Climate Analysis

Temperature

Humidity

Precipitation Daylighting uses solar angles,

Wind
cloud cover/precipitation,
and context.
Cloud Cover

Solar Energy
Daylight Glare
 Simple Daylight Analysis

North Angle

Month/Day
Hour

Dynamic Shadows using Latitude and Month/Day/Time

Pros: Cons:
- Quick and Easy - Only shows direct sunlight
- Dynamic (ie, no reflections)
- Produces no daylighting metrics Interior Shadow
- Single Point in Time Analysis
Sun Path
(Latitude, Solar Noon)

There is a better way.

Cloud Cover

Geometry

Material Properties
- Transparency
- Translucency
- Color
- Specularity
>70% = Overcast

Intermediate Cloud Cover

...becomes Sky Conditions

<30% = Clear Sky
(ie, a Luminance map of the sky)

(you can see how this works in Ladybug/Honeybee)

...Sky Conditions
(ie, a Luminance map of the sky)
are used to simulate outdoor sky conditions.

Luminance Value
from
Number of ‘Bounces’
Sky Condition

Glazing Transmittance

Diffusion of Material/
Settings in Daylighting
software
...Sky Conditions
(ie, a Luminance map of the sky)
are used to simulate outdoor sky conditions.

Luminance Value
from
Number of ‘Bounces’
Sky Condition

Diffusion of Material/
Settings in Daylighting
software
Now that we have all the pieces, we can
choose the type of Daylight Analysis
Hint: You need to understand what question you are asking!

Are lighting levels appropriate for an office?

classroom
lab
ballroom
natatorium
Which seasons is glare likely?
How much effect does a light shelf have on light balance within a space?
How much view is preserved with 96% dark shades deployed?
How often are shades likely to be deployed on the southeast facade?
How will a space feel in terms of lighting balance?
How much electric light is necessary to balance daylighting levels in the
winter?
How does fritting affect the daylight levels?
 Two types of Analysis:

- Grid-Based (often work plane)

used to determine lighting levels
OM WORKSPACE and balance

RE: .35>DGP
: .4>DGP>.35
.45>DGP>.4
E: DGP>.45

- 3d View
used to look at lighting balance
and potential glare

OLSTICE, 4PM EQUINOX, 4PM WINTER SOLSTICE, 4PM

 Two time-scales of Analysis:

2:08:11 Point-In-Time

often uses false color and shows specific light-
ing levels
simple to run, with detailed results

1999 Annual (Time-Step)

uses time-steps (1 hour, 15 minutes, 1 second)
uses averaged conditions
need to define occupancy, ie 7am-6pm.
 Questions:
- Does a lightshelf provide adequate glare control?
- Where should desks be located based on daylight-
ing levels?
- How much ‘daylight autonomy’ can we expect

LIGHT SHELF MOCKUP

2’-6”

larger depth improves light shelf

performance but reduces
visibility

LMN Offices, Seattle

6’-8”

5th F
lower height improves light shelf
performance but reduces
visibility
NDEX
Questions:
UDI : Useful Daylight Illuminance - Does a lightshelf provide adequate glare control?
- Where should desks be located based on daylight-
0 fc 10 fc 200 fc ++
ing levels?
0fc underlit useful daylight overlit
FULL FLOOR PLAN - How much ‘daylight autonomy’ can we expect
USEFUL DAYLIGHT INDEX
WITHOUT LIGHT SHELF 100%

USEFUL DAYLIGHT ILLUMINATION (UDI): 0 fc 10 fc 200 fc ++

DAYLIGHTING ILLUMINANCE >10fc and <200fc 90%
underlit useful daylight overlit
No Light Shelf
% OF OCCUPIED HOURS FOR THE YEAR

80%
100%

90%
70%
PLAN 60%
80%

70%

YLIGHT INDEX 60%

50%50%

ELF (30” DEEP, 6’-8” FROM FLOOR) 40%

40%30%

INATION (UDI): 0 fc 10 fc 200 fc ++ 20%

30%
NCE >10fc and <200fc
FOR THE YEARFULL FLOOR PLANunderlit useful daylight overlit <10%

