Semester : [ sma Student:. EXPERIMENT No 4 AIM To determine the thermal Conductivity of a metallic rod. LEARNING OBJECTIVES On successful completion of all learning activities provided in this experi student will be able to:- 19 activities provided in this experiment a State Fourier’s law of heat conduction, Define thermal conductivity Discuss the techniques of measurement thermal conductivity of bar. . Study the temperature distribution along the rod. . Study the change in conductivity of material with temperature . Understand the theory behind the experiment. . Bridge the gap between theory and practical. NOTRONS THEORY Fourier’s law of heat conduction state that the rate of heat flux is linearly proportional to the temperature gradient. For one dimensional heat conduction dt att aa dt or a dx dt = - KAS or Where ; q_ is the rate of heat flux in W/m’ at is the temperature gradient in °C/m in x — direction dx K _ is the thermal conductivity in Wm°C. Q_ is rate of heat transfer in Watts A __ is cross sectional area of bar in m conductivity is a specific property of conducting material which has been fees peceecoue solid as the quantity of heat conducted across a unit area normal to the direction of heat flow in unit time and for unit temperature gradient along the flow path. An experimental measurement of thermal conductivity is accomplished by the observation of the temperature gradient across a given area of the material conducting heat at known rate. For a specimen who has relatively high conductivity e.g. metals, at moderate temperature levels can be measured by an apparatus of type described in following section. : Heat & Mass Transfer Laborator 2 jent of Mechanical EngineeringName of the Student: _ Semester : ... OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS Length of metal rod between T; and Ts, Or4 m Temperature along metallic rod in °C =T1, Te Ta, Ta,Ts. Thermal gradient aot °Clm d& L Diameter of metal bar ‘= 345 mm=0345m Cross sectional area ‘A= (0/4) a? = O+f104 m? Voltage across the heater =V Volts Current supplied to the heater = | Amperes Heat input to the heater Q = VI Watts o Way Si} Ty T2 Ts Ts Ts Vv 1 7H8 Jue ag | 32 | oe [1s 2144 [53 | 4t | 4o | 3c fico 3 fey | gs lex lea] 3t liso 4 5 Thermal conductivity of bar K = { W/m°C Q dt/dx K Goo Fe silgF on 4G0 | (02-32/25.83 4SO + 169-46 |24: 0 | Hoo |-az0-e3] p93 yop Fa6Fy] MF 130 [ies] 84 [oe [el liso Iso [22 [38 [44 | 3) Jie PRECUATIONS 1. Ensure steady state condition before taking observations. 2. Be aware of electricity. 3. Do not increase the temperature suddenly as it can burn the heater because of low thermal conductivity. RESULTS The average thermal conductivity of copper=_36' t#&" Wim’, EXERCISE 1. How is the subject of heat transfer different from the subject of thermodynamics? . Enumerate the basic laws which govern the heat transfer? . What are the three basic modes in which heat is transferred? . What is conduction heat transfer? How does it differ from the convection? What is Fourier's law of heat conduction? . How is thermal conductivity of a material defined? What is its unit? . Why are good electrical conductors also good thermal conductors? How does the slope of the temperature profile in a wall depend on its thermal conductivity? 8. Explain the term thermal capacity of a material, 9. Explain the term thermal diffusivity of a material, 10. Give examples of one, two and three dimensional heat conduction, —_—__| 1T/Department of Mechani 4 WU Pag |W] vs) NOnRONWdeals with He amount y ov Werk daing a Bry 7 “Thennodynanles fess a ~ 4 hat aud only Consider the © el at oe “femal will fake reach the while, “Heat Frnsfor” deals ite vale of emwrpy Yr, tay, it give idea | bow dong a hat Henife Ui occur: Heat tromufon cals ust Hime % now epi bsium phenomena. Heat Com Orly trontfen uthen Hee is fomp gradiont exists tn a bedy € vshich is indlcakon of ron epilibyiom phenomena. Th short, Thermedyramies Gives “why” @ procey will occur & Heat trerfen usill tell, “Hous ”a proces will about how long if fs 2- Governing lows of Heat Fronafen :— CO Fewsion’: Jaws (Condacton) Lt Sets thet the sate heat traner thoroagh & Matesial is Mona) ont Pepo b the -ve grdient in the temp- oud b the anes, at sipht } es te shat gracheut Traigh which hab flo “si Q« dé du axa > Qn -Adl >. et or [@= -KA dt eK K- Theme! Conduc vill wd ta pi bry, fol thale i eppilibsa, cle: (i) Newton's de> of Geog Crvecston) “The Jaw stakes that the sue gf heat tronifor boo a gold bedy $ duvveundng fluid rs cbrectly preportional the temp. difforwe bho them ¥ is abo proportional fo the anea of Contact - ax Os - To) ox A (a= ea) he heat tranfer coefficient ¢. Convection. To = wall temp. To = Ambient. WD stefor Boll zane Law (Rodieton ) ocean when there ix a Concom about travfer of hat The law Wtedes “that Radiation energy emilled from the surfece df a black bedy (per Out fine, x Usbare) is dinecty propor bo the Af Pocen ¢ absolute temp. ¢ bck bedy aT" 3 = Stefn- Rolteman cons tat 56 F € 08 wat fon K ——gion fo rapoH ce Solid, ad er Te - that make dneck pry’ : sug Cnn one ak tne Home dg,» Temp difrse tfre & fin ey calay (4) Contret vith each othe, ga ced pale. ov Hostyh valt Y# rappgortr Conduction difer from Convection — O he fion, hat Jravfer take plaw bho object by dineet -Ceudoct.. Tir Combction, heat transfer fakes within fluid (WO Te conduction, heat trarafer fake ple due to difercuce tn temp. Fa conwchien, beak Aronsfor ocr dite fo diferrne in devs (ii) Heat hroufer in Conducten bs Slee Heat Pronifor in Cavec.tion is fost Ase ~ Thermal Conductivity Con be Alec as sabe gat Which heat is transfered by Conducteon Hoxaugh & Unib Cross-Section area of material, eston- temp: Gadiat exists This dusaled & ra fy Mea. mp edjuve ov bls diferod mack, ws 9 Thermal diffusivity gy Thermal Capacity is the prepery of a madoial to absorh beat wher it is heated & to veleose heat when il is Cooled Tt 6 defined hy. aq: mele-7) ow C= mG-%) > heat absorbed or released (5) mos of malesal (v Co tobe host of eaboval a/9.8) lucales the vale f bmp: “I . ce! Themal Godin dijivily 2, & Colada ben Conduchiity & hast thermal Capacity 2 Gee OR * a= 2. (#'/) Fe mr thermal Conduotivity few density Specific hat Copacity - Ans lo» One- dimenional ?- “Le: mews temp. varies uly 6n | dimowion Enample - heat trenspen along Yockues of a-wall whose gly ane Kept at diff temp. OHeral het a — preous had houfer a j : EXPERIMENT NO 2 vasiotion he oe vard AM sremine the thermal conductivity of a insulating slab material. trang — Het fr ING OBJECTIVES 1» tet of loa cach ‘completion ofall learning activities provided in this experiment a ‘ ity 13 il be able to:- 4 Goilg Bd ante ‘State Fourier’s law of heat conduction. 4 Define thermal Sonnet. nth J conduct uot Corductlon + ~ Discuss the techniques of measurement thermal con« / Bree dimensiovel ” Study the change in conductivity of material with temperature ~ 7 Understand the theory behind the experiment. mest groralid Cone: To Bridge the gap between theory and practical. So.as he haat fe g law of heat conduction state that the rate of heat flux is linearly proportional tothe temperature gradient. For one dimensional heat conduction at Is the rate of heat flux in Wim? © isthe temperature gradient in ‘im in x ~ direction Kis the thermal conductivity in Wim. Qis rate of heat transfer in Watts Ais cross sectional area of bar in m? ‘Thermal conductivity ‘K’ is a specific property of conducting material which has been defined for homogeneous solid as the quantity of heat conducted across a unit area normal to the direction of heat flow in unit time and for unit temperature ‘gradient along the flow path. Heat transfer rate Q through a homogeneous conductor of an area A of length L with ‘at temperature drop across its surface is given by:oF EQUIPMENT _ gure 2.1) consists of a Pay of insulating slab Which i, (ra? Centre and @ pair of cooling chamb he temperature di erence across the insulating mate, he orp cooing at the other end. Water circu fesing. section results in lines? temperature gradient thre” ‘element is operated at low voltage for ugh DESCRIPTION. The equipment between a heat PROCEDURE OBSERVATIONS conduction. The heating safety and is protected by & thermostat to prevent damage by increass supplied to the heating element can be varied using dimmer Overheay th 04.Allow the unit er and ampere meter. The temperatu Stat ang MF (temperature indicat measured by four thermocouples. TE at the al down the i 01. Switch on the power supply. 