Lec.

For
estBi
omas
s-St
atus,appl
i
cati
ons,
advant
agesand
dis
advantages
I
ntr
oduct
ion:
Bi
omas
sincl
udesal
ltheear
th'
sli
vingmat
ter
,pl
ant
sandani
mal
s,andt
he
r
emai
nsoft
hisl
i
vingmat
ter
.Pl
antbi
omas
sisar
enewabl
eener
gys
our
cet
hati
s
pr
oducedt
hroughphot
osynt
hes
iswhenpl
ant
scapt
urecar
bondi
oxi
def
rom t
he
ai
rand combi
nei
twi
th wat
ert
ofor
m car
bohydr
atesand oxygen undert
he
i
nfl
uenceofs
unl
i
ght
.Thechemi
calener
gyi
npl
ant
sget
spas
sedont
oani
mal
s
andpeopl
ethateatt
hepl
ant
s.Bi
omas
sdoesnoti
ncl
udepl
antorani
malmat
ter
t
hathasbeenconver
tedbygeol
ogi
cpr
oces
sest
ocr
eat
efos
silf
uel
ssuchasoi
lor
coal
.
Thewor
d"bi
omas
s"of"
bio"+"
mas
s",andor
igi
nal
l
yus
edi
nthef
iel
dof
ener
gys
impl
yref
err
ingt
oamountofani
malandpl
ant
.Af
tert
heoi
lshocks
,the
meani
ngoft
hewor
dwaswi
denedbeyondecol
ogi
calf
iel
dandcamet
oincl
ude
t
hemeani
ng"
biol
ogi
calr
esour
cesasener
gyr
esour
ces
",s
incei
twasvi
gor
ous
ly
pr
opos
edt
hatal
ter
nat
ive(
new)ener
gys
our
cess
houl
dbepr
omot
ed.Ther
eiss
til
l
nos
tri
ctdef
ini
ti
onofbi
omas
s,andt
hedef
ini
ti
ondi
ff
ersf
rom onef
iel
dtoanot
her
.
Fr
om t
heper
spect
iveofener
gyr
esour
ces
,acommondef
ini
ti
oni
s"agener
alt
erm
f
orani
malandpl
antr
esour
cesandt
hewas
tesar
isi
ngf
rom t
hem,whi
chhave
accumul
ated i
n a cer
tai
n amount(
excl
udi
ng f
oss
ilr
esour
ces
)".Accor
dingl
y,
bi
omas
sencompas
sesawi
devar
iet
yincl
udi
ngnotonl
yagr
icul
tur
alcr
ops
,ti
mber
,
mar
ine pl
ant
s,and ot
her convent
ionalagr
icul
tur
e,f
ores
try,and f
isher
ies
r
esour
ces
,butal
sopul
psl
udge,bl
ackl
i
quor
,al
coholf
erment
ati
ons
til
l
age,and
ot
heror
gani
cindus
tri
alwas
te,muni
ci
palwas
tes
uchaski
tchengar
bageand
paperwas
te,
ands
ewages
ludge.
For
estbi
omas
smeanswoodr
emai
nst
hel
arges
tbi
omas
sener
gys
our
cet
oday;exampl
es
i
ncl
udef
ores
tres
idues(
suchasdeadt
rees
,br
anchesandt
rees
tumps
),yar
dcl
i
ppi
ngs
,
wood chi
ps and even muni
ci
pals
oli
d was
te.Wood ener
gy i
s der
ived by us
ing
l
i
gnocel
l
ulos
icbi
omas
s(s
econd-
gener
ati
onbi
ofuel
s)asf
uel
.

Whati
sBi
omas
sEner
gy?
Whenbi
omas
sispr
oducedbypl
ant
sasar
esul
tofphot
osynt
hes
is,s
omeof
t
heener
gyi
nthes
unl
i
ghti
sconver
tedi
ntochemi
calener
gyt
hatbi
ndsvar
ious
at
omst
ofor
m car
bohydr
atemol
ecul
es.Her
bivor
es(
ani
mal
sthatf
eedonpl
ant
s)
eatt
hepl
ant
sandmaket
hei
rownbi
omas
sbyus
ingt
heener
gys
tor
edi
nthe
pl
ant
s'bi
omas
s.Si
mil
arl
y,car
nivor
es (
ani
mal
sthatf
eed on ot
herani
mal
s)
cons
ume t
he bi
omas
sofot
herani
mal
sand i
nthe pr
oces
smake t
hei
rown
bi
omas
s.Whent
hepl
ant
sorani
mal
sdi
e,t
heener
gycapt
uredi
nthei
rbi
omas
s
r
emai
nsunt
ilt
hebi
omas
sdecompos
est
hroughnat
uralmechani
smsori
sbur
ned
orpr
oces
sedbyhumans
.
Par
toft
hechemi
calener
gys
tor
edi
nbi
omas
sisr
eleas
edwhenmol
ecul
es
ar
e des
troyed by combus
tion (
glos
sar
yter
m)orr
ear
ranged.The pr
oces
sof
r
espi
rat
ion,bywhi
chani
mal
sandpl
ant
sbr
eakupcar
bohydr
atemol
ecul
esi
n
t
hei
rbodyt
ogener
atecar
bondi
oxi
deandwat
er,i
sanexampl
eofhow s
tor
ed
mol
ecul
arener
gy i
srel
eas
ed t
ofuelt
he f
unct
ion and movementofl
i
ving
or
gani
sms
.Pl
ant
scapt
uremor
eener
gyf
rom t
hes
unt
hant
heyneed,andt
he
ex
ces
sener
gyi
sst
oredi
nthei
rbi
omas
s.Ont
heot
herhand,ani
mal
sar
enet
cons
umer
sofener
gyandbi
omas
s,andt
heener
gyt
heys
tor
eint
hei
rbodymas
s
i
sles
sthant
heener
gyf
oundi
nthef
oodst
heyeat
.However
,thebi
ologi
cal
mat
ter
ani
mal
s’di
schar
gef
rom t
hei
rbody(
e.g.
,ani
maldung)hasacer
tai
namountof
ener
gyi
nit
,and,
his
tor
ical
l
y,hasbeenus
edf
orener
gypr
oduct
ion.
Whenbi
omas
s
i
scons
ider
edf
orener
gypr
oduct
ion,i
tincl
udesbot
hpl
antmat
terandani
mal
mat
ter(
e.g.
,manur
e,ani
mal
was
tef
rom s
laught
erhous
es,
andr
est
aur
antgr
eas
e).
Bi
omas
sener
gyi
stheut
il
izat
ionofener
gys
tor
edi
nor
gani
cmat
ter
.It
 i
s
humani
ty’
sol
des
text
ernals
our
ceofener
gy,dat
ingbackt
opr
ehi
stor
icman’
sfi
rst
us
eoff
ir
e.Bi
omas
siss
til
lani
mpor
tantpar
toft
hewor
ld’
sener
gys
yst
em;t
heus
e
oft
radi
ti
onalbi
omas
s char
coal
,fi
rewood,and ani
maldung i
n devel
opi
ng
count
ri
esaccount
sforal
mos
t10%oft
hewor
ld’
spr
imar
yener
gys
uppl
y.
 Bi
omas
scanbeus
edt
opr
oduce 
heatandel
ect
ri
ci
tyorus
edi
ncombi
nedheat
andpower(
CHP)pl
ant
s.
 Bi
omas
scanal
sobeus
edi
ncombi
nat
ionwi
thf
oss
ilf
uel
s(co-
fi
ri
ng)t
oimpr
ove
ef
fi
ci
encyandr
educet
hebui
l
dupofcombus
tionr
esi
dues
.
 Bi
omas
shaspot
ent
ialt
orepl
acepet
rol
eum asas
our
cef
ort
rans
por
tat
ion
f
uel
s.
 Bi
omas
sisal
sous
edi
nconj
unct
ionwi
thf
oss
ilf
uel
sforel
ect
ri
ci
tygener
ati
oni
n
“
was
te-
to-
ener
gy”pr
oject
s.Thes
ear
eni
cheappl
i
cat
ions
,whi
chdependont
he
 bi
omas
shavi
ngnoot
hercommer
cialval
ueandbei
ngi
ncl
osepr
oxi
mit
ytot
he
appl
i
cat
ion.

