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Computer
• The word computer is derived from the Greek word compute which means to calculate.
COMPUTER: Common Operating Machine Purposely used for Technological and Educational research

Classifications of computer
A- Basis on size
• Bases on size computers are devided into four types -
1. Micro Computer
• They are small in size
• They are used for personal use.
• Example- Desktop, Laptop, Notebook, Palmtop, Smartphone etc.

2. Mini Computer
• They are used in the offices
• The number of connected computers up to 5-200.

3. Mainframe Computer
• Thousands-millions of computers are connected.
• They are used for - reservation system of railways, banking system

4. Super Computer
• They are the largest in size.
• Their speed is measured in FLOPS (Floating point operations per second).
• Param 8000 was the first supercomputer of India, whose speed was 6.8 peta flops.
• The world's first supercomputer the CDC 6600 released in 1964.
• Currently the Japanese Fugaku is the world’s fastest super computer.

B- Basis on applications
✓ Computers are of following three types on the basis of application.
1. Analog Computer
2. Digital Computer
3. Hybrid Computer
❖ Analog Computer
• Analog computers work through analog signals.
• They cannot store data
• They measure physical quantities.
• Example- Simple clock, speedometer, thermometer, petrol gauge

❖ Digital Computer
• Digital computers work through digital signals.
• They are capable of performing mathematical and logical calculations
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• They are slower than analog computers

• It can store information
• Example- Digital Clock

Hybrid Computer
• They have the characteristics of both analog and digital computers. (intensity and accuracy)
• Example- Petrol Pump Machine

C- Based On Purpose
✓ There are two types of computers on the basis of purpose
1. General Purpose Computers
2. Special Purpose Computers

General purpose computer

• More than one task can be performed by them.
• It is not made for any specific purpose

Special purpose computers

• They are used to perform a specific task.

COMPUTER DEVICES
Input device
• The hardware devices that receive data for processing are called input devices.
1. Keyboard:-
• A computer keyboard consists of the following keys.
a. Alphanumric Keys-
▪ Contains letters and numbers
b. Punctuation Keys-
▪ Contains comma, period, semicolon etc.
c. Special Keys
▪ i.e. Function Keys, Control Keys, Arrow Keys, Caps Lock
Keys

2. Mouse
• The mouse was invented by Douglas Engelvaard in 1964.
• Used for pointing and navigation at a particular place on the screen

3. Trackball
• Trackball is a ball that can be rotated on a fixed device
• Rotated manually using fingers.
• They are used to play video games.

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4. Joystick
• The joystick is primarily used for video games, training simulators, and
controlling robots.

5. Light Pen
• It is an electro-optical pointing device, which is used for drawing,
graphics and menu selection.
• It is specially used in Personal Digital Assistance.

6. Barcode Reader
• The barcode reader detects the data present in the barcode by hitting a
beam of light on the barcode lines.

7. Graphics Tablet
• Used to allow drawing and graphics to be painted by hand
.
• They are used by architects, engineers and designers for design purposes
such as buildings, cars, mechanical parts, robots etc.
• They are also used in digitization of maps i.e. Global Positioning System.

8. Biometric Sensor:-
• It is an input device that recognizes a person's physical or behavioral
traits through a biometric sensor.

9. Scanner
• It converts the document image into digital form so that it can be stored
in the computer or the data can be edited.

10. Webcam:-
• It is a video capturing
• Can be used for video conferencing or online chatting etc.

11. Microphone
• We can send sound to computer through microphone or mic.
• A mic converts the received sound into a computer format called
digital audio.

Output Devices
• The hardware devices that provide useful information to the user after processing, are called output
devices.
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• Examples
1. Monitor
2. Projector
3. Speaker
4. Headphones
5. Printer

1. Monitor/ VDU ( Visual display unit )

• Monitor is similar to a TV screen and uses Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) to display information.

2. Printer
• Printers are mainly used to convert softcopy to hardcopy.
3. Plotter
• Plotter similar to printer , print large images on paper.

