
DD7UW “ 326,150 406 275 *DJ2IA “ 89,474 209 166 OH3GLY “ 75,517 200 157
DJ5MW “ 322,973 391 301 *DL9GMC “ 87,156 216 162 OG6N “ 43,375 145 125
DL5AXX “ 278,806 383 253 *DG6ME “ 83,076 189 161 (OP: OH6NIO)
DK6WL “ 274,932 336 252 *DL6ES “ 81,305 204 161 OH1X 28 23,128 101 98
DL1EHG “ 265,716 389 244 *DG3NAB “ 80,964 196 156 OH1NOA 21 107,365 248 197
DF5BX “ 265,500 396 250 *DL1EMA “ 78,570 200 162 *OG16M A 559,875 685 375
DK2AT “ 265,468 383 266 *DL2LBK “ 74,104 161 157 *OH2EUU “ 90,024 232 186
DJ5AN “ 259,210 324 245 *DL5MHX “ 69,136 187 149 *OH2JIU “ 79,534 182 133
DF8V “ 220,418 315 233 *DJ9WJ “ 65,105 185 145 *OH9GIT “ 55,744 178 134
(OP: DF8VO) *DL2PK “ 62,967 175 139 *OH5UQ “ 8,176 63 56
DJ5IW “ 195,220 288 215 *DL9FBF “ 59,850 170 133 *OH1XX “ 6,075 49 45
DF5MA “ 184,044 281 196 *DL2AK “ 57,368 177 142 *OH8KVY 28 141,474 299 219
DK2TG “ 158,466 281 231 *DK4EF “ 54,000 150 125 *OH6FSG “ 67,416 181 159
DL1STG “ 139,153 248 193 *DF3EH “ 53,949 172 147 *OH1FFN 21 74,648 198 172
DK3GI “ 135,408 243 208 *DK7TY “ 50,544 142 117
DL9UP “ 116,864 219 166 *DM2DLG “ 49,625 167 125 France
DJ6TB “ 115,857 218 189 *DK1GP “ 48,789 169 139 F5OAM A 858,753 738 387
DF4XX “ 115,104 241 176 *DQ5M “ 47,994 146 114 F4DXX “ 553,668 611 348
DL7UGO “ 108,376 211 184 (OP: DK6SP) F1RHS “ 259,695 379 261
DK2CX “ 93,000 174 155 *DL6DJ “ 47,725 131 115 F5GFA “ 117,900 298 180
DL7AUO “ 87,040 197 160 *DL9WJM “ 47,553 146 121 F1ADG “ 103,812 227 164
DL1MGB “ 61,425 153 117 *DK2IP “ 41,471 131 113 F4HRM “ 70,416 201 163
DL6TK “ 53,128 162 116 *DL4APJ “ 40,817 144 119 F6FLU “ 61,347 145 143
DF3VM “ 53,086 147 127 *DF1LX “ 40,040 125 110 F5BMI “ 41,472 113 96
DM5JBN “ 51,336 139 124 *DJ9SN “ 39,856 119 106 F8FUA “ 9,632 60 56
DF8JK “ 51,188 177 134 *DL4AO “ 38,739 125 111 TM5T 28 303,160 405 286
DL5NDX “ 49,560 149 120 *DK3PM “ 37,629 114 111 (OP: F5VKT)

F5NBX “ 103,032 234 159 IK3ORD “ 1,383,910 821 506 *IU5ICR “ 23,016 96 84
F6ITD “ 24,273 109 93 IV3WMS “ 1,232,322 897 427 *I2XYI “ 20,382 98 79
F8AOF 21 58,500 164 156 IU1LCU “ 1,190,601 792 503 *IZ1PLH “ 20,007 95 81
F4VSD “ 21,280 110 95 IV3IPS “ 877,013 707 391 *IK6SXQ “ 18,360 99 90
*TM3Z A 6,546,037 1955 919 I1JTQ “ 849,690 690 405 *IN3XWE “ 15,147 94 81
(OP: F4DSK) IX1CLD “ 845,952 625 384 *IK2YSJ “ 14,774 86 83
*F4ITQ “ 573,447 582 329 I2SVA “ 793,224 640 414 *IZ5DKO “ 14,100 77 75
*F5RD “ 347,214 428 294 IK7NXU “ 782,690 693 415 *IW2JRV “ 13,680 89 80
*F4FDR “ 274,574 376 254 IUØPVM “ 762,354 690 369 *IKØRMR “ 13,024 78 74
*F5PVJ “ 222,975 314 225 I2DJX “ 721,000 595 412 *IK2WYI “ 12,600 83 72
*F4EKH “ 207,792 293 216 IZ2LSP “ 647,140 584 380 *IZ2ABZ “ 12,080 83 80
*F4FHV “ 189,441 298 217 IWØRLC “ 590,957 580 361 *IZØFVD “ 7,326 66 66
*F4IRV “ 142,354 291 218 IW2ILQ “ 569,516 582 346 *IK4RUX “ 6,985 57 55
*F4FRC “ 133,574 285 203 IK2SAI “ 565,326 613 361 *IU3GOA “ 6,435 61 55
*F4IVC “ 129,090 275 195 IZ4FUE “ 516,636 539 339 *IZ3QFG “ 6,280 43 40
*F4VVG “ 109,200 197 168 I2BRT “ 480,562 497 337 *IZ5CLJ “ 5,805 48 43
*F1IKA “ 98,596 182 157 I2WIJ “ 465,321 470 327 *IK1BPL “ 5,208 48 42
*F6BQG “ 94,958 222 158 IK2XSL “ 412,344 505 332 *IZ5PQT “ 4,400 48 40
*F1TRE “ 92,208 189 136 IK5FKF “ 391,680 456 320 *IUØRAU “ 3,735 48 45
*F4CZV “ 90,210 227 186 I2VXJ “ 381,582 472 306 *IN3MNS “ 3,104 35 32
*F4GDI “ 86,416 212 176 IZ3XEF “ 375,069 415 327 *IZ3XNJ “ 3,024 37 36
*F5TYY “ 50,085 160 135 IU1HHH “ 291,564 419 252 *IZØZFK “ 2,856 37 34
*F1IWH “ 35,192 131 106 IZ2ZQP “ 277,875 422 247 *IK2REA “ 2,325 26 25
*F5MMB “ 33,330 129 110 IK8SVQ “ 269,637 380 289 *IZ1FKS “ 2,262 30 29
*F5OYC “ 28,690 110 95 4U13FEB “ 238,164 408 267 *IZ2BHQ “ 2,106 26 26
*F/DF8DX “ 27,730 116 94 (OP: 9A3A) *IU2CKU “ 1,633 23 23
*F8CPA “ 19,680 97 80 IØGIA “ 156,414 251 199 *IZ8CLM “ 826 14 14
*F1TEM “ 12,540 89 76 IK2AHB “ 148,454 258 199 *IKØPEA 28 19,024 86 82
*F6KRK 28 110,780 238 191 IK5PWS “ 114,810 227 178 *IV3HAX “ 11,088 68 66
(OP: F4AFQ) I1NVU “ 103,045 228 185 *IZ5OQX “ 10,458 67 63
IW4ECF “ 102,312 207 174 *IK5AMB 21 422,688 492 357
Greece IZ4UFB “ 94,870 236 179 *IK1NEG “ 85,164 213 188
SV8DCY A 499,106 575 326 IK4HPS “ 73,179 206 173 *IZ6DWH “ 17,922 98 87
SV1ABB “ 162,681 319 211 IW1CHX “ 67,196 171 157 *IW2MXY 14 574,002 643 446
J42R 28 395,975 476 337 IKØYUT “ 66,944 196 128 *IK7DXP “ 186,068 396 257
(OP: SV2HXV) IK2LOL “ 35,030 128 113 *IZ7XNB “ 129,727 289 221
SV3GKU “ 177,320 311 248 IU1JCZ “ 34,093 122 103 *IV3ZNK “ 121,338 259 214
SV2BXA 21 1,083,712 829 574 IK2TDM “ 32,368 123 112 *IK2UEX “ 47,348 176 133
SV3SCW “ 904,916 797 538 IK2IKW “ 31,993 121 107 *IU1FQQ “ 43,355 160 145
SX2K 7 481,080 400 285 IW2DOY “ 29,574 104 93 *IK4RQJ “ 544 17 16
(OP: SV2BXZ) IKØXBX “ 23,848 98 88 *I3PXN 7 991,020 617 398
*SX68SF A 281,415 461 257 IZ5EME “ 22,464 82 78 *IW1PNJ “ 639,276 510 319
(OP: SV1JFL) IK1VHR “ 10,584 62 56 *II2V “ 534,576 456 296
*SV2SKD “ 208,656 363 216 IØWBX “ 5,355 53 51 *IZ1JJF “ 124,168 196 166
*SV1CKZ “ 173,463 290 201 IU4FKR “ 2,781 30 27 *IWØGYC “ 66,712 142 124
*SV4RNT “ 148,256 328 226 I1DXD “ 1,232 22 22 *IK2EBP “ 49,950 129 111
*SV1NZX “ 65,747 166 139 IU3BTY 28 282,880 389 272 *IK4GNI “ 37,014 109 93
*SV1DOO “ 53,880 155 120 IZ1PKV 21 506,022 533 374 *IW5EIJ “ 33,582 100 87
*SV2HJW “ 13,199 77 67 IZ8BGY “ 406,330 540 358 *IZ3GYS “ 7,224 47 43
*SV1DPP “ 11,880 64 60 IU4CSS “ 20,737 98 89 *IK8IOO “ 3,286 32 31
*SV7CUD “ 9,515 62 55 IWØHLZ “ 14,268 91 82 *IK4RVG 3.5 469,386 428 293
*SV1JG 28 251,624 389 284 IK2QIN “ 8,784 63 61 *IW2HUS “ 249,536 303 224
*SV3EXU “ 154,963 283 241 IQ1RY 14 2,191,680 1296 720
*SV3SKM “ 88,690 226 181 (OP: IZ1LBG) Kaliningrad
*SV2AEL 14 1,110,970 943 538 IZ2BVC “ 61,304 198 158 RN2FQ A 31,800 130 100
IU4CHE “ 47,158 166 146
Guernsey IV3ZXQ 7 2,090,952 903 514 Latvia
*GUØSUP 28 204,314 311 251 IZ7XUQ “ 476,418 413 293 YL2KO A 162,216 262 216
I1WXY 3.5 447,672 436 276 YL2EA 7 16,104 66 61
Hungary IZ3SQW “ 343,916 361 254 *YL2NK A 113,544 246 171
HA1SN 28 1,112,127 780 537 IV3RYP “ 198,740 277 190 *YL2LW “ 104,400 214 174
HA5UX “ 66,150 171 150 IV3VBM “ 166,348 243 182 *YL2KF “ 4,403 39 37
HG1S 21 1,606,451 969 673 *IQ6AN A 4,184,129 1535 769 *YL2CI 21 310,620 454 310
(OP: HA1DAE) (OP: IK6VXO)
HG5D “ 1,601,782 977 677 *IZ4JMA “ 891,254 741 413 Lithuania
(OP: HA8QZ) *IK1RGK “ 856,449 764 451 LY2SA A 140,425 251 205
HG2DX 14 1,016,178 882 514 *IW1CBG “ 779,145 700 381 LY5W 28 1,090,440 808 520
HA8BT 7 129,200 176 170 *IW2CDH “ 537,758 513 338 LY1R 21 784,054 745 439
HA1TJ 3.5 1,314,588 723 433 *I2XLF “ 525,632 571 344 *LY2TS A 590,569 573 353
*HA6NL A 974,594 751 419 *IUØRBE “ 523,973 546 331 *LY2J “ 315,252 428 278
*HA8WY “ 503,451 422 331 *IK3SSJ “ 458,328 478 339 *LY4K “ 242,128 298 296
*HA7UI “ 400,192 436 296 *IK8TEM “ 432,234 575 333 *LY5T 28 42,229 133 121
*HA3OU “ 212,352 290 237 *IV3IPA “ 366,885 433 263 *LY2PAD 21 178,688 319 256
*HA3FUP “ 41,451 147 123 *IZ7NMD “ 350,808 409 282
*HA3HK “ 24,990 107 98 *IU2JWF “ 345,060 422 284 Luxembourg
*HA2ETP “ 2,150 26 25 *IW2FUT “ 306,540 403 262 LX1NO A 794,555 698 367
*HA5GF 21 58,032 175 156 *IKØALT “ 292,100 369 254 LX1TI 28 145,507 281 227
*HA4WQ 14 287,352 432 312 *IN3OWY “ 286,504 386 236 LX1HD 7 187,590 232 185
*HA8TKS “ 200,674 369 269 *IK2SAR “ 286,440 412 248
*HAØMS “ 159,512 319 254 *IK4ZIF “ 284,328 312 264 Moldova
*HA1NR “ 103,626 260 202 *IK2VFQ “ 272,034 405 238 *ER/UT1ZZ 28 1,120 21 20
*HA8BQ “ 89,388 243 191 *IK3TCK “ 251,712 304 304
*HAØHV “ 42,795 156 135 *IZ4OSH “ 243,236 301 238 Netherlands
*HA1ZN “ 33,000 137 120 *IK2GZU “ 215,550 285 225 PA7LV A 582,435 622 387
*HA1TIB 7 147,368 216 169 *IZ6BXQ “ 211,302 359 234 PA4G “ 433,650 481 294
*HA1TV “ 136,416 195 168 *IU3QCC “ 187,956 325 227 PA3I “ 394,964 484 293
*HA3GO 3.5 143,040 225 160 *IK4XQT/4 “ 167,466 301 226 PAØVHA “ 250,580 387 268
*HA8BE “ 30,960 96 86 *IKØCHU “ 159,258 243 209 PC4H “ 243,344 345 227
*IW8PQ “ 139,860 296 222 PA3GCU “ 139,128 251 186
Iceland *IU1LAR “ 129,870 256 185 PD9X “ 101,824 193 148
TF1AM A 2,288,680 1551 580 *IZ2XCK “ 115,005 233 165 PA2A “ 48,994 143 131
TF3T “ 1,457,796 1073 492 *IU3QEU “ 113,022 244 189 PA3GVI “ 45,045 116 99
*TF2MSN A 144,072 252 207 *IK3MLF “ 110,330 214 187 PA5KT “ 34,656 105 96
*TF3AO “ 81,289 229 169 *I2BZN “ 100,215 203 153 PI4VPO “ 8,712 73 66
*TF3VE “ 37,084 176 146 *I1YGQ “ 99,360 233 184 (OP: PE1NYQ)
*IK2AUK “ 98,272 228 166 PA5WT 28 18,091 92 79
Ireland *IK2MXM “ 96,104 206 164 PA6AA “ 3,492 40 36
EI6LA A 1,430,000 863 520 *IK2ZJJ “ 94,518 229 178 (OP: PB7Z)
EI6IKB “ 999,440 840 403 *IK4RVY “ 91,142 229 199 PE1KL 21 26,368 118 103
EIØW “ 299,184 354 271 *I2OGV “ 84,669 208 169 *PG7M A 1,395,390 743 579
EI3CTB 28 1,856 29 29 *IZ5FSA “ 77,865 176 145 *PA3DUU “ 472,515 497 327
*EI8KW A 67,850 162 115 *IK2OVT “ 60,863 142 121 *PE1OYB “ 403,194 458 298
*EI3GRB “ 4,708 48 44 *IZ5HQB “ 57,680 161 140 *PDØMHZ “ 302,808 373 248
*EI5KO 14 13,552 78 77 *IWØAEN “ 46,052 137 116 *PA2JCB “ 275,504 391 257
*IK6BSN “ 39,346 127 103 *PAØALG “ 226,816 384 256
Isle of Man *IU8MOA “ 36,125 150 125 *PDØWVB “ 201,214 335 218
MD7C 21 1,687,770 1117 630 *IZ3ZOO “ 34,444 137 109 *PE1FTV “ 144,180 251 178
(OP: M5RIC) *IU4CHJ “ 32,301 125 111 *PA3BUD “ 139,986 238 198
*IK3BVD “ 28,993 95 79 *PH3T “ 133,759 240 181
Italy *IK2DKX “ 28,314 108 99 *PF4ØN “ 124,932 262 174
IZ2FOS A 2,347,884 1228 588 *IK8UND “ 24,795 101 87 (OP: PE1LDS)
I4LCK “ 2,234,194 1273 626 *IK8ARF “ 24,700 117 100 *PA3DBS “ 111,056 237 176

