3RD QUARTER: READING AND WRITING MODULE

LESSON 1: THE READING AND WRITING CONNECTION

OBJECTIVES
Define what is reading and writing;
• Identify the reasons why reading and writing is important;
• Apply the benefits of reading and writing in their studies.
READING was defined according to two types: (Lapp and Flood, 1978)
• Decoding: a process of breaking down written codes
• Comprehension: the action or capability of understanding something.
WHY DO WE READ?
• To develop a broad background
• To anticipate and predict
• To create motivation and interest
• To build a good vocabulary
• For pleasure and enjoyment
BENEFITS OF READING
Exposes readers to accurate spelling and correct forms of writing
Shows readers how to write more complex sentences
Invites readers to be more experimental in their own writing
Allow the readers to hear the thoughts of others
WRITING
- a method of representing language in visual or tactile form.
- It is also a system of graphic symbols that can be used to convey meaning
Why do we write?
To express
To inform
To entertain
To describe
To explain
To persuade
To explore
To learn
To solve problems
BENEFITS OF WRITING
Allow writers to voice out their thoughts
Provides writers with a vehicle to use their imaginations
Gives writers a chance to engage in a conversation with other writers
• Aids writers in reading critically of other works
Motivates writers to engage with the text they are reading
"Reading is like breathing in, writing is like breathing out"
- Pam Allyn
LESSON2: GENRES OF READING AND WRITING
TEXT
• came from the word texere means to weave
• large unit of written languange
DISCOURSE
• orderly and extended expression of connected thought on subject.
• expression of ideas
TYPES OF DISCOURSE
ARGUMENTATION
• aims to persuade the readers.
• should present valid claims
• should appeal to logic
DESCRIPTION
• based on the main impression
• using 5 senses
EXPOSITION
• aims to inform, clarify, and explain a phenomenon
• gives reader instruction on how something is done.
• provides in depth discusision about topics that are usually less explored.
• Appeal to intellect
NARRATION
• storytelling
• recalls event chronologically
• Appeal to emotion

INFORMATIONAL TEXT
A subset of the larger category of non-fiction (Duke & Bennett-Armistead, 2003)
• Primary purpose is to inform the reader about the natural or social world
KINDS OF INFORMATIONAL TEXT
ENCYCLOPEDIA
A book or set of books giving information on many subjects or many aspects of one subject. Typically arranged
alphabetically.
NEWSPAPERS/PERIODICAL
A publication consisting of a number of large sheets of folded paper on which news, advertisements, and other
information are printed.
MAGAZINES
A publication with a paper cover which is issued regularly. Contains articles, stories, photographs, and advertisements.
TEXTBOOKS
Contains facts about particular subject that is used by people studying that subject
WEBSITES
a set of related web pages located under a single domain name typically produced by a single person or organization

LITERARY TEXT
Pieces of written material, such as book or poem that has the purpose of telling a story or entertaining
Usually aesthetic but may also contain political messages or beliefs.
KINDS OF LITERARY TEXT
DRAMA
intended to be more serious in tone
Usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotions are expressed through dialogue and action
FABLE
Demonstrates useful truth in which animals speak as
Bhumans
FAIRY TALES
Stories about fairies and magical creatures, usually for children.
FANTASY
Fiction with strange or other worldly settings or characters
Invites suspension of reality
FOLKLORE
Songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or "folk" as handed down by word of mouth
LEGEND OR EPIC
Story, sometimes about a national folk hero, which has a basis in fact but also includes imaginative material
HISTORICAL FICTION
Story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting
HORROR
Events evoke a felling of fear or dread in both the characters and the reader
HUMOR
Intention is to make their audience/reader laugh lighter in tone
MYSTERY
Deals with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets
MYTHOLOGY
Traditional narrative, often partly based on historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its
symbolism
Often pertains to the actions of the gods
REALISTIC FICTION
Story that can actually happen and is true to life
SCIENCE FICTION
Based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science
Usually set in the future or on other planets
SCIENCE FICTION
Narrative of a person's life, a true story about a real person

LESSON 3: TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND ORGANIZING INFORMATION

Brainstorming
 is a way of generating ideas by listing ideas or critiques spontaneously. It is sometimes done individually or even as a
group. Through this strategy, we can develop new ideas and discover how to even solve bigger problems. We may also
think of it as one free association. The hot tochnique brainstorming is "Listing". It means we need to write down
anything that will come about certain topic.