4. Speaker
• It is an output device which receives sound in the form of electric
current.

5. Headphones
• These are a pair of small loudspeakers normally held near a user's ear
• These are also known as Stereophone or Headset.

6. Projector
• It is an output device used to display information from a computer on a
large screen

Multifunctional Device (MFD)

• It is a device that can perform both input and output functions.
• For example- multifunction printer which can perform both the
functions of a printer and a scanner.
• Fax machine, modem and ATM Machine are the example of MFD.

Characteristics of Computer
• The following are the characteristics of a computer.

1. Speed
• The computer performs its tasks at a very high speed.
• Its speed is measured in MIPS(Millions Instructions per second.

2. Accuracy

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• Computer can work with 100% accuracy even while doing billions of calculations simultaneously
3. Automatic
• Once the instruction is given, the computer performs its task automatically.
• It does not require frequent human intervention.

4. High Storage Capacity

• The ability of computer to store data or information is very high.

5. Diligence
• Computers can work at high speed for long periods of time without fatigue or boredom with the same
speed and accuracy

6. Reliability
• Computer is a reliable machine in which important information can be stored

7. Privacy
• Information inside the computer can be kept confidential by password

8. Low cost and small size

• Technological advances have made it possible to reduce both the cost and size of computers.
•
9. Lack of thinking power and emotions
• Computer just follows the given guidelines
• His ability to think on his own is absent and his IQ is zero

❖ Computer Memory
• Memory is the storage of any instruction, information or results.
• Computer memory can be classified into the following two parts
1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory

Primary or Temporary Memory

• It can be further classified into the following four parts
1. RAM
2. ROM
3. Cache memory
4. cache
• RAM and ROM are also called main memory.

❖ RAM (Random Access Memory)

• It resides in the motherboard of the computer as an integrated circuit.

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• When switched of , all the data in this memory is exhausted, so it is also called temporary memory
(Volatile memory).
There are two types
a. Static RAM (SRAM)
b. Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

❖ Static RAM(SRAM)
• It uses 6 transistors.
• It stores information with the help of flip flops
• They do not require continuous power supply
• They require relatively more energy
• They are relatively expensive.
• They are relatively more intense.

❖ Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

• They store information with the help of capacitor
• Requires energy to refresh again and again
• Consumes relatively little energy
• They are relatively cheap.
• They are relatively less intense.

❖ ROM (Read only Memory)

• It is also part of main memory.
• In this the data is stored permanently
• Any file downloaded or installed by us is stored in this memory
• The data of this memory is not exhausted even when it is switched off, so it is also called permanent
memory (Non Volatile memory).
• The program stored in the world is called firmware

TYPES OF ROM
➢ MROM(Masked ROM)
❖ PROM/User Programmed ROM
• It can be programmed only once
• Once programmed, it cannot be modified or removed.

❖ EPROM(Erasable Programmable)
• It is the Erasable Memory Which can be modified or removed with the help of ultraviolet rays.

❖ EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable)

• With the help of high electric potential in this type of ROM, a new program can be written by
removing the old program.
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❖ BIOS (Basic Input output system)

• It resides in a permanent ROM built on the motherboard
• when the computer is turned on by the POST (Power On SelffpTest) test the hardware and detected
errors and display on screen
• It then puts the operating Software into the RAM from the secondary memory it called Booting.

Cache memory
• It is very fast working memory which acts as a buffer between RAM and CPU
• It stores the requested data and instructions temporarily and provides them to the CPU when needed.
• It is used to reduce the time taken to retrieve the data from the main memory.