USEFUL DAYLIGHT INDEX 20%

100% means electric lights are, in theory,
WITH LIGHT SHELF (30” DEEP, 6’-8” FROM FLOOR) 100%
<10% not necesary.
USEFUL DAYLIGHT ILLUMINATION (UDI): 0 fc 10 fc 200 fc ++ 90%
With Light Shelf
DAYLIGHTING ILLUMINANCE >10fc and <200fc
% OF OCCUPIED HOURS FOR THE YEAR
underlit useful daylight overlit
80%
100%

70%
90%

80% 60%
50% means half of the occupied hours
lights may be completely off.
70%

50%
60%

50% 40%

40%

30%
30%

20% 20%

<10% 10% means electric lights are on nearly all

<10%
occupied hours.
 UDI : Useful Daylight Illuminance
Overlit Areas, % of occupied hours 100% means area receives ‘too much’ day-
light all year

50% means half of the occupied hours

receives too much daylight

Underlit Areas, % of occupied hours

100% means area receives ‘too little’ day-
light all year

50% means half of the occupied hours

receives too little daylight.
Questions: Answers:
- Does a lightshelf provide adequate glare control? - No, additional measures necessary
- Where should desks be located based on daylight- - Near windows, but not too near.
ing levels? - 54% of the year electric lights not necessary*
- How much ‘daylight autonomy’ can we expect
* automatic shades and dimming LEDs installed which were not as-
sumed for these early studies. The shades operate in 5 zones based
on photosensors.

WORKSPACE AREAS
USEFUL DAYLIGHT INDEX
WITH LIGHT SHELF WITHOUT SHADING (30” DEEP, 6’-8” FROM FLOOR)
USEFUL DAYLIGHT ILLUMINATION (UDI): 0 fc 10 fc 200 fc ++
DAYLIGHTING ILLUMINANCE >10fc and <200fc underlit useful daylight overlit
% OF OCCUPIED HOURS FOR THE YEAR

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

<10%

USEFUL DAYLIGHT 53.9% OF OCCUPIED TIME

12.5% IMPROVEMENT. THE COMBINATION OF A LIGHT SHELF WITH
DYNAMIC SHADING WILL INCREASE THESE SAVINGS SIGNIFICANTLY.
GLARE STUDY FROM WORKSPACE
4W

IMPERCEPTIBLE GLARE: .35>DGP

PERCEPTIBLE GLARE: .4>DGP>.35
DISTURBING GLARE: .45>DGP>.4
INTOLERABLE GLARE: DGP>.45

Intolerable Glare Imperceptible Glare

DGP: 45 percent DGP: 23 percent

SUMMER SOLSTICE, 4PM EQUINOX, 4PM WINTER SOLSTICE, 4PM

THERE ARE SEVERAL METHODS FOR MEASURING GLARE. THIS STUDY USES
DGP (DAYLIGHT GLARE PROBABILITY). THIS USES DAYLIGHT SIMULATIONS
COMBINED WITH LUMINANCE CONTRAST ASSESSMENTS.
CASE STUDY 1:
EAST PORTLAND
COMMUNITY CENTER
EXISTING
CONDITIONS

Completed 1997
Total area: 32,000 sf

Existing Building
Gym: 8,700 sf
Multipurpose: 2,698 sf
Classrooms: 1,664 sf
Dance: 1,700 sf
Senior lounge: 720 sf Courtyard

Reception desk
SITE
ANALYSIS

SOLAR PATHFINDER SITE ANALYSIS

SCHEMATIC
DESIGN
EXISTING BLDG AREA 31,658 sf

NEW ADDITION AREA 24,167 sf

Natatorium 14,860 sf
Lobby 720 sf
Additional locker room 784 sf
Birthday party rooms 710 sf
Family change rooms (6) 544 sf
Office 122 sf
Staff offices 182 sf
Lifeguard / first aid 379 sf
Laundry / storage 270 sf
Pool storage 375 sf
Custodial storage 264 sf
Mechanical 1,711 sf
SCHEMATIC DESIGN
ENERGY SAVINGS
FROM BASELINE AQUATICS BUILDING

59.4%
PHYSICAL
MODELING
DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT
PHYSICAL
MODELING

