Chapter-2: Analytic Functions

Prof. Jajati Keshari Sahoo

Department of Mathematics
BITS Pilani K.K. Birla Goa Campus

May 23, 2023

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 1 / 20

Outline

1 Analytic functions

2 Harmonic functions

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 2 / 20

Analytic functions

Definition
A complex function f is called analytic ( or regular or holomorphic ) at a
point z0 in its domain if it is differentiable at each point in some
neighborhood of z0 .

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 3 / 20

Analytic functions

Definition
A complex function f is called analytic ( or regular or holomorphic ) at a
point z0 in its domain if it is differentiable at each point in some
neighborhood of z0 .

Example: f (z) = |z|2 is nowhere analytic since it is only differentiable at

the origin.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 3 / 20

Analytic functions

Definition
A complex function f is called analytic ( or regular or holomorphic ) at a
point z0 in its domain if it is differentiable at each point in some
neighborhood of z0 .

Example: f (z) = |z|2 is nowhere analytic since it is only differentiable at

the origin.
Note that if a function is analytic at a point then it is also analytic in a
neighborhood of that point.

definition
A function is called entire if it is analytic everywhere on the complex plane.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 3 / 20

Analytic functions

Definition
A complex function f is called analytic ( or regular or holomorphic ) at a
point z0 in its domain if it is differentiable at each point in some
neighborhood of z0 .

Example: f (z) = |z|2 is nowhere analytic since it is only differentiable at

the origin.
Note that if a function is analytic at a point then it is also analytic in a
neighborhood of that point.

definition
A function is called entire if it is analytic everywhere on the complex plane.

The polynomials are entire functions, and e z (exponential function) is also

entire.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 3 / 20

Singular Points

If a function f fails to be analytic at a point z0 but is analytic at some

point in every neighborhood of z0 then the point z0 is called a singular
point of the function or singularity of f .

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 4 / 20

Singular Points

If a function f fails to be analytic at a point z0 but is analytic at some

point in every neighborhood of z0 then the point z0 is called a singular
point of the function or singularity of f .

Example: z1 is analytic at all points except at 0, and it is not analytic ( not

even defined ) at 0 so the origin is a singular point for the function. Using
polar form, you can also check f is differentiable everywhere except 0.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 4 / 20

Singular Points

If a function f fails to be analytic at a point z0 but is analytic at some

point in every neighborhood of z0 then the point z0 is called a singular
point of the function or singularity of f .

Example: z1 is analytic at all points except at 0, and it is not analytic ( not

even defined ) at 0 so the origin is a singular point for the function. Using
polar form, you can also check f is differentiable everywhere except 0.

Example: The function f (z) = |z|2 has no singular points since it is not
analytic anywhere.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 4 / 20

Singular Points

If a function f fails to be analytic at a point z0 but is analytic at some

point in every neighborhood of z0 then the point z0 is called a singular
point of the function or singularity of f .

Example: z1 is analytic at all points except at 0, and it is not analytic ( not

even defined ) at 0 so the origin is a singular point for the function. Using
polar form, you can also check f is differentiable everywhere except 0.

Example: The function f (z) = |z|2 has no singular points since it is not
analytic anywhere.

Example: The function f (z) = z has no singular points since it is nowhere

analytic.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 4 / 20

Singular Points

If a function f fails to be analytic at a point z0 but is analytic at some

point in every neighborhood of z0 then the point z0 is called a singular
point of the function or singularity of f .

Example: z1 is analytic at all points except at 0, and it is not analytic ( not

even defined ) at 0 so the origin is a singular point for the function. Using
polar form, you can also check f is differentiable everywhere except 0.

Example: The function f (z) = |z|2 has no singular points since it is not
analytic anywhere.

Example: The function f (z) = z has no singular points since it is nowhere

analytic.

Example: The function f (z) = xy + iy has no singular points since it is

nowhere analytic.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 4 / 20

Properties of Analytic functions

The sum and difference of two analytic functions are analytic.

The product of two analytic functions is analytic.

The quotient is also analytic wherever defined.

The composition of two functions if defined is analytic.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 5 / 20

Theorems based on Analytic function

Theorem
If f (z) is a complex constant then f ′ (z) = 0.