02, Turn on the pump. M the |? 93. Tumn on the heater it to run for sufficient time jor should read a cor readings of voltmeter, ammeter, ‘the experiment for different inputs. & adjust the heat input by 1g slab (Asbestos) L dimmer. to get a stead; nstant temperature ) =12mm ly state condition icator. ‘and temperature A. Thickness of insulat + Biameter of insulating slab (Asbestos) P= 1480 mm “Total Heat input ‘Temperatures In Voltage | Amperage rate th te ts v 1 W=VI watts 50 ers va Ste |\-7 [94-3 so 03% oe Ist [pte | WO-2) 50 4 563 ees | WS2 5O ca sc_|e-s "208 50 fea ne [io [22 eos 2 ication No. : Mech/HMT/MNC/06/36 | Mech/k iN ing slab: i ee . Mica Heater: 400 Watt inser De ve Digital Voltmeter: 0 - 300 v Az Digital Ampere meter: 0-20 A Tem iperature Indicator: 0 - 200°C (A hetine Sensor: R.T.D, (Pt. ee Variac: 0-2 4 eetc0 Thermostat: 30 - 209¢¢ 4. Assuming heat ge! therefore heat trans 3. Thermal conductivity 4, Thermal conductivity CALCULATIONS & RESULTS nerated in the heater (VI) gets ‘sfer rate through both upper an Watts m 4 fer area of insulating slab cof upper asbestos slab of lower asbestos sheet equally id lower slab— yen =A xo F nm ae ceed nonpaoda|. =1- rary =X Bq wml ad +7) oe weet ayn saunsue y! se ae o% . % ermapendol, < od MeANbAD 9 wth kare ~m eopcoh f wanton (M ope? ‘ neni (UE * Semveseo cine oe rere qo Bure @ ARMING os ume oe nepmas ora ¢ ee oe AE TET rap . Rag epere *y> song Pore mY ET Bae wot a a ee mow pro TAT i eee bey sxopempne> “EXPERIMENT NO 3 SAENMENT NOS AIM To determine the thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of the given compound resistance in series and study the temperature gradient along the composite wall structure. LEARNING OBJECTIVES On successful completion of all learning activities provided in this experiment a student will be able to: 1. State Fourier’s law . Discuss analogy of heat flow and the flow of electricity. Define thermal conduction resistance. Discuss the techniques of measurement thermal conductivity. .. Study the temperature distribution along the composite wall. . Understand the theory behind the experiment. . Bridge the gap between theory and practical. NOgpwon THEORY , The Fourier’s equation of heat conduction may be written as pale "kA Q= heat flow per unit time At= the temperature drop across the surface in the direction of heat flow L = Length of path over which heat transfer occurs K = Thermal conductivity of material A= heat transfer area Thermal conduction resistance: The heat transfer process may be compared with the flow of electricity in a resistance. The temperature difference At is the driving force for heat conduction and the term in the denominator (L/KA) is called thermal conduction resistance (Rin). For a given heat transfer rate through given solid of unknown dimensions, A t is experimentally determinable, consequently the term (L/KA) representing resistance can be calculated. In case of compound resistance in series, the above principle is also applicable for the calculation of individual and overall resistances. By allowing a certain quantity of heat of known flux (i.e. heat per unit area time) and measuring the temperature drop across the various layers of the resistances their value can be calculated, since the same amount of heat flows through all resistances. Thus, Q= At, _ Ats Ly “ha a If a composite wall consists of n slab then, heat conduction through the composite wall is given by Q BIT/Department of Mechanical Engineering / Heat & Mass Transfer Laboratory] 9N ‘Name of the Student... Temperature Sensor: R.T.D. (Pt Variac :0 -2 A Where ifference te thon =overal temperature di > sistance = overall thermal res PROCEDURE wa oe Switch on the power supply. PME! . ‘ 2. Vary the dimmer stat for adjusting the heat input.( this should be in the of oer ET ON ee consists of @ mia heats sere betes, 40 t0 70 watts) s ‘enge of The equipment (geet materia (High Car : fiber Plate ang circular two sels of ke composite resistange cere toa ne eee are dimmer stat for varying the heat se \ either side of nd voltmeter for calculating heat input. To read the tempera thehedo ptt between two specimen slabs, thermocouples are iNstalleg: tue, a th, 3, Allow the unit fo run for sufficient time to get a steady state condition bea, 4. Note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, and temperature indicator a Total Heat SI. | Voltage | Amperage | input rate |; omens _ v 1 VI = Ge) a | i 2. oo | or 20 (33 [332 |3ua]426 [hen [349 [za] (5 8 loo | or 20 [p35 845] 3¢2|4q5| MF Y [3603 [83-5] 3 |too [or [20 bug 367 | 38.7 mater 349 [R308 -— ~ WO er Fo SUE REG TT B-2 [oy eer 3403, HO ge = 30 fae 5 I521 [auc | Sy, & RVATIONS BS) 1342 Hos Log S21 1396 | 34.6 . Thickness of asbestos board Diameter of asbestos board D, Thickness of Mild Stee! Slab Diameter of Mild Steel slab Ds: Thickness of Bakelite Slab 5 mm. Diameter of Bakelite slab Le= 250 mm AND RESULT: ‘Temperatures in ™ fe |e [tt [te ye oanen CALCULATK Assumptions: 1. Heat generated in the heater (VI) get equally distributed ‘among upper and lower composite walls. 2. There is perfect contact temperature drop occur between the layers of composite wall and no Fs across the interface between the materials, A. For Upper Composite Walll 1. Hoot tansterratea= 1! Wats 2. thermal conductivity of asbestos Ke 1-8) iL, 3. thermal conductivity of stee! Ks =—2A. For Lower Composite Wall 1 2. thermal conductivity of asbestos ‘3 thermal conductivity of steel Ks = 8: thermal resistance of ste! Rez 7 thermal resistance of bake Re 1, Heat transfer rate Q=— Watts Kye A, Oly Als) Alt, 5. thermal resistance of asbestos Ry= La KA KA Ra | Rs si] Q 1] go | 033 ae at 2, ae S| «Gis: [018s T] do [oase [ang [14S] esa [O-iss Tye pe HIS OSM OES ® G 20 0222 24G 2810 O50 OH oe ts) 4. thermal conductivity of bakelte Ky = 242 _ I) ‘Name ofthe Student Semester Ka Ks Ks Ra Rs Re | Roverat 2 3 | 20 |-em [06g [1-19 [0-20 [ose [o-Qos [evra 3S ES CF SEE cooly aser Gran ogee 2 OF 6) INF -O03 01630, G2) PRECAUTIONS * He 0-04 0 1. Be aware of electricity. 