*PA4DN “ 94,554 197 153 *SP6OWA “ 10,140 58 52 *YU3EDI “ 10,260 55 54
*PDØJMH “ 89,428 195 158 *SP9ICU “ 9,563 79 73 *YU3A 28 128,077 248 211
*PE1LZZ “ 83,881 221 161 *SN8K “ 8,201 61 59 *YU7OM “ 1,680 26 24
*PC1PM “ 82,560 200 160 (OP: SQ8ERS) *YU4SMT 21 5,994 59 54
*PAØCMF “ 75,047 203 151 *SQ8L “ 4,653 39 33 *YT7E 14 265,088 466 304
*PC5D “ 70,477 190 149 *SP2HHX “ 3,444 48 41 *YT1BX “ 100,667 256 197
*PA4GDR “ 66,417 152 131 *SP9DLS “ 1,914 36 33 *YT5W 7 514,800 455 300
*PAØGRU “ 41,520 142 120 *SP3BBS “ 1,886 25 23 (OP: YT5DEY)
*PA3EWG “ 36,456 116 98 *SQ9DEO “ 1,560 24 24
*PI4CG “ 32,256 136 112 *SP2V “ 200 10 10 Sicily
(OP: PD5GH) *SQ2OMK “ 152 8 8 IT9ODQ A 865,612 829 412
*PA2VS “ 26,752 101 88 *SO25UM 28 608,688 545 432 IT9WKU “ 186,995 312 251
*PA3EVY “ 26,325 93 81 (OP: SQ9UM) IT9VDQ “ 98,992 229 184
*PA3ARM “ 23,571 97 81 *SP6IHE “ 90,896 211 184 IT9SSI “ 47,291 160 131
*PA7RW “ 20,086 100 83 *SP4GDC “ 24,570 100 91 IT9DKI “ 31,114 104 94
*PA3ADU “ 18,568 96 88 *SP8EEX “ 5,480 50 40 IQ9PA “ 13,320 81 74
*PA3CXB “ 12,900 78 75 *SP9KJU “ 5,368 45 44 IT9BLB 14 1,679,690 1063 670
*PAØFVH “ 12,462 71 62 (OP: SP9MDY) *IT9VCE A 1,276,904 994 458
*PAØBOF “ 11,880 85 72 *SNØR “ 2,430 30 30 *IT9ESW “ 1,181,432 799 511
*PA3HGF “ 10,710 73 63 (OP: SQ9IAU) *IT9GHW “ 175,500 331 234
*PA8KW “ 1,325 25 25 *SQ6A “ 1,702 25 23 *IT9AJP “ 85,504 195 167
*PA1BBO “ 1,272 25 24 *SP2FNC 21 62,832 187 154 *IT9BGY “ 27,930 118 105
*PD2PKM 14 338,661 501 333 *SP9TDA “ 18,490 99 86 *IT9MBZ “ 18,316 92 76
*PA3DTR 7 38,368 102 88 *SP9BGS “ 14,960 96 80 *IT9LKX “ 15,123 82 71
*SP8N 14 401,319 499 387 *IT9IVU “ 3,528 45 36
North Macedonia *SP8CGU “ 205,618 381 266 *IT9RZU 28 315,576 402 324
Z33B A 259,707 396 249 *SP6DMI “ 49,192 170 143 *IT9MRM “ 195,569 317 253
Z35T 28 1,560,698 1010 613 *SP4TKR 7 1,156,400 712 413 *IT9ATF 21 99,715 267 185
*Z36W A 1,481,348 992 514 *SQ5CZP “ 262,404 294 222 *IW9FI “ 25,272 121 104
*Z33F “ 481,728 543 312 *SP3AMO 3.5 26,892 92 83 *IT9STX “ 10,270 72 65
*Z36N 28 125,244 274 196 *SP5UFK “ 7,920 48 45 *IT9IMJ “ 2,201 38 31
*Z39A 7 291,392 300 232 *SP3CMX “ 16 2 2 *IW9FDD 14 347,415 497 345
*Z35Z 3.5 91,936 175 136 *IT9RJE 7 1,556,160 732 480
Portugal *IT9LIZ “ 17,292 69 66
Northern Ireland CT7AIX 28 44,764 137 124 *IT9XTP 3.5 43,650 112 97
*MIØDWE A 261,807 381 273 *CR5O A 2,614,108 1594 623
*GI4H “ 47,232 135 123 (OP: CT7AJL) Slovak Republic
*CT1BXT “ 607,560 548 366 OM3CFR A 523,160 528 328
Norway *CT7AUP “ 249,498 392 249 OM5MX “ 278,460 381 260
LC6C A 500,214 531 318 *CT1FKN “ 245,618 316 254 OM7KW “ 145,314 249 207
(OP: LA6VQ) *CT1FOQ “ 142,272 260 192 OM4MM “ 38,961 136 111
LA1TV “ 310,496 434 313 OM3CW 28 47,488 151 112
LC9S 14 40,392 158 132 Romania OM2VL “ 28,569 115 89
(OP: LA9GSA) YO4NF A 1,903,356 1140 546 *OM5JA A 297,184 357 251
*LA5LJA A 930,225 805 395 YO3VU “ 1,346,080 1004 470 *OM7AG “ 215,166 368 218
*LA9TY “ 671,803 603 389 YO3RU “ 1,311,987 987 489 *OM1HMI “ 132,475 249 175
*LB2WG “ 309,288 438 263 YO3GNF “ 508,305 583 329 *OM5CM “ 90,190 178 145
*LA3BPA “ 269,748 354 254 YO9HP “ 344,454 394 307 *OM5NL “ 72,216 180 153
*LB6VI “ 224,352 386 246 YO2DFA “ 184,005 295 235 *OM3TLE “ 37,030 139 115
*LA2HFA “ 177,984 304 216 YO7CW “ 172,156 249 193 *OM8MF “ 11,592 68 63
*LA4NL “ 20,640 103 96 YO3IJ “ 110,400 245 184 *OM5NA 28 54,672 153 134
*LB2WD “ 7,320 65 60 YO3LW 21 241,976 382 298 *OM5TX 14 175,951 357 251
*LC9T “ 154 8 7 YO4FPF 14 455,455 623 385 *OM8JP “ 97,152 251 192
(OP: LA9VKA) YQ6A 7 1,053,360 589 399 *OM3ZWA 7 672,010 486 335
(OP: YO6BHN) *OM5APP “ 43,680 119 104
Poland *YO4DG A 804,783 747 399 *OM5KM 3.5 394,000 400 250
SN7Q A 7,803,612 2603 933 *YO6HSU “ 736,568 676 392
(OP: SP7GIQ) *YO9BCM “ 667,550 597 338 Slovenia
SOØA “ 373,541 453 301 *YO4SI “ 242,592 346 228 S53M A 5,612,922 1922 837
SP2TQQ “ 190,617 296 203 *YO3YV “ 174,894 293 206 (OP: S51FB)
SN5N “ 106,470 230 169 *YO9CWY “ 123,830 283 203 S58M “ 2,609,088 1364 642
(OP: SP5KP) *YO4CVV “ 84,456 206 153 S53F “ 1,900,565 972 641
SP3HRN “ 42,180 149 114 *YO3JF “ 41,472 151 128 S5ØRY “ 1,303,447 841 449
SP8BQL “ 18,396 93 84 *YO3CEN “ 26,062 96 83 (OP: S53K)
SP8K 28 635,390 595 406 *YO9WHI “ 18,432 77 64 S56EM “ 72,478 206 167
SP7IIT “ 180 10 10 *YO2LDU “ 11,388 69 52 S57DX 28 445,195 492 331
SN2M 21 2,212,028 1240 721 *YO2IS 28 83,328 200 168 S52X 7 3,333,024 1094 652
(OP: SP2XF) *YO8DHA “ 42,350 163 121 S53X 3.5 957,110 633 385
SN5X “ 920,138 768 482 *YO3JW 21 180 9 9 *S52W A 647,514 582 378
SO4M 14 1,302,400 1018 592 *YO5AXF 14 165,620 342 245 *S51I “ 353,510 444 290
SQ9DXT “ 59,625 181 159 *YO8RC “ 26,904 128 118 *S57SWR “ 317,440 404 256
*SP2R A 2,075,948 1129 604 *YO6BGT 7 10,600 52 50 *S57AJ “ 274,740 355 228
*SN6S “ 1,271,820 864 470 *S52OT “ 70,700 209 175
(OP: SP6ZC) San Marino *S51MM “ 56,870 161 121
*SP9DTE “ 855,848 715 406 *T77CX 28 1,045,296 808 504 *S52WD “ 15,405 83 79
*SP9DLY “ 782,082 694 378 (OP: IK4DCX) *S5ØSL “ 12,432 60 56
*3Z9W “ 648,962 642 334 *S57YK 14 91,455 227 195
(OP: SP9EZM) Sardinia *S51CK 7 1,694,712 820 482
*SP3LGF “ 577,155 579 353 *ISØCAK A 9,342 54 54 *S54MI “ 410,220 384 265
*SP1TJ “ 441,840 486 336 *S57ZT “ 345,092 343 242
*SO3O “ 403,522 449 287 Scotland *S51W 3.5 553,280 471 304
*SP3GAX “ 387,688 474 301 MM9I A 3,337,873 1480 737
*HF3A “ 335,404 429 284 (OP: GMØOPS) Spain
(OP: SP3IIZ) MM2T “ 519,564 538 348 EE4Y A 5,240,620 2072 820
*SP9KDA “ 332,575 446 265 GM2V “ 180,605 290 205 (OP: EA4GOY)
(OP: SP6GCU) (OP: GM3WOJ) EA4Z “ 871,108 801 371
*SP1DOZ “ 290,244 398 268 GM4ZUK “ 38,048 132 116 EA4FME “ 422,808 520 316
*SP6NIV “ 255,013 332 239 MM1E 28 23,655 102 83 EF5T “ 199,136 277 196
*SP6JZP “ 224,192 331 248 (OP: MMØGOR) (OP: EA5JDN)
*SP9GMI “ 223,560 319 230 *GM3A A 364,800 496 320 EA2A “ 193,116 296 228
*SP2MKI “ 211,754 289 239 (OP: MMØJOM) EA1L “ 192,226 328 223
*SP3QDX “ 194,040 322 220 *GM4JKZ “ 136,528 274 184 EA5O “ 150,540 232 193
*SQ6PLE “ 192,640 293 224 *MMØCPZ “ 124,062 245 186 EA5GIE “ 24,115 108 91
*SP4BPH “ 188,340 314 219 *MMØC “ 80,384 194 157 EA2DDE “ 19,980 96 74
*SP6SOZ “ 165,444 278 204 *GM4OSS “ 3,360 42 42 EB1IC “ 4,368 46 42
*SP5GNI “ 150,856 275 218 *GM5M 28 85,608 208 164 EA3JW “ 2,640 24 24
*SP5CMW “ 133,176 233 179 (OP: GM4ZNC) EA5DFV “ 420 14 14
*SP9CTS “ 108,576 216 156 *GM5BDX “ 493 17 17 EA7Z 28 670,351 673 409
*SP6BEN “ 106,444 202 178 *GM6DX 21 34,281 151 117 EF5K 21 1,641,384 1097 648
*SQ6ELK “ 103,716 191 172 *GMØKWW 14 73,017 211 171 (OP: EA5DF)
*SP3MEO “ 103,104 216 179 EF1A “ 97,173 229 177
*SP3CCT “ 92,568 216 174 Serbia (OP: EA1X)
*SP6FXY “ 79,156 191 154 YT3D A 2,566,256 1263 616 EA1B 14 898,986 813 514
*SP7Y “ 67,257 197 159 YT4T “ 2,122,256 1153 632 EA1DA 7 234,422 256 199
*SQ9FMU “ 55,917 150 109 YT1X 28 1,186,740 831 570 *EF7N A 2,716,049 1491 661
*SP1DMD “ 55,120 155 130 YT9A 21 268,478 374 302 (OP: EA7KHB)
*SQ7LQJ “ 50,673 155 133 YT3X 14 2,077,682 1272 713 *ED7Z “ 1,018,104 871 472
*SQ3KNL “ 32,490 107 90 *YT2U A 594,980 564 355 (OP: EA7EQ)
*SP9IVD “ 29,165 106 95 *YU1KT “ 376,257 441 287 *EA4BAS “ 1,016,232 726 552
*SP9EXE “ 26,208 102 91 *YU3TA “ 89,811 193 153 *EA2ESB “ 674,856 588 364
*SP3MZ “ 24,940 94 86 *YT2TNT “ 73,112 217 152 *EA3FZT “ 648,340 703 385
*SP9IHP “ 19,096 87 62 *YT3H “ 58,000 129 116 *EA5HKZ “ 492,898 568 323

