CONJUNCTIONS(BAĞLAÇ)

A)COORDINATING B) CORRELATIVE C) SUBORDINATING

CONJUNCTIONS CONJUNCTIONS CONJUNCTIONS
A coordinating  Correlative  correlate, 1- Adverbial clause
conjunction is a word that working in pairs to join 2- prepositional
joins two elements of equal phrases or words that carry phrase
grammatical rank. They can equal importance within a A subordinating
join two verbs, two nouns, sentence. conjunction is a word or
two adjectives, two phrases, phrase that links a dependent
or two independent clauses. clause to an independent
clause. This word or phrase
indicates that a clause has
informative value to add to
the sentence's main idea,
signalling a cause-and-effect
relationship or a shift in time
and place between the two
clauses

A-COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS … F A N B O Y S

For : Edat olarak kullanımı = İçin / Bağlaç olarak kullanımı = Nedeniyle, dolayı, çünkü, zira

FOR, ÇÜNKÜ ANLAMINDA CÜMLE BAŞINDA KULLANILMAZ, ve (öncesinde virgül konulur.)

e.g 1 I decided to stop and have lunch for I was feeling hungry.

e.g2 The teacher is speaking to the students, for they never do homework.

And = Ve (Paralellik ifade eder)

Nor = Ne de, de değil (Or’un olumsuzudur. İkisinden hiçbiri anlamını verir)

( Inversion ) devrik yapı ile kullanılır.

e.g 1. I haven’t been asked to resign, nor do I intend to do.

e.g 2 Mert didn’t call me nor did he leave a message.

I don't want to visit anybody nor do I want anybody to come to me.

But = Fakat, ama, ancak (Zıtlık bildiren bağlaçtır)

- He ran as fast as he could but he couldn't win the race.

Or = Veya, ya da (İki seçenekten biri anlamını verir)

You must love family life or never get married.

Yet : Zarf olarak kullanımı = henüz / Bağlaç olarak kullanımı = Halbuki, buna rağmen, oysa

I was expecting him to be a great man, yet he amounted to nothing.

So = Bu nedenle, bu yüzden (Sonuca bağlar)  

It was snowing heavily so we cancelled the match

B) CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Correlative conjunctionslar aynı görevdeki kelimeleri, kelime

gruplarını ve cümleleri birbirlerine bağlarlar. Correlative conjunctions üç önemli kural eşliğinde

uygulanırlar. Parallel structure , Pronoun agreement, Verb agreement.

1- both … and / hem … hem de Grammar olarak aynı işleve sahip yapıları birbirine bağlar

! CÜMLE BAĞLAMAZ

e.g 1 She has both the courage and the will to get rid of difficulties she encounters (nouns)

e.g 2 Yesterday I both cleaned the house and tidied my room. (verbs)

2- either … or / ya … ya da Alternatif bildirir ! CÜMLE BAĞLAR

e.g 1 While shopping, you either need cash or a credit card.

e.g 2 Either Ahmet or Mehmet could answer it.

e.g 3 Either he forgot about the meeting or he deliberately stayed away.

Olumsuz cümle içinde anlamı ne …. ne de The baby cannot either walk or speak

3- neither … nor / ne … ne de ! CÜMLE BAĞLAR ama Nor dan sonra inversion gelir.

e.g 1 They neither have any opportunity to work together, nor can they see each other often.

e.g 2 Neither Simon nor Sally can swim well.