Theorem
If f ′ (z) = 0 for all z ∈ D, where D is a domain (open and connected).
Then f (z) constant for all z ∈ D.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 6 / 20

Theorems based on Analytic function

Theorem
If f (z) is a complex constant then f ′ (z) = 0.

Theorem
If f ′ (z) = 0 for all z ∈ D, where D is a domain (open and connected).
Then f (z) constant for all z ∈ D.

Since f ′ (z) = 0 = ux + ivx = vy − iuy = 0 or all the partials are zero.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 6 / 20

Theorems based on Analytic function

Theorem
If f (z) is a complex constant then f ′ (z) = 0.

Theorem
If f ′ (z) = 0 for all z ∈ D, where D is a domain (open and connected).
Then f (z) constant for all z ∈ D.

Since f ′ (z) = 0 = ux + ivx = vy − iuy = 0 or all the partials are zero. This
means the functions u, v are constant along any line parallel to the
coordinate axes.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 6 / 20

Theorems based on Analytic function

Theorem
If f (z) is a complex constant then f ′ (z) = 0.

Theorem
If f ′ (z) = 0 for all z ∈ D, where D is a domain (open and connected).
Then f (z) constant for all z ∈ D.

Since f ′ (z) = 0 = ux + ivx = vy − iuy = 0 or all the partials are zero. This
means the functions u, v are constant along any line parallel to the
coordinate axes. Now, any two points in the domain D can be joined by
paths with segments parallel to the axes.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 6 / 20

Theorems based on Analytic function

Theorem
If f (z) is a complex constant then f ′ (z) = 0.

Theorem
If f ′ (z) = 0 for all z ∈ D, where D is a domain (open and connected).
Then f (z) constant for all z ∈ D.

Since f ′ (z) = 0 = ux + ivx = vy − iuy = 0 or all the partials are zero. This
means the functions u, v are constant along any line parallel to the
coordinate axes. Now, any two points in the domain D can be joined by
paths with segments parallel to the axes. As the functions are constant on
the segments, it is constant throughout.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 6 / 20

Theorems based on Analytic function

Theorem
If f (z) is a complex constant then f ′ (z) = 0.

Theorem
If f ′ (z) = 0 for all z ∈ D, where D is a domain (open and connected).
Then f (z) constant for all z ∈ D.

Since f ′ (z) = 0 = ux + ivx = vy − iuy = 0 or all the partials are zero. This
means the functions u, v are constant along any line parallel to the
coordinate axes. Now, any two points in the domain D can be joined by
paths with segments parallel to the axes. As the functions are constant on
the segments, it is constant throughout.

Question: Is the above theorem true when f is defined on non connected

set ?

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 6 / 20

Counter Example

Example
Define f : C \ {z : 1 ≤ z ≤ 3} → C by
(
0 if |z| < 1.
f (z) =
i if |z| > 3.

Clearly, f is analytic, and f ′ (z) = 0 on both sets but f is not constant.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 7 / 20

Some more Applications

Example
If f (z) and f (z) are both analytic in a domain D, then f is constant on D.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 8 / 20

Some more Applications

Example
If f (z) and f (z) are both analytic in a domain D, then f is constant on D.

Solution. Let us write f (z) = u + iv since f is analytic the CR equations

are satisfied everywhere ie ux = vy and uy = −vx ,

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 8 / 20

Some more Applications

Example
If f (z) and f (z) are both analytic in a domain D, then f is constant on D.

Solution. Let us write f (z) = u + iv since f is analytic the CR equations

are satisfied everywhere ie ux = vy and uy = −vx , Now f (z) = u − iv is
also analytic so the CR equations are satisfied for this function hence
ux = −vy and uy = vx , together these equations mean
ux = vx = uy = vy = 0,

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 8 / 20

Some more Applications

Example
If f (z) and f (z) are both analytic in a domain D, then f is constant on D.