2. Do not increase the temperature suddenly as it can bum the Heater because of EXERCISE ;. what do you mean by thermal contact resistance? . Explain the effect of contact pressure on thermal resistance. What is thermal 20 | Hage | ttl | 4-36 | Orag| 03% [OOF [ony oo Bo | 24 | 0-934 | 21F |o-o0s" | weer |o-lYO |0-400 low thermal conductivity. Ensure steady state condition before taking observations. AAs the resistances of the ‘slabs are very high, so time required for steady state condition will be more than 1 hour. Voltage and ampere readings may be changed because of power fluctuation so ‘monitor and adjust the heat input as per the requirement. Explain the resistance concept to illustrate the analogy of heat flow and the flow of electricity. How the Fourier's law and ohm’s law are are similar? How does the temperature distribution in a solid vary if the thermal conductivity varies linearly with temperature? Hoe does conduction occurs in composite wal with different materials putin (i) series and (i) parallel, grease? What is difference between thermal conductivity and thermal conductance? Explain the mechanism of heat conduction in gases, liquid and solids. Wy metal are good thermal conductors, while non metals ae poor conductors of heat’Aes 2 Guo Fourie how 1 - Avs 3 fs 4 oobi a Fox eee F gf bat t= Tee are G-D = a rRin. Tony, Rendiok iff, “Thermal rudltbuce vellige ob ference Resistance - het plas rab (8) - From thm's lw Ie ave ze onp. clsbubution ta a felil is Mnear wher thal Condulve very Lnenily with Hemp Fox Compasile whl. Heat Caducton Q:(AT )pspull BR there Ky, =P. KA Ashe Coukeet Purine trruose the thermal sasithauue thermal prumune i used t> must the heat Pow. Thermal Codtect suristoue Con he minimize by Spebing ttarmal Conducting howd called Hhemal Grune duc os gilreon vail - Thermal nelly ts the alts a vmalixio fp heat iit is oe Given. metal. Tt is defined 08 suede of haat 4 j 7 Unit thickues of matodal / Unit area] Unit fe Aiffercute - Dm ges F byutd Conclucbon due 40 collision & Aiffision of heat moluales during far meter m seg it i dua toa Combinab on of Vibrabon of mobusles in a Lathce % energy beonifin hy foe elrebum « Metal have fuse elicbrows which cam tramfer heat fiom exe atoms sto auction sy thay are good Conductor of baat“Name ofthe Student Semester : EXPERIMENT NO 4 AIM To determine the individual thermal conductivity of different lagging in a lagged pipe. LEARNING OBJECTIVES On successful completion of all learning activities provided in this experiment a student will be able to:- - Give expression for heat transfer rate through hollow cylinder. . Define ‘logarithmic mean area’ of the hollow cylinder . Discuss the techniques of measurement thermal conductivity. . Study the change in conductivity of material with temperature . Understand the theory behind the experiment. |. Bridge the gap between theory and practical. OapRONns THEORY The conduction heat transfer rate (Q) through a hollow cylinder of material having constant thermal conductivity (K) within the given temperature range and insulated at both ends is given by 28K L(h-t) in| 2 i of) K=e—— 1 2nL(t,-t,) Where Ty f= Inner and outer radii; ty, tg = Temperatures of inner and outer surfaces. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT The equipment (figure 5.1) consists of three concentric G.I. pipes. Annular space between the inner and middle pipe is filled with glass wool insulation and between the middle and outer pipe with magnesia powder. A nichrome wire heater is placed inside the innermost G.I. pipe. There is a dimmerstat for varying the heat input, an ampere meter and voltmeter for calculating heat input. Thermocouples are installed to read the temperature at the locations as below: T;,T2 = Inner surface temperature of inner lagging 3,T4= Outer surface temperature of inner lagging or inner surface temperature of outer Lagging ; Ts,Te= Outer surface temperature of outer Lagging [hIT/Depariment of Mechanical Engineering /Heat & Mass Transfer Laboratory] 14Name ofthe Student... z Roll No. Semester fone fron le ROCI 4, Switch on the power supply. 2. Tum on the heater and adjust the heat input by dimmer. 3, Allow the unit to run for sufficient time to get a steady state condition (temperature indicator should read a constant temperature ) 44, Note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, and temperature indicator. 8. Repeat the experiment for different inputs. OBSERVATIONS Inner radius of glass wool lagging = 25 mm Outer radius of glass wool lagging fm =55 mm. Inner radius of chalk powder lagging fm = 55 mm. Outer radius of chalk powder lagging rp = 72.5 mm Length of cylindrical insulation L = 0.575 m Voltage in| Currentin | Temperature read by thermocouples in Volts | Amperes °C. = ¥ , [th J [te |t™ | |T. 80 0:63 [205 [25-9 |25-2.|26-3 | 26.3 [25-8 2 8 0:63 | 32-#/29-9 [26-2 ag. | 124.5 |aeY Figure 5:1: Schematic representation of the equipment ‘SPECIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT Identification No: Mech/HMTIMINCIO6(36 z a Diameter of inner pipe: 50 mm 80 e7 3812326 |24.8 [RHE 129 Jaga Diameter of mide pipe: 110 mm “Tb 0163 [ABS [aed [28-8 | 29.6) 343 [ars Denk oe i: om 5 Bo 0-63 [44-3 [395 (321 | ong [aaa bay Dof Glass y woo! lagging: 60 mm Be 063 Sod WS SE me BS 303 0D. of las wool lagging: 110 mm CALCULATIONS 1. Heat transfer rate Q = V | Watts 1D of chalk powder lagging: 110 mm of hak ponder nsulton: 45 mm 2, Average Inner surface Temperature of inner lagging t= i+ Digital Vo ; ee ‘en 0300 3. Average Outer surface Temperature of inner lagging = Average Inner . e meter 0.20 surface Temperature of outer lagging t= 2*% emperatue Ideal 0.200 ony . ° Tempe Snr racy 01°C) 4, Average Outer surface Temperature of outer lagging t= 2*%. Vatiac: 0-2 4 “(100 type) ; Thermostat 30 .299%¢ onl } 5. Thermal conductivity of glass wool Ke= + aL (t,t) Mica Heater: 999 WatPng} — Logarithmic. Mean area for fellow Cplincler TE ig the wea of loin wall which Conchut Aone. heat fo hollow taplnder po sone. Aickns , Same. Remporadwe. dhenss aul for some material « Pin= Ae - Fi By iy Ang 2-— Thonmal Raitance, of holed tybrder = Ra ee ase RESULTS ity of glass wool as 1 Te ar ane ie gl ; \ 2, Treaverage thermal conductivity of Chalk powder x, = ouler Radius = 319362 _Wim°C n> Toner Radios deme L = Length of ger 1, Be aware of elect. : i 2, Do not increase the temperature suddenly as it can burn the. heater becay K = Thermal condu hvily « of ow thermal conductivity. jee {As the resistances ofthe lagings are very high, so time required for ses ‘state condition will be more than 1 hour. 4. Voltage and ampere readings may change because of power fluc . man ruses ‘monitor and adjust the heat input as per the requirement. “my Ang3 - Coobical Thicknes 4 insulation me a ‘5. Do not disturb the thermocouples as it can vary the temperature readings. § > heat Joes wlth rn hesimal 104s tance. » This ont oli 5 waged im Suluation wher Oe dpe : ow {Define the tem egarihic mean area ofthe hollow oylinder. Inoware with waulabenie ebvcl 4 ive the expression for thermal resistance ofthe hollow cylinder. El etn ‘ical ickess of insulation’. k 7 expression for crtcal radius of insulati % R a 5 é lc ulation for cylinder. - inden © > ‘Give the expression for erica radius of insulation (iplnlias Aes cc ees sees 2K se Nes‘Name of the Student... Roll No.:.... Semester: oor sue vee ses ove .. Date. EXPERIMENT NO 5 r AIM : 7 To determine the thermal conductivity of insulating powder. LEARNING OBJECTIVES : : On successful completion of all learning activities provided in this experiment a student will be able to:- . Define thermal conductivity. . Discuss conduction through a hollow sphere. . Discuss the techniques of measurement thermal condtrtivity. . Study the change in conductivity of material with temperature. . Understand the theory behind the experiment. . Bridge the gap between theory and practical. OARONS THEORY Fourier’s law of heat conduction state that the rate of heat flux is linearly proportional to the temperature gradient. For one dimensional heat conduction dt a 9G dt or =-K— rr Where:- qis the rate of heat flux in Wim? . 