HowCanWeUs
etheEner
gyi
nBi
omas
s?
Ther
ear
eawi
devar
iet
yofus
esf
ort
heener
gyi
nbi
omas
s,i
ncl
udi
ngbas
icl
i
fe
f
unct
ions
,di
rectcombus
tion,
andchar
coal
,l
iqui
dfuel
,orgas
eousf
uel
product
ion.

a)Us
eforBas
icLi
feFunct
ions

Wear
eal
lfami
l
iarwi
tht
heus
eofbi
omas
sforbas
icl
i
fef
unct
ionsbyal
l
ani
mal
sandhumans
.Al
lthef
oodweeatcont
ainsbi
omas
s,whet
herveget
abl
es,
ani
mal
s,orpr
oduct
sder
ived f
rom t
hem.The ener
gyi
nthes
efoodsi
swhat
s
ust
ains l
i
fei
n al
lli
ving or
gani
sms
.Cons
ider
abl
e debat
e exi
sts aboutt
he
compet
ingus
esofbi
omas
sforf
oodver
susener
gypr
oduct
ion.
b)Di
rectCombus
tionofBi
omas
s
Mos
tbi
omas
sisi
nsol
i
dfor
m andcanbebur
ned(
combus
tedwi
thoxygen
i
nai
r)
.Thecombus
tionpr
oces
sres
ult
sint
hegener
ati
onofheat(
ther
malener
gy)
t
hes
amewayt
hatbur
ning coalgi
vesof
fheat
.Theheatgener
ated byt
he
bur
ningofbi
omas
scanbeus
edf
ors
paceheat
ing(
e.g.
,heat
ingofbui
l
dings
),
cooki
ngandheat
ingwat
er.I
tcanal
sobeus
edt
oboi
lwat
ert
ogener
ates
team,
whi
chi
ntur
nisus
edt
orunat
urbi
neandel
ect
ri
cgener
atort
opr
oduceel
ect
ri
ci
ty
i
nthes
amewayt
hatcoali
sus
edt
ogener
ateel
ect
ri
ci
tyi
nacoal
-f
ir
edpower
pl
ant
.Thebi
omas
smayneedacer
tai
namountofpr
oces
singbef
orebur
ning(
e.g.
,
s
ort
ing,dr
ying,ands
izer
educt
ion)
.Itmayal
sobemi
xedwi
thcoalorot
hert
ypes
off
uel
int
hef
urnace.

c)Char
coal
Product
ionf
rom Bi
omas
sandCombus
tion
I
naddi
ti
ont
owat
er(
moi
stur
e),woodnor
mal
l
ycont
ainschemi
cal
sthat
vol
ati
l
izewhent
heyar
eheat
ed.Dur
ingt
hecombus
tionofwoodi
nai
r,mos
tof
t
hisvol
ati
l
emat
teroxi
dizesandcont
ri
but
est
otheener
gybei
ngr
eleas
edi
nthe
combus
tionpr
oces
s.However
,whenwoodi
sheat
edi
ntheabs
enceofai
ror
oxygen,t
hevol
ati
l
emat
teri
sdr
ivenof
fofwoodi
napr
oces
scal
l
edpyr
olys
is,and
t
her
emai
ningmat
teri
scal
l
edchar
coal
.Char
coali
sal
mos
tpur
ecar
bon,wi
th
aboutt
wicet
heener
gycont
entperuni
tmas
sast
heor
igi
nalwood.Ther
efor
e,i
t
canbur
natmuchhi
ghert
emper
atur
est
hanwood.However
,itt
akesabout4t
o
1
0kgofwoodt
omake1kgofchar
coal
.I
naddi
ti
on,i
fthevol
ati
l
egas
esdr
ivenof
f
f
rom t
hewooddur
ingpyr
olys
isar
enotcol
l
ect
edandus
ed,t
heycont
ri
but
eto
gr
eenhous
egasemi
ssi
ons
.

d)Pr
oduct
ionofLi
qui
dFuel
sfr
om Bi
omas
s
Li
qui
dfuel
sthatar
epr
oducedf
rom bi
omas
sar
eus
edt
oext
endcr
udeoi
l
r
esour
cesbys
ubs
tit
uti
ngf
orgas
oli
neordi
eself
uel
.Al
thought
her
ear
edi
ff
erent
waysofpr
oduci
ng gas
oli
ne-
li
kel
i
qui
dfuel
sfr
om bi
omas
s,t
hemos
tcommon
gas
oli
nes
ubs
tit
utei
set
hanol
.Thecommon di
esels
ubs
tit
utei
sbi
odi
esel
.The
pr
oduct
ionofet
hanol
andbi
odi
esel
from bi
omas
sisdi
scus
sedbel
ow.