Solution. Let us write f (z) = u + iv since f is analytic the CR equations

are satisfied everywhere ie ux = vy and uy = −vx , Now f (z) = u − iv is
also analytic so the CR equations are satisfied for this function hence
ux = −vy and uy = vx , together these equations mean
ux = vx = uy = vy = 0, so by the theorem above f is constant on the
domain.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 8 / 20

Some more Application

Example
Let f (z) be an analytic function on a domain D. If any one of the
following holds
(i) Re f (z) is constant,
(ii) Im f (z) is constant,
(iii) Arg f (z) is constant,
then f is constant on D.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 9 / 20

Some more Application

Example. Let f (z) be an analytic function on a domain D such that

|f (z)| is constant on D, then f (z) is also constant on D.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 10 / 20

Outline

1 Analytic functions

2 Harmonic functions

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 11 / 20

Harmonic functions

A class of functions related to the analytic functions, very important for

applications, is the harmonic functions. Let us define the harmonic
functions.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 12 / 20

Harmonic functions

A class of functions related to the analytic functions, very important for

applications, is the harmonic functions. Let us define the harmonic
functions.
Definition
A function H : R2 → R is called harmonic if it satisfies Laplace’s equation,
ie Hxx (x , y ) + Hyy (x , y ) = 0.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 12 / 20

Harmonic functions

A class of functions related to the analytic functions, very important for

applications, is the harmonic functions. Let us define the harmonic
functions.
Definition
A function H : R2 → R is called harmonic if it satisfies Laplace’s equation,
ie Hxx (x , y ) + Hyy (x , y ) = 0.

Harmonic functions play a pivotal role in Physics and Engineering as many

problems in such fields arise as Laplace’s equation.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 12 / 20

Necessary conditions for Analytic

Theorem
Let f (z) = u + iv be an analytic function then u, v are harmonic functions.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 13 / 20

Necessary conditions for Analytic

Theorem
Let f (z) = u + iv be an analytic function then u, v are harmonic functions.

One sees the proof immediately, as ux = vy we have uxx = vxy and

uy = −vx so uyy = −vxy

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 13 / 20

Necessary conditions for Analytic

Theorem
Let f (z) = u + iv be an analytic function then u, v are harmonic functions.

One sees the proof immediately, as ux = vy we have uxx = vxy and

uy = −vx so uyy = −vxy thus uxx + uyy = 0.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 13 / 20

Necessary conditions for Analytic

Theorem
Let f (z) = u + iv be an analytic function then u, v are harmonic functions.

One sees the proof immediately, as ux = vy we have uxx = vxy and

uy = −vx so uyy = −vxy thus uxx + uyy = 0.
(Why ux is differentiable again ? It is because we will show in Chapter-4
that if a function f (z) is analytic at a point z0 , then all its derivatives of
all orders are also analytic

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 13 / 20

Necessary conditions for Analytic

Theorem
Let f (z) = u + iv be an analytic function then u, v are harmonic functions.

One sees the proof immediately, as ux = vy we have uxx = vxy and

uy = −vx so uyy = −vxy thus uxx + uyy = 0.
(Why ux is differentiable again ? It is because we will show in Chapter-4
that if a function f (z) is analytic at a point z0 , then all its derivatives of
all orders are also analytic

Similarly, we show that v is harmonic.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 13 / 20

Necessary and sufficient condition for
Analytic

Definition
If u, v are harmonic functions defined on a domain D such that they
satisfy the CR equations namely ux = vy ; uy = −vx , then we will call v
to be a harmonic conjugate of u.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 14 / 20

Necessary and sufficient condition for
Analytic

Definition
If u, v are harmonic functions defined on a domain D such that they
satisfy the CR equations namely ux = vy ; uy = −vx , then we will call v
to be a harmonic conjugate of u.

Theorem
A function f (z) = u + iv is analytic if and only if v is a harmonic
conjugate of u.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 14 / 20

Necessary and sufficient condition for
Analytic

Definition
If u, v are harmonic functions defined on a domain D such that they
satisfy the CR equations namely ux = vy ; uy = −vx , then we will call v
to be a harmonic conjugate of u.

Theorem
A function f (z) = u + iv is analytic if and only if v is a harmonic
conjugate of u.

The proof is simple,

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 14 / 20

Necessary and sufficient condition for
Analytic

Definition
If u, v are harmonic functions defined on a domain D such that they
satisfy the CR equations namely ux = vy ; uy = −vx , then we will call v
to be a harmonic conjugate of u.

Theorem
A function f (z) = u + iv is analytic if and only if v is a harmonic
conjugate of u.

The proof is simple, if v is a harmonic conjugate of u then they satisfy the

CR equations and are continuous (since harmonic). Thus differentiable in
D and hence analytic.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 14 / 20

Necessary and sufficient condition for
Analytic

Definition
If u, v are harmonic functions defined on a domain D such that they
satisfy the CR equations namely ux = vy ; uy = −vx , then we will call v
to be a harmonic conjugate of u.