ROM RAM
Read Only Memory Random Access Memory
Read And Write Memory
It Stores Information Permanently This Stroes The Information Temporarily
Information Remains Even After Turning Off Information No Longer Exists After Power
The Computer Supply Is Turned Off
It Is A Unchangeable Memory It Is Changeable Memory
It Contains System Software Like Boot Contains The Operating System And
Loader Application Programs Currently In Use

Secondary or External storage device

• Secondary memory is used because the computer has limited primary memory.
• Any information in the magnetic tape is taken in sequence, so it is called Sequential Access device.
Primary Memory Secondary Memory
It is Main memory as part of CPU It is the auxiliary memory (helping memory) that
works under the control of the CPU.
It is much more expensive It is less expensive than primary memory

Its storage capacity is usually in MB or Storage capacity is in GB and TB

GB.
Re collection and processing is faster Re Collection and processing are comparatively
slow
based on semiconductor technology based on magnetic or optical technology

Secondary memory
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✓ It is of two types.
▪ Sequential Access Memory
▪ Direct Access Memory

Sequential Access Memory

• In this, data can be read sequentially, for example- magnetic tape.

Direct Access Memory

• Data can be read from anywhere
1. Magnetic Disc
2. Floppy Disk
3. Hard Disk
4. Optical Disc
5. Compact Disc (CD)
6. Blu Ray Disc
7. Digital Video Disc (DVD)
8. Pen Drive (USB Flash Drive)
9. Flash Memory
10. Memory card
11. smart card, ATM
12. Virtual Memory

Software
• To operate the hardware of a computer, a set of instructions, ie programs, are required, which is called
software.
• There are two types of software
1. System Software
2. Application Software

System Software
• The program used to control all the operations and processing of computer systems is called system
software.
Types of System Software-
1. Operating System
2. Language Processer
3. Device Driver
4. Utility Software
5. Linker
6. Loader

Operating System
• It is a system software that control CPO , memory, output and input devices.
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• It is work as interface between users and computer .

Examples Of Operating System
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flLVe
Android (Google) IOS(Apple) Linux
Window,M.S.DOS(Microsoft) Android Ubuntu
Macintosh (Mac OS) Symbian Android
UNIX Windowphone Linux kernel
LINUX Blackberry OS Chrome OS
Chrome OS PalmOS FreeBSD
Ubuntu Firefox OS Fedora Linux
Debian WebOS Haiku
Deepin Bada CentOS
Fedora Tizen
CentOS Linux kernel
Solaris SalfishOS
FreeBSD HarmonyOS
PostmarketOS
LuneOS
Fedora Linux

Type of operating system

✓ There are two types of operating systems based on the number of users.
1. Single User Operating System
• These operating systems allow only one user to perform tasks at a time
• Example- MS DOS, MS Windows
2. Multi User Operating System
• These operating systems allow more than one user to perform tasks at a time
• Example- Linux

Microsoft Windows
• It was launched by Microsoft to overcome the limitation of MS DOS.

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• The first successful business purpose window was Microsoft Windows 3.0
• After this Window 95, Window 98, Window XP, Window XP Professional, Window Vista, Window 7
Window 10 were launched
• In this, the file name can be kept up to 255 characters.

Microsoft NT
• It is a graphical user interface based operating system.
• It is a multi user operating system.

Device Driver
• It is a special program that connects input and output devices to the computer so that they can establish
communication with the computer.

Language Processor
• It is a special translator system software which converts high level language into machine language
which enables computer to perform tasks.
Note- Programs written in a high level language are called Sourcecode while programs written in machine
language are called object code.

Types of Language Processor

❖ Compiler
• The Compiler convert entire file (Source code) into machine language (object code).
❖ Interpreter
• Interpreter each of the lines Converts one by one into machine language.
❖ assembler
• Assembler converts symbol into low level language.
❖ Computer Language
• The language which is required to give instructions to the computer is called computer or
programming language.
• There are three types.
❖ Machine Language
• It is a low level language.
• Only two digits 0 (off) and 1 (on) are used in this.
• Both these numbers (digit) are called bit (binary digit).
• It is a language understood by the computer, the computer can understand the binary code (0, 1) only.
• This language has two parts.
• The part of the machine language that gives the instructions, called upcode while that part dinote place
of related information (address) is called the Operand.