Et
hanol
Product
ionf
rom Bi
omas
s
Themos
tcommonmet
hodf
orpr
oduci
nget
hanolf
rom bi
omas
sist
hrough
apr
oces
sknownasf
erment
ati
on,whi
chi
sananaer
obi
cbi
ologi
calpr
oces
sin
whi
chs
ugar
sar
econver
tedt
oal
coholbyt
heact
ionofmi
croor
gani
smss
uchas
yeas
t.Fer
ment
ati
oni
sat
echnol
ogyt
hathasbeenus
edf
orcent
uri
est
omake
beerandwi
ne.
Thepr
oces
srequi
ress
ugar
s.I
fthecar
bohydr
atescont
ainedi
nthe
s
tar
ti
ngbi
omas
sar
est
arch,s
uchasf
oundi
ncor
n,t
hent
hes
tar
chymat
eri
alf
ir
st
hast
obeconver
tedt
osugar
s.Themos
tcommoncr
opus
edi
ntheUni
tedSt
ates
f
ormaki
nget
hanolf
orgas
oli
neaddi
ti
vei
scor
n,wher
easi
ntr
opi
calcount
ri
es
s
uchasBr
azi
l
,thecr
opofchoi
cei
ssugarcane.Theamountofet
hanolpr
oduced
peruni
tmas
sofbi
omas
s,gi
veni
nuni
tsofl
i
ter
sperkg(
L/kg)
,var
iesf
rom about
0.
07f
ors
ugarcane,0.
16f
orwood,and0.
36f
orcor
n.Theannualyi
eldperuni
t
l
andar
eavar
iess
ubs
tant
ial
l
yfr
om pl
acet
opl
ace,butgener
all
yitr
angesf
rom
about400t
o12,
000L/
ha/
yrf
ors
ugarcane,1
60t
o4,
000L/
ha/
yrf
orwood,and
250t
o2,
000L/
ha/
yrf
orcor
n.

Bi
odi
esel
Product
ionf
rom Bi
omas
s
Bi
odi
eseli
snor
mal
l
ypr
oducedf
rom veget
abl
eoi
l
s,ani
malf
ats
,orgr
eas
es.
Thepr
oces
sinvol
vest
heus
eofacat
alys
tandal
cohol
.Thecat
alys
tist
ypi
cal
l
y
s
odi
um hydr
oxi
deorpot
ass
ium hydr
oxi
de,whi
chi
sdi
ssol
vedi
nmet
hylal
cohol
.
Anyt
ypeofveget
abl
eoi
lorus
edcooki
ngoi
lcanbeus
edt
omakebi
odi
esel
;mos
t
bi
odi
esel
todayi
smadef
rom s
oybeanoi
l
.Bi
odi
esel
product
ionf
rom al
gaei
sst
il
li
n
t
heexper
iment
als
tage.
Algaear
eexpect
edt
opr
oducef
rom 1
0to1
00t
imesmor
e
bi
odi
eselcompar
edwi
ths
oybeansandot
hers
eedcr
ops
.Bi
odi
eseli
smos
tof
ten
bl
endedwi
thpet
rol
eum di
eseli
nrat
iosof2% t
o20%.I
tcanal
sobeus
edaspur
e
bi
odi
esel
.Bi
odi
eself
uel
scanbeus
edi
nregul
ardi
eselvehi
cl
eswi
thoutmodi
fyi
ng
t
heengi
nes
.Theycanal
sobes
tor
edandt
rans
por
tedbyus
ingexi
sti
ngdi
esel
t
anksandequi
pment
.

e)Pr
oduct
ionofgas
eousf
uel
from Bi
omas
s
I
tiswel
lknown t
hatanaer
obi
cdi
ges
tion ofor
gani
cmat
terpr
oduces
or
gani
cgas
,mos
tlymet
hane.Ex
ampl
esofnat
uralpr
oces
sesar
ethepr
oduct
ion
ofl
andf
il
lgasi
nmuni
ci
pall
andf
il
lsandt
hebur
pingofcows
.Bi
omas
scanal
sobe
conver
tedt
obi
ogasundercont
rol
l
edcondi
ti
onsi
nwhati
sknownasadi
ges
ter
.
Theor
gani
cmat
terus
edf
ort
hispur
pos
eisof
tenani
malwas
tes
uchasmanur
e.
Theanaer
obi
cdi
ges
tioni
sbas
ical
l
yabi
ologi
calpr
oces
scar
ri
edoutbybact
eri
ain
t
heabs
enceofoxygen.Bi
ogascan al
so bepr
oduced f
rom s
oli
d bi
omas
sby
chemi
calmeanss
imi
l
art
othewayt
own(
orcoal
)gasi
spr
oducedf
rom coal
.
Bi
ogascanbeus
edi
nmanyappl
i
cat
ionss
imi
l
art
onat
uralgas
,incl
udi
ngcooki
ng,
s
paceheat
ing,
indus
tri
alheatandel
ect
ri
ci
typr
oduct
ion.
Ener
gyr
equi
rementandpr
oduct
ioni
nIndi
a:
I
ndi
ahast
hes
econdl
arges
tpopul
ati
oni
nthewor
ldwi
thoverbi
l
li
onpeopl
e,
andi
scons
ider
edar
api
dlygr
owi
ngeconomy.Bei
ngadevel
opi
ngcount
ry,t
he
ener
gyt
echnol
ogybas
einI
ndi
aisr
elat
ivel
yinef
fi
ci
entandhasas
low t
urnover
;
cons
equent
ly,t
he economy i
s hi
ghl
y ener
gy-
int
ens
ive.I
ndi
ais gener
ous
ly
endowed wi
thr
enewabl
e ener
gy r
es ces vi
our z.
,Sol
arEner
gy,Wi
nd Ener
gy,
Bi
omas
sand Smal
lHydr
o,wi
del
ydi
str
ibut
ed acr
osst
he count
ryand can be
ut
il
izedt
hroughcommer
cial
l
yvi
abl
etechnol
ogi
est
ogener
atepowerorener
gy.
I
ncr
eas
ingus
eoft
hes
esour
cesi
sal
soi
nst
rument
ali
nsi
mul
taneous
lyachi
evi
ng
envi
ronment
alobj
ect
ives
.Renewabl
eEner
gyt
echnol
ogi
esf
itwel
lint
oas
yst
em
t
hatgi
vesduer
ecogni
ti
ont
odecent
ral
i
zat
ionandl
ocalpar
ti
ci
pat
ion.I
ndi
ahas
beenmaki
ngcont
inuouspr
ogr
essi
nconvent
ionalaswel
lasr
enewabl
epower
gener
ati
on.