4 is the temperature gradient in °C/m in x — direction. K is the thermal conductivity in W/m°C. The conduction heat transfer rate for a hollow sphere made of material having constant thermal conductivity with the given temperature range is given by: dart (TK @%-n) Where Q = heat transfer rate in J/sec or watts r= inner radius of sphere in metre uter radius of sphere in metre inside surface temperature of sphere in °C To = outside surface temperature of sphere in °C K is the thermal conductivity in wattm°C. Thermal conductivity is a specific property of conducting material which has been defined for homogeneous solid as the quantity of heat conducted across a unit area normal to the direction of heat flow in unit time and for unit temperature gradient along the flow path. The insulation is defined as a material which retards the heat flow with reasonable effectiveness. There are many heat exchange equipment where heat loss to Surrounding is to be minimized. In such cases they are covered by materials of lower thermal conductivity, called as insulators, because of demand of large BlT/Department of Mechanical Engineering / Heat & Mass Transfer Laboratory] 18industries have come \ —_ Fe et? «Na fn Oe we qT et we Date et ni i. ied St pan that ofthe basic Sond ag, SPECIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT 2 mur cause OF vay ah cto oF On, Identification No. : Mech/HMT/MNC/O6/13 rover tT Vlg yh i) Specimen: Asbestos powder picated function of the geo,” 1 ii) Radius of inner sphere = P57 ems ivy, th ature of heat transfer. Sty.) Raclus of outer sphere = |O_oms ucla which is determined by 4,Ony i a8 cl quantity to Y the ty Thermocouple: 12Nos. (Cromel-Alumel) : can 7 ns If eyprientalY. The present sate gt Heater: 150W candy values. ‘up! Volt meter: 0-250 V Ammeter : 0-2 A roo aa ET Soha owen ose therm: © deter 4. Switch on the heater. oe a spe fo uniform heating of gee, 2 Welter ante so a steady state has been reached irs yeas sphere) a OUNEM fp mg shy ST readings of vollmeter and ammeter for heat input, thermocouple * powder specimen. Voltmeter ang ant) readings and the Geometrical data of sphere. fener erere@ OO lectcal dimmer is provided to may 4 Chere fe heat input and repeat step 2 and 3. roded 0 measur te ; ped 81 OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS |. Radius of inner sphere ri=_F-5__oms 1500" bia input. 1. ast 2. Radius of outer sphere ro=__1O ems 2ee mm Dia b sek 2 i 3. Heat input ‘Q' = V | watts i woken 4, Average temp of inner sphere T)= Beh sheneT an ov Sow 5, Average temp of outer sphere To = EAR tTi th ‘Dinner Nearer 6. The thermal conductivity TRermocougles Ke ann ‘SI__| Voltage | Current | Heat ‘Average temp | Average temp ‘Thermal input | of inner sphere ‘of outer sphere | conductivity v 1 Q Tt I. K [100 [@4e[4o | 816 Sweih | 0-053 Figure 6.1: 1 Z o | Os4o| 40 3°66 §3223 or 016 gue 6.1: Schematic representation of the equipment z 00 op [40 a a 03! 4 | 100 jor¥o | 40 | 94-83 G25 O04”PRECUATIONS 4. Observations 2 Freer of et pore, ro ee were? suddenly a8 can Dum the hea, thermal conduct nal to pe made onl” insteady state. RESULTS ‘The Thermal conduct | EXERCISE conductivity of insulating mat, ial, 4. Discuss the factors affecting thermal cond 2. How does thermal conductivity ‘change with temperature for ing Ysnich may be accounted fori lating material? Explain the reasons: 3. Explain the term ‘critical thickness, of insulation”. 3. Explain he aon real rads of insuation for cylinder “ts of insulation for sphere, ‘5. Give the expression for erica ra == (1) Matoiel - The oe of mabriel being eed nelnews 0 J : ia thermal Conducbvity a fed the wah of enegy pleving bd 480 veping “The greahiy the Covducdivity raleval joules the energy flaws 1 the Ci) Le _ legte “te nae the enory ff wale af whch coh con a he ivity of insulating powder (asbestos) ey Ins o ng (iit) Temp: Difference — Thermal Concbuchrity Vos vi bey to donp Depending tromal dnducly y a’ ° ae ae intsasing flow oh energy « ofbe Fises ons Thema! The ma oe hy ineracis et Hop become au mrecbiom (the air or gas witon ) Gud hin enh trcited as the temp: ls Peed the voids Comme tion within or belo . ids, thus ime-weasing heat ei ene eee flow “This iwursase. Ss evel coda ody cams raodelled Th Produc & Con be mainenabialy their alate, mod which employ | inte gases “as thenal a" bam may Shao Shap changes 7 a duchy, wwlsch us Coudeusation. may cece because o Jos A338 Coal ticles ulin mens haat Jess ote nin thermal Ke apa wsistence . Thi ta Ae tan nee as eed increases with the ae of the , bey Cylindrical & spherical systems.Il? Ee pe Cscheal pacha K+ thetmal Covduc ily. h-> het transfer Coefficient. i tee Crikeal vedusName of the Student: Semester: ensnses EXPERIMENT NO 6 AIM To study the unsteady or transient state heat conduction through the lumped heat capacity method. LEARNING OBJECTIVES On successful completion of all learning activities provided in this experiment a student will be able to:- 1. Understand the steady and unsteady state. . Discuss the lumped heat capacity method. . Study the rates of heat transfer for different materials and geometries . Understand the importance and validity of engineering assumptions through the lumped heat capacity method. PON 5. Define Biot Number and understand its physical significance 6. Define Fourier number and understand its physical significance 7. Understand the theory behind the experiment. 8. Bridge the gap between theory and practical. THEORY Conduction of heat in unsteady state refers to the transient conditions heat flow and temperature distribution at any point of the system vary continuously with time. A study of the heat losses occurring when an object is suddenly immersed in an infinite, constant temperature heat sink will produce a first order differential equation with temperature as a function of time. This can be solved by solving the exact model or lumped heat capacity method. The exact model assumes that the temperature profile across a cooled solid is not negligible from center to surface. Lumped Heat Capacity Model Allsolids have a finite thermal conductivity and there will be always a temperature gradient inside the solid whenever heat is added or removed. However for solid of large thermal conductivity with larger surface area in proportion to its volume like plate and thin metallic wires, the internal resistance (4) can be assumed to be small or negligible in comparison with the convective resistance (3) at the surface. The temperature in this process is considered to be uniform at a given time .such an analysis is called “Lumped Parameter analysis‘ or "lumped heat capacity method” because the whole solid, whose energy at any time is a function of its temperature and the total heat capacity is treated as one lump. To determine the applicability of a model, the Biot Number is used. If the value of Bi is less than 0.1, then the lumped heat capacity model is applicable. Otherwise, the exact solution is necessary. 22 [BrT/Department of Mechanical Engineering / Heat & Mass Transfer Laboratory‘Nae ofthe Student: Roll No. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT The equipment (figure7.1) consists of a water bath and two small cylindrical containers made of stainless steel and copper, which can be dipped into a water bath. Water bath is equipped with a water circulating pump and an agitator to "maintain a uniform constant temperature in the water bath. The capacity of water bath Is 30 liters and is being heated by an electric heating element of 2 kW. The large volume of water in the bath ensures that any change in the temperature of = Time, $8: _tobnef esol) — Le= Characteristics nat Se areaof the solid (4,) fercylnde, where Ris radius of cylinder 1 oyinder, for sphere, where Ris radius of sphere for cube, where Lis side of cube. The temperature variation wrt. time is given by: 8 _ (tt) a /olume of the body, m3 Specific heat of the body, Jkg *C eat transfer coefcient ofthe surface of the body, Wim?