*EA2BJM “ 444,852 485 324 *UX1VX “ 191,840 299 220 *YC1CKK “ 6,060 91 60
*ED4J “ 428,496 574 339 *UT5UML “ 180,375 324 195 *YC1TCA “ 6,016 51 47
(OP: EA4HKF) *UR5WCQ “ 153,903 227 183 *YCØAOM “ 5,952 71 48
*EA4FIT “ 386,232 469 308 *UTØCK “ 48,972 163 132 *YC4PSG/8 “ 5,764 75 44
*EA2EVM “ 366,201 547 297 *US5CDH “ 42,020 148 110 *YB1ICC “ 5,456 44 44
*EA5HYJ “ 335,454 462 294 *US7UK “ 240 10 10 *YB2CTE “ 5,376 51 42
*EA1IYK “ 199,368 377 234 *UR5LAM 28 233,448 352 284 *YCØJOY “ 5,232 56 48
*EC7YY “ 150,104 298 232 *UW5U “ 15,600 99 75 *YB7GRN “ 3,870 55 45
(OP: EC7CC) (OP: UY2UA) *YF2AIV “ 3,408 49 48
*EA3HKA “ 117,600 292 200 *UT2EF 21 147,744 302 243 *YD1CZE “ 2,673 39 33
*EE5O “ 116,820 219 180 *USØMM 14 135,135 324 231 *YD2BIU “ 2,257 44 37
(OP: EA5ITJ) *UW7LL 3.5 10,816 53 52 *YB9GDP “ 2,133 44 27
*EA7DUT “ 107,118 296 198 *YC7SQV “ 1,365 24 21
*EA1EWY “ 100,980 220 170 Wales *YB1LRG “ 1,015 33 29
*EB5CUZ “ 99,876 228 164 MC2I A 657,915 603 345 *YB3COY “ 731 20 17
*EF5R “ 95,830 281 185 (OP: GW5NF) *YB1DFF “ 325 23 13
(OP: EA5GOR) GWØA “ 72,924 136 118 *YF3AWZ “ 190 10 10
*EA5KE “ 89,394 187 141 (OP: GW4SKA) *YD3BWK “ 100 6 5
*EA2EVC “ 88,234 196 157 *MW9W A 1,669,393 1063 517 *YB1HR 28 155,043 270 207
*EB5CS “ 88,000 224 176 (OP: GWØKRL) *YB2VYY “ 43,197 132 121
*EA5LU “ 82,478 214 163 *GW4HBK “ 9,558 62 59 *YC1LIN “ 28,600 107 100
*EA2ESK “ 68,134 190 163 *MWØCRI 21 421,124 511 374 *YB1RKT “ 26,312 101 88
*EA2CCG “ 62,133 195 149 *YB3BGM “ 20,418 86 82
*EA3CFV “ 25,500 122 100 *YD3CZV “ 286 11 11
*EA3DNC “ 21,000 83 75 OCEANIA *YB1BML 21 165,834 285 222
*EA7KGK “ 5,300 56 53 Australia *YD3ASV “ 86,390 202 163
*EA5LN “ 4,408 41 38 VJ5W A 767,852 639 388 *YD1FRU “ 66,555 178 145
*EA5ERA “ 2,451 67 57 (OP: VK5GR) *YB9UA “ 47,328 190 136
*EA4AFP “ 1,139 17 17 VJ3A “ 253,773 347 241 *YB9GV “ 29,939 123 91
*EE3Z 28 115,444 243 196 (OP: VK3JA) *YB4KAR “ 21,845 103 85
(OP: EA3NO) VK4AFU “ 10,664 65 62 *YB3ATK “ 18,834 93 86
*EA7VJ “ 31,694 114 106 VK2RT “ 10,092 63 58 *YB8JEC “ 17,739 119 73
*EA3OH “ 8,732 61 59 VL2N “ 429 13 13 *YC1JEL “ 16,185 94 83
*EA4TX “ 7,332 54 47 (OP: VK2PN) *YB2SLF “ 9,240 70 66
*ED7B 21 546,270 594 393 VL4Y 21 94,377 210 163 *YDØBCG “ 7,315 60 55
(OP: EC7ZR) *VK4ZP A 223,492 339 236 *YB1NIN “ 6,968 66 52
*EE7R “ 258,093 413 297 *VJ3U “ 3,960 44 40 *YD1CHM “ 1,932 31 28
*EA5MR “ 55,998 190 153 *VK4XU “ 192 14 12 *YCØNAN “ 1,288 24 23
*EF5U “ 37,698 149 122 *VK4UC 28 132,733 256 199 *YC2MPF “ 25 5 5
(OP: EA5U) *VK5NIG “ 1,768 26 26 *YC4RWH “ 24 4 4
*EB3TR 14 70,666 218 178 *VL3M 14 45,666 139 118 *YDØAWA “ 4 2 2
*EA1DP “ 20,661 111 97 (OP: VK3UW) *YC2KJC 14 22,000 103 88
*EA3OW “ 4,753 51 49 *VJ3O “ 27,260 111 94 *YB1JUS “ 4,592 50 41
*EA3CI 7 1,574,816 764 464 (OP: VK3TX) *YE4IJ “ 1,890 28 27
*EA3IAZ “ 212,796 280 207 *YBØMZI “ 1,624 37 28
*EA3MR “ 59,438 148 113 East Malaysia *YC1IFR “ 646 21 17
*EA1AAP “ 33,616 98 88 *9W6AJA A 1,014 15 13 *YD9MBM 7 7,752 49 38
*EC5AN 3.5 29,584 91 86 *YD9UW “ 3,024 27 27
Hawaii *YF3FBV “ 1,332 18 18
Sweden KH6ZM A 1,553,343 1081 457 *YC1RYX “ 1,326 17 17
SM2M A 2,260,576 1136 656 KH6TU “ 148,520 272 188 *YC1JDW “ 720 19 18
(OP: SM2LIY) (OP: AD6E) *YB3RYX “ 550 11 11
SM7BHM “ 406,565 534 305 *KH6CJJ A 806,465 761 341 *YBØOHG “ 506 13 11
SB7A “ 399,051 501 303 *KH6OO “ 2,349 31 29 *YF4IDW “ 396 12 11
(OP: SA7LAK) *YC3BUE “ 364 13 13
SM6MVE “ 283,484 399 262 Indonesia *YC4SJA “ 252 12 9
7S9A 7 1,452,680 751 460 YE1BON A 309,488 465 232
(OP: SA6FOL) YB2GBS “ 179,697 365 199 New Zealand
SM5EPO “ 365,190 336 259 YB2MM “ 144,400 292 190 ZL4NR A 34,680 124 102
*SM5IMO A 868,376 739 394 YCØSCZ “ 48,190 143 122 ZL3P 28 60,571 173 119
*SE4E “ 619,993 646 359 YB2IQ “ 38,850 139 105 (OP: ZL3PAH)
(OP: SM4DQE) YBØSAS “ 27,544 121 88 ZL2RX 21 11,214 70 63
*SE6K “ 613,700 672 340 YC8DUL “ 20,916 97 84 *ZL3VZ A 149,553 249 191
(OP: SM6FZO) YB7OO “ 15,480 74 60
*SM6I “ 374,920 492 280 YBØISE “ 8,250 63 50 Philippines
(OP: SA6CMO) YB9AOS “ 1,624 34 29 DV3A A 149,694 294 183
*SM5GRD “ 363,562 498 289 YB4DCE “ 1,395 38 31 *4D3X A 547,808 614 272
*7S5S “ 310,254 419 267 YB7YDB “ 1,120 33 32 *DV3TSJ “ 76,875 258 125
(OP: SM5CSS) YC3AHD “ 1,100 21 20 *DU1/NFØO “ 8,575 62 49
*SI3A “ 161,784 344 216 YCØRFS “ 940 21 20 *DU1/N6HPX “ 3,192 45 38
(OP: SM3LIV) (OP: YDØRFS) *4I1BNC 21 6,300 57 42
*SM5MX “ 143,058 292 211 YE3FAX “ 180 17 15
*SM5ILE “ 101,360 223 181 YB3BLJ 21 78,540 174 165 Samoa
*SAØFIA “ 98,240 217 160 YC2BST “ 24,932 106 92 *5W1SA 7 1,008 14 14
*SM5DXR “ 43,164 173 132 YB1IUQ “ 17,622 102 89
*SM7CIL “ 19,950 98 75 YB3FTD “ 8,424 59 54 Vanuatu
*SD1A “ 11,644 83 71 YF3FZR “ 1,674 27 27 YJØA A 452,584 480 278
(OP: SM1TDE) YB7KE “ 286 11 11 (OP: W7YAQ)
*SM6BZV 28 14,454 81 66 YB7MP 14 61,787 188 137
YB3BX “ 312 16 12
Switzerland *YB9ELS A 449,280 524 320 SOUTH AMERICA
HB9GFT A 62,678 186 154 *YC1JGE “ 132,430 290 170 Argentina
HB9DOS 14 76,475 209 161 *YC2XCD “ 123,176 288 173 LU1BJW A 350,594 419 307
*HB9CU A 960,075 631 425 *YB2ECG “ 109,536 256 168 LU6ETB “ 149,940 263 196
(OP: HB9VQQ) *YCØBAS “ 60,452 172 127 LU7HN 28 732,813 656 411
*HB9HQX “ 234,330 349 219 *YC1PZ “ 60,048 169 139 LU8MHL “ 295,920 382 270
*HB9TZU “ 211,358 300 217 *YE3ESW “ 58,039 178 127 LU5DF “ 31,392 116 96
*HB9FXU “ 195,546 306 218 *YB8CMT “ 56,196 162 126 *LU4HK A 34,441 126 101
*HB9TSU “ 47,005 145 119 *YB7SKM “ 52,392 189 118 *LU7DLS “ 608 24 16
*HB9DAZ “ 34,068 116 102 *YB8RVI “ 48,732 169 93 *LW3DN 28 172,920 292 220
*HB9CNY “ 31,031 118 91 *YB1MIG “ 48,384 192 112 *LV1D “ 126,881 242 181
*HB9EGA “ 23,716 92 77 *YE9PBZ “ 44,840 166 118 *LU7DW “ 800 21 20
*HB9HGD “ 4,107 44 37 *YB1BA “ 40,625 174 125 *LT9H 21 193,344 309 228
*YB9LCM “ 39,037 164 103 (OP: LU3HY)
Ukraine *YC1GDF “ 38,936 181 124 *LV1E “ 2,211 34 33
UW1M A 8,013,706 3187 874 *YD8IKY “ 35,308 130 91
(OP: UR5MW) *YD9UBT “ 32,830 149 98 Aruba
US2YW “ 3,827,281 1785 739 *YB1AM “ 23,821 114 83 P49X A 9,180,792 3026 846
UX5IO “ 1,339,737 973 487 *YC1CBY “ 19,578 114 78 (OP: WØYK)
UT5ECZ “ 216,975 297 263 *YB7NUS “ 16,717 102 73
UY5ZZ “ 212,321 352 241 *YC8FKN “ 15,572 100 68 Brazil
UT3UV “ 60,900 185 145 *YE8DWC “ 13,888 97 62 ZW2N A 3,030,035 1467 691
US5QUB “ 2 1 1 *YB1BZV “ 13,764 91 74 (OP: PY2MNL)
UT7ZM 14 52,448 174 149 *YC4GAS “ 11,830 91 65 ZV5M “ 2,030,364 1220 588
UT2AU “ 33,512 147 118 *YB4KRZ “ 11,088 69 56 (OP: PY5AMF)
*UZ1WW A 1,485,200 1013 470 *YC8GPH “ 10,458 91 63 PY4EK “ 630,720 613 365
*UT5EOX “ 596,754 607 387 *YC6HRI “ 9,020 66 55 PY5ZHP “ 342,441 435 297
*UW1WU “ 497,660 511 298 *YF7UFT “ 8,427 75 53 PY2GZ “ 97,614 211 174
*UT3SO “ 444,481 508 293 *YF1BMZ “ 8,364 55 51 PT7WM “ 84,402 189 162
*US6CQ “ 405,805 505 293 *YC1CAR “ 7,632 103 53 PY2EU “ 46,540 151 130
*UR7EC “ 353,065 451 293 *YD2UWF “ 7,540 54 52 PY2KDU “ 15,488 103 88
*UR4CU “ 214,776 313 228 *YC3TSJ “ 7,332 55 52 PS7DX “ 13,455 70 65