❖ Assemble / Symbolic language

• It is also a low level language.

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• In this language, symbol is used. For this, assembler is required which converts the assembly language
into machine language.

High Level language

❖ COBOL (Common business oriented language)
• It is used in commerce.
• it developed by CODASYL in 1959.
❖ FORTRAN (Formula Translation)
• It is the first major high level language
• It is used in solving mathematical formulas.
• It developed by John Backus (IBM) in 1957.
❖ BASIC- (Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
• It is used for learners of computer language.
• It developed by John G. Kemeny and Thomas E kertz in 1964.
❖ PASCAL –
• It is used in teaching.
• It developed by Niklaus Wirth in 1970.
❖ ALGOL
• It is used in high level calculations
• It developed by Alan J. perlis in 1958.
❖ LOGO
• This language is used to teach computer lessons to children at an early age through diagrams and
graphs.
• It developed by Bolt, Beranek and Newman in 1967.
❖ LISP(List processing)
• It was developed by John McCarthy in 1958 for artificial intelligence

Application software
• It is a group of programs that are used for a particular task or application.
• These are of the following two types.
1. General Purpose
• Word processer
• Spreadsheet processer
• Data base processer
• Oracle Database software
• Graphics Software
• Multimedia Software
2. Special Purpose
• Biling System
• Reservation System

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• Accounting Software

Microsoft Office
• It is an application software required for day to day operations of the office
• It is a group of many application programs which are as follows.
1. Microsoft Word
2. Microsoft Excel
3. Microsoft PowerPoint
4. Microsoft Access
5. Microsoft Outlook
6. Microsoft Binder

❖ Microsoft Word
• It is a part of Microsoft Office that is used for text editing, typing, formatting and printing.

❖ Microsoft Excel
• It is a part of Microsoft Office that is used for graphical display tables
❖ Microsoft Powerpoint
• It is a part of Microsoft Office used to be used in Project Presentation
❖ Microsoft Access
• It is used to create database
❖ Microsoft Outlook
• It is used for e-mail services
❖ Microsoft binder
• It is used to access all the parts of Microsoft Office in one place

Generations of Computers
• Generation of computer refers to the change in the technology and hardware of the computer.
• The development of computer has happened in five generations.
First Generation’s Computers (1940–56)
• Input – Punch card (The punch card was invented by Hermann Hollerth)
• Output – Printer
• Memory – Magnetic drum
• Language - Machine language.
• Processor - Vacuum tube
• Speed - Milliseconds.
• The IBM 650 was a first generation computer

Example:-
1. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical integrator and computer)

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•
It was the first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer made in 1945 by
John Mouchly and J.Presper Eckert.
2. UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
• Realeased in 1951.

Second Generation’s Computers (1956 –1963)

• It was invented at Bell Labs by Walter H. Brattain , john Bardeen and William B. Shockley .
• Input – Punch card
• Output – Printer
• Circuit – Transister
• Primary Memory– Magnetic Core
• Secondary Memory– Magnetic Tape and Magnetic Disk
• Computer Language – Assembly Language and High level language (COBOL, FORTRAN)
• Speed - Microsecond.
• i.e.- the IBM 7090

Third Generation’s Computers ( 1963 – 71)

• Input – Keyboard
• Output – Moniter
• Circuit – I.C (Integrated Chips)
• Speed - Nano second
• i.e. – IBM 360/91 was a hybrid second and third generation computer

Fourth Generation’s Computers ( 1971 – 2010)

• Input – Keyboard
• Output – Monitor
• Circuit– VLSI micro Processor (Very Large Scale Integrated) made from 5000 of Transistor
• Speed – pico second
• High level language – Python Ruby/Rail , C, C++
• First micro processor- Intel 4004

Fifth Generation’s Computers ( 2010 - till now)

• ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integrated )Micro Processor – Made from 10 million of transistors
• Parallel processing
• Voice Recognition
• Artificial Intelligence

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