°C Surface area of the body,m? Temperature ofthe body at time r, bient temperature, °C F = Time, se, stantaneous heat transfer rate ig siven by: Q=-hA( tt) exp | AAT ve eM te) °xp(-BF,) the water is minimal. A temperature controller controls the temperature of the water bath. Containers temperature is measured by the thermocouples immersed in it. Figure 7.1: Schematic representation of the equipment ‘SPECIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT Identification No. : Mech/HMT/MNC/06/36 Height of stainless steel test cylinder: 175 mm Diameter of stainless steel test cylinder: 35 mm Density of stainless steel: 7800 kg/m3 Specific heat of stainless steel: 0.473 kikg°C. Height of copper test cylinder: 175 mm Diameter of copper test cylinder: 35 mm Density of copper: 9000 kg/m3 Specific heat of copper — 0.38 k/kg"C. Height of water bath: 255 mm Diameter of water bath: 250 mm Density of water: 990 kg/m3 Specific heat of water: 4178 Jikg°C Water Heater: 2000 Watt Digital Voltmeter: 0 - 300 V Digital Ampere meter: 0-20 A Temperature Indicator: 0 - 200°C (Accuracy - 0.1°C) Temperature Sensor: R.T.D. (Pt~100 type) Dimmer: 2.5 kW Temperature Controller: 0 - 99°C\é a ‘PRECAUTIONS smpty water bath. 1. Donat param te eg ML ting of waterbath, 2 Care: shoud be ake dung ee state of . + Fe od otumng onion te itmtonpertne tit 5 Do nt vary tester speed dng experi EXERCISE ; 1 Hot ose el cn er fon tay Conduction? 2. What is lumped system analysis? When it is applical 3. What is Biot number 4, Whats physclsgnflcance of Bit number? ‘5. What is Fourier number? 8. Whats physical snifcaneof Fourier number? 7. nh metan ated stm aay mae ial fo be applicable: n water a inart vie 8. Feri ise anette anahis mee 7 Sahota sz yh uit Peat in a pate. The temperature ofthe ac ‘during the first mir Potato drops by: tan Stal ost nate op dung the second minute be est 10.Consier a sper anda igen, tt ol ray oe OMe Tae copper Boh ese Inte sane envionment when’ emperature, and are exposed 0 the sphere? Why Veh do you think will faster the cylinder likely to be applicable: in actus Th bhendy bhele heat Aseonsfen, the temp. is Contout Hrooughout Linne. mp. sn asttthgraroios emer, Th denied heat ronifer, the temp. falemal Conductive resistance. - ‘Cadernal Convective saidhewe. fis. — Significant. of bist number. : D) dick rumber shows selabon bekocen intemal Conduchie, saasslaue € Convecive rauistone at peg det . 2) Rvyudaa Co barion for lumped. dysteae ovalyiis, 3) Wigher vabee 4 bict number indieatea dat inlernal Hien inthe objeed » highox $row onbesrnad iow 4) Bot munber aloug esi fouier no- helps to ewelyre jes by lumped dypln dues.fins 5 — Fourier number uy the. dimensionlers — qporkily used in the Calculation of - Atala heat baw or. wrtbeady The. fewer no- ig the seabo od nalle of head Couduebon fo -the. pole of beat Boreal in Lady Ke KE & = Tesimol diffusivity Ee Tc! Tme, tee vs Lacy Length. Ans 6 — 1) ~The fowser rember indicates the relation belvern the sate gf heak Gudiehn, towigh the body & the mak af heal seed in oe led‘Name of the Student: Semester : Roll No.:... Date... EXPERIMENT NO. 7 AIM To determine the surface heat transfer coefficient for heated vertical cylinder in natural convection. LEARNING OBJECTIVES On successful completion of all learning activities provided in this experiment a student will be able to:- 1. Define Natural convection & Forced convection 2. Define heat transfer coefficient. 3. Discuss the techniques of measurement of heat transfer coefficient 4, Define Grashoff number, Prandtl number,Nusselt number. 5. Understand the theory behind the experiment. 6. Bridge the gap between theory and practical. THEORY When a hot body is kept in still air, it looses heat to the surrounding by the process of natural convection. The layer of fluid adjacent to the hot body gets heated up as a result of which its density decreased. Due to the buoyancy force created because of the density difference between the heated fluid and the surrounding cooler fluid a convective motion is initiated with a continuous motion of the fluid upwards along the plate and replacement of this fluid by the cooler fluid. The heat transfer coefficient ‘h’ is given by: (hn) A(t, -to) Q_ is the rate of heat transfer, J/sec or Watt Ais the area of surface transferring heat, m?. ts is mean surface temperature of hot body, °C ts is temperature of undisturbed fluid, °C his the average heat transfer coefficient, W/ m? °C. The following dimensionless number apply for the usual free convection problem Grashof number ‘Gr’ , = Gn gpl Lis t4) v Gr, =Grashof number based on length B = Coefficient of thermal expansion, per Kelvin = 4/(t) + 273) ts ean surface temp of cylinder, °C. te ‘emperature of surrounding fluid, oc. v inematic viscosity of fluid, m’ “s, g = acceleration due to gravity, mis? [BrT/Department of Mechanical Engineering / Heat & Mass Transfer Laboratory] 26reattothe surroundings the fog, " Nusselt number “ Nin Nun» Average Nussat number " inder, m a h (ee a transfer cnet W/m? °C K = thermal corducivty of 48, wim°C. transfer coefficient is given by Therefore, experimental average hea! netiet (hex) L v.pspand ¢, are evaluated at the mean fm All the id properties B, Note: ere ing uid. Mean Film Temperature 't’ is defined by temperature of surounding fic EQUIPMENT The equipment (igure 8.1) consists of a circular stainless steel tube enclosed i rectangular duct open at both top and bottom. The duct is of sufficient dimen external disturbance affecting the data. One side of the duct is made section fo facilitate visual observation. An electrical heating clomant ember es copper lube acs asthe heat source, The surface temperature of the tube pee tcenlferent heights using thermocouples. The surface of the tube minimize radiation losses. A voltmeter and an Ammeter enable t determination of i ee wallage dissipated by the heater and hence the heat input to SPECIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT een No. Neco men: Slaness steal ube The ‘steel tube, OD-. Hear PY 7Nes abr tee i nor eo comm ength 800 Tm Volt meter sow No for surrounding (Cromel-Alumé) ‘Ammeter ce Figure 8.1: Schematic representation of the equipment 4. ‘Switch on the mains. 2 Keep the input power to a lowest range 3. Allow the unit to come in a steady state. 4. Note down the temperature readings by operating the band switch 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 of the surface thermocouples, 8 is local chamber temperature of surrounding air. 5. Repeat the experimental for different input and tabulate the readings for calculations. OBSERVATION Height of the cylinder ‘L’ os om Outside diameter of the cylinder ‘d’ 103 m Area of heat transfer A= "4% S107 me Heat Average mean g1| Vattage | Current ey Surface Temperaiu® | Surtace Ament) Fim v | | "Temp. | Ten | temp. Vots | amps | was | ti[ts|to]t] ts°C Pres AS SR wsefaside) | MF | By (86 | Iss eT tatestate. 1. ‘Observations are to be made oly in steady St sda xen 2 Abe onyal oper of surg fd BP oa ete ji 9 vlad a he mean in enprie of Cun Fm rattivel, Coneelign a th Ptuive heat, become lus dwe Fe The duro unds . q Cealon plud then meats to naples coolin Pais hin headed © the PoC Continuow this Prous: beat heat e094 drm ballon Canvection oP Fond | Conseclon i hype of heat taonsponk ™ which fd maton is prved by enteral Sawee> bhe pomp, fom, ection duice oe. Heat tirana fen Cocfficiud canbe. said tobe the Pola! walls of heat saqpined fo praise. the temp by fneraase deproe K this would mean Prat the paler fled duergunclng CS RESULT Cre beat rans for cccurs the higher the, hea Luovsen “The Graph between hay and hy Vs. Gr shows the variation of heat ransfer coeficient with respect o Grashof number EXERCISE Coefjeient im vecwral Convecon apart qf pluich is heaked ley heat iy tromfored as KE to +. How heat transfer takes place in natural convecton. Abad fo move mare popidly snwreading 2. How heat transfer takes place in forced convection. roller distance hu Cause, the wolrule fo mere. ‘3. Why are hea transfer cosficients for natural nvecton much less than those in fored convection? ' hen OP & allow the deun colder puids do Jellle doom 4. How is the velocity field develops in front of a vertical plate whict . . ‘ t. i maintained ata temperature (a higher and (Nowe, than the surounding in Controst thin prows iy ouchnated by action in fluid? 