PY3TR “ 3,010 45 43 WU5K “ 248,685 460 295 UT7AA “ 506 23 23
PV8DX “ 1,664 26 26 (OP: K5NZ) NH6O “ 300 10 10
PV2K 28 2,205,096 1156 661 IZ8JFL “ 228,589 308 227 YB8RAG “ 153 10 9
(OP: PY2KNK) YU1RH “ 223,139 351 251 YB8LDK “ 153 27 17
PY2CX “ 965,740 764 436 HB2QRP “ 216,450 328 225 YB2ERL “ 40 5 5
PY2EBD “ 11,532 63 62 (OP: HB9BAS) SFØA 14 286,124 464 307
PY3LX “ 1,176 21 21 JH7UJU “ 130,427 256 167 (OP: SMØLPO)
PY2QT 21 301,500 400 300 RC1C “ 126,485 265 205 YU1NR “ 59,130 179 162
PY5QW “ 78,894 184 162 W6QU “ 115,415 275 205 ON3PAT “ 35,620 140 130
PR7ZAJ 14 46,617 143 123 (OP: W8QZA) EA7JTP “ 28,290 132 115
PY2XJ “ 1,653 31 29 DL2DCX “ 114,632 252 184 TI2BSH “ 26,104 131 104
*PY1FI A 759,774 686 417 PY2PLL “ 99,540 211 180 OQ4B “ 22,989 116 97
*ZX2V “ 370,880 453 304 UT2SQ “ 97,760 195 160 (OP: ON4BHQ)
(OP: PY2XV) DL5CV “ 95,776 209 164 YO4BEW “ 21,008 112 104
*PY1ZV “ 254,826 385 242 JA4XHF/3 “ 81,879 197 147 OK7N “ 9,039 73 69
*PU2USK “ 149,720 286 197 RV3DBK “ 70,854 206 147 LY4BF “ 7,503 66 61
*PY2WLM “ 38,625 154 125 WQ6X “ 67,144 259 154 9A5HZ “ 5,044 53 52
*ZX89L “ 30,502 107 101 OK7PZ “ 66,430 172 130 DL7EDU “ 1,450 30 29
(OP: PY7XC) OK1DMP “ 64,960 149 140 IK2FTB “ 1,326 27 26
*PY2ANH “ 24,273 102 87 CO2OQ “ 62,444 182 134 IU4PRA “ 1,222 29 26
*PP5ARF “ 19,624 95 88 EA4U “ 57,822 169 138 IW2NRI “ 893 23 19
(OP: PP5TI) YO7BGA “ 56,304 167 136 VK3GK “ 833 18 17
*PP5DZ “ 17,933 86 79 K4SAA “ 50,944 152 128 UV3RT “ 72 6 6
*PY2MIA “ 10,912 70 62 DDØVS “ 43,930 130 115 YO8OLY “ 40 4 4
*PY4ARS “ 7,506 57 54 9M2TDX “ 43,890 172 114 DU7OK “ 8 2 2
*ZV2F “ 4,515 51 43 CO2KY “ 42,601 152 113 SP4LO 7 147,420 216 182
(OP: PY2SFA) PD8DX “ 41,688 134 108 I2/UY2ZA “ 62,976 148 123
*PR7KSA “ 667 27 23 AI9K “ 40,800 186 136 MM7BWK “ 41,040 105 95
*PU5KJN “ 168 12 12 F5MGD “ 35,378 127 98 GM1J “ 36,860 102 97
*PU1JSV 28 566,605 535 379 EW8G “ 34,594 123 98 (OP: MMØBQI)
*PY2UD “ 279,491 357 269 JK2VOC “ 33,759 136 99 SP6EIY “ 29,920 102 85
*PU2WDX “ 267,566 385 251 SP3PDO “ 26,602 104 94 YD3AMT “ 112 9 8
*PT8DX “ 177,660 301 210 (OP: SP3TYJ) BH5HGI “ 32 4 4
*PY1KB “ 95,480 227 155 G4FPA “ 25,761 107 93 UT3N 3.5 159,698 241 187
*PP5FZ “ 45,000 148 120 DL8LR “ 24,900 101 83 (OP: UT3NK)
*PY1SAD “ 43,896 164 118 PE2K “ 24,541 109 97 SP3EMA “ 119,184 195 156
*PY4XX “ 20,054 96 74 JK1TCV “ 23,604 101 84 M9N “ 59,780 134 122
*PU3VON “ 18,530 90 85 YB1PEF “ 20,254 113 82 (OP: G7WHI)
*PU4BOT “ 15,408 78 72 DF5GO “ 18,091 95 79 YL3FW “ 41,600 106 100
*PU3POE “ 10,557 72 69 SV1UH “ 17,920 93 80 PAØAWH “ 5,112 40 36
*PU2XFF “ 8,892 58 52 KG2U “ 16,380 115 91 EE2A “ 3,472 29 28
*PY2ATR “ 8,848 62 56 YU1LM “ 15,552 73 64 (OP: EA2SN)
*PY2VZ “ 5,060 46 44 HF55ØMK “ 14,976 80 72 JA5NSR “ 50 5 5
*PU3LTA “ 1,007 19 19 (OP: SP9RQH)
*PY3CAD “ 656 16 16 YD6ROA “ 14,283 109 69
*PY2TDB “ 8 4 4 AA8OY “ 13,840 89 80 MULTI-OPERATOR
*PU2UAF 21 124,740 253 210 DL2BIS “ 13,575 89 75 SINGLE-TRANSMITTER HIGH POWER
*PU8YPL “ 37,152 134 108 YV6BXN “ 12,296 62 58
*PU7ASP “ 1,755 29 27 R7KO “ 10,465 68 65 NORTH AMERICA
*PY2NY 14 376,292 437 302 CO6EC “ 10,192 63 56 United States - District 2
*PY3TD “ 25,830 115 105 DH4BM “ 9,964 67 53 AK2S 238,810 466 286
*PY6TS “ 9,454 64 58 IZ5IOM “ 7,191 52 47
*PY2GTA 7 3,216 24 24 BH6KWC “ 5,750 52 46 United States - District 3
DF5EM “ 5,720 55 52 ND3D 5,388,432 2255 812
Chile TF2CT “ 3,456 37 36
*CB8E A 278,133 389 249 DL8MDW “ 2,996 31 28 United States - District 4
(OP: CE8EIO) YO4AAC “ 1,736 30 28 W4MLB 598,662 710 421
*CE3GRU “ 60,320 173 130 LU1KCQ “ 1,113 25 21
*CE3KA “ 18,810 111 90 VE3JZT “ 798 20 19 United States - District 6
*CE3RIF “ 17,628 94 78 DL7AU “ 700 14 14 AG6AU 389,991 697 343
*CE1WGM 28 395,616 473 312 K8ZT “ 616 23 22
*CA5GRF “ 188,100 323 209 N6HI “ 600 26 20 United States - District 7
*CE5AUC 14 1,071 21 21 I/PE4I “ 434 14 14 WM7A 841,156 934 446
DK2FG “ 288 8 8
Colombia OK2SWD “ 180 9 9 United States - District 9
*HK3CFM A 19,080 98 90 LW6EGE “ 56 5 4 KS9R 3,185,820 1863 660
*HK4C 28 3,737 38 37 K3GDS “ 54 6 6 KD9V 290,997 497 279
YC1HBP “ 48 7 6
Curacao 7S2A 28 229,356 385 276 United States - District Ø
PJ2T A 2,889,831 1451 571 (OP: SA2SAA) AK9D 284,229 734 297
(OP: WI9WI) EA9E “ 222,780 340 237
CB3R “ 131,726 241 194
Ecuador YO8WW “ 75,795 186 163 NORTH AMERICA
*HC1JQ 21 217,620 325 234 N8URE “ 48,438 154 138 Canada - District 3
IZ2JPN “ 43,152 137 124 VE3KTB 1,224,876 940 412
Falkland Islands WE6EZ “ 41,208 166 136
*VP8YLJ A 123,228 260 189 WD9FTZ “ 34,969 147 121 Canada - District 7
CM3EFM “ 33,810 142 115 VA7MAY 1,125,432 989 392
French Guiana VE3BFU “ 25,000 106 100
FY5KE A 4,250,594 1822 734 JA6WFM “ 12,740 72 65 ASIA
(OP: F5UII) KE6GLA “ 10,906 97 82 China
OM7PY “ 7,923 61 57 BH2RO 514,206 609 318
Peru JH3DMQ “ 7,150 57 50
*OA4DOS A 231,549 350 237 NP3V “ 5,382 48 46
EA4DUT “ 4,704 50 48 EUROPE
Uruguay N3MWQ “ 2,774 40 38 Bulgaria
CV7S 21 1,101,388 777 502 PA2REH “ 2,464 30 28 LZ5R 5,927,548 2121 814
(OP: CX7SS) GW5P “ 2,100 32 28
*CX9AU A 45,548 149 118 (OP: GWØEGH) Croatia
*CX2AQ 28 385,612 441 298 DL5SFC “ 1,725 26 25 9A5D 6,384,930 2363 870
YD2UFR “ 663 17 17
Venezuela DO4ADH “ 435 17 15 Czech Republic
*YV5AEP A 1,675 27 25 EF8BBM “ 8 2 2 OK7O 4,375,764 1662 788
UA3QJJ 21 201,188 376 292 OK1KSL 4,015,304 1758 724
HG3IPA “ 148,764 303 231
QRP (OP: HA3JB) England
CO2AJ “ 119,280 266 210 G3B 2,335,320 1287 585
DK7HA A 1,422,660 848 524 SP4NKJ “ 118,405 271 199
RM5F “ 1,053,763 1158 421 KD9MS “ 83,692 225 196
ON6NL “ 941,952 719 446 DJ3HW “ 80,960 198 176 Fed. Rep. of Germany
DF1MM “ 868,968 615 447 TIØRC “ 74,253 218 159 DP6A 4,772,598 1809 807
KZØUS “ 646,990 658 485 (OP: TI2YO) DL1T 283,550 432 265
(OP: W7RY) NØUR “ 74,108 241 194 DQ9M 280,830 376 253
KV2U “ 618,786 705 378 LY5G “ 73,513 216 163 DJ1XT 221,850 338 255
(OP: K2YG) HF2ØLVK “ 67,392 197 156
SP5ØUUU “ 406,560 481 308 YO3DAC “ 51,538 162 146 Finland
(OP: SP2UUU) UR2Y “ 45,552 166 146 OH2HAN 4,656,762 1922 811
EA1GT “ 386,496 517 288 (OP: USØYW) OG7ØAD 604,992 663 368
(OP: EA1GT/QRP) JR1NKN “ 19,812 99 78
KO1H “ 356,400 529 297 YC4SIZ “ 11,926 77 67 France
EA3F “ 285,975 381 279 PY2CER “ 11,856 87 76 TMØR 5,276,502 1956 846
OK4GP “ 272,952 314 223 IZ2QKG “ 4,171 47 43 TM1D 929,673 769 477

Greece Sicily United States - District 7
J42L 3,939,612 1762 703 *IT9RBW 6,652,387 2232 889 *W7VC A 29,925 173 105
*KB7SDM “ 18,693 140 93
Hungary Spain
HG7T 5,100,113 2180 779 *ED3D 1,088,481 932 471 United States - District Ø
HA3DX 3,408,440 1557 658 *KFØADU A 575 24 23
Sweden
Italy *8S8ØAA 1,611,435 1105 515
IQ4FC 11,821,950 3440 1050 NORTH AMERICA
IQ2ZY 1,477,782 910 522 Ukraine Canada - District 6
IQ2CJ 268,660 382 266 *US4EWY 134,860 330 220 *VE6SYD A 15,257 82 73
Poland SOUTH AMERICA