4- not only … but also (also … as well) / sadece o değil … bu da

! CÜMLE BAĞLAR olumsuz anlam vermez positive verb ile kullanılır, fiilin çoğul veya

tekil olmasına yükleme yakın olan özne karar verir.

e.g 1 Not only Selma but also her cousins have great grades
Also ayrılır fiilin yanına gider
e.g 2 I not only cleaned the house but also cooked ya da tamamiyle atılır. Also
yu atıp cümle sonunda
Cümle bağlarken: as well kullanabiliriz
Pollution not only does harm to environment but it also endangers the life on the Earth

Pollution not only does harm to environment but it endangers the life on the Earth

Pollution not only does harm to environment but it endangers the life on the Earth as well

Not only cümle başında g 1 Not only does pollution harm to environment, but it also endangers
kullanılırsa not only nin
e the life on the Earth.
bağlı olduğu cümle
devrik olur. e.g 2 Not only can he make people laugh, but he can (also ) make them

cry.
C) SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS ( time, place, manner, cause, purpose, contrast, condition,
result)

1 ) Adverbial Clauses

a. Subject + verb +object Adverbial subject + verb + object (SVO)

Main clause Adverbial ( subordinating) clause

Eg1 The soda was originally produced as a medicine while it is considered as harmful in many
ways

b. Adverbial subject + verb + object , Subject + verb +object

Adverbial ( subordinating) clause Main clause

Eg1 While it is considered as harmful in many ways, the soda was originally produced as a
medicine

2) Prepositional Phrase

a. Prepositon + Noun phrase, noun clause, Ving, zamir , SVO

eg 1 Despite not being the one who was driving the car, Justin could have been sent to the
prison or given a fine.

Eg 2 Due to factors such as passion, killing time, some people prefer mending their
automobiles themselves

Eg 3 In spite of what I had told her, she went on interrupting me.

b. SVO preposition + Noun phrase, noun clause, Ving, zamir

eg 1 Justin could have been sent to the prison or given a fine despite not being the one
who was driving the car

eg .2 Some people prefer mending their automobiles themselves due to factors such as
passion, killing time

eg 3 She went on interrupting me in spite of what I had told her

TRANSITION ( sentence Adverbs )

İki ana cümleyi bağlamak için kullanılırlar. İki cümle arasında . : , ; gibi noktalama
işaretleri kullanılır. Farklı farklı kullanım yerleri olabilir.

a. S V O ( . ) ( ; ) ( , ) Transition, SVO
Eg 1  We have welcomed our guests. Furthermore, we sent them back their home at our
expenses. 
Eg 2 Last Sunday, we were ready to receive company. However, none showed up 
b. S V O . Subject, transition, verb object
Eg 1 The professor tried to be fair to his students. He, therefore, made an oral exam in
addition to the three written exams.
c. S V O. S V O, Transition  ( we rarely use transitions at the end of the sentences.)
Eg 1 He was mistreated by his manager. He submitted his resignation, therefore.

d. S V O. SUBJECT, transition ( herhangi bir yerde

1. Tıme
 Preposition Adverbial Transition
After When, Once, First, next, finally
Before noun, noun phrase, While, As, Just as, After that, Then,
Since SVO After, Until after, Soon after, Afterwards,Later
Before, Long before, Until before,
T Until Soon
Until, By the time, Not until,
I By Meanwhile bu esna
As soon as, İmmediately, In the meantime da)
M During noun, noun
The moment,
E phrase
Since, Since before, Henceforth (artık,
Up to period of time As long as, So long as, From now on bundan böyl
Within No sooner …..than,
Prior to Hardly/ Barely/ Scarcely ……when,
Every time, Whenever

Notes:
1. Zaman bağlaçları %100 zaman uyumu ister.
X subordinating clause , main clause

Adverbial present present

Past past

2. X will / would / shall / be going to , present perfect / present perfect continuous

3. Since ( ever since ) özel bir bağlaçtır zaman uyumu aramaz Since in çünkü anlamı
önemlidir.

Since + past simple , present perfect / present perfect continuous / past perfect

a) WHEN (- de –da ) UNTIL (E KADAR) BEFORE ( ÖNCE ) AFTER ( SONRA ) AS SOON AS,
ONCE

WHEN / ONCE Present simple , present simple

UNTIL / AFTER Present simple, simple future
BEFORE /AS SOON AS Present perfect, simple future
THE MOMENT
Simple past, simple past
IMMEDIATELY
AFTER , AS SOON AS Past perfect, past simple
ONCE, IMMEDIATELY,
THE MOMENT
BEFORE, WHEN Simple past , past perfect
WHEN Simple past , past continuous
 b) while ( iken ) / as / just as (-de ,da , iken)

AS değişmekte olan durumu anlatmak için ; He became wiser as he grew up

As / just as when anlamında da kullanılabilir. As in çünkü anlamını asla unutmamak gerekir.