PowerScenar
ioi
nIndi
a:

I
ndi
ahast
hef
if
th-
lar
ges
tpowergener
ati
onpor
tfol
i
owor
ldwi
de.Coaland
gasar
ethepopul
ars
our
cesandaccountf
or58% and9%,s
har
e,r
espect
ivel
y.
 Thecount
ryhasbeenr
api
dlyaddi
ngcapaci
tyovert
hel
astf
ew year
s,wi
tht
otal
i
nst
all
edpowercapaci
tygr
owi
ngt
o223GW i
nFY1
3fr
om 98GW i
nFY98.The
count
ryt
rans
iti
onedf
rom bei
ngt
hewor
ld'
ssevent
h-l
arges
tener
gycons
umeri
n
2000t
othef
our
th-
lar
ges
tonewi
thi
nadecade.Economi
cgr
owt
handi
ncr
eas
ing
pr
osper
it
y,coupl
edwi
thf
act
orss
uchasgr
owi
ngr
ateofur
bani
zat
ion,r
isi
ngper
t
hecount
ry,
arel
i
kel
ytopus
hener
gydemandf
urt
heri
nthecount
ry.
Thes
ect
orenj
oysf
avour
abl
epol
i
cies
,es
peci
all
yint
hegener
ati
ons
egment
.
Thegover
nmenthasper
mit
ted1
00%FDIwi
thnoaddedr
equi
rementofpr
ocur
ing
l
i
cens
etos
etupapowerpl
ant
.However
,demandcont
inuest
oout
str
ips
uppl
y,
wi
thener
gyandpeakdemands
hor
tageovert
hel
ast1
0year
saver
agi
ngar
ound
8%and1
2%r
espect
ivel
y.About67%ofover
alli
nst
all
edcapaci
tyi
nthecount
ryi
s
t
her
malbas
ed.Aver
agepl
antl
oadf
act
or(
PLF)f
ort
het
her
malhascons
ider
abl
y
decl
i
nedf
rom 75% i
nFY201
0-201
1to69.
9% i
nFY201
2-201
3,mai
nlydr
ivenby
i
ncr
eas
ingcoalandgass
uppl
yshor
tage.ThePl
anni
ngCommi
ssi
onofI
ndi
ahas
s
etapowercapaci
tyaddi
ti
ont
argetof88,
537MW (
excl
udi
ngr
enewabl
e)f
ort
he
Twel
ft
hFi
ve-
YearPl
an(
FYP)endi
ngMar
ch201
7.Thet
argeti
shi
ghert
hant
he
75,
785MW capaci
tyes
timat
edbyt
hewor
kingGr
ouponPower(
Mini
sterofPower
,
Gover
nmentofI
ndi
a),
cor
res
pondi
ngt
oa9%GDPgr
owt
h.

St
atusofBi
omas
sEner
gyi
ntheI
ndi
a:
I
ndi
ai he7th l
st arges
tcount
ryi
nthewor
lds
panni
ng329mi
l
li
onhect
ares
andampl
ybes
towedwi
thr
enewabl
esour
cesofener
gy.
 Ithasbeenes
timat
ed
t
hatI
ndi
apr
oducesabout
450-
500mi
l
li
ont
onesofbi
omas
speryear
, 
ofwhi
ch
about
200mi
l
li
ont
onesi
ssur
plus
.Bi
omas
stopst
hel
i
sti
npr
ovi
ding32%ofal
lthe
pr
imar
yener
gyus
eint
hecount
ry.Bi
omas
sfuel
sar
epr
edomi
nant
lyus
edi
nrur
al
hous
ehol
dsf
orcooki
ngandwat
erheat
ing,aswel
lasbyt
radi
ti
onalandar
ti
san
i
ndus
tri
es.Bi
omas
sdel
i
ver
smos
tener
gyf
ort
hedomes
ticus
e(r
ural-90% and
ur
ban-40%)i
nIndi
a.
Bi
omas
sisani
mpor
tantener
gys
our
cet
hatcont
ri
but
esmor
ethan1
4% ofgl
obal
ener
gys
uppl
y.I
nIndi
a,bi
omas
spr
ovi
desf
uelf
orabout32% oft
het
otalpr
imar
y
ener
gycons
umedandcat
erst
oal
mos
t70%oft
hecount
ry'
spopul
ati
on.Es
timat
es
ofbi
omas
s cons
umpt
ion r
emai
n hi
ghl
y var
iabl
esi
nce mos
tbi
omas
sis not
t
rans
act
ed on t
hemar
ket
.Wood f
uel
scont
ri
but
e56per
centoft
otalbi
omas
s
ener
gy.Suppl
yofbi
omas
sispr
imar
il
yfr
om f
uel
sthatar
ehomegr
ownorcol
l
ect
ed
 by hous
ehol
ds f
or own needs
.The Gover
nment s
pons
ored s
oci
alf
ores
try
pr
ogr
ammehasaddedt
ofuel
-woods
uppl
y.
Thecur
rents
har
eofbi
ofuel
sint
otalf
uelcons
umpt
ioni
sext
remel
ylow andi
s
conf
inedmai
nlyt
o5% bl
endi
ngofet
hanoli
ngas
oli
ne.Pl
ant
slkeJ
i atr
ophacur
cas
,
Neem,Mahuaandot
herwi
l
dpl
ant
sar
eident
if
iedast
hepot
ent
ials
our
cesf
or
bi
odi
eselpr
oduct
ioni
nIndi
a.Ther
ear
eabout63mi
l
li
onha was
tel
and i
nthe
count
ry,outofwhi
chabout40mi
l
li
onhaar
eacanbedevel
opedbyunder
taki
ng
pl
ant
ati
onsofJ
atr
opha.