SP3KRE 263,568 367 272 ASIA
Brazil Japan - District 1
*PY2RH 142,506 274 203 JK1BAB A 864 19 18
Slovak Republic
OM5M 1,448,184 878 498
West Malaysia
Slovenia MULTI-OPERATOR *9M2MAD A 2,838 30 22
S51A 5,369,270 1965 830
TWO-TRANSMITTER
Sweden
EUROPE
UNITED STATES Czech Republic
SD3T 1,389,342 1135 514
SK6D 1,025,440 863 442 K9CT 10,810,878 3889 1054 *OK3SN 21 21,627 92 84
WV4P 8,950,866 3531 1002
Ukraine NCØDX 5,701,110 2977 870 England
UW4E 186,960 336 228 KT7E 3,709,321 2309 737 M9B A 411,720 510 292
K3CCR 2,022,744 1221 622 (OP: MØLKW)
*G5ROB A 133,248 250 192
*M7WFG “ 4,522 41 38
MULTI-OPERATOR AFRICA *2E1LSI “ 1,848 23 22
CR3DX 22,747,902 5379 1149
SINGLE-TRANSMITTER LOW POWER (OP: G5LSI)
NORTH AMERICA EUROPE Fed. Rep. of Germany
United States - District 1 ED1R 12,552,932 3992 1057 *DD5VL A 286,764 358 276
*NC1CC 1,160,382 861 534 DP7D 10,698,840 3292 1017 *DL9DX “ 96,824 221 152
DQ2C 9,426,468 3019 971 *DK1GP “ 48,789 169 139
United States - District 2 C37N 4,377,272 2000 719 *DM7HB “ 8,134 55 49
*NY6DX 2,084,914 1170 689 LA1ØØK 2,374,344 1572 588 *DO1TLP “ 16 4 4
*ES5G 993,711 926 417 *DO4ADH 28 435 17 15
United States - District 4 *OL7K 331,299 422 281
*WW4LL 3,057,244 1676 718 France
*KA4RRU 2,582,580 1536 645 *F4ITQ A 573,447 582 329
*WB8SKP 469,880 697 340 *F4IVC “ 129,090 275 195
MULTI-OPERATOR
United States - District 7 MULTI-TRANSMITTER Hungary
*AB7HP 2,773 48 47 *HA1NR 14 103,626 260 202
UNITED STATES
United States - District Ø W3GH 5,389,308 2646 834 Ireland
*WØPC 4,410 53 45 NW8S 4,555,968 2423 778 EI6IKB A 999,440 840 403
WA3EKL 1,457,376 1016 564
NW6P 323,609 557 341 Italy
NORTH AMERICA IUØPVM A 762,354 690 369
Dominican Republic *IUØRBE A 523,973 546 331
*HI8SDR 81,082 165 142
ASIA *IV3IPA “ 366,885 433 263
JA6ZPR 1,128,190 895 497 *IU3QEU “ 113,022 244 189
Mexico *JS1YDX 49,352 176 124 *IUØRAU “ 3,735 48 45
*XE2N 1,196 28 26 *I/PE4I A 434 14 14
EUROPE Slovak Republic
AFRICA 9A1A 20,431,824 5300 1168 *OM1HMI A 132,475 249 175
Canary Islands DP9A 13,979,736 4182 1061
*EA8DED 4,219,306 1635 679 DG4UF 4,426,311 1971 771 Spain
DQ9Y 3,941,613 1584 767 EF5T A 199,136 277 196
ASIA OZ4GM 2,465,528 1382 604 (OP: EA5JDN)
Asiatic Turkey *ED4J A 428,496 574 339
*TA4/OH2KW 711,722 679 346 (OP: EA4HKF)
MULTI-DISTRIBUTED
India OCEANIA
*VU2DED 523,050 490 317 NORTH AMERICA Indonesia
CJ2X 5,638,320 2371 820 *YD8IKY A 35,308 130 91
EUROPE *YC6HRI “ 9,020 66 55
Austria *YF7UFT “ 8,427 75 53
EUROPE *YDØBCG 21 7,315 60 55
*OE7XKJ 551,403 488 311 IQ3ME 5,405,472 2254 822 *YC3BUE 7 420 13 13
DC6O 2,522,919 1327 629 *YD3BWK A 100 6 5
Bosnia-Herzegovina
IQ8QX 46,500 184 150 *YDØAWA 21 4 2 2
*E71FDE 36,668 100 89
*YD2UFR 28 663 17 17
Croatia OCEANIA
*9A7T 2,070,852 1012 623 VK4SN 3,684,765 1700 665 SOUTH AMERICA
*9A7B 368,626 456 298 7E3E 10,304 61 56 Brazil
*PU4BOT 28 15,408 78 72
Czech Republic
*OL1Z 1,561,377 1030 489 ROOKIE
*OK1OFM 5,236 47 44
NORTH AMERICA
CLASSIC
Estonia NORTH AMERICA
United States - District 1 United States - District 1
*ES7A 2,279,892 1203 626 *KC1RET A 560,986 643 358 NG1M A 912,120 847 440
Fed. Rep. of Germany *NG1R 21 545,606 678 418
*DAØBCC 2,710,350 1275 634 United States - District 2 (OP: W1QK)
*DQ4W 2,512,890 1344 615 KD2UBH A 151,466 350 217 *W1DYJ A 225,944 392 244
*DM3X 871,794 768 407 *AF1R “ 181,440 344 216
United States - District 3 *N1RDN “ 21,560 105 98
Italy W3FR A 225,280 386 256
*IQ2DN 981,950 780 479 KC3TAU “ 174,563 310 227 United States - District 2
N3AML “ 32,994 128 94 WO2Y A 60,236 193 148
Norway *K3AK A 215,433 411 237 *W2VTV 7 226,380 311 231
*LA2L 76,254 176 142 *KN1OLA “ 59,502 183 141 *NM2K A 94,520 214 170
*K3WHD “ 56,330 179 131
Poland United States - District 4 *K2DD “ 31,624 148 118
*SP9ZPS 435,344 503 299 *KQ4AAR A 20,910 106 85 *W2YK “ 8,410 66 58
Republic of Kosovo United States - District 5 United States - District 3

*Z66BCC 2,048,704 1154 538 W9DCT A 1,008,807 898 489 W3LL 7 1,777,937 859 498
*KI5RQG A 89,000 304 178 4U1WB A 431,892 776 372
Scotland *KI5QPY “ 19,012 122 97 (OP: AJ3M)
*MSØWSG 9,792 72 64 K3AU “ 173,706 333 221
United States - District 6 (OP: K2YWE)
Serbia KO6M A 97,152 334 184 N3BD “ 141,400 340 202
*YU5R 383,100 424 300 *NN6U A 32,592 143 112 N3DUE “ 123,656 254 164
*YU7KMN 155,792 298 214 *KN6SID “ 22,338 165 102 *KC3SDJ A 134,521 297 193

*AI3KS “ 82,560 212 172 *RAØWHE A 234,256 345 242 *DL5KUD A 614,560 573 368
*AJ3DI “ 15,200 102 80 *UAØC “ 29,410 129 85 *DM2GG “ 200,396 313 238
*KA2JAI “ 6,840 66 57 *RCØAJ “ 8,748 59 54 *DB8AH “ 156,400 294 200
*N8URE 28 48,438 154 138 *DC8YZ “ 126,480 237 204
Asiatic Turkey *DFØBV “ 120,714 218 177
United States - District 4 *TA7I A 448,189 439 301 (OP: DL1MAJ)
N1RM A 2,191,196 1289 556 *TA2FT 7 134,384 169 148 *DG6ME “ 83,076 189 161
W4CQE “ 597,702 731 409 *TA4RC 28 192 8 8 *DG3NAB “ 80,964 196 156
NN4NN “ 274,052 392 262 *DM2DLG “ 49,625 167 125
(OP: K3SV) Hong Kong *DL4APJ “ 40,817 144 119
ND4G “ 95,151 216 197 *VR2VRC 28 1,656 24 24 *DMØE “ 35,328 114 96
W5XB “ 29,370 139 110 (OP: DG1HXJ)
K4NWX “ 16,362 93 81 India *DL8ZAJ “ 30,432 117 96
W3IK 14 11,560 99 85 *VU2FGQ 28 39,072 119 105 *DJ6MK “ 21,580 99 83
*N3CKI A 258,266 432 263 *DG3DJ “ 17,425 98 85
*W3DQS “ 220,158 369 243 Israel *DK1VY “ 14,352 92 78
*WZ4M “ 192,660 432 247 *4Z5MY 21 14,129 59 56 *DL9ZWG “ 14,070 78 70
*K4DR “ 179,728 366 239 *DL4DRG “ 9,345 96 89
*K4FTO “ 179,469 343 207 Japan - District 1 *DF3CE “ 6,768 53 47
*W4PJW “ 156,562 361 211 JH1CTV A 138,852 271 174 *DLØRDG “ 2,336 33 32
*KT6D “ 139,256 307 206 JA1FNO 28 42,939 130 117 (OP: DL9GWA)
*W4LC 14 111,776 303 224 *JI1BBN 28 44,486 135 118 *DL8LR A 24,900 101 83
*AC4G A 38,184 129 111 *JA1ATM A 42,224 148 104 *DL7AU “ 700 14 14
*W4IM “ 23,736 118 86 *JK1OLT 28 16,128 46 46
*W4SKB “ 20,580 135 105 *JE1GZB “ 3,638 40 34 Finland
*K3WR “ 8,760 68 60 *OH2EUU A 90,024 232 186
*W4YVA “ 7,936 71 62 Japan - District 2 *OH6FSG 28 67,416 181 159
*JE2BOM A 68,834 170 127
United States - District 5 *JO2XYK “ 80 5 5 France
WA9JBR A 98,784 258 196 TM5T 28 303,160 405 286
WV5Y “ 54,264 235 152 Japan - District 3 (OP: F5VKT)
W5TN 14 20,592 142 104 JP3UBR A 13,650 74 65 *F5RD A 347,214 428 294
K5TU A 6,936 56 51 JR3RIU “ 6,510 57 42 *F5MMB “ 33,330 129 110
*WQ5L A 136,656 295 208 JG3LDD 21 1,564 25 23 *F1TEM “ 12,540 89 76
*AA5W “ 20,384 125 98 *JR3GPP 28 2,187 29 27
*KC6CNN “ 150 10 10 Greece
Japan - District 7 *SV1CKZ A 173,463 290 201
United States - District 6 JH7QXJ A 879,665 716 397 *SV3SKM 28 88,690 226 181
AJ6V A 748,879 939 409 JG7AMD “ 38,994 106 97 *SV7CUD A 9,515 62 55
*N7WLC A 182,850 415 234 *SV1UH A 17,920 93 80
*KF6RY 28 125,874 326 211 Japan - District 8
(OP: W6ZL) *JK8PBO 28 209,950 257 223 Guernsey
*WZ6ZZ 3.5 84,280 54 43 *JM8FEI A 83,750 222 134 *GUØSUP 28 204,314 311 251
*K6TLH A 18,200 127 91 *JM8SMO 21 39,663 129 113
*KD6GWH “ 16,632 109 84 *JE8UHY A 18,288 98 72 Italy
*KM6WCC “ 13,600 96 85 IZ2FOS A 2,347,884 1228 588
*KN6OON “ 680 18 17 Japan - District 9 IZ2ZQP “ 277,875 422 247
*KE6MYA “ 130 10 10 *JA9EJG A 5,850 49 45 IV3VBM 3.5 166,348 243 182
*KE6GLA 28 10,906 97 82 IK2AHB A 148,454 258 199
EUROPE IZ2BVC 14 61,304 198 158
United States - District 7 Belarus IK1VHR A 10,584 62 56
K7JQ A 266,751 492 277 EU8U A 1,550,910 1183 539 IK2QIN 21 8,784 63 61
*W7TMT A 189,002 491 242 EW4A “ 1,166,316 922 498 *IW1CBG A 779,145 700 381
*K7HKR “ 172,912 365 214 *I3PXN 7 760,320 617 398
*K7AZT “ 107,238 300 183 Belgium *IK1RGK A 726,225 764 451
*KC7CM 21 75,144 256 186 ON7ET A 126,498 218 174 *IW1PNJ 7 639,276 510 319
*W7MTL A 55,338 214 138 *ON4CT A 324,016 371 263 *IW2CDH A 537,758 513 338
*KI7DET “ 2,812 45 38 *IKØALT “ 292,100 369 254
Bulgaria *IU3QCC “ 187,956 325 227
United States - District 8 *IU1LAR “ 129,870 256 185
*LZ3AW A 3,780 39 36
KI6DY A 2,406,552 1514 591 *IZ1JJF 7 124,168 196 166
*K7DR A 320,120 497 302 Czech Republic *IV3ZNK 14 121,338 259 214
*W8TWA “ 101,606 295 202 *OK1TK A 123,630 242 195 *I2BZN A 100,215 203 153
*K8AJS “ 79,200 213 160 *OK1SLA “ 108,750 207 174 *IK4RVY “ 91,142 229 199
*WA8YZB “ 59,584 240 152 *OK7PZ A 66,430 172 130 *IK1NEG 21 85,164 213 188
*OK7N 14 9,039 73 69 *IWØGYC 7 66,712 142 124
United States - District 9 *IK2EBP “ 49,950 129 111
*KC9YL A 53,055 194 131 Denmark *IK2UEX 14 47,348 176 133
*KD9DJB “ 3,864 56 46 OZ5W A 1,848,174 1124 534 *IK4GNI 7 37,014 109 93
*N9XX “ 2,925 45 39 (OP: SM5SIC) *IZ3ZOO A 34,444 137 109
OZ6TL 7 239,838 279 213 *IW5EIJ 7 33,582 100 87
United States - District Ø *OZ1AOO A 9,800 54 50 *IK8ARF A 24,700 117 100
NØTA A 667,320 973 402 *I2XYI “ 20,382 98 79
WRØU “ 19,929 116 91 England *IZ1PLH “ 20,007 95 81
WFØGM “ 18,270 118 90 G8GNI A 323,400 408 264 *IK2YSJ “ 14,774 86 83
*KV5Y A 137,984 428 224 G9D 21 181,162 302 224 *IKØRMR “ 13,024 78 74
*NYØJ “ 6,136 79 59 (OP: G6NHU) *IZ2ABZ “ 12,080 83 80
*KØVG “ 504 16 14 *GØFGI A 856,575 689 405 *IZØFVD “ 7,326 66 66
*NØUR 21 74,108 241 194 *G4JBA “ 177,424 300 208 *IK4RUX “ 6,985 57 55
*M3X “ 121,806 261 202 *IU3GOA “ 6,435 61 55
NORTH AMERICA (OP: MØIHT) *IK1BPL “ 5,208 48 42
Alaska *G3ZNU “ 79,500 197 150 *IK8IOO 7 3,286 32 31
KL7SB 28 446,355 613 327 *G4DDL “ 64,260 173 135 *IZ3XNJ A 3,024 37 36
*G5C “ 39,162 147 122 *IZØZFK “ 2,856 37 34
Canada - District 1 (OP: G4OGB) *IK2REA “ 2,325 26 25
*VA1XH A 1,301,916 920 463 *IZ5IOM A 7,191 52 47
Estonia *IK2FTB 14 1,326 27 26
Canada - District 3 *ES3HEA A 223,873 325 221 *IU4PRA “ 1,222 29 26
VA3WW 14 3,626 58 49
European Russia - District 3 Latvia
*VE3DZ A 912,576 670 392
R5AN A 1,023,984 897 468 *YL2CI 21 310,620 454 310
Cuba *R3AQ A 458,400 489 382
*CO2XK 21 222,615 402 255 *R2PU “ 276,353 396 259 Lithuania
*CO6XE 28 72,450 225 161 *RX3VF “ 157,850 300 205 *LY2PAD 21 178,688 319 256
*CO2OQ A 62,444 182 134 *RU5X 28 100,548 237 189
*RA3V A 59,292 169 122 Luxembourg
Honduras LX1NO A 794,555 698 367
*K6VHF/HR9 28 33,109 140 113 European Russia - District 4
*R4WZ A 61,420 176 148 Netherlands
*PA2VS A 26,752 101 88
Mexico
*XE1YL A 438,144 640 326 European Russia - District 6
*XE2YWB “ 77,556 226 138 *RA6LIS 14 200,943 386 269 North Macedonia
*R7KO A 10,465 68 65 *Z33F A 481,728 543 312
*Z35Z 3.5 91,936 175 136
AFRICA European Russia - District 9
Canary Islands Norway
*EA8OM A 153,520 238 190
*R9FE A 404,775 494 315
*LA5LJA A 930,225 805 395
(OP: DJ1OJ) *LB2WG “ 309,288 438 263
Fed. Rep. of Germany
DB1WA A 940,043 782 433
ASIA DF8QB “ 804,063 641 389 Poland
Asiatic Russia - District Ø DL1DTL 21 337,212 437 342 SQ9DXT 14 59,625 181 159
RWØSR A 575,100 554 356 DL5DXS A 16,170 86 77 *SP1DOZ A 290,244 398 268