While ın kıyaslama zıtlık gösteren anlamı daha çok sorulur

Simp. Pre BE , simple present

W Simp. Pre. , simp. Future
H Simple past , simp.past
I Past cont. , past cont.
L Past cont. , simple past
E Pre. Cont. , future cont.

c) By the time , by, until

By the time we arrive at the hospital, Jim will have had the operation.

Simp. Pre BE simple present

Future perfect Simp. pre
Future perfect Continuous Simp. pre
Future perfect by the time Present perfect
Simple past (be ) Simple past
Past perfect Past simple

Simp. Pre BE
,
Future perfect
BY / UNTIL + pointed time Future perfect Continuous
2050 Future perfect
Tuesday Simple past (be )
Past perfect

1. No sooner …..than ‘- er –emez; -mıştı ki –di; -mesiyle- mesi oldu’ ( as soon as )

Eg He had no sooner sat down than the phone rang

No sooner had he sat down than the phone rang

2. Hardly/ Barely/ Scarcely ……when ‘- er –emez; -mıştı ki –di; -mesiyle- mesi oldu’
Eg He had hardly closed the door when he noticed that he had forgotten the key inside.
Cümle başında kullanırsak devrik cümle yaparız. !

Hardly had he closed the door when he noticed that he had forgotten the key inside
3. Not until - dan, den önce değil; madan/meden önce
Eg 1 Not until I poured some milk on its food did the puppy start eating it
(it wasn’t until I poured some milk its food that the puppy started eating it)

Eg 2 Not until the rain stopped could we see the view of the ocean
Eg 3 Not until you finish your homework can you go outside ( when you finish, you can go,
but not until then.)
4. Whenever / every time (her -diğinde , ne zaman –se)
Eg Whenever you get into trouble, you are always calling me
5. By , Up to ( e kadar) , Prior to (öncesinde), During (esnasında ) , Within (içinde)
Eg 1 During the Depression in the 1930's, many wealthy people lost everything in the stock
market crash.
Eg 2 By the end of next week, I will have came there
Eg 3 It happened prior to my arrival.
Eg 4 He can run 100 meters within twelve seconds
6. Meanwhile / In the meantime while anlamında kullanılırlar fakat kullanımı farklıdır
Carl's starting college in September. Meanwhile, he's travelling around Europe.

Henceforth / fromnow on ( bundan böyle, artık) From now on the gates will

be locked at midnight.

2. CAUSE and RESULT (SEBEP ve SONUÇ)

Conjunctions ( conj+SVO, SVO) Prepositional phrases ( N,NP,NC,Ving)

C AS, SINCE, BECAUSE, BECAUSE OF , DUE TO , OWING TO,

A INASMUCH AS (çünkü ,–dığı için, -dan dolayı) THANKS TO, ON ACCOUNT OF, IN VIEW OF

U SEEING THAT, SEEING AS (dığına göre ) ( den dolayı, sayesinde, yüzünden)

ON THE GROUNDS THAT (mesi gerekçesiyle) AS A RESULT OF, AS A CONSEQUENCE OF,
S
NOW THAT ( mademki …artık) (sonucu olarak)
E
FOR, IN THAT (çünkü) GIVEN
IT’S BECAUSE ….THAT ON (THE) GROUNDS THAT,
GIVEN THAT IN / BY VIRTUE OF,
WITH

R TRANSITIONS

E SO ……. THAT ( o kadar ….ki) THEREFORE, THUS, HENCE, THEREBY(öylelikle)

S SUCH ……THAT ( öyle … ki) ACCORDINGLY,CONSEQUENTLY (bu yüzden)

OTHERWISE, OR ELSE, OR (aksi takdirde) AS A RESULT, AS A CONSEQUENCE (sonuç
U
olarak)
 L THAT’S WHY, FOR THIS REASON,

T (bu sebepten, bu nedenle)

SO

Notes:

1. Now that - dığı için dığına göre ( past tense lerle kullanılmaz present simple ya da
perfect )

Now that everybody is here, we can start the meeting.