Graphic Organizers
 like concept maps and mind maps are important and influential ways of organizing o. arranging contents and ideas. A
graphic organizer serves as a visual display that demonstrates relationships between concepts, facts, or ideas. It also
guides our thinking as we fill in a visual map or diagram. There are four primary graphic organizers: an outline, a Venn
diagram, a hierarchical topical organizer, and a bubble organizer.
Types of graphic organizer
 Flow Chart
used to show the different steps in a process.
 Hierarchical Topical Organizer
shows the order of idea
 WEB
shows how different categories of information relates to one another.
 Flow Diagram
shows series of steps in the order which they take place.
 Graph
collection of all points whose coordinates satisfy a given relation.
 Venn diagram
when they compare and contrast most things; it helps in visualizing similarities and differences.
 Connected organizational charts and bubble graphs
are constructive for visual learners, allowing writers and readers to connect ideas spatially.
 Concept map
we need to write our topic in the middle part of the page, then after that, we must jot down points, different ideas, or
facts related to or supporting our case.
 An Outline/Outlining
is also another way of arranging and organizing information.
The materials were organized hierarchically and sequentially by classifying first, the main topics, followed by the subtopics,
and supporting details. Most people use "Roman Numerals" for the top level, in the second level the alphabet in capital
letters, followed by Arabic Numerals', and then 'lowercase' for the next level. The arrangement of each numeral or letter
should be followed by a period, and each item is capitalized.
 There are two general types of outlines-
 the sentence outline and the topic outline.
-The sentence outline is done by using sentences.
- the topic outline uses words or phrases.