5. What is physical signifcance of Greshof number wih reference to heat a foued Convection prucem + transfer by natural convection? 6. Whatis Raleigh number? trsF Groskel nmbor idles she. nolatve the fo viscous fom the mctbgnab ae fon ine Gre He mpar ro B Frode. pour cujank fore ciGroshelf No. hus 0 nol. in frac Comecton Srrilasdy fo thet playeck by sayulils no: tat The wo(Ra) for a fli is divenion- abo a3 veclion 6% Me Kegon a3 fut nokwral oe ae wm ouduetion when it emaed the ben at eat Braus es i pi msily in pom + Convection._ Fame ofthe Student... __ EXPERIMENT NO. 8 To determine temperature distribution for a Pin Fin. LEARNING OBJECTIVES On successful completion of all learning activities provided in this experiment a student will be able to:- 1. Define Fin. 2. Discuss the purpose of fin. 3. Discuss the techniques of measurement of heat transfer rate. 4. Discuss the techniques of finding temperature distribution in the fin. 5. Understand the theory behind the experiment. é Bridge the gap between theory and practical. Fins are often attached with heat transfer surfaces to increase the area for convection and thus increase the heat transfer rate. The finned surface is widely used in 1. Economizer for steam power plant 2. Radiator of automobile 3. Air-cooled engine cylinder heads 4. Cooling coil and condenser coil of refrigerator 5. Compressor, electric motor, transformer, electronic equipment etc. Fins come in many shape and forms, some of which is shown in figure 9.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT The equipment (figure 9.2) consists of a rectangular duct; a fin of circular cross section is mounted across it. One end of the duct is open and the other end is to a suction side of the blower, air flows fast the fin perpendicular to its axis. One end of the fin projects outside the duct and is heated by a heater. Temperatures at 5 points along the length of the fin are measured by chromel-alumel thermocouples connected along the length of the fin. The air flow rate is measured by an orifice Meter fitted on delivery side of the blower. TT/Department of Mechanical Engineering / Heat & Mass Transfer Laborator 30Duct si 13. Voltmeter 14. Ammeter PROCEDURE a) Natural Figure ‘SPECIFICATIONS OF E ize Diameter of the fin Diameter ofthe orifice Centrifugal blower B.H.P. 1 phase motor ‘No, of thermocouple on fn ns Thermocouple 6 reads ambient temp. inside the duct. = 110.48 WimK = 0-300 °C 230 V, 2 Amps 9. Thermal conductivity of in material (brass) 40. Temp. Indicator 41. Dimmer stat fr heat input contol 12. Heater suitable fore mounting atthe fin and outside the duct. Convection 92: Schematic represe? PME! aye doe fore convertion 40mm 1. 2 3. | 4. Diameter of the delivery pipe 5. Coefficient of discharge of orice meter © Cu= 0.64 6 7 8 0-250V 0-2A. erature read by T, lege 100V and 120V for different heat input rate. wntation of the equipment = 15cm x 10 cm 1.2cm 20mm 1.5 HP Tame of the Stee ssc b) Forced Convection 1) Start heating the fin by switching ON the heater and adjust dimmer state voltage equal to 100 V With the help of valve. 3) When steady state is reached, record the temperature along the fin 1,2 .Ts Te ,Ts and ambient temperature read by Te. 4) Record the deflection in manometer. 5) Air flow rate will equal to = 6) Repeat the experiment for different heat input and air flow rate. 7) Plot temperature Vs distance curves for different heat input and mass flow rate OBSERVATION TABLE Peene Distance of thermocouple T; from the base of the fi Distance of thermocouple T2from the base of the fin Distance of thermocouple T; from the base of the fin = _ 2.5” mm Distance of thermocouple T« rom the base of the fin Distance of thermocouple Ts from the base of the fin = Natural Convection 25mm 25mm ef “mm 2) Start the blower and adjust the difference of level in the manometer 2-5mm. sl Temperature along the fin_in °C Te Ts Ts Volta | Cure geV | nt Volts | 1 Heat input qeVi Ti ‘ Amps |_watt 1 As as ae ay AR Too fone” | Ke 2155 [54 [52 [st [50 [og [we |o-5 [Go 3 [és | 63 tle [s9 [2g [Joo [oe [ce ae [to |S fo [é5 [26 [oo los [50 6. [as | ¥ oO | #9 [ze [25 too [ow [GO Diameter of the pipe carrying air ~b) Forced Convection Diameter of the orifice Coefficient of discharge of orifice meter Ca The Air flow rate is given by Temperature along the Voltage | Curre [Hea ] Manomet |” Air sl fin_in °C v nt |t er | flow Te | Volts |I inpu | Reading | rate Is T, | Te] Ts | Ts | Ts ‘Amps “a be | watt ro P 2 | 33\% it Tos [95 [86 [23 [3% | loo [os |) 3 2 ere SH23 (2 lc [oR | we [Bir lo-5 asc 3. [921 47) 24] 3/49 ler [ise {ok | ep 48-10 4 | es [+4 29 | Ifo og | ro | rs- be 2-324) 4 £ & 36 10 Of [122 [19-6 — Jor! 10-Fheat transfer. gutace OP fn s not justified? pe OAS ofr rot used? re ga te? DENS Tien fiy2 Gffeckvena This defined os suackeof ahah ect Leofor note frome fi dro Ly tee het tromfen rot. puom area blodlaol by fin (re @ of Are wns fir on bate durfoa) Poko, ball en jf tf Rak eat Aronafer Uithoct fin —— SQ) jlatweally the we g dns ig Tush feel only hen fervor g fm is quake tow |. Practically we of #0 eer the cst dystem Thus Provisi oniveg ¢ te fas only Tuabficd by taking ido Comidvraten of the. Cosh clement when eff ctvenss, E sis mae ton 2- Ars 3 The actual beot flow is Cal bid by — mulbphing the fn ouki dunfoce area by fir oficeneg. Fo effiony i~ Wis difecl as sete ¢ acho beak toons by fr bo marc, haat transferred by fin if ober fn aren ere ak bare Lemp. r= Mehaat beat Amuso sok fron for (@) Max» Pssible leat rons fr 2% (Que) qe 8 + a hAp-8 WPLO, fh > Tobl fir defer aan ie Ay = Pl O° pun G tmh mlaN Ast wae sel fr piling pads mat be Cour, CO Apteatns 5 ts on yu hast ehoigen nal f Gy) Perform to mat prow objectives a Bae fo Fesformance Parameter + Theymal ofediews $ . Prpbure. disp. Gv) charactor Thermal plaid > jul con he. i Seok by temp, Pseartune Phase | YD Cost 5 Hess vane ged uillng b dpend ona Unit | Pared o s0nge. of eplns avaiable you | Ping 5 Consideration of dheding Proper ough af fin s~ | @) Prarie drop caused, by fin- QW) Fin effe csivens . Gi) gy officieny . ERC: oOL EXPERIMENT NO. 9 To find the heat transfer coefficient i i iri LEARNING OBJECT in forced convection of air in a tube. On successful completion of all learning activiti ided in this experi student will be able to:- i gctvies provided In ens - Define Natural convection & Forced convection . Discuss the techniques of measurement of heat transfer coefficient 5. pane Nusselt number, Reynold number , Prandtl number & Stanton er - pan the theory behind the experiment. . ige the gap between theo ical. PEORY ry and practical. When energy transfer takes : Place between a solid surface and a fluid system in motion, the process'is kno} wn as convection .If the fluid motion is caused by a pump or compressor, it is forced convection, If it is caused by density difference, it is natural convection or fr fee convection. The heat transfer coefficient ‘h’ is given by: A,(t,-t,) Q is the rate of heat transfer, J/sec or Watt Ac is the area of surface