Now that the children have left home, we can move a smaller house.

2. For ve In that cümle başında kullanılmaz.

3. Prepositional phrases dan sonra cümle gelmez fakat

Prepositional phrase + the fact that + SVO olarak kullanabiliriz

Eg Mary has withdrawn from the race because of her injuries

(due to, thanks to, owing to, on account of )
Eg Mary has withdrawn from the race because of the fact that she has realized that she can’t win

4. With because of anlamında kullanılabilir

With these high heels, it’s almost impossible to walk

5. SO ….. THAT SUCH… THAT neden – sonuç ilişkisi anlatır

a) So adj / adv that So adj + a(n) noun that a) such a(n) adjective+ noun that
It was so windy that we couldn’t go sailing It was such a gripping film that I couldn’t help
Reason result (effect) watching it to the end.

It was so gripping a film that I couldn’t …

b) So few / little / many /much noun that b) such a lot of / a few / a little noun that
We have so little information that we can’t find The woman seems to tell such a lot of lies
The solution that we don’t trust her
c) So adj /adv as to verb1 c) such adj noun as to verb1
The garbage truck meved so slowly as to cause He has such rude manners as to offend everyone
traffic jam

INVERSION of so … that , such … that devrik yapıda so ve such cümle başında olur

He sang the song so emotionally that everone in the hall burst into tears.

So emotionally did he sing the song that….

Such a gripping film was it that…

6. Transitions ( bu sebeple, bundan dolayı, sonuç olarak)

Man hunts whales in large numbers; THEREFORE, THUS, HENCE, they face extinction
ACCORDINGLY,CONSEQUENTLY
AS A RESULT, AS A CONSEQUENCE
THAT’S WHY, FOR THIS REASON,

-therefore cümle içinde yer değiştirebilir:

Man hunts whales in large numbers; they, therefore, face extinction.

Man hunts whales in large numbers; they face extinction, therefore.

-thus ve thereby +SVO olabilir ya da Ving ile devam edebilir.

Many women pursue higher education and careers, thus delaying marriage.

3. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PLACE where wherever everywhere anywhere yer bildirirler.

Wherever I go, I always think of you
You can find internet access anywhere you go.

4 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS PPREPOSITIONS &PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

So that So as (not) to
In order that ..olsun diye, .. amacıyla In order (not) to +verb 1 (… -mak için)
For the purpose that (not)To
Lest ( olmasın diye) For fear of
For fear that (olabilir korkusuyla) For the purpose of +Ving
In case (olur diye) With the aim of
With a view to

Notes: 1. Tense uyumu

Present cont.(am/is /are ving) Present simple

Present simple (do /does) Am/is/ are
Simple future (Be going to /will) Can Will may
Present perfect (have /has V3) Will be able to
Present perfect cont. so that Should might
(have /has been Ving) in order that
 for the purpose that Would Could Should
Simple past (did) Would be able to
Past perfect (had done) might

Eg So that you deserve to be respected, you should respect people first.

She learned English in order that she could find a job

Present tense May , might, should

Past tense for the fear that Might should

We spoke in whispers for the fear that we might wake the guards (uyandırırız korkusuyla …)

2. Lest olumsuz çeviririz

We spoke in whispers lest we should wake the guards (uyandırmayalım diye ..)

Subjunctive yani yalın fiil ile de kullanabiliriz.