*SQ5CZP 7 262,404 294 222 8Uruguay *WZØW A 171,825 382 237
*SP6BEN A 106,444 202 178 *CX2AQ 28 385,612 441 298 *KKØU 28 24,196 102 92
*SP1DMD “ 55,120 155 130 *CX9AU A 45,548 149 118
*SP3MZ “ 24,940 94 86
*SP2HHX “ 3,444 48 41 NORTH AMERICA
*SQ6A 28 1,702 25 23 TRIBANDER/WIRES Alaska
*SP3CMX 3.5 30 2 2 AL7LO A 327,168 522 284
NORTH AMERICA
Portugal United States - District 1 Canada - District 1
*CT1FOQ A 142,272 260 192 AE1P A 1,979,364 1392 587 *VY2LI A 643,536 595 369
W1HS “ 943,056 858 432
Romania W1TO “ 179,872 292 224 Canada - District 2
YO3GNF A 508,305 583 329 N1KM “ 99,828 216 177 *VE2BVV A 1,117,464 854 461
*YO9BCM A 667,550 597 338 K1RO “ 68,202 206 162
*YO5AXF 14 165,620 342 245 *KW1X A 436,800 640 336 Canada - District 3
*YO3CEN A 26,062 96 83 *WG1V “ 328,042 517 286 VE3SS A 89,324 207 163
*YO9WHI “ 18,432 77 64 *N1DID “ 151,000 274 200 *VE3MGY A 2,020,150 1266 550
*YO3JW 21 180 9 9 *K4SAA A 50,944 152 128 *VA3FF “ 353,872 434 272
*VE3TM 28 242,760 341 269
Scotland United States - District 2 *VE3EY A 208,035 306 201
*GM1J 7 36,860 102 97 WX2NJ A 887,880 821 453
(OP: MMØBQI) (OP: K2RET) Canada - District 6
K2QB “ 450,918 528 369 *VA6RCN A 439,856 569 296
Serbia NE2V “ 174,981 294 219 (OP: VE3RCN)
YT3D A 2,566,256 1263 616 AB2E “ 22,356 120 92
AD2BO “ 6,966 47 43 Costa Rica
Sicily *AH2O A 1,122,990 983 498 *TI2OY A 595,647 623 351
IT9ODQ A 735,902 829 412 *WB2JVO “ 792,819 789 411
*IW9FDD 14 390,368 497 345 (OP: K2AL) Puerto Rico
*IT9MRM 28 195,569 317 253 *KC2WUF “ 414,636 552 317 *NP4TX 7 234,780 292 215
*IT9BGY A 27,930 118 105 *KS2G “ 258,075 394 279 *WP3GW A 120,741 234 167
*IW9FI 21 25,272 121 104 *NS2N “ 181,280 309 220 *NP3V 28 5,382 48 46
*KW2O “ 93,310 196 155
(OP: KA2D)
Slovak Republic
*KG2U A 16,380 115 91 ASIA
*OM5KM 3.5 394,000 400 250 Asiatic Russia - District 9
*OM5CM A 90,190 178 145 RC9T A 323,046 409 262
*OM8MF “ 11,592 68 63 United States - District 3
N3QE A 3,260,544 1616 672 *UA9OV A 11,000 53 50
Slovenia NF3R “ 3,172,580 1781 730
W2CDO “ 658,896 581 424 Asiatic Russia - District Ø
*S52OT A 70,700 209 175 RAØFLP 28 526,110 536 355
N3ALN “ 428,188 598 334
Spain W3MAM “ 150,285 324 215
W3OU “ 126,633 271 191 China
EA1DA 7 234,422 256 199 BA4TB A 1,034,540 857 460
*EA5HKZ A 492,898 568 323 N1EK “ 69,615 195 153
*EA5HYJ “ 335,454 462 294 *AC5XK A 722,294 716 409
*K3RWN “ 330,620 565 305 Cyprus
*EA1IYK “ 199,368 377 234 H25A A 112,338 182 158
*EC7YY “ 150,104 298 232 *AC3U “ 198,045 369 243
(OP: EC7CC) (OP: W3UL)
*N3JNX “ 21,420 108 84 Japan - District 1
*EA3CFV “ 25,500 122 100 JR1NHD A 222,984 345 228
*EA1DP 14 20,661 111 97 *WB3JIS “ 4,012 36 34
*N3MWQ 28 2,774 40 38 JJ1XBQ “ 37,800 125 100
*EA3F A 285,975 381 279 JH1HIC “ 35,868 118 98
*EA4DUT 28 4,704 50 48 *JG1LFR A 630,086 642 311
*EE2A 3.5 3,472 29 28 United States - District 4
K9OM A 2,082,417 1066 653 *7N2UQC “ 477,750 545 294
(OP: EA2SN) *JG1XIO “ 196,301 334 203
N4TB “ 715,712 739 424
W4BBT “ 579,244 724 358 *JF1WNT “ 96,135 204 145
Switzerland *JA1MZM “ 40,071 138 111
HB9DOS 14 76,475 209 161 NR4O “ 293,343 433 277
N4TL “ 121,176 258 204 *JA1IE “ 38,000 143 100
KT4Q “ 48,364 143 113 *JA1PCM 28 31,212 124 102
Ukraine
UT5ECZ A 216,975 297 263 K4QQG “ 29,952 137 117
K3DNE “ 27,280 101 88 Japan - District 2
UT2AU 14 33,512 147 118 JF2FIU A 33,124 123 98
*UT3SO A 444,481 508 293 *N5SMQ A 505,500 624 337
*AD4TJ “ 249,900 381 255 *JA2FXV A 179,707 309 187
*US6CQ “ 405,805 505 293 *JA2GHP “ 89,996 222 149
*UT5UML “ 180,375 324 195 *K7RB “ 196,736 324 232
*UR5WCQ “ 153,903 227 183 *AA5JF “ 140,400 256 216
*AA8R “ 68,832 193 144 Japan - District 3
*UT7AA 21 1,632 23 23 JA3VOV A 9,588 71 51
United States - District 5 *JA3MIB A 98,196 226 167
Wales *JH3WKE “ 89,090 205 151
MC2I A 657,915 603 345 AD5XD A 1,703,184 1381 592
(OP: GW5NF) AA5H “ 339,108 404 308
*NN5T A 303,784 484 254 Japan - District 4
*GW4HBK A 9,558 62 59 *JE4MHL A 317,312 405 268
*K5QR 28 296,102 415 314
*AF5CC “ 1,225 25 24
OCEANIA *K5IX A 190 10 10 Japan - District 7
Australia *WU5K A 248,685 460 295 *JH7IMX A 43,152 138 116
*VK5NIG 28 1,768 26 26 (OP: K5NZ)
Japan - District 8
Hawaii United States - District 6 *JH8IYN A 5,014 50 46
*NH6O 21 300 10 10 N6ZFO A 964,429 1038 463
W6SX “ 844,770 1059 435 Japan - District 9
Indonesia W1PR “ 289,191 477 293 JA9CWJ 21 79,632 193 158
YB2MM A 144,400 292 190 W8GJK “ 77,989 252 167 JH9CEN 28 27,993 86 82
YC8DUL “ 20,916 97 84 AB1U “ 27,160 160 97 JA9CCG A 21,996 101 78
*YC2XCD A 111,222 288 173 (OP: W6RKC)
*YB9UA 21 65,540 190 136 *KD6HOF A 23,100 122 100 Japan - District Ø
*YB8RVI A 48,732 169 93 *JJØPJD A 185,076 310 194
*YC1LIN 28 28,600 107 100
United States - District 7
*YB8JEC 21 21,888 119 73 Kazakhstan
KZ7X 28 1,301,016 1071 604
*YB3BGM 28 20,418 86 82 *UN4PG 28 114,063 223 197
(OP: K6LL)
*YB3ATK 21 18,834 93 86
*YC4PSG/8 A 5,764 75 44 K7VIT A 151,216 375 208
WG7X “ 91,871 345 191 Saudi Arabia
*YB2CTE “ 5,376 51 42 *HZ1TT A 842,625 666 375
*YB7GRN “ 3,870 55 45 WR7T “ 12,324 87 78
*N7DB 21 73,340 274 193
*YD9UW 7 3,570 27 27 Singapore
*YB9GDP A 2,133 44 27 *WA7LNW A 42,159 231 141
*9V1HY A 1,920 29 24
*YC1JDW 7 720 19 18
*YF3AWZ A 190 10 10 United Arab Emirates
K8MM A 594,456 652 376
*YB8LDK 21 153 27 17 A65DR 21 1,448,208 888 514
*WB8JUI A 434,603 576 331
*YD3AMT 7 112 9 8 (OP: G7SLP)
*KC8R “ 40,833 150 117
*AA8OY A 13,840 89 80
SOUTH AMERICA EUROPE
Argentina United States - District 9
W9ILY 28 619,918 601 422 Austria
*LU7DW 28 800 21 20
WA9IVH A 22,088 106 88 OE2LCM A 84,875 216 175
Brazil *N9UA A 145,173 331 217
*PY2NY 14 376,292 437 302 *WB9B “ 122,815 277 203 Belarus
*PY2UD 28 279,491 357 269 *N9LJX 28 48,786 155 141 *EW7B 3.5 494,648 434 292
*PY2TDB “ 8 4 4 *WA9LEY A 20,160 129 96 *EW1P A 292,864 420 286
Curacao United States - District Ø Belgium

PJ2T A 2,889,831 1451 571 W5AP A 693,880 855 418 *ON6YYY A 636,318 574 318
(OP: WI9WI) WAØTXJ “ 11,840 88 74 *ON4CBA 3.5 62,594 142 119