Pot
ent
ial
forBi
omas
sPoweri
nIndi
a:
Bi
omas
savai
l
abi
l
ityi
nIndi
aises
timat
edatabout500mi
l
li
ont
onsperyear
,
ofwhi
ch1
20-
150mi
l
li
ont
onsi
savai
l
abl
eforpowergener
ati
on.TheMNREhas
es
timat
edt
hatabout1
8GW ofpowercanbegener
atedf
rom agr
o-bas
edr
esi
dues
,
i
ncl
udi
ng agr
icul
tur
aland f
ores
tryr
esi
dues
.In addi
ti
on,t
her
eispot
ent
ialt
o
gener
ateabout5GW powerbyr
ais
ingdedi
cat
edpl
ant
ati
onson2mi
l
li
onhect
ares
off
ores
tandnon-
for
estdegr
adedl
and.Tot
algr
id-
int
eract
ivei
nst
all
edbi
omas
sin
I
ndi
atouched3,
601MW (
asofMar
ch201
3),l
edbyUt
tarPr
ades
h,Mahar
asht
ra,
Tami
lNaduandKar
nat
aka.Thi
sincl
udes1
,625MW ofcumul
ati
vebi
omas
spower
gener
ati
oncapaci
tyand2,
337MW ofcumul
ati
vebagas
secogener
ati
oncapaci
ty.
Guj
arat
,Punj
abandMahar
asht
raandUPl
edt
hei
nst
all
ati
onofbi
omas
spower
pr
oject
s,wi
tht
otalof1
1 pr
oject
s bei
ng commi
ssi
oned i
n 201
2-1
3. Punj
ab
commi
ssi
onedt
wobi
omas
spowerpr
oject
sbas
edoncot
tons
t ksandPr
al osopi
s
j
uli
fl
ora.Bagas
se-
bas
edco-
gener
ati
oni
nsugarmi
l
lshascont
ri
but
edcl
oset
o65%
t
obi
omas
spowergener
ati
oni
nIndi
a.Bas
edont
hecur
rentcapaci
tyofs
ugarmi
l
ls,
t
heMNREes
timat
est
hat5,
000MW ofs
urpl
uspowercanbegener
atedf
rom t
he
count
ry'
ssugarmi
l
lsi
nopt
imal
oper
ati
ngcondi
ti
ons
.
Benef
it
sofFor
estBi
omas
sener
gyr
esour
ces
:
Asours
oci
etyex
per
ienceshi
ghandvol
ati
l
eener
gypr
icesaswel
lasi
ssues
ofnat
ionals
ecur
it
y,powergener
ated f
rom bi
omas
s mat
eri
ali
s becomi
ng
i
ncr
eas
ingl
yimpor
tant
.Bi
omas
spowerf
aci
l
iti
esbenef
it
sthel
ocalcommuni
ti
es,
t
henat
ionaleconomyandt
heenvi
ronment
,incl
udi
ngs
igni
fi
cantcl
i
mat
echange
benef
it
s.

1
)Economi
cBenef
it
sofBi
omas
sEner
gy
Bi
omas
sener
gypl
ant
smakeas
ubs
tant
ial
,pos
iti
vei
mpactonl
ocal
andr
egi
onal
economi
esbygener
ati
ngwel
l
-payi
ngj
obsi
n:
 Cons
truct
ionandoper
ati
onoft
hepl
antand
 Col
l
ect
ionandt
rans
por
tat
ionofbi
omas
smat
eri
al.
Bi
omas
sener
gypl
ant
ssuppor
tlocali
ndus
tryandbus
ines
sesandencour
agenew
i
nves
tmenti
nrur
alcommuni
ti
es.
 Bi
omas
sener
gyf
aci
l
iti
escanhel
pst
abi
l
izet
hel
ocalt
imberandf
ores
tryi
ndus
try
by pr
ovi
ding s
tabl
e demand f
orbi
omas
s mat
eri
al,whi
ch al
l
ows l
ogger
s,
har
ves
ter
s,pr
oces
sor
sandt
rans
por
ter
stomakecapi
tal
inves
tment
s.
 Bi
omas
sfaci
l
iti
esal
soi
ncr
eas
ethel
ocalt
axbas
ewi
thoutr
equi
ri
ngs
ubs
tant
ial
s
ervi
cesf
rom t
hel
ocal
communi
ty.

a)Wi
der
angeoff
eeds
tock
Bi
omas
spoweri
sanef
fi
ci
entpr
oces
swhi
chr
esul
tsi
ntheus
eofmos
tly
ani
malandcr
opwas
teswhi
chwoul
dbeconver
tedi
ntocar
bondi
oxi
deanyway.
Bi
omas
spowercanus
eal
argevar
iet
yoff
eeds
tocks
uchaswoodpel
l
ets
,ri
ce
hus
k,bagas
se,
etc.

b)Lowcos
tres
our
ce
Bi
omas
spowercanbepr
oducedeconomi
cal
l
y,atcos
tscompet
it
ivet
ogr
id
power
,ift
her
eisagoodavai
l
abi
l
ityoff
eeds
tock.

Unl
i
kemanyot
herener
gyf
uel
s,t
her
upeess
pentonbi
omas
smat
eri
als
tayi
n
t
hel
ocal
,st
ateandr
egi
onaleconomi
ess
incebi
omas
spl
ant
spr
imar
il
yus
efuel
s
our
cest
hatar
ewi
thi
n75mi
l
esoft
hepl
ant
.Dur
ingpeakcons
truct
ion,a1
00-
MW
bi
omas
spowerf
aci
l
itywi
l
lcr
eat
eappr
oxi
mat
ely400 cons
truct
ion j
obs
.Once
oper
ati
onal
,thef
aci
l
itywi
l
lcr
eat
eappr
oxi
mat
ely40di
rectf
ull
-t
imepos
iti
onsat
t
hes
ite,andwi
l
lal
sogener
ateappr
oxi
mat
ely700i
ndi
rectj
obst
hroughoutt
he
r
egi
on.