transferring heat, m2 ts is mean surface temperature of body, °C t, is mean temperature of fluid, °C his the average heat transfer coefficient, W/ m2 °C. Where The mass flow rate of air through the test section is given by: Ma=C, a, |2g Where. Cy = coefficient of discharge of orifice = 0.6 Pa = density of air at ambient temperature Pp density of water ao=Cross sectional area of orifice hw= pressure drop across orifice = mm of water . The mean velocity of flow through the tube is then given by Vs Ze pA, Where A; = the cross sectional area of tube (nd’/4) mis The inside heat transfer coefficient is found by an energy balance heat transferred across test section surface=Heat lost by air HAs (tate) = Ma Cpa(ts-t7) lta Spa =) : A, (t,-t,) / Heat & Mass Transfer Laborator 34 [BIT/Department of Mechanical Enjbulent. The he jinar oF turt eat tra po att le the nature of Ow. Aye, et on doen he flowing MPI rt My ae arated Mt al tube for fow inside | Rela ped aie uly de fe cost RE ee va +007 inside tube urulent fw | fuly develo a fe nse 4 heating of elocty of fuid, mis += Dynamic viscosity, N sec! m? nt umber Pr K Dynamic viscosity, N seo! m? ass density, Kgl? pectic heat Kg K 3. Santon Number st= In the above equations >! "s "the fhid properties Kp, wv and cp are a 3d at the mean bulk t ova inlet and ext empertge Me, ore experiment is repeated rate and @ plot figs, v, fed on the same graph for Me entire procedure repeated, taken as the arithmetic average imber value by varying the air ven by empirical relations is also i heat inputs are then tried and, Airflow Is measured by an orice m js done by band heater placed around fontrolied by a dimmerstat, Temperaty the test section are measured using thermocouples eared sto tei as mpi aeentse nbSan ce from the entrance. The test section is ‘enclosed in A agi jacket where the circulating water removes heat from alr. Waterflow rate is determined using a measuring jar. The water jacket is insulated to minimize heat lose by radiation and convection tothe suroundings. A by pass fine on the air systems enables tests to be conducted at diferent Reynolds numbers. The heat flux is varied by adjusting the dimmerstat, An Voltmeter and an_Ameter va: seg remett of ‘eater wattage. Air flow is. varied systematically by controling the by pass valve so th oss the orfce varies uniform,» Pa ae 89 that the manometerc head Figure 10.1: Schematic representation of the equipment SPECIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT Identification No: Mech’ HMTIMINCIO6/19, Tube inner diameter ‘a’ Tube outer diameterd,’ Orifice diameter ‘d,’ Cy Coefficient of discharge of orifice = 0.6 Test section length ‘L’ = 400mmuly 072" row rte forast tage i input 2% teady state. put, and orifice prssurey 4 air flow rate. ty, te te 4 Se s3 Sr I st 4 otra CAUSE a tempera, iS [| [& | outside heat transfer surface area ofthe tube As= * ean temperature of Hid == °C bth Hy thy th mean surface temperature of body, 3 = 46 ‘The mass fow rae of air through the test section +heat transfer coefficient tllmt) na nd L= 620402 mm? NS - Pe Ceorvaioh te ts bo 1 2, Be aware ofelecticiy, "2° OMY in steady state 3, All chal rel Properties of surroun, , evaluated at the mean fim engage il Kp, bv and oy ae to be Surrounding id Tow heat transfer takes place i Define Reynolds number Define Nusset number and Prand 4. What is Stanton number? ee $ Why are heat transtercoetiints inforced convection? in forced convection, for natural convection much less than those Lonvedton, the heat transfer take place due to foul Pluiel flow. She Lorroundng wines The duronuding plod hove oppreciilel Velocity Heace trawler is higher as r | to free Comection ie Put Reyrlds No +-(Re) Tt 6 soto ¥ inertia fous te wiscous forur Re Loy} Nov ic DE 1 Conweniool measure as Conovechion heat bras for j es unit Hemp. by Convection pai 4 eeD=3 “sBulpunouins s}j YM WNLIquINbe [EWEy) UI UleWa, fpoq eu) Lay Aynndiosge si! 0} jenbe s| ApOG e JO JaMod @AlssIWE FEU} aeI5 y Me] S4OUYOUIY *.APOG ay1ym, e palled SI! ‘pa}oayed s1 APOg 84} UO Buje} UojeIpe| SUP IIE “Apoq anbedo, ue paleo si y! Apog ay) yBnouy} pay!Wsued s! UONeIpe) oy 4 “qu9z s| AYAISS|wWsUeL pue A noeyer SH "11 Uo Busey uone|pes au) ile squosge YoIUM au si eoepNs yoRIq Ajjeapl uy AYNssiuisuey se 1 pue ‘Ay Inno@yed si d ‘Ayandiosqe se UMOUY S| D ‘e18yy b= +040 b=O/0+ O/O+0 FO eu 0+0+°O=D S10ja18y) Apog ayy yGnoy SWOS pue ‘pa}aye! aq jim (’O)ewos' paquosqe eq q B JO soeLNs ay) UodN juepioul A6seue juelpe ayy $I O J) Peywsueny aq [IM (xD) (PO) 1! Jo Wed aulos' Apo “yyGusjerem Jo ainjeiedusey UM Alen Abu y PUE 0 UseMjag s ‘Aes6 40} 4 i I | Selpog ed PUR 0 =9 G0eLNS SHUM © J0}'|=3 Kpog yoeIg & Joy | 0} 0 Woy BulBues seouejsqns qWOJEUIP JO} SaUeA anjeA sy “eunjesedwey jenba 40 Apoq yoerjq e jo semod AAISS|WS OU} 0} APOG AUP Jo JeMod sAlssig 40 ONed se pauyep sg) y -(3) AMAISSIWA =1UISU09 UeWZyog-uEJeIS 519 : 1 AINJOSge Jo oerHs i oe tt na “2y) iu Apog e Kq payiwe UoHelpel jo junows ut one Hl I “ew ae eae Ne ei | Jamod aAls: eal ib “Teoqo 7u08! ‘weunege a HOON UseMieg deb ayy afpud 9 "S08 BU putysg Aosy oy pueysiepun * me] syjoyoury aye1S S0eLIng yorg auyed 2 Aywissiu3 euyed ‘+ SaNTDaTEO ONION, SSW ayy eulwue!3s identical in size a cia mounted on abot, a te ot vide undisturbeg aturg tom. ter is varied by dimmer Stata The temperatures of plates a three thermocouple hey. =e as ene ter. Tt ral vol ving three t Cy comet ru ret tes PAW kept in the oreaire "eg wien, Sateen ane saree th est plate, sort ea wi es eter plate is the test plate, aver ent tempera where the ambient or biack form the ideal == 4114: Schematic representation of the equipment Figure 11.1: EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONO EQUPMENT a IMT IMNC 1061 Identification No. : Mech f at ‘of black surface =150 mm Diameter of test surface = 150 mm Themoorp: 3 Notesch nb sutces (Cromet-alumel) Heater: 250W Volt meter 0-300 V, digital Ammeter _:0-20A, digital PROCEDURE Switch onthe power suppl of the apparatus, ust fe Tum te vlinete and ammeter selecior forthe black body and adjust ower (W=Vx) supplied to the black body, ra {um the voltmeter and ammeter Selector for the test surface ar ‘iets he Power suppl tothe test surtage paral fo run fo half an hour to come in a steady state. [ee Be ar98 of emperte ent a th ea thermocouples1,2 Take te bee of he tack bey ree, Hermocoup e average 'y in Absolute Unit of tem {00rd the temperature of ee nd y three thermocouples 4,5 &6 4! the ambien temper sure in Absolute Unit. Calculate the crissy often, nos lute Unit. 9, Repeat the experiment 40.Plot @ graph betwarn tempering TATIONS {b= Temperature ofthe ba ta= Temperature of the te = Ambient ter Nuts. Oftest surface ang emmissivity, coin sole Unt = (44273) K Ta= Ambient temperature in ano bsolute units = (44273) K Diameter of the pate Deqgyp SOM uns = (to#273) Area of the plate A == D* 4 Voltage across black body Current supply to black body = Vols Power given to black body, Vib a, Voltage across test surface Current supply to test surface Power given to test surface p, Emissivity of test surface is given by @5= 8 (TT's) / (TT) Where eis emmissivty of black surface (1) ‘And &5/8 emmisshvity of test surface SER CALCULATIO} ‘Average |” Power | Power eee temp of | inputto | input to ne dy | thetest | black test black body | itface body | surface TK) TK) toh Vals (Watt) Emmissivi y oe = oe S| qe | ue Hy Powe | ue | ae 1) \Sb ue. | 42 i iy ue |orn teat 3 precauTions be! a onsen, us test SU ure ig Result ysis Sho ae xine test ta02 feted ang nse ever 5 2. Thelen ‘as shown In the °F bl te gecnomis cover thermal ‘ ‘on which | the rate of emission of radiation by a sctange between two bodles d what fa te rain Heal © an Sateen , Sate plank’ Sale Sd explain Wien's éisplacement | law. ‘Whats intensty jon? ‘tate Lambert's aw of radiation. Why are microwave stable for 00King? What ee opaque body? How can its absorptivity be increased or decreased? cers lack body? Gre sae surfaces which do not appear black, but have Pigh valu of absorp “na smal olen itbehave as a black body? How does an enclosure How es gj? What sist? What sa steragon? 