*OQ5M 21 13,725 80 75 DL1NEO “ 751,180 548 460 IK5PWS “ 114,810 227 178
(OP: ON5ZO) DK2AT “ 265,468 383 266 IU4CHE 14 47,158 166 146
*ON6NL A 941,952 719 446 DL7AUO “ 87,040 197 160 IK2IKW A 31,993 121 107
*DL164ØY A 690,030 676 374 IZ5EME “ 22,464 82 78
Bosnia-Herzegovina *DL5DTG “ 651,375 614 375 IU4CSS 21 20,737 98 89
*E7ØY 7 971,740 617 385 *DM7W “ 567,806 485 386 IWØHLZ “ 14,268 91 82
(OP: DL8MAS) IU4FKR A 2,781 30 27
Bulgaria *DHØHAN “ 298,627 408 259 I1DXD “ 1,232 22 22
LZ4AE 21 881,280 752 510 *DF4ZL 7 257,712 296 236 *IW2MXY 14 574,002 643 446
*DP5P A 257,342 295 223 *IK8TEM A 432,234 575 333
Croatia (OP: DL1MHJ) *IK2AUK “ 98,272 228 166
9A2ZI A 4,071,354 1562 826 *DL3KVR 14 247,422 154 129 *IZ5FSA “ 77,865 176 145
9A6KX 7 666,687 361 286 *DB2WD A 198,690 297 222 *IK2OVT “ 60,863 142 121
*9A5ST A 55,936 154 128 *DF4WC 28 137,588 158 129 *IK8UND “ 24,795 101 87
*DK5PD 7 130,302 199 171 *IU5ICR “ 23,016 96 84
Czech Republic *DL3YM A 130,240 243 185 *IKØPEA 28 19,024 86 82
*OK2WY A 1,486,446 997 494 *DL6DCX “ 125,928 273 216 *IZ5DKO A 14,100 77 75
*OK2RU 7 833,272 546 374 *DM6EE “ 124,992 235 192 *IU2CKU “ 1,633 23 23
*OK1TRJ A 763,889 578 371 *DL2ZA “ 100,275 217 175 *IZ8CLM “ 826 14 14
*OK1PMA “ 363,424 434 277 *DJ3GE “ 94,240 218 155 *IZ2QKG 21 8,296 47 43
*OK2CLW “ 251,363 325 241 *DHØGDS 28 69,921 178 153
*OK4GP A 272,952 314 223 *DF3EH A 53,949 172 147 Latvia
*DJ5CW “ 36,192 112 96 *YL2KF A 4,403 39 37
Denmark *DL2NBU “ 30,600 116 102
5P1KZX 28 50,407 151 133 *DK1LRS “ 13,350 84 75 Lithuania
*DF6RI “ 5,096 52 49 LY5W 28 1,090,440 808 520
England *DC8SG “ 4,720 41 40 *LY2TS A 590,569 573 353
M5W 21 1,039,326 835 498 *DKØVLP “ 360 10 10
(OP: MØHMJ) *DF1MM A 868,968 615 447
*DF5GO “ 18,091 Luxembourg
M2J A 861,619 624 407 95 79
(OP: G4NBS) *DL7EDU 14 1,450 30 29 LX1HD 7 187,590 232 185
*G3G A 553,869 525 369
(OP: G3XLG) Finland Netherlands
*MØYTT “ 253,000 380 275 OH1NOA 21 107,365 248 197 *PG7M A 1,395,390 743 579
*G4PDF “ 19,437 93 93
Greece North Macedonia
European Russia - District 3 SV2BXA 21 1,083,712 829 574 Z35T 28 1,560,698 1010 613
RD5R A 87,024 224 168 *Z39A 7 291,392 300 232
UA3MCH 14 73,428 97 90 Hungary *Z36N 28 125,244 274 196
*RW3DY A 43,673 146 119 *HA4WQ 14 287,352 432 312
*HA3OU A 212,352 290 237 Poland
European Russia - District 4 SP2TQQ A 190,617 296 203
RW4HBG A 1,009,356 986 466 Ireland *SP9DTE A 855,848 715 406
EI6LA A 1,430,000 863 520 *SP9KDA “ 332,575 446 265
European Russia - District 6 EI3CTB 28 63,000 29 29 (OP: SP6GCU)
UC6N 21 517,951 578 427 *SP9GMI “ 223,560 319 230
*R7MM A 1,245,176 990 491 Italy *SP9CTS “ 108,576 216 156
IX1CLD A 845,952 625 384 *SQ6ELK “ 103,716 191 172
Fed. Rep. of Germany I2SVA “ 793,224 640 414 *SP3CCT “ 92,568 216 174
DK8ZZ A 3,783,013 1651 733 IK7NXU “ 782,690 693 415 *SP7Y “ 67,257 197 159
DP8M “ 2,422,511 1207 637 I2DJX “ 721,000 595 412 *SP9IVD “ 29,165 106 95
(OP: DL6NDW) I2WIJ “ 465,321 470 327 *SP9KJU 28 5,368 45 44
DL6JZ “ 1,827,628 1048 569 IK5FKF “ 391,680 456 320 (OP: SP9MDY)
DK5MB “ 1,183,336 784 476 IZ3SQW 3.5 343,916 361 254 *SP5ØUUU A 406,560 481 308
DM5GG “ 1,078,480 756 442 4U13FEB A 238,164 408 267 (OP: SP2UUU)
DJ8EW “ 776,050 640 415 (OP: 9A3A) *SP3EMA 3.5 119,184 195 156

Portugal *EE5O “ 116,820 219 180 Samoa
*CR5O A 2,614,108 1594 623 (OP: EA5ITJ) *5W1SA 7 1,008 14 14
(OP: CT7AJL) *EA2CCG “ 62,133 195 149
*CT1BXT “ 607,560 548 366 *EF5U 21 37,698 149 122 SOUTH AMERICA
(OP: EA5U) Argentina
Romania *EA3OH 28 8,732 61 59 LU1BJW A 350,594 419 307
YO4NF A 1,903,356 1140 546 *EA5LN A 4,408 41 38 LU6ETB “ 149,940 263 196
YO3RU “ 1,311,987 987 489 *EA4U A 57,822 169 138
YO2DFA “ 184,005 295 235 Brazil
*YO9CWY A 123,830 283 203 Sweden ZW2N A 3,030,035 1467 691
SM6MVE A 283,484 399 262 (OP: PY2MNL)
Scotland *SE4E A 619,993 646 359 PY4EK “ 630,720 613 365
MM9I A 3,337,873 1480 737 (OP: SM4DQE) PY3TR “ 3,010 45 43
(OP: GMØOPS) *SE6K “ 613,700 672 340 PY3LX 28 2,349 21 21
(OP: SM6FZO) *ZX2V A 370,880 453 304
Serbia *SM5GRD “ 363,562 498 289 (OP: PY2XV)
*YT2U A 594,980 564 355 *SD1A “ 11,644 83 71 *PP5FZ 28 47,875 148 120
*YT5W 7 514,800 455 300 (OP: SM1TDE) *PP5ARF A 19,624 95 88
(OP: YT5DEY) (OP: PP5TI)
*YU3A 28 128,077 248 211 Ukraine *PU7ASP 21 5,265 29 27
*YT1BX 14 100,667 256 197 *UZ1WW A 1,485,200 1013 470 *PY2VZ 28 5,060 46 44
*YU3EDI A 10,260 55 54 *UW1WU “ 497,660 511 298 *ZV2F A 4,515 51 43
*YU7OM 28 3,990 26 24 (OP: PY2SFA)
Wales
Sicily *MW9W A 1,669,393 1063 517
IT9SSI A 47,291 160 131 (OP: GWØKRL) Chile
*IT9RZU 28 315,576 402 324 *CB8E A 278,133 389 249
(OP: CE8EIO)
OCEANIA *CB3R 28 131,726 241 194
Slovak Republic
OM7KW A 145,314 249 207 Australia
*OM8JP 14 97,152 251 192 *VJ3O 14 27,260 111 94 Colombia
(OP: VK3TX) *HK4C 28 13,176 38 37
Slovenia
S5ØRY A 1,303,447 841 449 Hawaii
(OP: S53K) KH6TU A 148,520 272 188 YOUTH
*S52W A 647,514 582 378 (OP: AD6E) NORTH AMERICA
*S57ZT 7 345,092 343 242 *KH6CJJ A 806,465 761 341
*S57SWR A 317,440 404 256 *KC1GDW A 15,939 99 77
*S51MM “ 56,870 161 121 Indonesia
*S5ØSL “ 12,432 60 56 YC2BST 21 24,932 106 92
YCØRFS A 940 21 20 United States - District 5
(OP: YDØRFS) *K5TRP A 224,264 399 289
Spain
EA1B 14 898,986 813 514 *YB9ELS A 449,280 524 320
EA4FME A 422,808 520 316 *YB2ECG “ 109,536 256 168
*YC1RYX 7 1,326 17 17 ASIA
*EF7N A 2,716,049 1491 661
(OP: EA7KHB) *YB1PEF A 20,254 113 82 China
*ED7Z “ 1,018,104 871 472 *BD4VGZ A 726,652 673 389
(OP: EA7EQ) New Zealand *BH2SWB “ 57,771 175 131
*EA4BAS “ 1,016,232 726 552 ZL4NR A 34,680 124 102
*EA2ESB “ 674,856 588 364 *ZL3VZ A 149,553 249 191 Japan - District 7
*JQ7AXT A 31,200 107 96
EUROPE
Austria
Looking Ahead in CQ OE9SEV A 34,485 104 95
Bosnia-Herzegovina
*E7ØAW A 24,236 94 83
Here are some of the articles we’re working on for upcoming issues of CQ:
European Russia - District 6
*RX6N 28 4,116 48 45
• My $20 Transmitter Fed. Rep. of Germany
DM7XX A 4,571,248 1712 836
• The DK6ED Double Loop V3 *DJ4MX A 1,605,065 886 605
*DK1YH “ 124,898 290 197
• A Foxhunt in India *DQ5M “ 47,994 146 114
(OP: DK6SP)
*DK6SP “ 9,129 59 51
P l u s… Ireland
*EI8KW A 67,850 162 115
• Results: 2023 CQ WW 160-Meter Contest
Italy
• The World’s Great Literature … in Morse Code! IU1LCU A 1,190,601 792 503
Poland
*SQ8L A 4,653 39 33
Do you have a hobby radio story to tell? A new circuit you’ve designed? *SP9DLS “ 1,914 36 33
An operating adventure? CQ covers the entire radio hobby. See our writers’ Romania
guidelines on the CQ website at <http://bit.ly/2qBFOdU>. *YO8OLY 14 40 4 4
Spain
*EA2ESK A 68,134 190 163
OCEANIA
Indonesia
*YD2UWF A 7,540 54 52
*YD3CZV 28 666 11 11
Check Logs
7N4WPY, AAØAJ, AB5XM, BA4VE, BH4QBV, BU2BO,
CO2AME, DF6QE, DJ6YX, DK8RE, DLØCK, DL1ET,
DL2GMI, DL3FBB, DL6RG, DL7AOJ, EA1AKS, EA3CS,
EA4KD, EA4WC, EA5HJO, EA5R, EA7HAB, EA7TG,
EB1ADD, EB1DMQ, ED3E, EF1C, EI4KF, EXØDX, F/E72T,
F4AIF, F6AGM, HA1YI, HA3HX, HA3IC, HA3MGA, HB9EP,
HJ3SUA, I1HNU, I2GPT, IK1YDB, IK2SAU, IW1RLC,
IW2DMO, IZØKBR, IZ5NFD, JF1UOW, JR6QFV, JS1IFK,
K2MK, K6OK, K9ZXO, KB9JJA, KFØAIT, KG7MYX, KU5B,
LY2BAA, LZ1JZ, LZ1QV, LZ1YF, LZ1YR, M1SDH, M4N,
NØVT, N6FUB, N7IW, N9IVO, OH2JLN, OH8NW, OK1FAK,
OK1FRD, OK1VVT, OK2NMA, OK2SG, OK2WMC, OM1BD,
OM2FY, OM4O, P3AA, PU4YJS, PY8ZW, R3WA, RT6N,
RV1OO, S51DX, S52WW, S59T, SM3PZG, SP4W, SP5GDY,
SP5OXJ, SP6CES, SQ4NR, SV1DPI, SV1EMY, SV1GRB,
SV3DCX, SV4FFL, SV9FBG, SZ7SER, TF3IRA, UC8U,
UR5MW, UR5WCW, UT4LW, VA3WEB, VE3GMZ, W3SA,
W6DGE, WA3FRP, WA7YAZ, WK9M, WV8A, WW3S, XE1H,
YB1BX, YB4ECU, YC3GFN, YD9ABC, YG2BDN, YO4NA,
YU4VBX, YU7OPQ, Z32U

