AoPS Community 2012 Balkan MO Shortlist

Balkan MO Shortlist 2012

www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c1119068
by parmenides51, cefer, Sayan, AlastorMoody, Drytime, tenplusten

– Algebra

A1 Prove that X p
(x + y) (z + x)(z + y) ≥ 4(xy + yz + zx),
cyc

for all positive real numbers x, y and z.

√
A2 Let a, b, c ≥ 0 and a + b + c = 2. Show that
1 1 1 1
√ +√ +√ ≥2+ √
1+a 2 1+b2 1+c2 3
Pn √
In general if a1 , a2 , · · · , an ≥ 0 and i=1 ai = 2 we have
n
X 1 1
q ≥ (n − 1) + √
i=1 1 + a2i 3

A3 Determine the maximum possible number of distinct real roots of a polynomial P (x) of degree
2012 with real coefficients satisfying the condition
P (a)3 + P (b)3 + P (c)3 ≥ 3P (a)P (b)P (c)
for all real numbers a, b, c ∈ R with a + b + c = 0

A4 Let ABCD be a square of the plane P . Define the minimum and the maximum the value of the
function f : P → R is given by f (P ) = PP C+P
A+P B
D

A5 Let f, g : Z → [0, ∞) be two functions such that f (n) = g(n) = 0 with the exception of finitely
many integers n. Define h : Z → [0, ∞) by
h(n) = max{f (n − k)g(k) : k ∈ Z}.
Let p and q be two positive reals such that 1/p + 1/q = 1. Prove that
!1/p !1/q
X X X
p q
h(n) ≥ f (n) g(n) .
n∈Z n∈Z n∈Z

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AoPS Community 2012 Balkan MO Shortlist

A6 Let k be a positive integer. Find the maximum value of

a3k−1 b + b3k−1 c + c3k−1 a + k 2 ak bk ck ,

where a, b, c are non-negative reals such that a + b + c = 3k.

– Combinatorics

C1 Let n be a positive integer. Let Pn = {2n , 2n−1 · 3, 2n−2 · 32 , . . . , 3n }. For each subset X of Pn ,
we write SX for the sum of all elements of X, with the convention that S∅ = 0 where ∅ is the
empty set. Suppose that y is a real number with 0 ≤ y ≤ 3n+1 − 2n+1 .
Prove that there is a subset Y of Pn such that 0 ≤ y − SY < 2n

– Geometry

G1 Let A, B and C be points lying on a circle Γ with centre O. Assume that ∠ABC > 90. Let D be
the point of intersection of the line AB with the line perpendicular to AC at C. Let l be the line
through D which is perpendicular to AO. Let E be the point of intersection of l with the line
AC, and let F be the point of intersection of Γ with l that lies between D and E.
Prove that the circumcircles of triangles BF E and CF D are tangent at F .

G2 Let ABC be a triangle, and let ` be the line passing through the circumcenter of ABC and
parallel to the bisector of the angle ∠A. Prove that the line ` passes through the orthocenter
of ABC if and only if AB = AC or ∠BAC = 120o

G3 Let ABC be a triangle with circumcircle c and circumcenter O, and let D be a point on the
side BC different from the vertices and the midpoint of BC. Let K be the point where the
circumcircle c1 of the triangle BOD intersects c for the second time and let Z be the point
where c1 meets the line AB. Let M be the point where the circumcircle c2 of the triangle COD
intersects c for the second time and let E be the point where c2 meets the line AC. Finally let
N be the point where the circumcircle c3 of the triangle AEZ meets c again. Prove that the
triangles ABC and N KM are congruent.

G4 Let M be the point of intersection of the diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. Let I1
and I2 are the incenters of triangles AM D and BM C, respectively, and let L be the point of
intersection of the lines DI1 and CI2 . The foot of the perpendicular from the midpoint T of I1 I2
to CL is N , and F is the midpoint of T N . Let G and J be the points of intersection of the line
LF with I1 N and I1 I2 , respectively. Let O1 be the circumcenter of triangle LI1 J, and let Γ1 and
Γ2 be the circles with diameters O1 L and O1 J, respectively. Let V and S be the second points
of intersection of I1 O1 with Γ1 and Γ2 , respectively. If K is point where the circles Γ1 and Γ2
meet again, prove that K is the circumcenter of the triangle SV G.

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AoPS Community 2012 Balkan MO Shortlist

G5 G5 The incircle of a triangle ABC touches its sides BC,CA,AB at the points A1 ,B1 ,C1 .Let the
projections of the orthocenter H1 of the triangle A1 B1 C1 to the lines AA1 and BC be P and
Q,respectively. Show that P Q bisects the line segment B1 C1

G6 Let P and Q be points inside a triangle ABC such that ∠P AC = ∠QAB and ∠P BC = ∠QBA.
Let D and E be the feet of the perpendiculars from P to the lines BC and AC, and F be the
foot of perpendicular from Q to the line AB. Let M be intersection of the lines DE and AB.
Prove that M P ⊥ CF

G7 ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. The lines AD and BC meet at X, and the lines AB and CD
meet at Y . The line joining the midpoints M and N of the diagonals AC and BD, respectively,
meets the internal bisector of angle AXB at P and the external bisector of angle BY C at Q.
Prove that P XQY is a rectangle

– Number Theory

N1 A sequence (an )∞
n=1 of positive integers satisfies the condition an+1 = an + τ (n) for all positive
integers n where τ (n) is the number of positive integer divisors of n. Determine whether two
consecutive terms of this sequence can be perfect squares.

N2 Let the sequences (an )∞n=1 and (bn )n=1 satisfy a0 = b0 = 1, an = 9an−1 − 2bn−1 and bn =
∞

2an−1 + 4bn−1 for all positive integers n. Let cn = an + bn for all positive integers n.
Prove that there do not exist positive integers k, r, m such that c2r = ck cm .

N3 Let Z+ be the set of positive integers. Find all functions f : Z+ → Z+ such that the following
conditions both hold:
(i) f (n!) = f (n)! for every positive integer n,
(ii) m − n divides f (m) − f (n) whenever m and n are different positive integers.

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