2.
Soci
alBenef
it
sofBi
omas
sEner
gy
Asdemandf
orpoweri
ncr
eas
es,
manyr
egi
onsoft
hecount
ryf
acepot
ent
ial
s
uppl
yshor
tfal
l
s.Thes
eshor
tfal
l
scoul
dres
ulti
nsi
gni
fi
cant
lyhi
gherel
ect
ri
cpr
ices
andpot
ent
ial
blackout
s.Bi
omas
spowergener
ati
oncanhel
paddr
esst
hisi
ssueby
pr
ovi
dingas
our
ceofel
ect
ri
ci
tyt
hati
srel
i
abl
eanddomes
tical
l
y-pr
oduced.

a)Decent
ral
i
zedpowergener
ati
on
 Becaus
ebi
omas
sisavai
l
abl
einal
mos
tal
lpl
aces
,andes
peci
all
yinr
ural
ar
eas
,andmor
eimpor
tant
,asgas
ifi
cat
ionbas
edpowerpr
oduct
ioncanbedone
on s
mal
lscal
es(
asl
ow as20 kW)
,thi
spr
oces
scan beus
ed f
ordi
str
ibut
ed
gener
ati
on ofpoweras agai
nstt
he cent
ral
i
zed powerpr
oduct
ion met
hod
f
oll
owedt
oday.

b)Bas
eloadpower
Manyr
enewabl
eener
gys
our
cess
uchass
olarandwi
ndcannotbeus
edf
orbas
e
l
oadpowergener
ati
onduet
othei
rint
ermi
tt
encyandvar
iabi
l
ity.Bi
omas
sbas
ed
powergener
ati
on,on t
he ot
herhand,can be us
ed f
orbas
eload power
gener
ati
on.

c)PRI
ins
tit
uti
onbas
edpowergener
ati
on
Bi
omas
sbas
edpoweri
swel
lsui
tedt
oremot
evi
l
lageswi
thnoacces
stogr
idbut
acces
stos
igni
fi
cantamount
sofbi
omas
s.

d)Rur
aldevel
opment
Al
sot
hepos
sibi
l
ityofi
ncr
eas
ingt
hepr
osper
it
yofr
uralar
eases
peci
all
yif
dedi
cat
edener
gycr
opsbecomecommonf
orbi
omas
sbas
edpowerpr
oduct
ion–
Cur
rent
ly,mos
tbi
omas
sbas
edpowerpr
oduct
ionus
eswas
tebi
omas
ssuchas
agr
owas
teandwas
tef
rom agr
opr
oces
singuni
ts.However
,at
rendi
semer
ging
i
nwhi
chcompani
esar
eexpl
ori
ngt
heus
eofdedi
cat
edener
gycr
opsf
orbi
omas
s
powerpr
oduct
ion.Thi
shast
het
winbenef
it
sofamor
erel
i
abl
ebi
omas
ssuppl
y
chai
nandatt
hes
amet
imepr
ovi
dingt
hemuchneededempl
oymentf
ort
her
ural
mas
ses
.Gi
ven t
hata 1MW bi
omas
sbas
ed powergener
ati
on coul
drequi
re
bi
omas
sgr
owt
hinover1
50hect
ares
,theoppor
tuni
ti
esf
orr
uralempl
oymentar
e
i
ndeeds
igni
fi
cant
.

e)Var
yingpr
oduct
ioncapaci
ty
Bi
omas
sgas
ifi
cat
ionbas
edpowerpr
oduct
ioncanbedoneats
mal
lscal
es–
ass
mal
las20kW –unl
i
keot
hers
our
cesofpower(
say,
nucl
ear
)thatr
equi
remuch
l
argers
cal
es.Thi
swi
l
lideal
l
ysui
tsmal
lvi
l
lagest
hathaveonl
yaf
ew hous
ehol
ds.
I
n addi
ti
on bi
omas
spl
ant
spr
ovi
def
ueldi
ver
sit
y,whi
ch pr
otect
scommuni
ti
es
f
rom vol
ati
l
efos
silf
uel
s.Si
ncebi
omas
sener
gyus
esdomes
tical
l
y-pr
oducedf
uel
s,
 bi
omas
spowergr
eat
lyr
educesourdependenceonf
orei
gnener
gys
our
cesand
i
ncr
eas
esournat
ional
secur
it
y.
Bes
idest
hes
e economi
cdevel
opment
sbenef
it
s,bi
omas
spl
ant
shel
p ens
urea
s
ust
ainabl
emar
ketf
orf
ores
tpr
oduct
s.Thej
obscr
eat
ed asa r
esul
toft
hes
e
f
aci
l
iti
es hel
pto pr
otect and pr
eser
ve t
he uni
que cul
tur
e ofmany r
ural
communi
ti
es.
3.
Envi
ronment
alBenef
it
sofBi
omas
sEner
gy
Bi
omas
s power f
aci
l
iti
es have numer
ous at
tri
but
es, whi
ch benef
itt
he
envi
ronmentand wor
ld cl
i
mat
e change.Bi
omas
s pl
ant
s pr
oduce f
arl
ess
par
ti
cul
atemat
tert
hant
heal
ter
nat
ivemet
hodofopenbur
ningwoodwas
tes
.