ADVERTISERS’ INDEX
JULY 2023
Advertiser Page Phone Website

Advanced Specialties Inc. .......................49 201-VHF-2067 .....www.advancedspecialties.net
AirBoss, Olah Technologies LLC ...............37 336-457-7783......www.olahtechnologies.com
Alaskit..........................................................73 907-371-7120......www.alaskit.net
Amateur Radio Roundtable...................110 901-570-2188......www.W5KUB.com
Bioenno Power...........................................55 888-336-7864......www.bioennopower.com
Buckmaster International LLC ..................57 540-894-0907 .....www.HamCall.net
Buddipole Antennas .................................63 503-591-8001......www.buddipole.com
CQ Mechandise .......................19,91,Cov III 516-681-2922......http://store.cq-amateur-radio.com
CW ...............................................................55 561-302-7731 ......www.success-is-easy.com
Communications Concepts, Inc. .............45 937-426-8600 ......www.communication-concepts.com
Electric Radio Magazine ..........................37 720-924-0171......www.ermag.com
Ham Radio Outlet .......................................1 ............................www.hamradio.com
HamTestOnline...........................................57 888-857-6164......www.hamtestonline.com
Icom America Inc. .............................Cov IV ............................www.icomamerica.com
Impulse........................................................49 ............................www.impulseelectronics.com
InfraSignal Radio........................................57 ............................www.infrasignal-radio.com
LDG Electronics..........................................55 410-586-2177......https://groups.io/g/ldgelectronics
PreciseRF.....................................................15 503-915-2490......www.preciserf.com
PreppComm.............................................57 ...........................www.PreppComm.com
QCWA.........................................................49 352-425-1097......www.qcwa.org
RF Parts........................................................13 800-921-4834......www.rfparts.com
RT Systems..............................................7,109 800-921-4834......www.rtsystemsinc.com
Radio Amateur Club of JHS 22 ................43 516-674-4072......www.wb2jkj.org
REACT Int’l ..................................................95 301-316-2900......www.REACTintl.org
SteppIR..................................................Cov II 425-453-1910......www.steppir.com
Technical Antennas.................................37 305-850-7779 .....ZZZTechnicalAntennas.com
W2IHY Technologies.................................47 845-889-4253 .....www.w2ihy.com
W5SWL .......................................................29 ............................www.W5SWL.com
Warren Gregoire & Associates ...............37 800-634-0094 .....www.SuperbHeadsets.com
YLRL .............................................................90 ............................www.ylrl.org
Let CQ help you get the most for your advertising dollar!
Contact Dottie K, CQ’s Advertising Director
at 516-681-2922 x 106 or via email at [email protected]
hamshop
Advertising Rates: Non-commercial ads are 20 cents per word including abbreviations and addresses. Commercial and organization ads are $1.00 per word. Boldface
words are $1.50 each (specify which words). Minimum charge $2.00. No ad will be printed unless accompanied by full remittance. All ads must be typewritten
double-spaced.
Closing Date: The 10th day in the third month preceding date of publication (example: Jan. 10th for the March issue). Because the advertisers and equipment con-
tained in Ham Shop have not been investigated, the Publisher of CQ cannot vouch for the merchandise listed therein. The publisher reserves the right to reject any
advertisement. Direct all correspondence and ad copy to: CQ Ham Shop, P.O. Box 1206, Sayville, NY, 11782 (e-mail: <[email protected]>).
RF Connectors & Gadgets TWO NEW NOVELS involving ham radio: Full Circle, and RF Connectors & Gadgets
Parts — Products — More Frozen in Time, by N4XX. Visit <http://www.theodore-cohen- Parts — Products — More
www.W5SWL.com novels.com/>. www.W5SWL.com
WANTED: General Electric Wall Clock 2915_. Or 24-hour sis- QSLing SUPPLIES. e-mail: <[email protected]>. CRANK-A-WATT Power & More via KE5NYS. Visit <www.
ter. WØEVC (573) 248-2043. FactorReady.com>
CASH FOR COLLINS, HALLICRAFTERS SX-88, & DRAKE
FLASH CARDS for all FCC Exams, Amateur and Commercial. TR-6. Buy any Collins equipment. Leo, KJ6HI, phone/fax 310- NEED ROPE? All kinds, types, including: antenna rope,
VIS Study Guides <www.visradio.com> 800-655-HAMS and 418-9269, e-mail: <[email protected]>.
hauling, gin. FREE, free consultation, Go to <http://www.
on Amazon Marketplace. davisropeandcable.com/>. Veteran owned, K1PEK, 978-
MicroLog by WAØH
369-1738.
WWW.CABLEHELP.COM 160M antennas for small spaces. Easy to use logging program.
(662) 332-8454.
FUTURE TIMES: Dreams and visions of Disasters. Great
Free download . . . www.wa0h.com guide book for Hams. www.xlibris.com/futuretimes.html
For Sale: HF RADIO ICOM IC-78 TRANSCEIVER. New,
unused, perfect condition. Includes power supply. Make offer. www.oldqslcards.com
[email protected] HAWAII DX VACATION: SteppIR antennas, amplifiers, private.
OVERSEAS AIRMAIL POSTAGE plus complete line of airmail KH6RC, <www.leilanibedandbreakfast.com>.
WANNA START A RAG-CHEW WITH THE GENERAL PUB- envelopes. Order directly from our website. James E. Mackey,
LIC ABOUT THE VALUE OF AMATEUR RADIO? Introduce proprietor. website: <www.airmailpostage. com> HAM TRAVELERS Discount travel, tours, cruises, more.
them to Harold, a ham who is trying to keep his day job post- www.GreatExpectationTravel.com
Pandemic, and his wife, Sabrina, who is hoping to keep her TOWER ACCESSORIES Gin Pole Kits – stand off brackets –
yarn shop alive. SIDEWALK SALE ACROSS AMERICA, antenna mounts – vehicle radio mounts – for 30 years. IIX www.peidxlodge.com
available Amazon Kindle, paperback. Peg Nichols, Equipment Ltd., 708-337-8172, <http://www.w9iix.com/>.
[email protected]. HOMEBREW! “Recollections of a Radio Receiver” a 565 page NEAT STUFF! DWM Communications: <http://qth.com/dwm>
book on HBR homebrew receivers. $10 delivered (eBook on
FOR S ALE Rare Collins KW-1, serial number 96. Only PROMOTIONAL VIDEO: 15-minute DVD describes amateur
CD-ROM). Details <www.w6hht.com>
150 made and it still works! $16,000 firm. Pictures upon radio’s fun and public service. Details: <www.neoham.org>.
request. Contact Teressa: <[email protected]> or via DXPEDITION DVD VIDEOS: For full description and how to
telephone 805-878-1691. order . . . <www.k4uee.com/dvd/>. HAM RADIO GIFTS: < www.mainestore.com>
Wanted: Original set of knobs for my Heathkit HW-8. ARMS – Amateur Radio Missionary Net. Christian Fellowship WANTED: OLD QSL CARD COLLECTIONS. Collector seeks
Paul, WBØMPG, 538 North Walnut, Wichita, KS 67203. Net, Everyone Welcome. 14.3075 Daily except Sunday US & DX cards. W2VRK, 5 Mohawk Trail, Branchburg, NJ
(316) 351-7717. 1500–1700Z, –1 Hr DST. Website: www.qsl.net/arms 08876; e-mail: <[email protected]>.
Wanted: Old slide rules for personal collection. Send VORTEX ANTENNA SYSTEMS specialist in HF and VHF high
info to [email protected] performance antennas. Yagis and Delta Loops. Linear Loaded TELEGRAPH KEY INFORMATION AND HISTORY MUSEUM:
30 and 40m Arrays. OWA Arrays, bespoke individual design <http://w1tp.com>
Morse Code on a CD. Just want A to Z and Zero to 9 in solutions. Antenna related hardware. We ship worldwide
code only. Contact Ronald (KD7FWC) (775) 962-5437. including North America. <www.vortexantennas.co.uk/>. or by FT243 AND HC6U CRYSTALS: www.af4k.com
e-mail to <[email protected]>.
AMECO A C-1 DIY K its: w ww.thenewameco.com OLD QSLs Available. 50’s and 60’s, DX and USA. Specify call,
“World of Keys – Keys III” book features highly detailed views send SASE. [email protected]
Affordable Custom Antenna Design www.ant-build.com and photos of keys, bugs, and paddles like few people have
ever seen ($18)!. Also still available, “Keys II” ($16) and “QRP QRP KITS: <www.breadboardradio.com>
Recognize the signature CW sounds of over 4000 words! Romps!” ($18), plus “Your Guide to HF Fun” ($16). Available
Start to read whole words sent in fast Morse code! from dealers nationwide. RFI Filters <www.RFchoke.com>
https://www.hearcwwords.com
PACKET RADIO AND MORE! Join TAPR, connect with the FMTV ARTICLES: Comprehensive transmitter and receiver
Yaesu FT-100D (HF-VHF-UHF). Great mobile rig with largest amateur radio digital group in the U.S. Creators of the deviation calibration, standards, intermodulation, power ampli-
manual, internal keyer and mike. $300. (281) 934-8783. TNC-2 standard, working on Software Defined Radio technol- fier calculations. WB9OQM, http://mathison.freeshell.org
ogy. Benefits: newsletter, software, discounts on kits and pub-
Keychain QRP: Worlds Smallest HF Transmitter. Handmade lications. For membership prices see the TAPR website:
in the USA. <www.bit.ly/KeychainQRP> www.SecondHandRadio.com
<http://www.tapr.org>).
GET THE F.C.C. “COMMERCIAL” RADIOTELEPHONE HONDURAS DX VACATION: K3, Alpha 86, SteppIR, Meals, HF Mobile or Fixed V irtual X Antenna Patent: For Sale or
LICENSE! Fast, inexpensive home study course. Command Private Facilities. HR2J, (206) 259-9688. License. Request Free Power Point Presentation file. Shows
Productions. www.LicenseTraining.com. Free info: (800) 932- design details, pictures, prototype tests. Design applies to a
4268. HY POWER ANTENNA COMPANY <http://www. freewebs. broad frequency range for mant antenna arrays/beams/verti-
com/hypower> Multiband dipoles, delta loops, half squares cals. <[email protected]>. Larry Slay, K5WUL
NEVER have another fauly patch cable! 15-page, photo-illus- and QRP antennas.
trated manual details a revolutionary procedure for assembling FOR SALE: Samlex Power Supply Model SEC 1223, 13.8V @
failure-proof coaxial cable patches. $10 postpaid U.S., NEW AMATEUR RADIO MAP with DXCC list updates. Full 25 amps. Not working. Includes operating manual and
$15 forgeign. R.W. Parker, 1205 Sleepy Hollow Road, color 22 x 34" – $10. Free shipping on club orders. schematic. Price $50 or best offer. Contact Harry, W9HRQ, at
Pennsuburg, PA 18073. http://www.hamradiomap.qth.com/ <[email protected]> or phone 1-773-334-4492.
CallSign Stuff www.hamQRU.com KTØMMY Wanna ham in the CAYMAN ISLANDS?” Go to <www.
martykaiser.com/24a.htm>. ANTENNA & TOWER HARDWARE: Aluminum plates: Boom
to elements, boom to mast, GP/ Vertical antennaground plates,
WANTED: 500-Kc Ships Transmitter. IE: MACKAY MARINE WWW.ISOTRONANTENNAS.COM FOR HF. CHECK IT OUT! Rohn 25/45 to cross arms plates, Hexabeam / spiderbeam
2017A. [email protected] Call: 719-687-0650; <wd0eja@isotronantennas. com> Hubs, Moxon hubs, U bolts with sadles. All info at: e78WW@
yahoo.com or at e-bay store: stores.ebay.com/yz4izØ Ø
NO NONSENSE LICENSE STUDY GUIDES: kb6nu.com/cq RADIOSHINE TM - Make your Radio Shine! Cleaner for plas-
tics, p aint and glass in e lectronic equipment Amateur and Premium Stereo Equipment Repaired / Cali-
Wanted: Channel Master model 110 Quantum Antennas 1 or
See video on Youtube Search for "Radioshine" or "K8BYP" brated / Restored. Please see us at www.chfelectronics.com.
more in box good condition! W.J. Gibbs, Jr. 601 Howard Street.
Columbia, NC 27925
QRP J-36: 1/2-Scale Microkey. Full-Functional “BUG” Made

in the USA by KA6IRL. <QRPJ36.com>
WANTED: IBM Model M, Space Saving Keyboard, Call KØKG,

(218) 850-1500 or email: <[email protected]>.
AMATEUR RADIO ELECTRONICS: Home Study Software,

Apps, and eBooks $2.99. <www.eptsoft.com/HomeStudy
POLYESTER ROPE: excellent for antenna support and

guying. Go to <www.audiotronics.us>.
REAL HAMS DO CODE: Move up to CW with CW Mental Block

Buster III. Succeed with hypnosis and NLP. Includes two (2)
CDs and Manual. Only $29.95 plus $7.00 s/h US. FL add $2.14
tax. Success Easy, 568 SE Maple Terrace, Port St. Lucie, FL
34983, phone 561-302-7731, <www.success-is-easy.com>.

Aim Higher
(QWHUWKHZRUOGRI6+)
IC-905
9+)8+)6+)$OO0RGH7UDQVFHLYHU
*Optional
CX-10G
*+]7UDQVYHUWHU
IC-7300
+)06'57UDQVFHLYHU
IC-9700
0&0&06'57UDQVFHLYHU
IC-7610
+)06'57UDQVFHLYHU
For the love of ham radio.
ZZZLFRPDPHULFDFRPDPDWHXU
[email protected]
©2023 Icom America Inc. The Icom logo is a registered trademark of Icom Inc.
$OOVSHFLÀFDWLRQVDUHVXEMHFWWRFKDQJHZLWKRXWQRWLFHRUREOLJDWLRQ

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What is the Legacy Series of SteppIR antennas?

What is the Legacy Series of SteppIR antennas?

What is the publication schedule of CQ Amateur Radio magazine?

What is the publication schedule of CQ Amateur Radio magazine?

Propagaton: The Summer Anomaly, p.

Re-Introducing the Legacy Series SteppIR antennas, 2, 3 and 4 element Yagis

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www.cq-amateur-radio.com July 2023 • CQ • 3

52 KIT-BUILDING: A Couple Of Quickies 66 THE HAM NOTEBOOK: The Wonderful World of

87 CONTESTING: The IARU HF Championship

92 PROPAGATION: The Summer Anomaly

The Ham Radio Family

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Putting the Ham in Hamvention 2023

8 • CQ • July 2023 Visit Our Web Site

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10 • CQ • July 2023 Visit Our Web Site

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Photo I: Gary Hoehne, KB9AIT, and Terry Schilling, N9AOT,

This year was probably as

The crowds seemed a lot

Photo G: The Parks On The Air tent

12 • CQ • July 2023 Visit Our Web Site

More Watts per Dollar

Photo K: Ray Novak, 3CPX800A7 4CX1000A 810

Se Habla Español • We Export

Photo L: The new Yaesu FTM-500 made its Hamvention debut.

www.cq-amateur-radio.com July 2023 • CQ • 13

Photo M: Michael Kalter, W8CI, presents a Spirit of Amateur

Photo P: Carsten Dauer, DM9EE, from Germany is

Photo N: The Delaware Valley Radio Association accepts the

14 • CQ • July 2023 Visit Our Web Site

Tested and Proven on Mt. Kilimanjaro

• email: [email protected] • phone: 503-915-2490 •

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18 • CQ • July 2023 Visit Our Web Site

33 Simple Weekend Projects

Books, CDs & DVDs Shipping & Handling

Alex, SA2SAA/7S2A – Sweden

Photo B: Ali, HZ1ITT, and his nice shack in Saudi Arabia.

Photo A: So beautiful – it’s definitely something nice to look

20 • CQ • July 2023 Visit Our Web Site

2023 WPX RTTY TOP WORLD SCORES

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2023 WPX RTTY TOP EUROPE SCORES

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Wouldn’t it be a blast to be a master of technology rather

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I. OBJECTIVE 1. Single Operator: QSO finding assistance of any kind is

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T E MRJS$FYHHMTSPIGSQ Secure online ordering at