We spoke in whispers lest we wake the guards

4. In case olur diye

I will take my umbrella in case it rains
5. CONTRAST & CONCESSION

preposition Adverbial Transition

C
O Despite Although However,
N In spite of (Rağmen , Though Nevertheless, (fakat / yine de,
T Notwithstanding -e karşın) Even Though (Rağmen , - Nonetheless, ancak)
R (+N, NP, NC, Ving, Much as e karşın) All the same,
A pronouns,determiners Much though +SVO Even so
S Despite the fact that
T In contrast with /to (aksine) In spite of the fact that But, yet, still
Z Contrary to N, NP, NC Nothwithstanding that But….still ( ama yine de )
I For all that Yet …still
T Regardless of (bakmaksızın) But …. anyway
L Different from (- den farklı Even if (-sa bile, -sa da)
olarak)
I While (whereas) ( oysaki ) On the contrary ( tam
Unlike (- nın aksine)
K In contrast to On the other hand tersine)
For all ( -e rağmen)
Contrary to the fact that
( + N, NP, NC)
Regardless of Instead ( yerine )
 Not ……but rather ( x değil, daha
ziyade )

Notes:

1. Though cümle sonunda but anlamında kullanılabilir.

Eg she has a serious illness; she keeps smoking, though
2. Adjective / adverb +though (as) subject + verb , SVO
eg Little though / as she ate, she said she was full.

Although she ate little, she said she was full.

3. No matter how (wh- ) + adj. / adv No matter how cruel they are, we can beat them
No matter what the government calls them, they are cuts.
Regardless of what the gevernment ….
Whatever the government calls …….
4. However+ adverb / adjective, SVO However hungry I’m, I won’t eat all of them.
No matter how hungry I’m, …
Although I’m hungry, ….

5. But/yet … still / but ….anyway Anlam aynı kullanım farklı

There was no more coffee, but/yet he asked for another cup
There was no more coffee, but/yet he still asked for another cup
There was no more coffee, but he asked for another cup anyway.
6. However We decided not to wear our jackets. However,(all the same, even so) it was
rather cold.
We decided not to wear our jackets. It was rather cold, however (all the same).
We decided not to wear our jackets. It was, however, rather cold.

7. Instead +SVO instead of + N, NP, NC, Ving (yerine)

Eg Instead of working hard at her lessons, Mary spends her time building a castle in the air.

Eg He used a knife instead of chopsticks.

Cardew didn’t join the navy. Instead, he decided to join the theater and become an actor.

Cardew didn’t join the navy. He decided to join the theater and become an actor, instead.

8. not …. but rather X değil Y

Eg I decided to quit my job not because I hated it, but rather because I found a better offer
elsewhere."
 İşi bırakmaya karar verdim ondan nefret ettiğim için değil, başka yerde daha iyi bir teklif bulduğum için.

Eg. Sometimes, however, the diagnosis is not hidden but rather softened.

6 MANNER

1. Like (gibi) + N, Ving Her hair was so soft it was like silk.

2. (just) As ( gibi) + N, SVO She works as a waitress.
It could be used as evidence against him
As the forecast predicted, the weather was dreadful for the whole of the weekend.
3. As if / As though + SVO(sanki, gibi, mış gibi)
Genellikle ‘act, appear, behave, be, smell, taste, seem, look, feel’ fiillerinden sonra
Reality (gerçek )(gibi) kullanımlarında olayın zamanı değişmez gerçekleştiği zaman dilimi kullanılır.
Eg Take an umbrella. It looks as if it’s going to rain.
Eg I’ve got so much work it looks as if I’ll have to stay at home this evening.
Unreality (sanki) benzetme yapmak için kullanırken bahsettiğimiz olayın gerçek zamanını
değil bir past ını alırız. Be fiili were olarak kullanılır
Eg He was in debt but he lived as if he had been very rich
Eg She felt as if all her worries had gone (went)
4. As if to v1 She moved her lips as if to smile.