Beyondpr
ovi
dingcl
eanerai
r,bi
omas
sener
gypl
ant
s,
 Encour
agebet
terf
ores
trypr
act
iceswhi
chi
ntur
nleadt
oincr
eas
edpr
otect
ion
ofcr
it
ical
wil
dli
fehabi
tat
s,
 Pr
oduceas
hwhi
chcanbeus
edf
ors
oil
enhancementi
nfar
mland,
 Reducet
hei
mpactofi
nvas
ives
peci
es,
 Reducewi
l
dfi
rer
isk,
I
mpr
ove s
oli
d was
te managementbypr
ovi
ding an out
letf
orl
and-
clear
ing
debr
is,di
seas
ed/
inf
ect
ed t
reesand ot
herwood was
tesr
athert
han open
bur
ningordepos
iti
ngi
nal
readycr
owdedl
andf
il
lsand
 Reducet
hei
mpactofnat
ural
dis
ast
ersbypr
ovi
dinganout
letf
ors
tor
m debr
is.
a)Cl
i
mat
eChangeBenef
it
sofBi
omas
sEner
gy
Unl
i
keener
gyder
ivedf
rom f
oss
ilf
uel
ssuchascoal
,oi
landnat
uralgas
,
bi
omas
sener
gydoesnotcont
ri
but
etocl
i
mat
echange.Thecar
bon,whi
chi
s
s
tor
ed i
n bi
omas
smat
eri
alasi
tgr
ows
,isal
readypar
toft
he at
mos
pher
e.
Bi
omas
sener
gydoesnotaddnew car
bont
otheact
ivecar
boncycl
e,wher
eas
f
oss
ilf
uel
sremove car
bon f
rom geol
ogi
cst
orage.Car
bon emi
ssi
ons f
rom
bi
omas
sfaci
l
iti
eswoul
dhavebeenr
eleas
edbacki
ntot
heat
mos
pher
ethr
ough
nat
uraldecay ordi
spos
alt
hrough open-
bur
ning.The advanced emi
ssi
ons
cont
rol
sonabi
omas
sener
gyf
aci
l
itys
igni
fi
cant
lyr
educet
heamountofcar
bon
di
oxi
de emi
tt
ed i
ntot
he at
mos
pher
e al
ong wi
th ot
heremi
ssi
ons s
uch as
par
ti
cul
atemat
ter
.
Bi
omas
sener
gyi
scons
ider
eda"
zer
o-gr
eenhous
e-gas
-emi
tt
ingt
echnol
ogy"
byt
heRegi
onalGr
eenhous
eGasI
nit
iat
ivei
ntheNor
theas
tU.
S.andt
heE.
U.
 Emi
ssi
onTr
adi
ngScheme.
I
n addi
ti
on t
o notemi
tt
ing new car
bon i
ntot
he act
ive car
bon cycl
e,
bi
omas
sener
gy hasaddi
ti
onalcl
i
mat
e change benef
it
s.Li
ke al
lrenewabl
e
ener
gyt
echnol
ogi
es,bi
omas
sener
gydi
spl
acest
hepr
oduct
ionofanequi
val
ent
amountofener
gyf
rom f
oss
ilf
uel
s.However
,bi
omas
sener
gyi
snotj
ustcar
bon
neut
ralbutact
ual
l
ycar
bonnegat
ive.I
ntheabs
enceofbi
omas
sener
gy,al
arge
por
ti
onofbi
omas
smat
eri
alwoul
dbel
eftt
odecompos
enat
ural
l
y,beopen-
bur
nedorl
andf
il
led.Landf
il
ledornat
ural
l
ydecayi
ngbi
omas
smat
eri
alr
eleas
es
car
boni
nthef
orm ofmet
haneaswel
lascar
bondi
oxi
de.Met
hanei
s20t
o25
t
imesmor
epot
entasagr
eenhous
e-gast
hancar
bondi
oxi
de.Bi
omas
sener
gy
cont
ri
but
est
ofor
estheal
thandf
ir
eres
il
iency,whi
chi
ncr
eas
est
heamountof
car
bons
tor
edonas
ust
ainabl
ebas
is.

b)Cl
eanandGr
eenener
gy
Decompos
iti
on ofor
gani
cmat
terr
eleas
esmet
hane.Capt
uri
ng t
hismet
hane
yi
eldsener
gywhi
l
epr
otect
ingt
heat
mos
pher
e.Theani
mali
ndus
tryandl
andf
il
ls
pr
oduce s
igni
fi
cantamount
sofmet
hane.Bi
omas
sfuel
spr
oduce vi
rt
ual
l
y no
s
ulf
uremi
ssi
ons
,andhel
pmi
ti
gat
eaci
drai
n.Bi
omas
sfuel
s"r
ecycl
e"at
mos
pher
ic
car
bon,mi
nimi
zi
nggl
obalwar
mingi
mpact
ssi
ncezer
o"net
"car
bondi
oxi
dei
s
emi
tt
eddur
ingbi
omas
scombus
tion,i
.
e.t
heamountofcar
bondi
oxi
deemi
tt
edi
s
equalt
otheamountabs
orbedf
rom t
heat
mos
pher
edur
ingt
hebi
omas
sgr
owt
h
phas
e.Ther
ecycl
i
ngofbi
omas
swas
tesmi
ti
gat
est
heneedt
ocr
eat
enew l
andf
il
ls
andext
endst
hel
i
feofexi
sti
ngl
andf
il
ls
.Bi
omas
scombus
tionpr
oducesl
essas
h
t
hancoal
,andr
educesas
hdi
spos
alcos
tsandl
andf
il
lspacer
equi
rement
s.The
bi
omas
sas
hcanal
sobeus
edasas
oil
amendmenti
nfar
mland.
Per
enni
al ener
gy cr
ops (
gras
ses and t
rees
) have di
sti
nct
ly l
ower
envi
ronment
ali
mpact
sthanconvent
ionalf
arm cr
ops
.Ener
gycr
opsr
equi
rel
ess
f
ert
il
izat
ionandher
bici
desandpr
ovi
degr
eat
erveget
ati
vecovert
hroughoutt
he
year
, pr
ovi
ding pr
otect
ion agai
nsts
oil er
osi
on and wat
ers
hed qual
i
ty
det
eri
orat
ion,aswel
lasi
mpr
ovedwi
l
dli
fecover
.Landf
il
lgas
-to-
ener
gypr
oject
s
t
urnmet
haneemi
ssi
onsf
rom l
andf
il
lsi
ntous
eful
ener
gy.