CONTINUOUS DIMMING ANALYSIS

DAYLIGHT FACTOR 4.1%

TARGET ILLUMINATION LEVEL 30 FC
MINIMUM DIMMING LEVEL 0%

CONTINUOUS DIMMING STEP DIMMING

AVERAGE % SAVED, DAYLIGHT HOURS 83 53
AVERAGE % SAVED, HOURS 6 THRU 21 62 40
AVERAGE % SAVED, HOURS 8 THRU 16 89 64
COMPUTER
MODELING
COMPARISON
PHYSCIAL MODEL
vs. COMPUTER

SLIDE
not in physical model

PHYSICAL MODEL

DF 2.6
COMPUTER MODEL

DF 1.8
COMPARISON
PHYSCIAL vs. COMPUTER MODELING

when slide removed from computer model we got better correlation

between the two data sets.
TESTING
EXTERIOR
TESTING
INTERIOR
RESULTS
 RESULTS

Daylighting to Net Zero

 RESULTS

Daylighting to Net Zero

 RESULTS

Daylighting to Net Zero

ACTUAL
CONDITIONS
CASE STUDY 2:
EDITH GREEN
WENDELL WYATT
PROJECT
SITE

o
20

Transform a 512,400 square foot, 18-story, 1974 office building into a LEED
Platinum cornerstone of GSA’s green building portfolio.
BUDGET: $ 141,000,000
EISA
ENERGY INDEPENDENCE & SECURITY ACT
“To move the United States toward greater energy
independence & security, to increase the production of clean
renewable fuels, to protect consumers, to increase the
efficiency of products, buildings & vehicles, to promote
research on & deploy greenhouse gas capture & storage
options, & to improve the energy performance of the Federal
Government, & for other purposes.”

U.S. ENERGY USE U.S. ELECTRICITY USE

Source : Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Review 2008

MINIMUM PERFORMANCE
ARRA and EISA

Energy Star Water Conservation Energy Conservation LEED

Requirements Requirements Requirements Requirements

Score goal: 97 20% Indoor potable 55% Fossil fuel Gold Required
water reduction reduction
Platinum Goal
50% Outdoor potable 30% Energy usage
water reduction reduction
30% Solar thermal
ENERGY GOAL
77 – 83 Existing EGWW building (437,777 sf)

34 – 36 +/- 15% Renovated EGWW target range

ENERGY CONSERVATION
MEASURES STUDIED
Energy Conservation Measures Recommended Energy Saved

Radiant Heating & Cooling 11.0%

Shading Exterior
- Fixed East / South fins
7.0%
- West fins

Energy Efficient Lighting 6.0%

Glass U-value 2.7%

Wall U-value 2.2%

Glass Percentage 2.0%

Daylighting 2.0%
ENERGY
RADIANT PANEL CAPACITY
ENVELOPE STUDY
SURROUNDING BUILDINGS
June 21
5 pm
4
3
1
11
10
9
8
2
12am
am
pm
ENVELOPE STUDY
SHADING FROM ADJACENT BUILDINGS

East Elevation South Elevation West Elevation North Elevation

10 am 2 pm 4 pm 8 am

Shaded Area
March / September
June
December
ENVELOPE STUDY
SCOPE OF WORK
Thermal analysis
• Percentage glazing
• Shading
Daylight analysis
• Surrounding buildings shading
• Building integrated shading
• Interior light quality
• Energy savings

Ongoing Studies
• Energy Sensitivity Analysis
SHADING STUDY
HELIDON TESTING A B C
41%

88% 78% 84%

47%
85% 72% 80%

57%
82% 66% 76%
SHADING STUDY
HELIDON TESTING A B C
41%

88%

47%

57%
DAYLIGHT STUDY
ARTIFICAL SKY A B C
41%

3.1 1:7 4.6 1:9 5.2 1:9

47%
3.2 1:7 6.4 1:6 5.2 1:8

57%
4.4 1:6 6.5 1:5 7.5 1:7
DAYLIGHT STUDY
ARTIFICAL SKY A B C
41%

47%

57%
7.5 1:7
DAYLIGHT STUDY
EUI RESULTS
DAYLIGHT STUDY
ENERGY SAVINGS
DESIGN PROCESS
FROM STUDY TO DESIGN TO CONSTRUCTION

REEDS ON EAST FAÇADE

DESIGN PROCESS Summer mid-day sun
VERIFY RESULTS (high angle)