5 What is shape factor? 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K* pESCRIPTION OF THE EQUIPMENT The equipment (figure 12.1) consists of a flanged copper hemisphere fixed on a non-conducting base Plate. The outer surface of the hemisphere is enclosed in a metallic water jacket used : _to heat the hemisphere to suitable constant temperature. The hemispherical heating surface is close. Thermocouples are placed at three different places on the surface of the hemisphere; mean of these three temperatures represents the hemisphere temperature. The disc is mounted on an isolated bakelite sleeve which is fitted in a hole drilled in the center of the base plate. An iron-constant thermocouple is used to measure the temperature of the disc. PROCEDURE . Fill the water in the water heater and Heat the water b\ y immersion heater up to a temperature of about 80°C. . Now fill the hot water in water jacket and Allow sufficient time for the thermal equilibrium of the enclosure. . Insert the disc specimen in its position and note down its initial temperature and temperatures at an interval of 30 or 60 seconds. . Plot temperature-time diagram for the disc. Select a temperature Ty on the curve and determine the slope ( a) of temperature-time curve at temperature Ty. Repeat the experiment for different temperatures of enclosure.i |ONS pee ‘Observations are to be 7 awe Made onyy Be aware of electrici nly in 2 Be aware of hot water, Steady tae, I see of Stefen-Boltzmen Contant xencise ——Wim?ks 4, Define radiation heat ranger 2 eee {Re FaCor Ubon hig the rate of : © of emiss 3, Define the following terms, mission by a black body a. Total emissive power, b. Monochromatic emigg c. Emissivity 'ssive power, d._ Intensity of radiation 4, Define the terms absorptiiy, rete, 5, What is opaque body? How can ite ea Sonmity of radiation, 6. What is black body? How does titer ray berated or decreased? ion of the equipment resentati : Schematic repres Figure 12.1: LATION: OBSERVATIONS UL ; 1, Mass ofthe test sem! = 0.59.5 2. Specific heat of disc material ° - m 3. Diameter of the diso'd’ =. wie Hee m? 4, Surface area ofthe dsc'®'= =~ temperature of the enclosure, ty = r+ _ 2 Average tonpartue of he erlsure in K, Toy = 1273 = K 7. Temperature of csc D atthe instant When itis inserted To — 8. Temperature time response ofthe disc 9. temperature T, where slope (ATi) is found = 10. Slope (dTidt) at temperature Ty = K/sec 11. Stefan-Botzman constant ‘is given by no o. t= 24 ADT). i Segoq¢--———— Wim?’ T/DeyEXPERIMENT No.t2 !! heat tr dy the ansfer wy y Fate through heat NING OBJECTIVE cccessful completion of nse be able to: ring activi ue 4, Discuss function an Discuss classificati &xchanger, 'S provided in this experiment a i i pplication of 3, Define LMTD ang off et ercha Understand thi vy eness oth 4, Un e theory be i leat exchanger, 5. Bridge the gap between theory xPetiment. Ory and practical, heat exchanger, nger. Which heat i hot id gets cooled, andthe eolg StS transfered ftom one fd to another denser in steam power Plants, automobile seh Example of heat exchangers are; i i ‘adiator , condenser at the back of three categories exchangers are classified Mainly in to 1, Transfer types or Tecuperators, 2, Storage type or regenerators, 3. Direct or contact type or mixers. transfer types of heat exchangers are most Wi exchangers is one in which both fluid pass simul heat is transferred through separating walls, Ti classified as — " i, Parallel flow type — in which fluid flow i irecti ii, | Counter flow type — in which fluid fea een rent ‘and il, _ Cross flow type - in which fluid flow at any angle to each other. Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) , LMTD is defined as that temperature which if constant, would give the same rate of heat transfer as actually occurs under variable conditions of temperature difference. Effectiveness of heat exchanger (£) The term effectiveness ¢ of a heat exchanger is defined as Actual rateof heat transfer __ “Maximum possible rate of heat transfer Asimple heat exchanger of transfer type can be in the form of a tube arrangement one fluid flowing to the inner tube and the other through the annulus surrounding it. The heat transfer takes place across the walls of the inner tube. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT The equipment (figure15.1) consists of a concent ie. hot water is obtained from an electric geyser ani Cold fluid is cold water can be eames aioe ®Xchanger to run as a parallel flow apparatus done by operating different valves provided; temperature 0 \sing thermometer. idely used, Transfer type of heat taneously through the device and tansfer type of exchanger is further Effectiveness € = ric tube heat exchanger. The hot fluid dit flows through inner tube. The ne ends thus enabling the heat inter flow apparatus. This can be f fluids can be measured BIT/Departmet ntHON AND CAL 5 MO CALC ATION pasalel Flow water etme ‘of hot water collected veto hin Wate cole egw ae of at ater h perature of hot water rrperature of hot Water ut uMfor which water is collected, =< ———"! iow rate of hot water eee we temperature of ot Water ib temperature ‘of hot water spectficheat ‘of water °C Sri gained by cld water ice Taig K = =__kils Logarithmic mean temperature ference LTD” an-A%, (Tu-T)(o-1, AT =— or =a lafa) 5 pee AT, a-Ta) area of heat transfer JAcoutsde surface area ofiner tube =#d, im overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 5 Wim?C neo. Abn Effectiveness 43, Puton the electri geyser y-Ta) —— 4 rego ego tet wa 1 abut Sodmiin episier Hot water 5, Wait for steady sate condition ete the tempertues & measur the hot water ‘and cold water flow rate. Repeat the experiment for diferent flow rats. Volume of hot water colected Qh = mi sec Time for which water is collected Tp = “Mass flow rate ofhotwatet| 1h kg/see Inlet temperature of hot water, b= rc ‘temperature of hot water ta=__¢ oy 741068 Kg K Specific heat of water heat Jost by hot water: My Cpu for be) meSpecific he heat gained by Logarithmic mean’ anal, Ca Mw = 5 nil ‘ar, _ = at transfer ite “ eid sae ‘area ofinner ube =74e ficient oval Heat Transfer Goefiient mee ee he = Al, Effectiveness _cbemberf ,Ty)and Ta Ta) Gi) —— sparate sheet for more set of observations and calculations. Note: use sef PRECAUTIONS 1. Observations are to be made only in steady state. 2, Beaware of electra. 3, Be aware of hot heat exchanger pipe lines and electric geyser. RESULTS 4. Parallelfow- WiC 2. Counter flow. wim'c ‘The values of overall heat transfer coefficient experimentally obtained are: a Sh at is heat exchar Give the three broader ha a Define LMTD. 9" “asses of heaton “ig Define heat exchanger efeg, _ Wats ovraineat taser cent ison of pan cient? are counter flow heat exci" ad counter imgas gud heat oxo mo low heat exchanger. Why Explain storage type heat vail 2 fins are provid 3, What is direct contact heat ene ene What is comy er? OE Txiian the cparstee, exchanger Whats ome examples. r the operation of pate re Wat ae its applications? applications? heat exchanger. What are its 12 or ejyou mean by mixed fow and unm 13. ling factor? What are the calees be ” vuling? Arsh Heat Exchanges tube. ix a deutee: whieh is used tb seman hat fom ne ion to aac fo