Advant
agesofBi
omas
sEner
gy:
Bi
omas
spowerhasmany advant
agescompar
ed wi
th ot
herf
ormsof
r
enewabl
eener
gyandi
sani
mpor
tantcomponentofournat
ion'
sener
gys
trat
egy.
I
nmanyways
,bi
omas
sisanew s
our
ceofpower
.Whi
l
ewoodhasal
wayss
erved
asaf
uels
our
cef
orf
ir
esandovensandconvent
ionalheat
ingmet
hods
,bi
omas
s
ener
gyadvancement
sar
ethef
ew s
tepsbeyondt
hat
.Now t
hes
ebi
omas
sfuel
pr
oduct
sar
ehar
ves
tedandmas
s-pr
oducedandus
edi
never
ythi
ngf
rom engi
nes
t
opowerpl
ant
s.

i
)Cl
eanEner
gy 
Becaus
e ofi
tsr
elat
ivel
y cl
ean us
e,bi
omas
s ener
gy,when us
ed i
n
commer
cialbus
ines
sess
uchasai
rl
ines
,recei
vest
axcr
edi
tins
omecount
ri
esl
i
ke
US.
Thi
sisgoodf
ort
heenvi
ronmentandgoodf
orbus
ines
s.I
tdoesr
eleas
ecar
bon
di
oxi
debutcapt
urescar
bondi
oxi
def
ori
tsowngr
owt
h.Car
bondi
oxi
der
eleas
ed
by f
oss
ilf
uelar
erel
eas
ed i
ntot
he at
mos
pher
e and ar
e har
mfult
othe
envi
ronment
.

i
i
)AbundantandRenewabl
e 
Bi
omas
spr
oduct
sar
eabundantand r
enewabl
e.Si
ncet
heycomef
rom
l
i
vings
our
ces
,andl
i
fei
scycl
i
cal
,thes
epr
oduct
spot
ent
ial
l
yneverr
unout
,sol
ong
ast
her
eiss
omet
hingl
i
vingonear
thandt
her
eiss
omeonet
her
etot
urnt
hatl
i
ving
t
hingscomponent
sand was
te pr
oduct
sint
o ener
gy.I
nthe Uni
ted Ki
ngdom,
bi
omas
sfuel
sar
emadef
rom r
ecycl
edchi
ckendr
oppi
ngs
.Int
heUni
tedSt
ates
andRus
sia,t
her
ear
epl
ent
if
ulf
ores
tsf
orl
umbert
obeus
edi
nthepr
oduct
ionof
bi
omas
sener
gy.

i
i
i)ReduceDependencyonFos
sil
Fuel
s 
I
thasdevel
opedasanal
ter
nat
esour
ceoff
uelf
ormanyhomeowner
sand
havehel
pedt
hem t
oreducet
hei
rdependencyonf
oss
ilf
uel
s.

i
v)ReduceLandf
il
ls
 
Anot
herbenef
itoft
hisener
gyi
sthati
tcant
akewas
tet
hati
shar
mfult
o
t
heenvi
ronmentand t
urni
tint
osomet
hing us
eful
.Fori
nst
ance,gar
bageas
l
andf
il
lcan,
atl
eas
tpar
ti
all
y,bebur
nedt
ocr
eat
eus
eabl
ebi
omas
sener
gy.

v)CanbeUs
edt
oCr
eat
eDi
ff
erentPr
oduct
s 
Bi
omas
sener
gyi
sal
sover
sat
il
easdi
ff
erentf
ormsofor
gani
cmat
tercanbe
us
edt
ocr
eat
edi
ff
erentpr
oduct
s.Et
hanolands
imi
l
arf
uel
scanbemadef
rom
cor
nandot
hercr
ops
.Wi
ths
omanyl
i
vingt
hingsont
hepl
anet
,ther
eisnol
i
mitt
o
howmanywaysi
tcanbef
oundandus
ed.

Di
sadvant
agesofBi
omas
sEner
gy:
Bes
idesaboveadvant
ages
,ther
ear
eal
sos
omedowns
idest
oit
.Bel
ow ar
e
s
omeofi
tsdi
sadvant
ages
.

i
)Expens
ive 
Fi
rst
ly,i
tsexpens
ive.Li
ving t
hingsar
eexpens
ivet
ocar
efor
,feed,and
hous
e,andal
loft
hathast
obecons
ider
edwhent
ryi
ngt
ous
ewas
tepr
oduct
s
f
rom ani
mal
sforf
uel
.

i
i
)Inef
fi
ci
entasCompar
edt
oFos
sil
Fuel
s 
Secondl
y,andconnect
edt
othef
ir
st,i
sther
elat
ivei
nef
fi
ci
encyofbi
omas
s
ener
gy.Et
hanol
,asabi
odi
eseli
ster
ri
blyi
nef
fi
ci
entwhencompar
edt
ogas
oli
ne,
andi
tof
tenhast
obemi
xedwi
ths
omegas
oli
net
omakei
twor
kpr
oper
lyanyway.
Ont
opoft
hat
,et
hanol
ishar
mful
tocombus
tionengi
nesoverl
ongt
erm us
e.

i
i
i)Har
mful
toEnvi
ronment
Thi
rdl
y,us
ingani
malandhumanwas
tet
opowerengi
nesmays
aveon
car
bondi
oxi
deemi
ssi
ons
,buti
tincr
eas
esmet
hanegas
es,whi
char
eal
sohar
mful
t
otheEar
th’
sozonel
ayer
.Sor
eal
l
y,wear
enobet
terof
fenvi
ronment
all
yforus
ing
oneort
heot
her
.Ands
peaki
ngofus
ingwas
tepr
oduct
s,t
her
eist
hes
mel
lto
cons
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.Whi
l
eiti
snotphys
ical
l
yhar
mful
,iti
sdef
ini
tel
yunpl
eas
ant
,andi
tcan
at
tractunwant
edpes
ts(
rat
s,f
li
es)ands
preadbact
eri
aandi
nfect
ion.

i
v)Cons
umeMor
eFuel
 
Fi
nal
l
y,us
ingt
reesandt
reepr
oduct
stopowermachi
nesi
sinef
fi
ci
entas
wel
l
.Notonl
y doesi
ttake a l
otmor
efuelt
o do t
he s
ame j
ob asus
ing
convent
ional
fuel
s,buti
tal
socr
eat
esenvi
ronment
alpr
obl
emsofi
tsown.

v)Requi
reMor
eLand 
Combus
tionofbi
omas
spr
oduct
srequi
res
omel
andwher
etheycaneas
il
y
bebur
nt.
Since,
itpr
oducesgas
esl
i
kemet
hanei
nat
mos
pher
e;t
her
efor
eitcanbe
pr
oducedi
nthos
ear
easwhi
char
equi
tef
arf
rom r
esi
dent
ial
homes
.