LESSON 4: PATTERNS OF WRITTEN TEXT

PATTERNS OF WRITTEN TEXTS
 Narration
This type has a paragraph that follows a chronological or sequential order of writing. It mostly use transition words such as
first, then, soon, after, suddenly, etc., This transition words help to maintain coherence and show movement or flow of
ideas.
For example, when we are telling a story, it employs different action words like verbs, adverbs, and phrases that create a
signal into making time to create a text that is more engaging to the listeners/readers.
Example: The City Mayor came and delivered a speech. Then he left the arena right after the last line. His constituents
followed him eventually.
 Description
In this kind of pattern, transitional words are always used to indicate a location. Some details like referring to physical
aspects, for example, seeing how a certain subject sounds, looks, smells, feels, or even tastes like are the components of
this method development. More often, the observations must be specific to encourage a good imaginative thinking. It
simply means that these transitional devices include sensory language.
Example: As the sun sets towards the western horizon, the sky portrays a perfect masterpiece. It is brimming with the
colors of the spectrum in shades of red and blue.
 Definition
A paragraph with this kind of pattern develops a written text in various ways. Like defining a term, class, specific details,
etc. You can also define function, characteristics, what it should be, what it is not, what it is similar to, its origins even an
effect that can be scientific or sometimes subjective.
Example: You say that someone is magniloquent when he uses extravagant words in writing
 Exemplification
This sort of text use a detailed illustrations or picture for clarification. This can be in a story form, a quotation, an anecdote,
a statistic and etc.
Example: It is very important to stay healthy. Eating the right food for your heart can help prevent cardiovascular diseases.
Common examples of food that can keep your heart are black beans, salmon, tuna, fresh herbs, and the like.
 Comparison and Contrast
A paragraph showing comparison and contrast answer how some subjects can be the same or not. When we compare, we
examine how some subjects can be similar; while when we talk about the term contrast, it emphasizes how most subjects
are different from each other. While in comparing as a term, we can use word-signal like, in the same way, similarly, in like
manner, likewise, in a similar fashion, Etc. On the other hand, when we talk about contrast, it often uses signal words such
as yet, nevertheless, nonetheless, after all, but though, otherwise, on the other hand, notwithstanding, Etc.
Example: They say identical twins are similar in almost everything. However, this is not true. No one is truly the same. We
are designed to be unique in our way.
 Cause and Effect
This technique explores why things happen and what happens as a result. Words that show effect are, for this reason, it
follows, as a result, as a consequence, thus, therefore, etc. Transitional devices include because, since, is due to, is caused
by, for this reason, it follows, as a result, and so.
Example: When water droplets join together, it becomes heavy. This is caused by the rise and cool of water vapor, which
forms clouds in the sky. As a result, there will be rain.
 Process analysis
It describes how things work, involving a series of steps in chronological ordering. Transitional expressions such as first,
second, then, and finally are used. Transitional devices include first, second, then, and finally.
Example: How can you develop yourself? First, you must learn good habits. Start by waking early in the morning to set the
mood of the day. Second, spend time in prayer and meditation. Third, establish discipline. Make a checklist of your goals.
You can even make a weekly plan. Lastly, monitor your growth.
If you fail at some point, try to recover by focusing on improving your weaknesses and building your strengths.
 Division and Classification
A single subject is targeted and broken down into components. Items are being grouped into categories based on the
features they share. In division, a category is divided into subcategories, while in classification, the writer develops criteria
in the subcategories based on their relationship. The writer who uses this pattern must have a strong sense of purpose.
Example: There are various types of learners. They can usually be classified as either "The Average Joe,"
"The Slacker," or "The Eager Beaver." Average Joe usually studies well for exams and shows up in class.
On the other hand, the Slacker misses a class and can be easily identified as always using headphones
wherever he goes. On a different scale, the Eager Beaver comes to class, nods his head, always in-class discussion, and
stays after class.
 Problem-solution
A problem is being presented and a solution. Why it has become a problem is also discussed, leading to a conclusion
highlighting the connection between the problem and solution. Transitional devices include the answer, challenge, need,
difficulty, dilemma, enigma, improve, indicate, issue, plan a need, problem, propose, remedied, resolve, respond to, solve,
and suggest.
Example: Poverty is a word to beat. The whole world thrives on getting rid of this seemingly irresistible dilemma. All
around the globe, the government, together with the private sectors and other agencies, unite to improve society's
condition, most especially the far-flung areas. Leaders from different countries gather in this weeklong forum to discuss
resolutions and plans for action.
 Persuasion
This method involves facts that make the paragraph more convincing. In giving illustrations, signal words are used, such as
first, next, last, etc. In answering oppositions, words 6 such as, of course, some may say, nevertheless, and on the other
hand. When you draw generalizations, words like therefore, hence, consequently, and thus are used.
Example: Let us all get rid of apathyl First off, it is a poison to the soul. Also, it is not beneficial to relationships. Let us learn
to sympathize with others and love genuinely. Life is something to celebrate.
Spend every day thinking about how you can help those who are in need. Of course, you are a blessing!
 Persuasion Although, hence, for, consequently