8. COMPARISON (similarity &difference)( kıyaslama –benzerlik /farklılık)

C Preposition Conjunctions (bağlaç) Transition (cümle zarfı )

O &prepositional phrases
M (edat)
P Like As adj/adv as Similarly
A Unlike + N, Np Comp. Adj /adv SVO. Similarly, SVO
R Similar to (-er/more/less…than) Likewise
I Different from Superlative adj/ adv SVO.Likewise, SVO
S The same (noun) as (the most adj/adv) SVO. SVO, likewise.
O As adj/adv as
N Comp. Adj /adv
(-er/more/less…than)
Superlative adj/ adv
(the most adj/adv)

eg
Cars must stop at red traffic lights: similarly, bicycles have to stop too.
 9 CONDITION

C Preposition & PP Conjunctions (bağlaç) Transition

O If, providing that, provided that, on
N In Case Of N, condition that, as long as/so long as Otherwise
D In the event of Ving (tamamiyle aynılar) Or else
I (durumunda) Only if (OI+svo, inversion) Or yoksa
T - The camping area Unless (if not) If not ya da
I has ready access to Even if (..sa bile)
 water, in case of fire
O Suppose that /supposing that If so ( öyleyse/ öyle
N (diyelim ki/ varsayalım type 2) olursa) Are you looking
In case (olur diye) for part-time work? Do
Whether or not (olsa da olmasa da) you want to work from

In the event that (…olması home? If so, read on. 

durumunda)

Eg You’re still going to be cold even if you put on two or three jumpers.

Eg Whether you like it or not, you’re going to have to look after your sister
Eg Suppose we hadn’t brought our umbrellas. (We did bring our umbrellas.)

Eg Supposing they had closed the road. Would that have been a good idea? (They didn’t
close the road.)

Eg In the event of a strike, the army will take over responsibility for firefighting

Eg There's a possibility of my flight being delayed. In that event (ın the event that) I'll phone
to let you know.

OTHER LINKING WORDS

1- Addition (reinforcement) (ek, pekiştirme)

A Preposition &prepositional phrase Transition

D
D Also
I Besides -ya ek olarak Further Buna ilaveten
T As well as -nın yanısıra Furthermore Bunun yanısıra
I In addition to + N,NP, Ving What’s more
O Apart from Moreover
 N Aside from In addition
Besides

Eg In addition to speaking French, she also speaks Spanish.

eg She speaks French besides Spanish.

Eg It’s very humid. Also, you can easily get sunburnt.

2. Exemplification (örneklendirme)

1. such as / like / including + Noun

2. Transitions:

For instance / for example + SVO

3 Explanation (açıklama)

That is ( SVO) , (yani) (that is to say) Our friends, that’s to say our son’s friends, will meet us.

Namely (n) He suggested that these so called contributions are something else, namely taxis
( yani)

Namely that (svo) I learned an important lesson when I lost may job, namely that nothing is a
hundred percent guaranteed.

In other words + svo diğer bir deyişle

4 Emphasis (vurgu)
In fact
Indeed ( all the same gibi kullanımı) ( aslında)
As a matter of fact
Let alone Some people never even read a newspaper, let alone a book.

5 Transition (geçiş) CONJUNCTIONS OF RELATION [İLİŞKİ/ALAKA ANLATAN EDATLAR]

As for = -e dair/ -e ilişkin /// söz konusu ---- olunca ----
As to = -e dair/ -e ilişkin /// söz konusu ---- olunca ----
As regards = -e dair/ -e ilişkin / -ile ilgili olarak
Concerning = -e dair/ -e ilişkin / -ile ilgili olarak
In regards to = -e dair/ -e ilişkin / -ile ilgili olarak
In relation to = -e dair/ -e ilişkin / -ile ilgili olarak
In terms of = -açısından/bakımından / -ile ilgili olarak (her sene yanlış şıkta çıkar 😊)
Regarding = -e dair/ -e ilişkin / -ile ilgili olarak
With reference to = -e dair/ -e ilişkin / -ile ilgili olarak
With regard to = -e dair/ -e ilişkin / -ile ilgili olarak
With respect to = -açısından/bakımından / -ile ilgili olarak