Theorem
A function f (z) = u + iv is analytic if and only if v is a harmonic
conjugate of u.

The proof is simple, if v is a harmonic conjugate of u then they satisfy the

CR equations and are continuous (since harmonic). Thus differentiable in
D and hence analytic. The converse follows from the previous theorem
and differentiability of f .

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 14 / 20

Remark on Harmonic conjugate

It is not always true that if v is a harmonic conjugate of u then u is a

harmonic conjugate of v ,

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Remark on Harmonic conjugate

It is not always true that if v is a harmonic conjugate of u then u is a

harmonic conjugate of v , let us give an example to demonstrate it:

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 15 / 20

Remark on Harmonic conjugate

It is not always true that if v is a harmonic conjugate of u then u is a

harmonic conjugate of v , let us give an example to demonstrate it:

Example. Let u(x , y ) = x , v = y , now f (z) = u + iv = x + iy is analytic.

Hence v is a harmonic conjugate of u.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 15 / 20

Remark on Harmonic conjugate

It is not always true that if v is a harmonic conjugate of u then u is a

harmonic conjugate of v , let us give an example to demonstrate it:

Example. Let u(x , y ) = x , v = y , now f (z) = u + iv = x + iy is analytic.

Hence v is a harmonic conjugate of u.

Suppose on contradiction. Let u be harmonic conjugate of v . So by the

above theorem v + iu = i(u − iv ) = iz is analytic . Which is the
contradiction. Therefore u is not a harmonic conjugate of v in general.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 15 / 20

Remark on Harmonic conjugate

It is not always true that if v is a harmonic conjugate of u then u is a

harmonic conjugate of v , let us give an example to demonstrate it:

Example. Let u(x , y ) = x , v = y , now f (z) = u + iv = x + iy is analytic.

Hence v is a harmonic conjugate of u.

Suppose on contradiction. Let u be harmonic conjugate of v . So by the

above theorem v + iu = i(u − iv ) = iz is analytic . Which is the
contradiction. Therefore u is not a harmonic conjugate of v in general.

Question: What will happen to f when both u and v are harmonic

conjugate to each other ?

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 15 / 20

Results on harmonic conjugate

Exercise
Let f (z) = u(x , y ) + iv (x , y ) defined on a domain D. If u is a harmonic
conjugate of v and v is a harmonic conjugate of u, then f is constant.

Solution: Since v is a harmonic conjugate of u. This implies

ux = vy , uy = −vx . (1)

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 16 / 20

Results on harmonic conjugate

Exercise
Let f (z) = u(x , y ) + iv (x , y ) defined on a domain D. If u is a harmonic
conjugate of v and v is a harmonic conjugate of u, then f is constant.

Solution: Since v is a harmonic conjugate of u. This implies

ux = vy , uy = −vx . (1)

Similarly as u is a harmonic conjugate of v , we have

v x = uy , vy = −ux . (2)

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 16 / 20

Results on harmonic conjugate

Exercise
Let f (z) = u(x , y ) + iv (x , y ) defined on a domain D. If u is a harmonic
conjugate of v and v is a harmonic conjugate of u, then f is constant.

Solution: Since v is a harmonic conjugate of u. This implies

ux = vy , uy = −vx . (1)

Similarly as u is a harmonic conjugate of v , we have

v x = uy , vy = −ux . (2)

Combining equations (3) and (4), we obtain ux = vx = 0 and hence

f ′ (z) = 0. Thus f is constant.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 16 / 20

Results on harmonic conjugate

Question: Which function will be harmonic conjugate of v ?

Exercise
Let f (z) = u(x , y ) + iv (x , y ) defined on a domain D and v be a harmonic
conjugate of u. Show that −u is a harmonic conjugate of v .

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 17 / 20

Existence and construction of harmonic
conjugate

Let us describe a method to construct a harmonic conjugate from a given

function u.

Theorem
Let u be a harmonic function defined on C or an open disk. Then
harmonic conjugate of u is exists and equal to v , where
Z y Z x
v (x , y ) = ux (x , t)dt − uy (s, 0)ds + C ,
0 0

where C is a real constant.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 18 / 20

Examples
Example Find a harmonic conjugate of u(x , y ) = y 3 − 3x 2 y .