LESSON 5: PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT

In exploring a text, you must understand what you are reading to get the text's message. You must develop the skill in
verifying issues, affirming one's values, or even making a decision if necessary. At some point, the author offers
information, but he/she challenges you to give reactions.
To properly evaluate the ideas you have gathered while reading, you must know the different kinds of information - explicit
information and implicit information.
A paragraph is composed of sentences that are organized, coherent, and are all associated with one topic. For a paragraph,
or for any composition, to be effective, it should consider the properties of a well-written text.
PROPERTIES OF A WELL - WRITTEN TEXT
I. ORGANIZATION
• Also known as the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a definite order in a paragraph, essay, or
speech. It is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged.
II. COHERENCE AND COHESION
•Coherence
This refers to the logical arrangement of sentences to be easily understood by the reader.
•Cohesion
This refers to how to word units, sentences, and ideas were connected through the arrangement of details according to
orders and the use of signal devices.
 Chronological Order
the details are arranged in the order in which they happened.
 Spatial Order
sentences in a paragraph are arranged through a geographical location, for example left-to-right, up-to-down, etc.
 Emphatic Order sentences and paragraphs
are arranged depencine on the writers purpose co emprasize cerain points in which it can be established in two ways: from
least to most important or from most to least important.
 Signal Devices
These are words that outline the progress of the different points of the paragraph in the reader's mind.
 Repetitions
Keep continuity and highlight important ideas.
 Transitions
These are words that connect smoothly one idea from the other.
 Synonyms
Words similar in meaning used to prevent tedious repetitions
 Pronouns
These are words that helps readers connect the original word that the pronouns replace.
LANGUAGE USED
This enables writers to communicate their ideas without confusing their readers effectively. Thus, this refers to the
appropriateness of word usage and is known to be one of the clearest indicators of a well written text.
LEVELS OF LANGUAGE USE
 Informal/ Personal
refers to slang, local expressions, text messaging like hey, bes, yow.
 Standard/Academic
these are widely accepted words and phrases found in dictionaries, books, and etc.
 Business/Technical
refers to jargons of specific disciplines like scientific terms and special expression
IV. MECHANICS
It focuses on the technical structure of the text. It determines errors in grammar, abbreviations, spelling, acronyms,
capitalization, the use of numbers as part of the statement, and correct punctuation marks.

LESSON 6: EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT CLAIMS IN A TEXT

Orpanization
 refers to the arrangement of ideas in a text
 Coherence and cohesion
refer to the connection of ideas and connection between sentences and between paragraphs
 Appropriate language use
refers to the acceptable style of language for a particular form of text.
 Proper mechanics
refers to the conventions of writing which includes capitalization, punctuation, spelling, numerals, abbreviations,
acronyms, and contractions.
TWO KINDS OF INFORMATION
EXPLICIT INFORMATION
it refers to intormation tound or read in the text
The meaning is not vague; no further explanation is needed.
Readers can see the piece of information stated in the given passage
Explicit information
is any idea that is clearly stated in detail, with no possibility of confusion.
You see, the text explained with explicit information.
Since you are looking for explicit information in what is read, the explicit information will be written in the text.
• It does not need cives anymore. You iust have to read the written information.
Example: Think of a door sign that says, "No Entry." This door sign explicitly tells you that you must not enter. However, if
the door sign says "Danger", the word danger will create a feeling in and tells you that
vou must not enter.
Below are examples of explicit information:
Example 1: "Bambie did not like cats and had never owned one."
Explanation: The reader could obviously tell about Bambie's position on cats. It is directly presented in
the teyt that Bambie did not like cats.
Example 2: I am in a hurry. We'll talk about it later.
Implicit information
it refers to information not directly stated in the text.
Readers need to read between the lines to understand the details that the writer is trying to tell.
Implicit is implied or understood though not plainly or directly expressed.
The implicit text gives a clue.
The implicit idea is the primary point of a sentence or passage that is not clearly stated but hinted at by the text's details.
To figure out an implicit idea, one must look at the supporting details in the text.
Figuring out what people are talking about through their actions refer to implied ideas.
Below are examples of implicit information:
Example 1: "Bambie moved away from the cat; she'd never owned one."
Explanation: This doesn't say the words that Bambie didn't like cats, but it is the feeling that you get when you read it. It is
stated in the text that Bambie moved away from the cat. This gives the readers a clue that Bambie did not like cats.
Example 2: Seated on a couch, Gang Tae looks at his watch and yawns several times.
Explanation: Gang Tae's looking at his watch and yawning several times implies that he is bored.