Low glazing to wall ratio

Equinox morning
sun (lower angle)
Low infiltration rate

Super-insulated wall
DESIGN PROCESS
WEST FACADE

West
Reeds provide 50% shading

South & East

Combination vertical +
horizontal

North
No shading
DESIGN PROCESS
WEST FACADE
DESIGN PROCESS
CURTAIN WALL VISUAL MOCKUP
 Daylighting: Solar Shading and Glare Control
Christopher Meek, AIA                               
Integrated Design Lab

Research Associate Professor                                                   
University of Washington 
Department of Architecture 
[email protected]

http://www.bullittcenter.org http:/www.joelrogers.photoshelter.com http:/www.djc.om

@ the Bullitt Center                            The Integrated Design Lab          The Discovery Commons

www.idlseattle.com
© UW Integrated Design Lab, 2014
Photo Credit: Craig F. Johnson PE, UCSD FD&C
Photo Credit: Craig F. Johnson PE, UCSD FD&C
 Photo Credit: Craig F. Johnson PE, UCSD FD&C

North!
 10% Clear Sky….still often drives manual blinds configuration.

Jan Mar June Sept Dec

 Frequency of Deployment (East Façade)
8am
PM

12pm
Manual (passive user – with morning auto re‐set!)

6pm
AM

January June Dec

8am
PM

Weather responsive automation 12pm

6pm
AM

Expected Cycling for Glare Control
Passive User System vs. Weather Responsive Automation
(DAYSIM per Phoenix TMY)
 Frequency of Deployment: All Facades

North

South

East

West

Via DAYSIM Simulation/Passive User
(SEATTLE per TMY Data)
East Façade: Hourly Illuminance with Blinds Retraction

Blinds Retract at 11:30
Deployment Impact on Lighting Power Savings

Interior Illuminance with Blinds Retracted and Deployed
(Lighting Power Savings Potential @ Photocell)

With Blinds Retracted

Blinds Deployed
for Morning Glare 
Control With Blinds Deployed

8am 6pm

September 21st Clear Sky

70% Increase In Lighting Savings
Architectural Record
 Modeled End‐Use Energy Distribution

Diagram: PAE Engineering

© UW Integrated Design Lab, 2014
Integrated Lighting Design
Lighting EUI < 4   (Code < 12)

•Daylight is the Primary Source 
of Ambient Illumination

•Automated Glare Control

•0.4 W/sf Connected Lighting 
Load 

•Photo‐responsive Dimming

•Comprehensive Vacancy 
Sensing

•Localized Task Lighting
Image: UW IDL
Architectural Record
Automated Venetian Blind and Fabric Shades 
Deployment Schedules
This matrix establishes separate schedules
for blinds. The matrix is broken into four
blinds modes that maximize views and
indirect daylight while minimizing unwanted
direct sunlight.

Four modes:
N no louver blinds/ unobstructed view
0 blinds at 0 degrees from horizontal
22.5 blinds at 22.5 degrees from horizontal
45 blinds at 45 degrees from horizontal

Shaded areas represents times

when there is no lower
blinds(due to overshadowing)
while other blinds are
deployed.
 High‐Performance Building Envelope

Image: High Performance Building s

•Dynamic Exterior Shading System
•Simulation

© UW Integrated Design Lab, 2014
 Image: Warema
Optimized per Sky Condition and Weather
 DEPLOYED 
BLINDS
OPEN BLINDS

Image: Warema

Pre-programmed for Solar Orientation and Overshadowing

Dynamic Luminance Map: Dynamic Blinds Deployment
 Operational Performance Range
No Blinds
Uncontrolled Direct Sunlight
Glare and Discomfort!

Blinds retract at 11am
Interior Illuminance

Best Comfortable Performance
and Maximized Views

Blinds always down
“Comfortable”
Blinds Deployed
for Morning Glare  No Daylight/Obstructed Views
Control Performance 
Potential Range

September 21st Clear Sky

70% Delta In Lighting Savings + Visual Comfort
Thank you!

Christopher Meek, AIA                               
Integrated Design Lab

Research Associate Professor                                                   
University of Washington 
Department of Architecture 
[email protected] www.idlseattle.com