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 19 / 20

Examples
Example Find a harmonic conjugate of u(x , y ) = y 3 − 3x 2 y .

Solution:
Find the partials: ux = −6xy , uy = (3y 2 − 3x 2 ).

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 19 / 20

Examples
Example Find a harmonic conjugate of u(x , y ) = y 3 − 3x 2 y .

Solution:
Find the partials: ux = −6xy , uy = (3y 2 − 3x 2 ).
Evaluate: ux (x , t) = −6xt, uy (s, 0) = −3s 2 .

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 19 / 20

Examples
Example Find a harmonic conjugate of u(x , y ) = y 3 − 3x 2 y .

Solution:
Find the partials: ux = −6xy , uy = (3y 2 − 3x 2 ).
Evaluate: ux (x , t) = −6xt, uy (s, 0) = −3s 2 .
Now,
Z y Z x
v (x , y ) = ux (x , t)dt − uy (s, 0)ds
0
Z y Z 0x
= −6x tdt + 3 s 2 ds
0 0
= −3xy 2 + x 3 .

Note that: x 3 − 3xy 2 + C (where C is any real constant) is also harmonic

conjugate of u(x , y ).

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 19 / 20

Exercise

Example. Show that any two harmonic conjugates of a harmonic function

u differs at most by an additive constant.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 20 / 20

Exercise

Example. Show that any two harmonic conjugates of a harmonic function

u differs at most by an additive constant.
Solution. let us say v is a harmonic conjugate and also v + g(x , y ),

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 20 / 20

Exercise

Example. Show that any two harmonic conjugates of a harmonic function

u differs at most by an additive constant.
Solution. let us say v is a harmonic conjugate and also v + g(x , y ), so
f (z) = u + iv is analytic and f1 (z) = u + iv + ig(x , y ) is also analytic

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 20 / 20

Exercise

Example. Show that any two harmonic conjugates of a harmonic function

u differs at most by an additive constant.
Solution. let us say v is a harmonic conjugate and also v + g(x , y ), so
f (z) = u + iv is analytic and f1 (z) = u + iv + ig(x , y ) is also analytic so
the difference is analytic,

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 20 / 20

Exercise

Example. Show that any two harmonic conjugates of a harmonic function

u differs at most by an additive constant.
Solution. let us say v is a harmonic conjugate and also v + g(x , y ), so
f (z) = u + iv is analytic and f1 (z) = u + iv + ig(x , y ) is also analytic so
the difference is analytic, namely f1 − f = ig(x , y ) is analytic,

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 20 / 20

Exercise

Example. Show that any two harmonic conjugates of a harmonic function

u differs at most by an additive constant.
Solution. let us say v is a harmonic conjugate and also v + g(x , y ), so
f (z) = u + iv is analytic and f1 (z) = u + iv + ig(x , y ) is also analytic so
the difference is analytic, namely f1 − f = ig(x , y ) is analytic, call this
function h(z) = ig(x , y ) any constant multiple of an analytic function is
analytic hence

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 20 / 20

Exercise

Example. Show that any two harmonic conjugates of a harmonic function

u differs at most by an additive constant.
Solution. let us say v is a harmonic conjugate and also v + g(x , y ), so
f (z) = u + iv is analytic and f1 (z) = u + iv + ig(x , y ) is also analytic so
the difference is analytic, namely f1 − f = ig(x , y ) is analytic, call this
function h(z) = ig(x , y ) any constant multiple of an analytic function is
analytic hence −h(z) is also analytic, but −h(z) = h

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 20 / 20

Exercise

Example. Show that any two harmonic conjugates of a harmonic function

u differs at most by an additive constant.
Solution. let us say v is a harmonic conjugate and also v + g(x , y ), so
f (z) = u + iv is analytic and f1 (z) = u + iv + ig(x , y ) is also analytic so
the difference is analytic, namely f1 − f = ig(x , y ) is analytic, call this
function h(z) = ig(x , y ) any constant multiple of an analytic function is
analytic hence −h(z) is also analytic, but −h(z) = h now since both h(z)
and h(z) are analytic h(z) must be constant.

J. K. Sahoo (BITS Goa) Complex Variables and Applications Analytic functions 20 / 20